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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9430",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Sustainable Energy Investment - Technical, Market and Policy Innovations to Address Risk",title:"Sustainable Energy Investment",subtitle:"Technical, Market and Policy Innovations to Address Risk",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book examines the technical, market, and policy innovations for unlocking sustainable investment in the energy sector. While finalizing this book, the COVID-19 pandemic is cutting a devastating swath through the global economy, causing the biggest fall in energy sector investment, exacerbating the global trade finance gap, worsening signs of growing income inequality, and devastating the health and livelihoods of millions. What is the parallel between the COVID-19 pandemic and the climate change crisis? The impacts of the global pandemic are expected to last for a few years, whereas those associated with the climate crisis will play out over several decades with potentially irreversible consequences. However, both show that the cost of inaction or delay in addressing the risks can lead to devastating outcomes or a greater probability of irreversible, catastrophic damages. In the context of sustainable energy investment and the transition to a low-carbon, climate-resilient economy, what ways can financial markets and institutions support net-zero-emission activities and the shift to a sustainable economy, including investment in energy efficiency, low-carbon and renewable energy technologies? This book provides students, policymakers, and energy investment professionals with the knowledge and theoretical tools necessary to address related questions in sustainable energy investment, risk management, and energy innovation agendas.",isbn:"978-1-83880-198-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-197-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-508-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86093",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"sustainable-energy-investment-technical-market-and-policy-innovations-to-address-risk",numberOfPages:260,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"944911e9a2154a0bf8b358cafc971f42",bookSignature:"Joseph Nyangon and John Byrne",publishedDate:"March 10th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9430.jpg",numberOfDownloads:3777,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:13,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 28th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 30th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 30th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 30th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 30th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!0,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"225597",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Nyangon",slug:"joseph-nyangon",fullName:"Joseph Nyangon",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225597/images/system/225597.jpg",biography:"Dr. Joseph Nyangon is a senior researcher at the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, University of Delaware. He is also a senior research fellow at the Foundation for Renewable Energy and Environment, a non-resident fellow of the Payne Institute at the Colorado School of Mines, and a research fellow in the Initiative for Sustainable Energy Policy at the Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). He holds a Ph.D., two master’s degrees, and an undergraduate degree focusing on energy economics, public policy, energy systems engineering and computing systems from Columbia University, the University of Delaware, among others. Dr. Nyangon’s practice focuses on applying optimization methods and econometric modeling techniques to evaluate electricity systems and generate insights to inform policy, risk pricing strategies, and planning decisions.",institutionString:"University of Delaware",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Delaware",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"245796",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Byrne",slug:"john-byrne",fullName:"John Byrne",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245796/images/system/245796.jpeg",biography:"Dr. John Byrne has contributed to Working Group III of the United Nations-sponsored Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) since 1992. Dr. Byrne is an advisor to the “Solar City Seoul” initiative, which is building 1 GWp of solar power on public buildings, parking facilities, and residential and commercial buildings. He is co-editor-in-chief of the invitation-only journal, WIREs Energy and Environment. He has published nineteen books and more than 170 research articles.",institutionString:"University of Delaware",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Delaware",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"770",title:"Renewable Energy",slug:"engineering-energy-engineering-renewable-energy"}],chapters:[{id:"73728",title:"Introductory Chapter: Sustainable Energy Investment and the Transition to Renewable Energy-Powered Futures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94320",slug:"introductory-chapter-sustainable-energy-investment-and-the-transition-to-renewable-energy-powered-fu",totalDownloads:318,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Joseph Nyangon and John Byrne",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73728",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73728",authors:[{id:"225597",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Nyangon",slug:"joseph-nyangon",fullName:"Joseph Nyangon"},{id:"245796",title:"Prof.",name:"John",surname:"Byrne",slug:"john-byrne",fullName:"John Byrne"}],corrections:null},{id:"73085",title:"Tackling the Risk of Stranded Electricity Assets with Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93488",slug:"tackling-the-risk-of-stranded-electricity-assets-with-machine-learning-and-artificial-intelligence",totalDownloads:367,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The Paris Agreement on climate change requires nations to keep the global temperature within the 2°C carbon budget. Achieving this temperature target means stranding more than 80% of all proven fossil energy reserves as well as resulting in investments in such resources becoming stranded assets. At the implementation level, governments are experiencing technical, economic, and legal challenges in transitioning their economies to meet the 2°C temperature commitment through the nationally determined contributions (NDCs), let alone striving for the 1.5°C carbon budget, which translates into greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) gap. This chapter focuses on tackling the risks of stranded electricity assets using machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies. Stranded assets are not new in the energy sector; the physical impacts of climate change and the transition to a low-carbon economy have generally rendered redundant or obsolete electricity generation and storage assets. Low-carbon electricity systems, which come in variable and controllable forms, are essential to mitigating climate change. These systems present distinct opportunities for machine learning and artificial intelligence-powered techniques. This chapter considers the background to these issues. It discusses the asset stranding discourse and its implications to the energy sector and related infrastructure. The chapter concludes by outlining an interdisciplinary research agenda for mitigating the risks of stranded assets in electricity investments.",signatures:"Joseph Nyangon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73085",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73085",authors:[{id:"225597",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Nyangon",slug:"joseph-nyangon",fullName:"Joseph Nyangon"}],corrections:null},{id:"69358",title:"Risk Mitigation in Energy Efficiency Retrofit Projects Using Automated Performance Control",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89476",slug:"risk-mitigation-in-energy-efficiency-retrofit-projects-using-automated-performance-control",totalDownloads:319,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Performance gap concerns limit investment in the building energy efficiency retrofit market. In particular, the ability of projects to deliver on promised energy savings is commonly drawn into question. Performance risk mitigation mainly occurs through energy saving performance guarantees. Contractual stipulations arrange the conditions of the guarantee, and ceteris paribus, a higher energy saving guarantee should reduce project performance risk. Therefore, methods that yield a higher energy saving guarantee could help accelerate the market. We review the ability of “smart,” automated, and connected technologies to: (a) intelligently monitor and control the performance of energy-consuming devices to reduce performance variations, (b) provide additional degrees of control over the project’s performance, and, by doing so, (c) motivate the energy services company (ESCO) to raise the energy saving guarantee. Our analysis finds that use of such automated performance control could significantly raise the energy saving guarantee, making projects more likely to succeed.",signatures:"Job Taminiau, John Byrne, Daniel Sanchez Carretero, Soojin Shin and Jing