\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5286",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Products from Olive Tree",title:"Products from Olive Tree",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Olive tree products provide a number of documented presentations of the production and quality of the two most important olive tree products: virgin olive oil and table olives. It is a source that familiarizes readers with recent approaches and innovations that can be introduced in the virgin olive oil extraction and stabilization technology and the preparation of table olives with emphasis on the presence of bioactive constituents. It also describes advances in the methods of checking authenticity and in the evaluation of attributes that may influence consumers' perceptions and preferences. Other topics discussed are squalene, a trove of metabolic actions, pigments, geographical indication, biotechnology in table olive preparation, and recovery of hydroxytyrosol from olive-milling wastes.",isbn:"978-953-51-2725-3",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2724-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4164-8",doi:"10.5772/61902",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"products-from-olive-tree",numberOfPages:344,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"b1c4ed3e0237d388a235b51b1b415886",bookSignature:"Dimitrios Boskou and Maria Lisa Clodoveo",publishedDate:"October 26th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5286.jpg",numberOfDownloads:35807,numberOfWosCitations:87,numberOfCrossrefCitations:48,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:115,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:250,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 11th 2015",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 2nd 2015",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 21st 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"June 19th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 19th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"77212",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Boskou",slug:"dimitrios-boskou",fullName:"Dimitrios Boskou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/77212/images/3142_n.jpg",biography:"Dimitrios Boskou received his diploma in chemistry from the School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hellas; his Philosophy Doctor degree from the University of London, UK; and his degree of Doctor of Science from the School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hellas. He served as an assistant, lecturer, assistant professor, associate professor, professor and head of the Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (1970–2006). From 1986 to 1998, he was a member of the IUPAC Commission on Oils, Fats, and Derivatives. In the years 1995–2005, he served as a member of the Supreme Chemical Council, Athens. From 1995 to 2012, he was a member of the Scientific Committee for Food of the European Commission and a member and expert of the Food Additives Panel of the European Food Safety Authority. His achievements are: over 90 published papers and reviews; author and editor of 8 books; author of 22 chapters in books related to major and minor constituents of fats, natural antioxidants, olive oil and frying of food; and contributor to international scientific encyclopedias and the Lexicon of Lipid Nutrition, a joint IUPAC/IUNS work.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"199763",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:"Lisa",surname:"Clodoveo",slug:"maria-clodoveo",fullName:"Maria Clodoveo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199763/images/4896_n.jpg",biography:"Maria Lisa Clodoveo is an assistant professor with tenure at the University of Bari, Italy. \r\n\r\nShe is the director of the short master in 'Health claims of extra virgin olive oil as marketing tool to improve the company’s competitiveness” and deputy director of the postgraduate course in 'Olive Growing Management.” \r\n\r\nShe is a member of the 'Accademia dei Georgofili” and of 'Accademia Nazionale dell’Olivo e dell’Olio.” She is a member of the scientific committee of the international journal Grasas y Aceites. \r\n\r\nShe is the founder of the 'Research Centre for Olive Growing and Olive Oil Industry” at the University of Bari. \r\n\r\nShe is the winner of the award 'Antico Fattore” (2016) assigned by the 'Accademia dei Georgofili” for the innovative approach on virgin olive oil technologies and the award for 'Innovation and applicability” at the International Congress GENP 2016 for the results obtained in the application of ultrasound technology to the virgin olive oil process. \r\n\r\nShe is the inventor of two patents and the author of more than 100 articles and book chapters in the olive oil sector.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Bari Aldo Moro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"342",title:"Pomology",slug:"pomology"}],chapters:[{id:"51768",title:"Squalene: A Trove of Metabolic Actions",doi:"10.5772/64384",slug:"squalene-a-trove-of-metabolic-actions",totalDownloads:2003,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Squalene is present in high concentration in the liver of certain sharks and in small concentrations in olive oil. Previous studies showed that its administration decreases hepatic steatosis in male Apoe-knockout mice, but these changes might be complex. Transcriptomics, using DNA microarrays, and proteomics from mitochondrial and microsomal fractions, analyzed by 2D-DIGE and mass spectrometry, were used in these mice that received 1 g/kg/day squalene for 10 weeks. Squalene administration significantly modified the expression of genes such as lipin 1 (Lpin1) and thyroid hormone responsive (Thrsp). Changes in methionine