Xu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69358",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69358",authors:[{id:"306657",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Job",surname:"Taminiau",slug:"job-taminiau",fullName:"Job Taminiau"},{id:"309663",title:"Prof.",name:"John",surname:"Byrne",slug:"john-byrne",fullName:"John Byrne"},{id:"310457",title:"Mr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Sanchez Carretero",slug:"daniel-sanchez-carretero",fullName:"Daniel Sanchez Carretero"},{id:"310458",title:"Ms.",name:"Soojin",surname:"Shin",slug:"soojin-shin",fullName:"Soojin Shin"},{id:"310459",title:"Ms.",name:"Jing",surname:"Xu",slug:"jing-xu",fullName:"Jing Xu"}],corrections:null},{id:"72927",title:"Assessing Renewable Energy Loan Guarantees in the United States",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93288",slug:"assessing-renewable-energy-loan-guarantees-in-the-united-states",totalDownloads:235,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Conceived as an idea to push financing toward underdeveloped clean energy technology to improve the environment, promote economic growth, and produce a more secure energy supply, the Title XVII loan guarantee program has likely failed to meet these objectives. Instead, it has been used as a political tool, exposed taxpayers to unnecessary risk, diverted funding from alternative clean energy investments, and primarily benefitted large, politically connected corporations.",signatures:"Ryan M. Yonk",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72927",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72927",authors:[{id:"196259",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryan Merlin",surname:"Yonk",slug:"ryan-merlin-yonk",fullName:"Ryan Merlin Yonk"}],corrections:null},{id:"71285",title:"Innovative Circular Business Models: A Case from the Italian Fashion Industry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91277",slug:"innovative-circular-business-models-a-case-from-the-italian-fashion-industry",totalDownloads:326,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Transition to a sustainable economy signed by a circular vision and culture asks firms for huge investments to innovate their own management, strategies, business models, products, and marketing approaches. The Agenda 2030 and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) are an important framework for businesses to change their approach and contribute positively to the global movement to fight climate change. The question is what and how micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMES) can contribute to reduce their impacts while creating more value for them and their stakeholders. This paper aims to answer to this question presenting a case study from Italy where an artisan small firm is innovating to create more positive impacts in circular terms. The focus will be on circular economy and the firms’ material and energy strategies. In doing so, the paper will try to answer the following questions: how easy is for micro and small firms to apply circular economy strategies to contribute to reduce their environmental impacts? Does their strategy coherently compose energy and material flows? The case study will refer to the fashion system in Italy.",signatures:"Marco Tortora and Giuseppe Tortora",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71285",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71285",authors:[{id:"303546",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",surname:"Tortora",slug:"marco-tortora",fullName:"Marco Tortora"},{id:"311774",title:"Mr.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Tortora",slug:"giuseppe-tortora",fullName:"Giuseppe Tortora"}],corrections:null},{id:"70310",title:"Harnessing Small Country Collaboration Opportunities to Advance Energy Innovation and Joint Investments",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90348",slug:"harnessing-small-country-collaboration-opportunities-to-advance-energy-innovation-and-joint-investme",totalDownloads:257,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Greater international collaboration is required to catalyze research and development (R&D) investment flows in energy technologies. Successful deployment of such technologies requires innovative funding mechanisms, intellectual property, and data-driven analyses to make smarter, sustainable investment decisions. As small countries are increasingly dealing with effects of climate change, some are projected to lose large portions of their economy. This chapter discusses ways that smaller countries, both in the developed and developing world, can harness international cooperation to advance energy innovation and mitigate such impact. In contrast to collaboration with larger countries, smaller country collaboration can build more agile, balanced partnerships in which participating countries co-develop and co-own R&D and training, and define pilot programs that target their own needs. Leveraging each other’s strengths, small countries can become catalysts for global change. Smaller country collaboration is explored through a proposed model of collaboration in energy innovation between Singapore and Estonia, often considered gateways to Southeast Asia and the EU plus Russia, respectively. Specifically, Singapore and Estonia have the opportunity to leverage each other’s startup ecosystems, innovation systems, knowledge-based economies, and regional markets to build a niche in clean energy technologies, particularly energy storage innovation, with potential global impact on larger markets.",signatures:"Anneliese Gegenheimer and Charles Michael Gegenheimer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70310",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70310",authors:[{id:"309820",title:"Ms.",name:"Anneliese",surname:"Gegenheimer",slug:"anneliese-gegenheimer",fullName:"Anneliese Gegenheimer"},{id:"314737",title:"Dr.",name:"C. Michael",surname:"Gegenheimer",slug:"c.-michael-gegenheimer",fullName:"C. Michael Gegenheimer"}],corrections:null},{id:"71072",title:"Establishing Property Rights and Private Ownership: The Solution to Malinvestment in the Energy Sector in Developing Countries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91039",slug:"establishing-property-rights-and-private-ownership-the-solution-to-malinvestment-in-the-energy-secto",totalDownloads:290,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"There are over 800 million people in the world without access to modern forms of energy services, like electricity, cooking gas, and LPG. This has been called energy poverty. Most studies in the field of energy poverty address the issue from an absence of technological or financial resources perspective. They address the problem as energy in itself having an objective inherent value, more or less addressing the symptoms of the problem and not the problem itself. In this chapter, a new paradigm that addresses the problem of energy poverty and malinvestment is introduced. This paradigm, utilizing the theory of economic calculation and the use and exchange value embodied in the subjective value theory, makes a case for the importance of private property rights in the factors or means of production for modern forms or energy such as electricity. The Nigerian energy sector is used as a case study for this.",signatures:"Tam Kemabonta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71072",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71072",authors:[{id:"293945",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Tam",surname:"Kemabonta",slug:"tam-kemabonta",fullName:"Tam Kemabonta"}],corrections:null},{id:"73957",title:"The Electrification-Appliance Uptake Gap: Assessing the Off-Grid Appliance Market in Rwanda Using the Multi-Tier Framework",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93883",slug:"the-electrification-appliance-uptake-gap-assessing-the-off-grid-appliance-market-in-rwanda-using-the",totalDownloads:316,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The structure of the electricity system includes universal access to electricity that is adequate, available, reliable, affordable, legal, convenient, healthy, and safe and the efficient (inefficient) use of the electricity. Quality of access also influences clean energy technologies and electrical appliance purchase, ownership, use and perceived value (uptake, hereafter). Also, improved uptake assists in closing systemic gaps between rural and urban areas and grid and off-grid communities. Rwanda is projected to attain full electrification by 2024 (inclusive of all sectors: consumptive, productive and services). In this context, the East African country has articulated support mechanisms for off-grid market players through technical assessments and siting incentives. However, studies that focus on characterising diffusion and uptake of clean energy technologies and electrical appliances in mini-grid sites (market) are crucial to understand the emerging trends in off-grid rural electrification. This chapter contributes to this emerging discourse by proposing a four-fold demand side characterisation approach which (i) conducts a systemic review of literature to identify emerging off-grid themes as they relate to the multi-tier framework (MTF) and vice-versa, (ii) uses existing data to characterise the off-grid market (based on a typical village load), (iii) demonstrates the tariff regime changes using two payment methodologies (willingness to pay (WTP) and ability to pay (ATP)) and (iv) projects the 2024–2032 consumptive energy demand (using a simplified relation between appliance, it’s rating and duration of use). Results of this characterisation demonstrate global and local level (glo-cal) literature gaps meriting a localised MTF assessment. The purpose of the localised assessment reported in this Chapter was therefore to understand appliance uptake gaps at the user level. The typical village load is basic (implying low energy demand). Ceteris paribus, higher WTP and ATP by users yield higher tariffs. However, a high ATP is a business sustainability determinant than a high WTP. Because energy consumption is also dependent on how efficiently it is used by those with access, the Chapter discusses appliance efficiency as a partial definition of sustainable energy and also as an example of sustainable energy. Then, demand stimulation pathways addressing wider systemic opportunities at the intersection of the theory of change and the theory of agency and risk reduction in markets, investments and policy (derisking markets, investments and policy) are discussed. The first pathway focuses on women and youth participation in productive use activities. The second pathway highlights strategies for appliance financing such as cost-sharing and micro-credit. The final pathway considers economic activity stimulation which has multiplier effects on energy demand and consequently energy-using appliances uptake. The implications for Sustainable Citizens and markets, investments and policy innovations are contextualised in the Sustainable Energy Utility business model.",signatures:"Olivia Muza",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73957",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73957",authors:[{id:"302281",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Olivia",surname:"Muza",slug:"olivia-muza",fullName:"Olivia Muza"}],corrections:null},{id:"71015",title:"Beyond the Hydrocarbon Economy: The Case of Algeria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91033",slug:"beyond-the-hydrocarbon-economy-the-case-of-algeria",totalDownloads:374,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The energy sector is vital to efforts to combat climate change as well as achieve economic development. The economy of many Middle East and North African (MENA) countries, such as Algeria, Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, is completely based on hydrocarbons which represent the main source of the state revenue. Investing in renewable energy and efficiency is a winner strategy, allowing both to ensure the necessary availability of energy to cover the country’s domestic energy demand and to make more resources available for export to guarantee the state earnings. Renewable sources can be a solution for a transition to a more sustainable economy and a response to the economic stability of these countries affected by the volatility of oil prices. Such a strategy is reflected in improving the attractiveness of foreign investment in the renewable energy sector. Focusing on Algeria, in this article, we analyze the link between the Algerian economy and energy, underlining the current weakness. This work is partially based on the research financed by the meetMED project (WP 3.1) on barriers for domestic and international investors in the energy sector of Algeria.",signatures:"Cecilia Camporeale, Roberto Del Ciello and Mario Jorizzo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71015",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71015",authors:[{id:"296882",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",surname:"Jorizzo",slug:"mario-jorizzo",fullName:"Mario Jorizzo"},{id:"307387",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",surname:"Camporeale",slug:"cecilia-camporeale",fullName:"Cecilia Camporeale"},{id:"307388",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Delciello",slug:"roberto-delciello",fullName:"Roberto Delciello"}],corrections:null},{id:"70936",title:"Remotely Sensed Data for Assessment of Land Degradation Aspects, Emphases on Egyptian Case Studies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90999",slug:"remotely-sensed-data-for-assessment-of-land-degradation-aspects-emphases-on-egyptian-case-studies",totalDownloads:355,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Remote sensing and thematic data were used to provide comprehensive views of surface conditions related to land degradation and desertification, considered environmental extremes in arid and semi-arid regions. The current work applies techniques, starting with simple visual analyses up to a parametric methodology, adopted from the FAO/UNEP and UNESCO provisional methodology for assessment and mapping of soil degradation. Egyptian case studies are highlighted to insinuate on studied aspects. Variable satellite imageries (MSS, TM, and ETM) and aerial photographs were utilized to provide data on soil conditions, land cover, and land use. IDRISI and ArcGIS software were used to manage thematic data, while ERDAS IMAGIN was used to process satellite data and to derive the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values. A GIS model was established to modify the universal soil loss equation (USLE) calculating the present state and risk of soil degradation. The study area is found exposed to slight hazard of water erosion, however, and to high risk of wind erosion. It is also threatened by a slight to high salinization and slight to moderate physical degradation. It is recommended to use a GIS in detailed and very detailed studies for evaluating soil potentiality in agricultural expansion areas.",signatures:"Abd-alla Gad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70936",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70936",authors:[{id:"294002",title:"Prof.",name:"Abd-alla",surname:"Gad",slug:"abd-alla-gad",fullName:"Abd-alla Gad"}],corrections:null},{id:"72306",title:"Scaling Up Sustainable Biofuels for a Low-Carbon Future",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92652",slug:"scaling-up-sustainable-biofuels-for-a-low-carbon-future",totalDownloads:330,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Fossil fuels oil, coal, and gas are valuable resources that are depleting day by day around the world and also imparting a negative impact on the environment. Biofuel because of its dynamic properties; its market values; and being sustainable, renewable, biodegradable, economic, non-pollutant, and abundant is an alternate source of energy. Each country can produce it independently, and because of these valuable properties biofuels have become superior over fossil fuels. This chapter gives a concise preface to biofuels and its impact on the environment. It includes definitions; classifications; impact on environment; implications; types of production techniques like chemical, biochemical, physical, and thermochemical techniques; types of resources like lignocellulosic-biomass, feedstock energy crops, algae, micro-algae, all kinds of solid wastes; and biofuels of prime importance like solid biofuels (biochar, solid biomass), gaseous biofuels (biogas, bio-syngas, and bio-hydrogen), and the most important liquid biofuels (bioethanol, biodiesel, and bio-oil). Due to increasing global warming and climate-changing conditions, in the near future biofuel being an environment-friendly resource of energy will be a substantial part of the world’s energy demand, with no or zero polluting agents.",signatures:"Tahira Shafique and Javeria Shafique",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72306",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72306",authors:[{id:"316563",title:"Dr.",name:"Tahira",surname:"Shafique",slug:"tahira-shafique",fullName:"Tahira Shafique"},{id:"320738",title:"Ms.",name:"Javeria",surname:"Shafique",slug:"javeria-shafique",fullName:"Javeria Shafique"}],corrections:null},{id:"70884",title:"City-Scale Decarbonization Strategy with Integrated Hydroelectricity-Powered Energy Systems: An Analysis of the Possibilities in Guadalajara, Mexico",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90899",slug:"city-scale-decarbonization-strategy-with-integrated-hydroelectricity-powered-energy-systems-an-analy",totalDownloads:290,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"According to the UN, in the next 20 years, most of the world’s population will live in urban areas. Cities consume a high amount of resources, between this water, for their sustenance, hence the greatest necessity of sustainable development plans. What viable options or strategies can we consider in Latin America such that it can resist the economic, political, and social changes that it is facing? Through prospective studies, in case of Guadalajara, it is possible to determinate how water can generate clean energy, and which are the other strategic areas to empower the city through decarbonization with an interoperative and smart loop system of co-benefits. 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Issues related to Industry 4.0 are constantly discussed among researchers, entrepreneurs, representatives of government agencies, and public organizations. Specifically, the impacts of the Industry 4.0 paradigm in the global and national economies, individual industries, employment, and capital markets are attracting more and more attention from economists. The global industrial environment has transformed dramatically in recent years as a result of technological advances and inventions. Industry 4.0 can be compared to three industrial revolutions that happened in the previous centuries and represent the most significant disruptive shifts in manufacturing as a result of technology advancements [1].