adenosyltransferase 1 alpha (Mat1α), short-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (Acads), and thioredoxin domain–containing protein 5 (Txndc5) expressions were consistent with their protein levels. Their mRNA levels were associated with hepatic fat content. These results suggest that squalene action involves changes in hepatic gene expression associated with its anti-steatotic properties. This approach shows new connections between nutrition and gene expression since Txndc5, a gene with unknown biological function, was upregulated by squalene administration. Overall, this nutrigenomic approach illustrates the effects of squalene and provides further support to the idea that not all monounsaturated fatty acid–containing oils behave similarly. Therefore, selection of cultivars producing olive oils enriched in this compound will be a plus.",signatures:"Adela Ramírez-Torres, Clara Gabás-Rivera and Jesús Osada",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51768",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51768",authors:[{id:"182842",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesus",surname:"Osada",slug:"jesus-osada",fullName:"Jesus Osada"}],corrections:null},{id:"52220",title:"Improvement of Olive Oil Mechanical Extraction: New Technologies, Process Efficiency, and Extra Virgin Olive Oil Quality",doi:"10.5772/64796",slug:"improvement-of-olive-oil-mechanical-extraction-new-technologies-process-efficiency-and-extra-virgin-",totalDownloads:2483,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Most of the recent technological innovations applied to the mechanical oil extraction process are aimed at improving virgin olive oil quality and yield. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) quality is mainly based on the qualitative/quantitative composition of monounsaturated fatty acids, volatile and phenolic compounds that are strictly related to the health and sensory properties of the product, with particular attention given to the fraction of secoiridoid derivatives and C5 and C6 volatile compounds. The different levels of concentration of these compounds are due to some important variables: agronomic and technological. The chapter explains the recent approaches and innovations introduced in the oil extraction process to improve the working efficiency of the production system and to obtain high‐quality extra virgin olive oils.",signatures:"Gianluca Veneziani, Beatrice Sordini, Agnese Taticchi, Sonia\nEsposto, Roberto Selvaggini, Stefania Urbani, Ilona Di Maio and\nMaurizio Servili",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52220",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52220",authors:[{id:"183017",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Gianluca",surname:"Veneziani",slug:"gianluca-veneziani",fullName:"Gianluca Veneziani"},{id:"191177",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",surname:"Sordini",slug:"beatrice-sordini",fullName:"Beatrice Sordini"},{id:"191178",title:"Prof.",name:"Agnese",surname:"Taticchi",slug:"agnese-taticchi",fullName:"Agnese Taticchi"},{id:"191179",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Esposto",slug:"sonia-esposto",fullName:"Sonia Esposto"},{id:"191180",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Selvaggini",slug:"roberto-selvaggini",fullName:"Roberto Selvaggini"},{id:"191182",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefania",surname:"Urbani",slug:"stefania-urbani",fullName:"Stefania Urbani"},{id:"191183",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilona",surname:"Di Maio",slug:"ilona-di-maio",fullName:"Ilona Di Maio"},{id:"191184",title:"Prof.",name:"Maurizio",surname:"Servili",slug:"maurizio-servili",fullName:"Maurizio Servili"}],corrections:null},{id:"52027",title:"Ultrasound in Olive Oil Extraction",doi:"10.5772/64765",slug:"ultrasound-in-olive-oil-extraction",totalDownloads:2441,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Each olive oil extraction system should combine the best product quality and the highest efficiency. At the same time, the innovative technologies can develop only if they provide sustainable processes. To reach these goals, academic and industrial researchers need to understand the key elements that allow to modulate the events that occur during oil extraction. In the past years, many emerging technologies, that is techniques perceived as capable of changing the present situation, have been developed. Among these, ultrasounds applications seem to be the most promising for their mechanical and slightly thermal effects, without affecting sustainability. In order to explain the maturity of this emerging technology, the main effects of the ultrasounds application in the olive oil extraction process are discussed, the developed plants are presented, and the patents are reported.",signatures:"Riccardo Amirante and Antonello Paduano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52027",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52027",authors:[{id:"185224",title:"Dr.",name:"Riccardo",surname:"Amirante",slug:"riccardo-amirante",fullName:"Riccardo Amirante"}],corrections:null},{id:"51628",title:"Stabilization of Extra-Virgin Olive Oil",doi:"10.5772/64401",slug:"stabilization-of-extra-virgin-olive-oil",totalDownloads:2098,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The conservation of virgin olive oil quality during its shelf life could be considered a key issue for olive oil industry. To improve the product stability, virgin olive oils should not be stored with considerable amounts of suspended solids and water. The latter have to be removed from oil musts. The chapter reviews the main spread technologies and those recently proposed for the removal of suspended solids and the water from extra-virgin olive oils. These technologies are described from an engineering