The advent of the steam engine accelerated the First Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the middle of the 18th century. The Second Industrial Revolution arose in Europe and the United States in the second mid-nineteenth century. This revolution had characterized by mass manufacturing and the substitution of chemical and electrical energy for steam. Many technologies and mechanization had been developed to meet the increased demand, allowing productivity to increase [2]. The Third Industrial Revolution was sparked by the creation of the Integrated Circuit (microchip). Using electronics and information technology to accomplish increased automation in manufacturing is a significant characteristic of this revolution, which arose in many industrialized countries around the world in the later years of the twentieth century [1].
Every industrial revolution centered around boosting productivity. The first three industrial revolutions had a significant impact on industrial operations, allowing for increased productivity and efficiency by utilizing innovative technological breakthroughs, such as steam engines, electricity, and digital technology [3]. Industry 4.0, which could ultimately be referred to as the fourth industrial revolution, is a highly complex framework that has been commonly debated and discovered. It has a significant impact on the industrial sector because it introduces relevant improvements related to smart and future factories. This developing Industry 4.0 concept is an umbrella term for a new industrial paradigm that includes Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), the Internet of Things (IoT), the Internet of Services (IoS), Robotics, Big Data, Cloud Manufacturing, and Augmented Reality, etc. [4].
The adoption of these technologies, which will bring together the digital and physical worlds through embracing a set of future industrial developments, is essential in the development of further smart industrial processes. This adoption includes devices, machines, production modules, and products that can exchange information and control each other independently, resulting in a smart manufacturing environment [5]. This new approach will allow the improvement of productivity and efficiency, carrying enormous potential effects, and it will support a set of economic and social opportunities among the companies that are adopting this new manufacturing paradigm [1].
This chapter intends to provide clear insight into the current developments within Industry 4.0 phenomenon, due to the inconsistency within the existing literature, some stress positive effects of Industry 4.0, while others, negative ones. As a result, the purpose of our research is to provide a full explanation of the Industry 4.0 paradigm, as well as to determine whether or not it is appropriate for businesses, stockholders, and countries to adopt this new approach. This chapter gives a review of Industry 4.0 and definitions in the literature, as well as introduces a brief on Industry 4.0’s main components. Additionally, this chapter’s research methodology was based on papers related to Industry 4.0, which are the most recent and cited references. As well as this study differs from past studies in several aspects, as shown in 1) It conducts a comprehensive survey of all Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies or applications, whereas earlier literature focused on one or a few technologies. 2) It performs a case study of KUKA Corporation, a pioneer company in the manufacturing technologies and applications of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
Thus, this chapter is structured in seven sections. After this introduction about the Industry 4.0 phenomenon. Section 2 answers the question “What is the industry 4.0?”, presenting two points: an overview or background about Industry 4.0, and provides a comprehensive definition of this concept, its visions. The key Industry 4.0 technology enablers or components of Industry 4.0 characteristics are described in Section 3, which is divided into ten parts. The characteristics of Industry 4.0 state in Section 4. Section 5 provides an analysis of the impacts and influence of this new industrial paradigm: industrial sector, business models and markets, work environment, work skills, economy and sustainability, the value chains, and supply chains. While Section 6 presents the key drivers and obstacles or barriers of the Industry 4.0 concept; also, this part presents a pioneering experience in implementing the applications of the Fourth Industrial Revolution technology “KUKA corporation.” Finally, Section 7 draws the main conclusions and findings of the Industry 4.0 vision and implications.
There have been three earlier industrial revolutions that have resulted in a transformation in manufacturing patterns: mechanization via water and steam power, mass production in assembly lines, and automating through computer and information technology [6].
The first industrial revolution
The
All systems are connected, resulting in “cyber-physical production systems” and, as a result, smart factories, in which production systems, components, and people interact through a network and production is almost autonomous. When these enablers are combined, Industry 4.0 has the potential to offer some amazing improvements in manufacturing environments. Machines that can foresee faults and initiate maintenance operations on their own, for example, or self-organized logistics that adapt to unexpected changes in production are examples (Figure 1) [9].
Represents a graphic illustration of the industrial revolutions overall. Source: Constructed by the author.
It also has the ability to alter people’s working habits. Individuals can be drawn into smarter networks by Industry 4.0, which might lead to more efficient working. The manufacturing environment’s digitization provides for more flexible means of providing the appropriate information to the right person at the right time. Maintenance personnel may now receive equipment documentation and service history more quickly and at the point of use, thanks to the growing usage of digital devices inside factories and out in the field. Maintenance personnel prefer to spend their time addressing issues rather than waste time looking for technical knowledge [10].
In a summary, Industry 4.0 is a game-changer in the industrial world. Manufacturing will alter as a result of digitization, including how things are manufactured and delivered, as well as how products are maintained and enhanced. As a result, it may legitimately claim to be the start of the fourth industrial revolution. Industry 4.0 is presently taking shape and its supporting technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and Cloud Manufacturing (CM), are, nevertheless, poorly defined, and under-researched.
Industry 4.0 is better known as the fourth industrial revolution and describes a future production system’s vision. The idea of Industry 4.0 was established by a group of professionals from several professions (such as business, politics, and academia) as part of an endeavor to integrate all manufacturing industries systems to achieve sustainability. The German government initially officially approved and implemented industry 4.0 for supporting automation in manufacturing, and for boosting German competitiveness in the manufacturing industry. Essentially, as a result of Industry 4.0, operations and manufactures will become further efficient and less expensive. These are accomplished through the simple interchange of information, integrated control of industrial goods and equipment, which work synchronously and intelligently in interoperability [11]. However, several researchers have different perceptions of the meaning of industry 4.0.
Kagermann, et al. [12] stress that industry 4 utilizes the power of communications technology and innovative inventions to boost the development of the manufacturing industry. Corresponding to Kagermann et al., the primary features of the industry 4.0 idea are characterized by three aspects: (1) horizontal integration, (2) vertical integration, and (3) end-to-end digital integration of engineering. Qin, Liu, and Grosvenor [13] emphasize that industry 4.0 encourages manufacturing efficiency by collecting data, making correct decisions. By using the most advanced technologies, the procedures will be easier. The interoperability operating ability to ensure a stable manufacturing environment. This overall consciousness gives Industry 4.0 the most important aspect of artificial intelligent functions.
The Fourth Industrial Revolution, 4IR, or Industry 4.0 conceptualizes rapid change to technology, industries, and societal patterns and processes in the 21st century due to increasing interconnectivity and smart automation [14]. Schwab pointed out that Industry 4.0 is one of the most important concepts in the development of global industry and the world economy, he accentuates that, Industry 4.0 is differentiated by a few characteristics of new technologies, the improvement in technologies is bringing significant effects on industries, economies, and governments’ development plans [15]. Industry 4.0 also denotes a social, political, and economic transformation from the digital age of the late 1990s and early 2000s to an era of embedded connection marked by widespread technological use (e.g., a metaverse). That, in comparison to humans’ inherent senses and industrial ability alone, we have constructed and are entering an augmented social reality [16].
Wang et al., [17] defined the fourth industrial revolution as the modern and more sophisticated machines and tools with advanced software and networked sensors that can be used to plan, predict, adjust, and control the societal outcome and business models. Thus, Industry 4.0 is an advantage to stay competitive in any industry. Also, Industry 4.0 can be perceived as a strategy for being competitive in the future. It is focused on the optimization of value chains due to autonomously controlled and dynamic production [18]. Furthermore, industry 4.0 is possible to indicate three future-relevant themes related to it, such as: dealing with complexity, capacity for innovation, and flexibility [19].
According to the concepts above, the majority of the researchers considered Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Internet of Things (IoT), Industrial Internet, and other topics to be part of Industry 4.0. Numerous authors also emphasized Industry 4.0 on the cost and profitability of recently created high-tech information and intelligent services. According to previous research on Industry 4.0, the early focus was mostly on the industrial manufacturing sector, but many industries are now adopting Industry 4.0, including automotive, engineering, chemical, and electronics. As a result, Industry 4.0 is aggregating existing ideas into a different value chain that leads to an improvement in transforming entire value chains of goods life cycles while developing innovative products in manufacturing, involving the connection of systems and things that create self-organizing and dynamic control within the organization.
Industry 4.0, often referred to as the fourth industrial revolution, is the vision or scenario of a future production process characterized by new levels of controlling, organizing, and transforming the entire value chain with the life cycle of products through three types of effective integration: horizontal, vertical, and end-to-end engineering integration, resulting in increased productivity and flexibility, the industry 4.0 leads to cost optimization and reduction [11]. The Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), additive manufacturing, cloud computing, and other technologies are then combined to construct dynamic, real-time optimized, and self-organizing cross-company value networks. All of these components are necessary and integral to the futuristic Industry 4.0 concept.
Industry 4.0 is a complicated technical pattern characterized primarily by connection, integration, and industrial digitalization, highlighting the possibilities for integrating all components in a value-adding system. Digital manufacturing technology, network communication technology, computer technology, and automation technology are all included in this approach. Industry 4.0 technology breakthroughs are blurring the lines between the digital and physical worlds by merging human and machine agents, materials, products, production systems, and processes [20]. Industry 4.0 enables rapid technological advancements in a variety of areas; however, the emerging fourth industrial revolution is being shaped largely by the technical integration of Cyber-Physical Systems into manufacturing processes, as well as the use of the Internet of Things and Services in industrial processes [1]. As a result, this section gives a brief overview of each significant technology driver for Industry 4.0. It also is providing information on the basic components of Industry 4.0 or key technologies enablers for Industry 4.0, which consists of 10 components.
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) is the combination of computational and physical processes, which are essential components of Industry 4.0 implementations. They integrate imaging and control capabilities into the relevant systems. The ability of these systems to respond to any input generated is a key feature. They provide rapid control and verification of process feedback in order to generate predicted outputs. Bergera et al. (2016) defined cyber-physical sensor systems as part of cyberspace, special types of embedded systems, based on powerful software systems, enable integration in digital networks, and generate whole new system features [21]. Generally speaking, the evolution of a CPS is characterized by three phases. Identification technologies are included in first-generation CPS. Second-generation CPS is equipped with some sensors and actuators with a limited number of functions. In the third-generation CPS, data is kept and analyzed in addition to setting up the equipment. The CPS has many sensors and actuators and is meant to be network compatible. CPSs offer various features [19].
The CPS has several sensors and actuators and is meant to operate with a network. CPSs have features including quicker information access, preventative maintenance, pre-defined decision-making, and optimization processes. Also, CPS can boost consumers awareness and consciousness. Conversely, the CPS has certain security issues, which means that further usage will definitely result in increased dangers. It was pointed out that CPS equipment might cause disruptive societal changes since intelligent assistive or autonomous environments can cause mental illnesses, which can lead to bias toward new technology adoption and usage [21]. Cyber-Physical Systems have consisted of two key components: i) A virtual environment built through computer simulation of items and actions in the actual world, and ii) a network of objects and systems interacting with each other over the internet with a designated address [4].
The term “cloud” is utilized for applications, for instance, remote services, color management, and performance benchmarking applications. It has taken remarkable attention from the IT community, and its role in other business areas will continue to grow. Machines, data management, and functionality will continue to transition away from traditional ways and toward cloud-based solutions as technology improves. The cloud enables significantly faster distribution than standalone systems, as well as quick upgrades, current performance models, and other delivery possibilities [19].
The industry has found a significant shift toward cloud solutions, which will continue to develop and represent a substantial challenge to traditional data storage methods. Cloud technology is the most basic online storage service that gives operational comfort with web-based apps that do not require any installation. Cloud computing refers to the process of storing all applications, programs, and data on a virtual server. It improves efficiency by guaranteeing those input suppliers, employees, and consumers have access to the same information at the same time [22]. Cloud Systems lower costs, simplify infrastructure, expand work areas, safeguards data, and allow for instant access to information. There are four types of the system, mainly: i) Public Cloud; ii) Private Cloud; iii) Hybrid Cloud (combination of public and private cloud); 4) Community Cloud (this refers to the co-operation of any service on the cloud with a few companies) [9].
Cloud systems are an excellent source of Big Data (which might be organized or unstructured) management solutions. Because traditional computers may not be capable of managing large amounts of data, using a cloud system to do the necessary analysis, would be much easier and more efficient. As a result, data analysis and cloud systems should be inescapable components of Industry 4.0. The integration of cloud-connected robots into everyday life, as well as their impact, is considerable [4].
Machine to machine (M2M), refers to the technology that allows direct communication between devices using any channel, wired or wireless. Machine-to-machine communication can include industrial instrumentation and personal communications [23]. M2M is also considered to be an essential component of Industry 4.0. Machine to machine (M2M) is a technology that allows devices to communicate directly with one another over any channel, wired or wireless. Machine-to-Machine Communication can include industrial instrumentation and personal networks. M2M is also considered to be an essential component of Industry 4.0. The apps are geared toward adding value to the enterprises by introducing alternative revenue streams and reducing operational costs [24].