perspective, and their effects on product quality during storage are discussed.",signatures:"Lorenzo Guerrini and Alessandro Parenti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51628",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51628",authors:[{id:"183171",title:"Prof.",name:"Alessandro",surname:"Parenti",slug:"alessandro-parenti",fullName:"Alessandro Parenti"},{id:"186912",title:"Dr.",name:"Lorenzo",surname:"Guerrini",slug:"lorenzo-guerrini",fullName:"Lorenzo Guerrini"}],corrections:null},{id:"51857",title:"Chlorophylls and Carotenoids in Food Products from Olive Tree",doi:"10.5772/64688",slug:"chlorophylls-and-carotenoids-in-food-products-from-olive-tree",totalDownloads:2421,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:18,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter provides an updated overview about the chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments present in olive fruits and their products, table olive, and olive oil. The metabolism of these pigments during growth and ripening of the olive fruit is described. General aspects related to photosynthetic tissues and non-carotenogenic fruits, varieties and the presence of exclusive pigments, the total pigment content, and their relative proportions are highlighted. Chlorophyll and carotenoid changes during the processing of green table olives according to the main styles of preparation are described. Different reaction mechanisms depending on the removal of the bitter components by alkaline hydrolysis or by slow diffusion in brine, as well as the development of the fermentation process, are discussed. The chlorophyll degradation associated with the green staining alteration is specifically mentioned. Changes in the pigment profiles and in their concentrations associated with the virgin olive oil (VOO) elaboration are also described. Recent research works related to thermal degradation kinetics and prediction mathematical model for VOO storage are summarized. The role of the chlorophylls in the photo-oxidation of VOO is also pointed out. Finally, the pigment profiles as authenticity and freshness indices for VOO quality are emphasized.",signatures:"Beatriz Gandul-Rojas, María Roca and Lourdes Gallardo-Guerrero",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51857",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51857",authors:[{id:"182088",title:"Dr.",name:"Lourdes",surname:"Gallardo-Guerrero",slug:"lourdes-gallardo-guerrero",fullName:"Lourdes Gallardo-Guerrero"},{id:"184804",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",surname:"Gandul-Rojas",slug:"beatriz-gandul-rojas",fullName:"Beatriz Gandul-Rojas"},{id:"184805",title:"Dr.",name:"María",surname:"Roca",slug:"maria-roca",fullName:"María Roca"}],corrections:null},{id:"51827",title:"Pigments in Extra‐Virgin Olive Oil: Authenticity and Quality",doi:"10.5772/64736",slug:"pigments-in-extra-virgin-olive-oil-authenticity-and-quality",totalDownloads:2003,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Pigments, divided into carotenoids and chlorophyll derivatives, are responsible for the colour of extra‐virgin olive oil (EVOO). The concentration of pigments in EVOO depends on several factors, such as the maturity of olives before oil production, the cultivar and the geographic origin of olives. Pigments naturally degrade in olive oil (OO) during storage, and they may decompose due to light, temperature and oxygen exposure. The nature and concentration of pigments in EVOOs are different from seed oils, and this is a base of their use to reveal oil treatments and sophistication. In this chapter, the analytical methods, mainly chromatographic and spectroscopic, applied to identify and quantify pigments are overviewed. In particular, the applications of these methods to check the authenticity and the quality of extra‐virgin olive oil are discussed.",signatures:"Cristina Lazzerini, Mario Cifelli and Valentina Domenici",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51827",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51827",authors:[{id:"182130",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",surname:"Domenici",slug:"valentina-domenici",fullName:"Valentina Domenici"},{id:"187809",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",surname:"Cifelli",slug:"mario-cifelli",fullName:"Mario Cifelli"},{id:"187810",title:"Ms.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Lazzerini",slug:"cristina-lazzerini",fullName:"Cristina Lazzerini"}],corrections:null},{id:"52150",title:"DNA-Based Approaches for Traceability and Authentication of Olive Oil",doi:"10.5772/64494",slug:"dna-based-approaches-for-traceability-and-authentication-of-olive-oil",totalDownloads:2205,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Authentication and traceability of extra virgin olive oil is a challenging research task due to the complexity of fraudulent practices. Various chemical and biochemical techniques have been developed for determining the authenticity of olive oil and in recent years non-conventional methods based on DNA analysis have gained attention, due to high specificity, sensitivity and reliability. DNA analyses have very high discriminating power because ultimately the unique identity of a variety or species is to a great extent genetically dependent. Polymorphisms are genetic variations which refer to the variation in populations or species. Molecular markers provide information on genetic variations and are valuable tools to determine olive oil authenticity. Recently several DNA-based methods have been developed to authenticate olive oil, since analysis of the residual oil DNA with the use of molecular markers can lead to the identification of the variety or the plant species from which it was extracted. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the current trends and critical issues on DNA-targeted approaches used for traceability and authenticity of olive oil. This is considered a rapidly expanding field with significant challenges and prospects which shall be discussed thoroughly.",signatures:"Christos Bazakos, Stelios Spaniolas and Panagiotis Kalaitzis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52150",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52150",authors:[{id:"182489",title:"Dr.",name:"Panagiotis",surname:"Kalaitzis",slug:"panagiotis-kalaitzis",fullName:"Panagiotis Kalaitzis"},{id:"183476",title:"Dr.",name:"Christos",surname:"Bazakos",slug:"christos-bazakos",fullName:"Christos Bazakos"},{id:"191691",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",surname:"Spaniolas",slug:"stelios-spaniolas",fullName:"Stelios Spaniolas"}],corrections:null},{id:"52514",title:"Evaluation of the “Harmony Value”: A Sensory Method to Discriminate the Quality Range within the Category of EVOO",doi:"10.5772/64727",slug:"evaluation-of-the-harmony-value-a-sensory-method-to-discriminate-the-quality-range-within-the-catego",totalDownloads:1840,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Besides a certain amount of relevant chemical parameters, objective quality of olive oil as well as consumer acceptance are depending mainly on its sensory characteristics. Referring to the EC Regulation 1833/2015, there exist different quality categories for olive oil, namely extra virgin, virgin and lampant. To belong to the category “extra virgin”olive oil (EVOO), an oil has to have a certain fruitiness (median > 0) and no defects (median = 0). This means that all olive oils without defect have the same quality level (extra virgin) no matter what kind of sensory characteristics they show. Within EVOOs, type and width of the parameter values of sensory descriptors show a broad variety. In order to mark differences between sensory characteristics in olive oil, the German and the Swiss Olive Oil Panel (DOP and SOP) further developed the panel test (according to EC regulation 1833/2015) by extending their profile sheet with additional sensory parameters, e.g. the “harmony”-value. The evaluation and interpretation of the “harmony” value of olive oils make it possible to monitor and thereby discriminate the sensory quality within the range of EVOOs on the market. This is important for all stakeholders in the olive oil business, aiming to produce, sell, provide and buy EVOOs at different price (and quality) levels.",signatures:"Annette Bongartz, Martin Popp, Reinhard Schneller and Dieter\nOberg",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52514",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52514",authors:[{id:"181901",title:"Mrs.",name:"Annette",surname:"Bongartz",slug:"annette-bongartz",fullName:"Annette Bongartz"},{id:"184070",title:"Mr.",name:"Dieter",surname:"Oberg",slug:"dieter-oberg",fullName:"Dieter Oberg"},{id:"184071",title:"Mr.",name:"Reinhard",surname:"Schneller",slug:"reinhard-schneller",fullName:"Reinhard Schneller"},{id:"184072",title:"Mr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Popp",slug:"martin-popp",fullName:"Martin Popp"}],corrections:null},{id:"51815",title:"Consumer Perception, Attitudes, Liking and Preferences for Olive Oil",doi:"10.5772/64554",slug:"consumer-perception-attitudes-liking-and-preferences-for-olive-oil",totalDownloads:1820,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The consumption of healthful olive oil (OO) has grown considerably over the past 20 years, particularly in areas outside of Europe. To meet this demand, worldwide production of OO has doubled over this time period. Greece, Italy and Spain remain the major producers of this commodity; however, significant growth in production has also occurred in countries such as Australia and the US. OO consumption is closely associated with the traditional Mediterranean diet. It is likely that the potential health benefits of using OO as a primary dietary fat have been a driver of increased intake, but undoubtedly other factors will be involved. An understanding of the factors that influence consumers’ perceptions, attitudes, liking and preferences for OO will be of benefit to the OO sector. Olive growers, OO manufacturers, packaging specialists and marketers, etc. can utilize these insights to aid in the development and delivery of OO products in line with consumer needs and wants, and help drive further growth in this sector particularly with regard to new and emerging markets. The following chapter details information on the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that have demonstrated an influence on consumer perception, attitudes, liking and preferences for OO.",signatures:"Sara Cicerale, Gie Liem and Russell S.J. Keast",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51815",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51815",authors:[{id:"182960",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",surname:"Cicerale",slug:"sara-cicerale",fullName:"Sara Cicerale"}],corrections:null},{id:"52085",title:"Olive Oils with Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI)",doi:"10.5772/64909",slug:"olive-oils-with-protected-designation-of-origin-pdo-and-protected-geographical-indication-pgi-",totalDownloads:2566,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:17,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The consumers’ demand for excellence in agricultural products has led to the introduction of certification labels. Among others, the European Commission enforces two types of certification labels: protected designation of origin (PDO) and protected geographical indication (PGI) (EEC, No. 2082/92). Olive oil, as a typical high-value agricultural product, is included in PDO/PGI labeling. The latter constitutes a great motivation for a considerable range of consumers, as it is considered to be associated with high-quality olive oil. However, a misunderstanding and/or unawareness of PDO/PGI and “organic” certification labels is often observed. Limited investigations in PDO/PGI olive oils demonstrated lower occurrence and lower levels of agrochemical residues compared to conventional olive oils. Future investigations are required in this field, in order to confirm that the better cultivation and industrial processes associated with PDO/PGI certification result in lower levels of agrochemicals in the final products. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry will play a vital role in the traceability of PDO/PGI olive oils and the confirmation of their geographical origin and authenticity.",signatures:"Zisimos Likudis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52085",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52085",authors:[{id:"183833",title:"Dr.",name:"Zisimos",surname:"Likudis",slug:"zisimos-likudis",fullName:"Zisimos Likudis"}],corrections:null},{id:"51840",title:"Geographical Indication Labels in Moroccan Olive Oil Sector: Territorial Dimension and Characterization of Typicality: A Case Study of Meknès Region",doi:"10.5772/64538",slug:"geographical-indication-labels-in-moroccan-olive-oil-sector-territorial-dimension-and-characterizati",totalDownloads:1724,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Geographical indications (GIs) implementation is, nowadays, one of the most prominent differentiation strategies used in olive oil market. The proliferation of these labels, however, causes debate and controversy, in particular regarding their usefulness, effectiveness, and suitability of some protected areas to acquire them. This chapter discusses the use of GI labels in olive oil market, and proposes a four-stage methodological approach to examine the potential of Meknès region—a Moroccan olive growing area—to acquire a GI label. Based on this approach, Meknès region territorial dimensions were defined, the typicality of its olive oil was characterized, a general scheme for the GI recognition was proposed, and the adopted strategy to enhance the meaning of this label on domestic, national, and international markets was highlighted. The main findings of this study justify the suitability of Meknès region to protect its olive oil with a GI label.",signatures:"Aadil Bajoub, Lucía Olmo-García, Noureddine Ouazzani, Romina\nPaula Monasterio, Gabriel Beltrán and Alegría Carrasco-Pancorbo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51840",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51840",authors:[{id:"83442",title:"Dr.",name:"Alegria",surname:"Carrasco-Pancorbo",slug:"alegria-carrasco-pancorbo",fullName:"Alegria Carrasco-Pancorbo"},{id:"186812",title:"Prof.",name:"Aadil",surname:"Bajoub",slug:"aadil-bajoub",fullName:"Aadil Bajoub"},{id:"186813",title:"Ms.",name:"Lucia",surname:"Olmo-Garcia",slug:"lucia-olmo-garcia",fullName:"Lucia Olmo-Garcia"},{id:"186814",title:"Dr.",name:"Noureddine",surname:"Ouazzani",slug:"noureddine-ouazzani",fullName:"Noureddine Ouazzani"},{id:"186815",title:"Dr.",name:"Romina Paula",surname:"Monasterio",slug:"romina-paula-monasterio",fullName:"Romina Paula Monasterio"},{id:"186816",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Beltran",slug:"gabriel-beltran",fullName:"Gabriel Beltran"}],corrections:null},{id:"52088",title:"Modern Techniques in the Production of Table Olives",doi:"10.5772/64988",slug:"modern-techniques-in-the-production-of-table-olives",totalDownloads:2306,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most important trees in the world, and olive oil and table olives are consumed extensively as a basic ingredient of the Mediterranean diet. Table olives are prepared from the fruit of a variety of cultivated olive trees, and, after removing their bitterness by several methods, they are preserved by natural fermentation or other methods before packing. Currently, scientists and consumers alike are interested in and prefer fresh and healthy table olives that have been minimally and safely processed. The aim of this chapter is to provide information about the modern food-processing techniques that are used to improve the quality characteristics of table olives.",signatures:"Nurcan Değirmencioğlu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52088",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52088",authors:[{id:"183883",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Nurcan",surname:"Degirmencioglu",slug:"nurcan-degirmencioglu",fullName:"Nurcan Degirmencioglu"}],corrections:null},{id:"51828",title:"Biotechnology can Improve a Traditional Product as Table Olives",doi:"10.5772/64687",slug:"biotechnology-can-improve-a-traditional-product-as-table-olives",totalDownloads:1978,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Table olives are fermented vegetables very popular in the world and especially in the Mediterranean countries. Five main styles (Spanish or Sevillian, Castelvetrano, Siciliano, Californian, and Greek) are diffused to produce commercial products, beside several traditional styles. Although the main preparation methods of table olives are known for a long time, they are not yet optimized systems, and each of them is characterized by advantages and disadvantages. The use of NaOH for green olive debittering is responsible for the elimination of many aroma compounds and nutritionally important molecules. High volumes of heavily contaminated wastewaters are produced during olive processing. Spontaneous fermentation processes used to ferment black or green olives are difficult either to monitor or control. Microbial starters, selected for specific bio/technological and safety traits, can be useful to (i) improve the table olives organoleptic characteristics, (ii) control the fermentation process and significantly reduce the