Ackermann (2013) clearly states that M2M operations have to enable aspects with different networked organizations including i) Remote Service and Asset Information Management delivering, which provide information federation and lifecycle support. ii) Connected Vehicles, which creates relationships and interactions. iii) Smart Vending, which includes retail, supply chain, and associated sub-elements [4]. The M2M vision has raised a number of issues, including establishing smart settings, smart architecture, and a smart grid with wireless sensors, as well as developing a communication language between machines and humans, as well as between humans in different locations [23].
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging concept that combines various technologies and techniques, based on the interaction between physical things and the Internet. The advancement of technology in recent decades has enabled the Internet to be expanded into a new level known as “smart objects,” which is the foundation of an IoT vision, for this, the novel pattern consists in awarding ordinary things with intelligence, permitting them not only to accumulate information and cooperate with their surroundings, but also to be interrelated with other items, communicating information, and conducted a preliminary via the Internet. The growing interest in this field, which is widely regarded as one of the primary drivers of Industry 4.0, has produced the development of a number of visions and definitions for (IoT) [1].
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnection of physical devices, cars, buildings, and other entities that are equipped with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connections to gather and share data to create a smart manufacturing environment, also known as a smart factory [25]. Additionally, the concept of “The Internet of Services (IoS)” takes a similar approach to IoT but applies it to services rather than physical assets. The Internet of Services (IoS) idea will open up new prospects for the service sector by providing a commercial and technological foundation for the construction of business networks between service providers and clients [4].
The expansion of IoT in industrial contexts and value chains will give several opportunities for users, manufacturers, and businesses, having a significant influence in a variety of industries. The Internet of Things is breaking new ground, with a slew of new applications emerging around three key pillars: i) process optimization; ii) resource optimization, and iii) the building of sophisticated autonomous systems. IoT technology will continue to evolve and spread, allowing objects to become smarter, more dependable, and autonomous, allowing for the supply of higher-value products and services [1]. On the other hand, the effectiveness of Industry 4.0 depends upon existing network infrastructure, the intelligence, and human knowledge embedded into the system [22].
“Dark factories,” “lights off factories,” and “unmanned factories” are all terms used to describe smart factories, this system is integrated with the small intervention of human beings. The individual is entering into these systems mainly in the problem-solving stages. The concept known as Lights out (dark) or unmanned factories nowadays is an automation and autonomy enhanced methodologies including equipment used in factories that actively operate the production [4, 26]. The most famous characteristic of dark factories is that they do need no human power. In unmanned factories, there is not enough time to enter the plant from the raw material to the exit from the factory. That is to say that in these factories, production is carried out entirely with robotic systems [18]. It is self-evident that smart factories will have the characteristics and procedures required by the Fourth Industrial Revolution. And these processes, which are of great importance to our future of production. Furthermore, the essential activity for generating a smart factory running under Industry 4.0 is integrating different other components together, such as big data, CPS, cloud, IoT, M2M, etc. [4]
There are many challenges that determine the formation of smart factories, such as the availability of energy and its supply, the efficiency of the labor, and the availability of the technological infrastructure necessary to shift toward smart factories. On the other hand, these factories will have a negative impact on existing employment and increase unemployment rates [7].
Every day, new goods and systems emerge as a result of technological advancements. Flying automobiles, holographic television, and hundreds of electrical devices to be implanted into the human body are all possibilities [26]. Humanoid robots will be a part of everyday life in the not-too-distant future. Recent innovations have brought about skills that empower robots to control their environment. Artificial intelligence will contribute to the development of having robot teams cooperating and collaborating in achieving certain tasks defined for a specific purpose [28].
Implementing a collaborative robot in a factory will provide several benefits for the company, including i) preventing humans from performing repetitive, non-ergonomic, and dangerous work; ii) producing high-quality products with favorable cost–benefit ratios while also increasing productivity; and iii) increasing competitiveness in comparison to countries with cheap labor [29]. When a robot is used in a productive process, the benefits of the robot utilization are combined with the effort of an operator. There is no teamwork between the man and the robot on the first level. The workplace is totally shared between the man and the robot at the final level [30].
Simulation and augmented reality (AR) is a type of enhanced reality in which live direct or indirect views of physical real-world environments are augmented with computer-generated visuals projected on top of them. Industry 4.0 applications rely heavily on this technology. This innovative technology, which is critical to the industrial revolution, was created by combining real operations and simulation industries [4]. These strategies have a lot of advantages, especially when it comes to creating products and manufacturing processes. One of the cutting-edge technologies included in the Industry 4.0 trend is augmented reality, which is particularly useful in producing smart manufacturing functions [28].
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) refers to information systems that are designed to integrate and efficiently employ all of an organization’s resources. An ERP software is a system that supports an organization in bringing together processes and data that are executed all over the processes (suppliers, production, stock, sales). ERP systems are able to provide an integrated approach to information use, to start forecasting and extracting information, which can use in various departments [4]. There is a connection between big data and Industry 4.0, Manufacturing Executive Systems (MES), cloud systems, and ERP are integrated. It is critical that all procedures in the design stage as well as the customer journey are compatible with the Industry 4.0 approach. The ERP process is also a vital component in this framework [28].
The idea of Industry 4.0 necessitates connection and collaboration criteria. End-user feedback is critical, as is providing immediate additional value to all interested parties. In order for personalization to be possible, network systems must be intelligent [22]. A telecom operator may be able to analyze network performance during fluctuations and use preventive scenarios to reduce client dissatisfaction. A well-structured ERP system can enable these characteristic features. ERP systems can help with Industry 4.0 implementations, especially as a result of the following advantages: i) Real-time data may be evaluated and allow for early detection; ii) ERP systems can provide sales and purchasing transparency; iii) ERP data may be used by mobile applications to communicate; iv) Optimum resource utilization may be achieved under varying job descriptions; v) Clients may be able to track their orders online and receive the necessary information quickly [4].
The Smart Virtual Product Development (SVPD) system is a product development decision support technology that saves, uses, and shares the experiential knowledge of previous decisional events in the form of SOEs. It was created to address the requirement for digital knowledge captured in smart manufacturing product design, production planning, and inspection planning. As a result, product quality and development time will be improved, as required by Industry 4.0 concepts [31].
The core progress from traditional manufacturing toward Industry 4.0 concluded into four key features and characteristics [32]: (1) vertical networking of smart manufacture schemes; (2) horizontal integration through a new generation of global value chain networks; (3) through-life engineering across the entire value chain; and (4) the impact of exponential technologies.
Industry 4.0′s first main characteristic is the vertical networking of smart manufacturing systems. Vertical integration in Industry 4.0 establishes a connection between the many levels of the industry, from the manufacturing floor up, via production monitoring, control, and supervision, quality management, operations, product management, processing, and so on. This interconnectedness across all corporate levels provides for a fluid, transparent data flow, allowing for data-driven strategic and tactical choices [20]. Hence, the main objective behind vertical networking is to utilize Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPSs), to enable industries to quickly respond to unexpected order changes resulting from demand fluctuations, equipment failure or stock shortage. Vertical networking improves an organization’s capacity to adequately adapt to changes in market requirements and benefit from new possibilities [22].
Furthermore, it makes it easier to link resources to goods and find supplies and parts at any time. Similarly, processing data, anomalies, and defects from various processing stages of the manufacturing line are automatically captured and registered, allowing for quick responses to order changes, quality variations, and even machinery breakdowns. As a consequence, waste is decreased, and resource efficiency, notably in terms of material usage, energy consumption, and human resources is improved [28].
In the Industry 4.0 concept, horizontal integration refers to the network of diverse processes, companies, and services that make up a product’s global value chain. This can be viewed at the production level as a total consolidation of all associated manufacturing processes. Vertical integration, on the other hand, refers to a high level of coordination between production and top management layers such as quality management, product management, and production control [33].
The horizontal integration in an Industry 4.0 enterprise occurs at different levels: production floor, multiple production facilities, and entire value chain. Each connected machine or production unit becomes a node with well-defined properties within the production network. These nodes continuously communicate their status to respond autonomously to dynamic production requirements cost-effectively and reduce system downtime through predictive maintenance . If an enterprise owns several production sites, the horizontal integration enables to share inventory levels and unexpected delays, and possibly redistribute work among owned facilities to respond to market demand fluctuations rapidly or increase the efficiency and speed of the production process. However, the most critical and global horizontal integration remains the integration across the entire value chain [12].
Industry 4.0 offers a highly automated and transparent collaboration across the complete value chain, using CPPSs, from the inbound assembly, packaging, storing, production, quality control, marketing, and sales, to outbound distribution, logistics, and retail services. The horizontal integration across all these activities creates a transparent value chain that is updated in real-time. Hence, this feature provides a high level of flexibility to respond more rapidly to changing market demands, shortcomings, and problems, facilitates the optimization of the production process, increases its efficiency, and reduces the generated waste [17]. Additionally, the fact that any part or product’s history is logged and can be accessed at any time ensures constant traceability, also known as “product memory” [19].
Among the characteristics of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is also the impact of the ten components of the 4th Industrial Revolution
Innovation and scientific advancements perform an essential role in businesses, sectors, and countries. However, the digital improvements and the increasing interconnectivity will bring additional challenges and upgrades to societies, since, Industry 4.0 (Ir 4.0) will significantly change the manufacturing systems in terms of design, processes, operations, and services. Industry 4.0 will lead to potential deep changes in a variety of fields outside of the industrial sector. Its influence and effect may be divided into six categories: (1) Industry sector, (2) Products and services, (3) Business models, entrepreneurship, and market competition, (4) Economies of nations, (5) Work environment, and (6) Skills development.
The industry sector will be the first to feel the effects of Industry 4.0. This new industrial paradigm will usher in a vision of manufacturing that is decentralized and digitalized, with production elements that can autonomously govern themselves, trigger operations, and adapt to changes in their surroundings. Furthermore, the developing paradigm recommends fully integrating products and processes, altering industrial vision from mass production to mass customization, resulting in increased complexity [35]. Consequently, advanced technologies and the building of smart factories will have a significant impact on production processes and operations, providing for greater operational flexibility, and more efficient utilization of resources. Industry 4.0 will have a considerable effect on the production systems, supply chains, and industrial activities. This new paradigm is changing the current industrial landscape in three ways: (1) production digitization, (2) automation, and (3) integrating the manufacturing site to a larger supply chain. Industry 4.0, in this sense, entails complete network integration and real-time data sharing [1]. Productivity growth is at the core of each industrial revolution. The 4th industrial revolution, on the other hand, will influence the entire supply chain, from product creation and manufacturing to outbound logistics, in addition to enhancing productivity [36].
ROJKO, et al. (2020) used the vector autoregression model forecast for data from the manufacturing sector in the United States over the period (2008−2018) and concluded that, the share of manufacturing output and employment has declined, and that the manufacturing sector has reached a turning point, after which robotization can increase employment and labor productivity of workers while also stimulating further growth of their education levels. They concluded that the shift to Industry 4.0 has a significant impact on the growing demand for new knowledge and skills in order to boost productivity. As a result, anticipated growths of assessed manufacturing indicators imply that the negative effects of robotization in the recent past were only transient, as the Industry 4.0 age has begun. Nonetheless, further policies are needed to enable long-term industry development [37].
This new industrial paradigm has a significant impact on products and services. Rapid changes in the economic landscape and dynamic market demands have resulted in an increased demand for the development of more complicated and intelligent products in recent years [36]. Products will become increasingly modular and configurable, allowing for mass customization to match individual consumer needs [35]. As a result, Industry 4.0 is defined by the emergence of new products and services as embedded systems that can become attentive and interactive, be managed, and tracked in real-time, optimize the entire value chain, and provide pertinent information about their status throughout their lifecycle [37].
In the previous few years, company models and markets have swiftly altered, and new inventive business models will emerge. In the context of Industry 4.0, the introduction of new disruptive technologies has altered the way products and services are sold and delivered, disrupting established enterprises, and introducing new business prospects and models [33]. As a result, value chains are becoming more responsive, as Industry 4.0 encourages integration between manufacturers and customers, allowing for closer customer connection and business model adaption to market demands. The rising digitalization of industrial production, combined with system integration and complexity, will result in the establishment of increasingly sophisticated and digital market models, boosting competitiveness by removing barriers between information and physical structures [1].
Because of technological advancements, the workplace environment is changing fast, and Industrial revolution 4.0 is redefining jobs and key competencies. The most significant transition is the human-machine connection, which includes employee contact and a set of new collaborative work approaches [18]. The number of robots and intelligent technologies is growing, the real and virtual environments are merging, implying the existing work environment is undergoing a considerable transition [13].
The rising importance of human-machine interfaces will encourage interaction between production elements as well as the necessary communication between smart machines, smart products, and employees, which will be aided by CPS’ vision of IoT and IoS. As a result, ergonomic concerns should be considered in the context of Industry 4.0, and future systems should emphasize the relevance of workers. Job profiles, as well as work management, organization, and planning will be affected by the integration of Industry 4.0 in industrial systems and the rising deployment of new technologies [12]. In this scenario, the major task is to avoid technological unemployment by reframing present jobs and taking steps to adapt the workforce to the new jobs that will be generated [28].
One of the most significant fundamental factors for a successful acceptance and implementation of the Industry 4.0 framework is skill development, which will lead to demographic and societal changes. New competencies will be required in the future work vision, and it will be vital to provide opportunities for the acquisition of these abilities through high-quality training. This new industrial paradigm will have a significant impact on the labor market and professional roles, and it will be critical to ensure that more jobs are generated than are lost [26].