time to obtain a final product, (iii) monitor the correct evolution of the process, (iv) ensure the maintenance and/or improvement of nutritional and healthy features of the product, (v) protect table olives from undesired spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms, (vi) produce table olives as a carrier of microorganisms with probiotics characters, and (vii) enhance product stability and shelf life.",signatures:"Maria Tufariello, Giovanni Mita and Gianluca Bleve",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51828",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51828",authors:[{id:"182471",title:"Dr.",name:"Gianluca",surname:"Bleve",slug:"gianluca-bleve",fullName:"Gianluca Bleve"}],corrections:null},{id:"52440",title:"The Possibility of Recovering of Hydroxytyrosol from Olive Milling Wastewater by Enzymatic Bioconversion",doi:"10.5772/64774",slug:"the-possibility-of-recovering-of-hydroxytyrosol-from-olive-milling-wastewater-by-enzymatic-bioconver",totalDownloads:1899,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter discusses an innovative approach to obtain liquid fractions from olive mill wastewater (OMW) rich in hydroxytyrosol. The method is based on bioconversion combined with membrane separation techniques. An enzymatic bioconversion of three types of OMW was tested. TheS total volumes of OMW are 15 and 40 L. The reaction was monitored in mechanically stirred systems for 2 h at 50°C. Maximum hydroxytyrosol concentrations of about 1.53, 0.83 and 0.46 g/L in the presence of 5 IU Aspergillus niger β‐glucosidase per milliliter from North OMW and South OMW were procured by two different olive millings, which are milling super press (MSP) and milling continuous chain (MCC), respectively. Enzymatic pretreatment was followed by two tangential flow membrane separation stages, microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF). The ultrafiltration permeate was concentrated by evaporation at 45°C for 2 h. The latter exhibited a chemical oxygen demand (COD) level of 48.44 g/L. The UF permeate dehydration increased the hydroxytyrosol concentration to 7.2 g/L. A new natural product that contains some minerals beneficial to health and devoid of heavy metals or chemicals was obtained by this innovative work which describes an environmentally friendly process at pilot‐scale.",signatures:"Manel Hamza and Sami Sayadi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52440",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52440",authors:[{id:"183101",title:"Dr.",name:"Manel",surname:"Hamza",slug:"manel-hamza",fullName:"Manel Hamza"}],corrections:null},{id:"51966",title:"A Brief Review on Recent Processes for the Treatment of Olive Mill Effluents",doi:"10.5772/64798",slug:"a-brief-review-on-recent-processes-for-the-treatment-of-olive-mill-effluents",totalDownloads:2174,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"During the last few decades, olive oil industrial sector has grown as a result of the modernization of olive oil mills, in response to the increasing demand of olive oil worldwide. As an undesired side effect, the amount of olive mill effluents (OME) increased, especially as a result of changing old batch press method for the continuous centrifugation-based olive oil production processes currently used, which ensure higher productivity. This chapter presents the state of the art of OME management, with focus on biological and advanced oxidation processes, either alone or in combination, varying in complexity, ease of operation and costs associated. Up to this moment, there isn’t a management strategy that can be adopted in a global scale, feasible in different socio-economic contexts and production scales. The most reasonable approach is to regard OME valorisation as a regional problem, defining decentralized treatment that in some cases can be implemented for a group of olive oil mills in the same geographic area. This aspect is receiving strong attention as European Commission is promoting the transition towards a circular economy, which aims at “closing the production loop” by recycling and reusing resources, bringing benefits for the environment, society and the economy.",signatures:"Javier Miguel Ochando‐Pulido, Rita Fragoso, Antónia Macedo,\nElizabeth Duarte and Antonio Martínez Ferez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51966",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51966",authors:[{id:"183540",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier Miguel",surname:"Ochando Pulido",slug:"javier-miguel-ochando-pulido",fullName:"Javier Miguel Ochando Pulido"}],corrections:null},{id:"51671",title:"Olive Oil in Brazil: Economic and Regulatory Control Aspects",doi:"10.5772/64539",slug:"olive-oil-in-brazil-economic-and-regulatory-control-aspects",totalDownloads:1867,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The oil extracted from olives has characteristics that set it apart from other vegetable oils. Its exceptional sensory and nutritional attributes and its limited production are among the aspects that give it high market value. However, oils of different grades and quality are obtained from the fruit of the olive tree. Thus, producers are interested in improving and disseminating product quality control techniques. Brazil’s domestic demand is met by imported olive oils, with Brazil being one of the world’s main importers. Recently, the expansions of the market and the commercial production outlook have intensified the work of the Brazilian government in improving the legal requirements to control this product and enable laboratories to monitor quality. Despite government initiatives, the trade of this oil in Brazil has always been, and continues to be, marked by evidence of fraud and adulteration. The present work aims to provide an overview of the economic, regulatory, and inspection aspects involving the olive oil in Brazil, emphasizing the initiatives to improve the control of this important product.",signatures:"Sabria Aued-Pimentel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51671",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51671",authors:[{id:"183238",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabria",surname:"Aued-Pimentel",slug:"sabria-aued-pimentel",fullName:"Sabria Aued-Pimentel"}],corrections:null},{id:"52019",title:"Tocopherols: Chemical Structure, Bioactivity, and Variability in Croatian Virgin Olive Oils",doi:"10.5772/64658",slug:"tocopherols-chemical-structure-bioactivity-and-variability-in-croatian-virgin-olive-oils",totalDownloads:1985,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Virgin olive oil (VOO) represents a rich source of natural antioxidants, with tocopherols as the most effective group of lipophilic, phenolic antioxidants. α-Tocopherol represents more than 95% of the total tocopherols in virgin olive oil, and it possesses the highest biological activity among members of the vitamin E family. Content and composition of the tocopherols of virgin olive oil depend on several agronomic factors, as well as olive processing and oil storage conditions.",signatures:"Maja Jukić Špika, Klara Kraljić and Dubravka Škevin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52019",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52019",authors:[{id:"183357",title:"Dr.",name:"Maja",surname:"Jukić Špika",slug:"maja-jukic-spika",fullName:"Maja Jukić Špika"},{id:"188382",title:"Dr.",name:"Klara",surname:"Kraljić",slug:"klara-kraljic",fullName:"Klara Kraljić"},{id:"188383",title:"Prof.",name:"Dubravka",surname:"Škevin",slug:"dubravka-skevin",fullName:"Dubravka Škevin"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"869",title:"Olive Oil",subtitle:"Constituents, Quality, Health Properties and 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The authors, specialists in different areas, addressed several issues in forest science, focusing on the species' characteristics, silviculture and climate change; growth analysis; reconstruction of stand dynamics of mixed stands; establishment, regeneration and succession; litter-fall, nutrient cycle and silviculture; distribution and zonation; and ecosystem services provided by monocultures and mixed stands.",isbn:"978-1-78984-801-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-800-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-741-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73422",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"conifers",numberOfPages:136,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"08346de6b4e92146db7819ccbefd4130",bookSignature:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6894.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:6132,numberOfWosCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitations:6,numberOfDimensionsCitations:17,numberOfTotalCitations:32,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 13th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 11th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 10th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 29th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 28th 2018",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"194484",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-cristina-goncalves",fullName:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194484/images/system/194484.jpg",biography:"Ana Cristina Gonçalves is an Assistant Professor with Habilitation in the Department of Rural Engineering, University of Évora, Portugal, and a researcher at the Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED). She holds a Ph.D. in Forestry. Dr. Gonçalves has authored more than 100 publications and participated in 20 research projects. 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This puzzling divergence is drastically reducing agricultural productivity and is exacerbated by abiotic stresses, contributing to more than 70% global food loses [1, 2]. Nonetheless, the implications of the Green Revolution which intensified the use of high yielding varieties, synthetic pesticides, inorganic fertilizers and mechanization (eg., irrigation), significantly contributed to the reduction in microbial diversity within arable farmlands; and this phenomenon had a negative bearing on overall soil health [3, 4].
Abiotic stresses (including, high and low temperatures, salinity, flooding, drought, nutrient limitation, toxic metals and organic contaminants) contribute to unsustainable agriculture [5, 6, 7]. The potential costs of these abiotic stresses are significant, implying the need for sound, economical, and ecologically friendly measures to reduce their negative effects on plant growth and development [1].
Plants, unlike animals, cannot use avoidance and escape as stress-relieving tactics and as a survival strategy, their evolution has been defined by development of very advantageous relationships with their more mobile companions, microorganisms. Some of these relationships entail complex symbioses that provide stress tolerance, such as mycorrhizae and rhizobia, which aid in alleviation of nutritional and water deficiency [6, 8, 9, 10]. Beneficial microorganisms are increasingly being used in agriculture, with several research programs assessing microbial strains for their capacity to provide protection against a specific stress (eg., nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency) as well as cross-protection against numerous stresses [11, 12, 13]. Understanding the underlying physiological mechanisms by which the beneficial microbial taxa mediate stress tolerance is crucial to ensuring sustainable agricultural production under the current and predicted climatic conditions.