Interdisciplinary thinking will be vital, and outstanding abilities in social and technological domains will be desired. The new required competency sectors must be included in schooling. As a result of Industry 4.0’s rising automation of jobs, workers must be prepared to take on new responsibilities [28]. The same can be said for engineering education, which has a lot of promise in terms of training future professionals and informing them about new technical trends and opportunities, as well as managers who need to adapt their management strategies to meet changing market demands. Furthermore, in order to address Industry 4.0, more qualified personnel will be required in technological sectors [1].
In summary, Industry 4.0 has enormous potential in many areas, and its implementation will have an impact across the entire value chain, improving production and engineering processes, improving product and service quality, optimizing customer-organization relationships, bringing new business opportunities and economic benefits, changing educational requirements, and transforming the current work environment.
An economy can be inspired by the introduction of new models and emerging technological improvements. Digitization involves the convergence between physical and virtual worlds and will have a widespread impact in every economic sector [15]. This will be the primary driving force behind innovation, which will be crucial to productivity and costs of production, which is reflected in the competitiveness (companies, sectors, and nations) [17].
Industry 4.0 also, can transform existing relationships in the manufacturing process, allowing the manufacturing sector to join the information age by allowing communication at all stages of the manufacturing process. Some academics anticipate that Industry 4.0 would lead to new economic forms in the industry, agriculture, and services [3]. The majority of businesses expect a two-year payback on their Industry 4.0 investments, which leads to a considerable rise in investment in this area is likely, it’s reflected in economic growth [37].
On the other hand, some experts believe that Industry 4.0 will result in increased inequality due to its threat of disrupting labor markets. It is argued that the continuous growth in automation, robots, and computers will take the jobs of workers in many industries with the most worrying factor being the increased danger of the disappearance of low-skill/low-pay jobs which will cause a lot of challenges for the poor, which will lead to a rise in social tensions [37]. The most concerning fact in Industry 4.0 is that it is not only the transfer of labor from one sector of the economy to another but also the availability of technology that will replace human capital, in other words, taking people’s jobs. The technological revolution will also have an impact on topics such as material or ideological changes brought about by the introduction of new gadgets or systems, all of which will have an impact on redefining humanity’s culture [3].
In general, digitization and interconnection of industrial processes, lead to potentials in all three dimensions of sustainability. However, achieving long-term benefits of sustainability is accompanied by several challenges respectively, especially in the implementation phase of Industry 4.0 [38].
Regarding the social dimension of Industry 4.0, several benefits for employees are named, such as improved human learning through intelligent assistance systems as well as human-machine interfaces that lead to increased employee satisfaction in industrial workplaces [8, 22]. However, current literature cannot provide a unified perspective on whether Industry 4.0 will cause an increase or decrease in employee numbers in the industry. In this regard, concrete numbers named differ to a large extent [3, 15]. In general, a further replacement of simple tasks is expected, whereas tasks such as monitoring, collaboration, and training will still be required [3]. Hereby, new job profiles with novel requirements for training and education are expected to emerge, mostly referring to decreasing importance of manual labor in contrast to IT skills. On the other hand, tasks that include planning and monitoring, as well as decision-making, could fall to autonomous systems, therefore, possibly replacing jobs in this area.
The fourth industrial revolution has a significant impact on supply chain interactions, which is mainly due to the exponential growth of sensible data and the widespread of digitalized processes [40]. To understand the impact of the adoption and exploitation of Industry 4.0 technologies on the value chains and supply chains (SC). Based on the review, the effect of Industry 4.0 implementation on the supply chains (SC) are identified as follows:
Despite the rapid rise of Industry 4.0, research related to the identification of potential drivers and hurdles to its implementation are scarce. To better understand the motivations and challenges to the adoption and use of Industry 4.0 technologies, a literature review was conducted. The following are the primary drivers for Industry 4.0 implementation, as determined by the review:
In this section, we introduce an overview of some applications of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Also, we provide a case study for these applications by
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Another application of industry 4.0 in the
There are several applications for industry 4.0, for example, the KUKA corporation which works in the areas, for instance, smart factories, M-2-M, computing cloud, intelligent robots, e-commerce, and so on.
There are also some intimidating resisting forces, barriers, for implementing Industry 4.0 practices. These obstacles may be classified under the following business dimensions:
Additionally,
This study contributes to bridging the critical gap, by discussing the key components, characteristics, effects on many dimensions, drivers, barriers, and other implementation challenges of Industry 4.0, the fourth industrial revolution describes a future production system’s vision. Industry 4.0 is an inevitable revolution covering a wide range of innovative technologies, such as cyber-physical systems, RFID technologies, IoT, cloud computing, big data analytics, advanced robotics, smart factories, etc. The Industry 4.0 paradigm is transforming business in many industries, e.g., automotive, logistics, aerospace, and energy sectors, etc. Industry 4.0 realizes the development and integration of information and communication technologies into business processes. The capabilities or components of Industry 4.0 bring significant advantages to organizations, including customization of products, real-time data analysis, increased visibility, autonomous monitoring and control, dynamic product design and development, enhanced productivity, and competitiveness.
The key characteristic features of Industry 4.0 are collaboration and integration of schemes, both horizontal and vertical. In vertical integration, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is integrated into various hierarchical levels of the organization, from floor-level control to production, operations, and management levels. This vertical integration networking empowers the use of components of Industry 4.0 for production to respond to demand disparity or the fluctuations in stock levels. In horizontal integration, ICT is used to exchange information between many players. Integration of these systems for a flawless collaboration, integration, and exchange of data with all the stakeholders is a complicated scenario. Implementation of Industry 4.0 apps support to reduce costs, improves productivity, efficiency, and flexibility, and enhance product customization.
Innovation and technological advancements perform an essential role in organizations, sectors, countries. However, the digital transformation improvements and the rising interconnectivity will bring new challenges to societies, since Industry 4.0 will significantly change the products and manufacturing systems regarding design, processes, operations, and services. Industry 4.0 uses several advanced tools and technologies, thus helping to redefine conventional industrial processes. Industry 4.0 has enormous potential effect in many areas, and its application will have an impact across the entire value chain, improving production and engineering processes, improving product and service quality, optimizing customer-organization relationships, bringing new business opportunities and economic benefits, changing educational requirements, and transforming the current work environment. Digitization and interconnection of industrial processes (Industry 4.0), leading to potentials in all three dimensions of sustainability.
There are several applications for industry 4.0, applied by the KUKA corporation which works in the areas, for instance, smart factories, M-2-M, computing cloud, intelligent robots, e-commerce, etc., these technologies or applications help the industry 4.0 to separate rapidly. On the other hand, there are also some barriers, for implementing Industry 4.0 practices. These obstacles may be classified into many business dimensions: financial constraints, technical competency of the focal, organizational nature, lack of management support and resistance to change, legal issues, lack of policies and support from the government.
IntechOpen’s Academic Editors and Authors have received funding for their work through many well-known funders, including: the European Commission, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers, National Institute of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), German Research Foundation (DFG), Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Australian Research Council (ARC).
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\n\nIn order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\n\nIf you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
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