Plant growth and soil fertility are all aided by the beneficial microbes-interactions [14, 15, 16]. It has been now commonly recognized that certain unique and efficient microbial strains, known as plant growth promoting (PGP) microorganisms, improve plant growth, fitness, guard against pathogenic organisms, and aid to maintain soil health under diverse environmental conditions [4, 17, 18]. In addition, some microbial taxa are known to contribute to the biological processes of the soil formation [11, 19]. For instance, rhizosphere microorganisms contribute to the biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and sulfur (S) [10, 17, 20]. For the past 3 decades, knowledge on beneficial microorganism has dramatically increased and in some cases, PGP microbes were used as inoculants for enhancement of sustainable crop productivity [13, 21, 22, 23]. In this chapter, we provide a synthesis on the rhizospheric microbiome interactions; the influence of abiotic stresses on plant-microbe associations; as well as, describe roles performed by PGP bacteria in aiding plant adaptation to abiotic stresses.
Plant-microbe interaction is a complex, dynamic, and ongoing process that dates back to Earth’s first plant colonization. Plants and bacteria have been associated for millions of years, resulting in an assemblage of host and non-host species forming a holobiont [24, 25, 26]. A metagenomic study by Xu et al. [20] revealed over-representation of KEGG Orthology (KOs) involved in known plant–microbe and microbe–microbe interactions, such as bacterial secretion systems, flagella assembly, bacterial chemotaxis, bacterial toxins, bacterial motility, two-component system and biofilm formation. These KOs were responsible for transporting plant-derived nutrients such as; amino acids, peptides, urea, oligosaccharides and monosaccharides, into microbial cells [11, 13, 20].
Plants are regularly approached by both the beneficial and the harmful microorganisms (especially, fungi and bacteria) in both, the natural and cultivated lands. The phenomenon results in formation of beneficial partnerships between the plants and the microbes. These partnerships enhance both direct and indirect stimulation mechanisms. Indirect stimulation mechanisms such as those performed by mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia, results in optimal availability of mineral nutrients and fixed nitrogen to plants [8, 27, 28]. The direct stimulation mechanims can be attained through phytohormones, antagonism towards pathogenic microorganisms and mitigation of stresses [4, 11, 29]. On contrary, the harmful interactions have detrimental effects on plant growth and development [12, 30]. Therefore, understanding the beneficial plant microbial interactions can recognize both positive and negative impacts of microbes on plants.
Beneficial microbial communities correlated with plant ecosystems can be classified as follows; phyllospheric, endophytic and rhizospheric [10, 31, 32]. Phyllospheric (above ground) microorganisms are known to significantly contribute to nitrogen fixation as well as phytoremediation [7, 24]. Most of the phyllospheric microbes have been encountered on plant surfaces in moss forests and were shown to tolerate abiotic stresses due to UV radiation and high temperature (35–50°C) [33]. Phyllospheric microbes belongs to different species of diverse genera including,
Endophytic microbiomes characterize another useful plant growth microbes that infiltrate vertically or horizontally into the internal plant tissue (eg., root, stem, flower, fruits and seeds) [4, 25]. As for bacteria, they are from a diversity of taxa that include;
Above all, the most superior plant-microbe interaction is of soil microbes with the root ecosystems (i.e., rhizophere microbiome) (
Summary of putative PGP roles of the genomes reconstructed from
In establishment of the plant-microbe partnerships, both plants and microbe communicate through signals, such as volatile chemical chemicals, hormones and hormone mimics, as well as carbohydrate and protein-based signals [12, 40, 44]. For example, microbe and/or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs or PAMPs) are carbohydrate-based and protein-based signals that are required for microbial survival [2, 30, 31].
Abiotic stress conditions are one of the most critical limiting factors for agricultural crops worldwide ([45], Figure 2). These harsh conditions include, low water availability due to salinity or drought, flooding, high or low temperatures, high or low soil pH, soil nutrient deficiency, and exposure to harmful chemicals including, toxic metals and organic pollutants [1, 4, 15, 26, 40, 47]. Impact of these stresses on food security is being studied more and more around the world and its effects were observed to be more on the disruption of metabolic homeostasis and pathways of the plant [5]. The habitats affected by these stresses may potentially generate a plethora of adapted PGP microbial strains that might be used as inoculants to alleviate the stress conditions [45].
Protective mechanism of plant microbial interactions under different levels of abiotic stress conditions. Exopolysaccharides (EPS), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ice-nucleating activity (INA+). Sourced from Sangiorgio et al. [
For example, when exposed to abiotic stresses (e.g., heat stress), plant accumulate high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in their tissues [9]. The ROS include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radicals (OH*−), singlet oxygen (1O2) and superoxide radicles (O2−), and these interact with the plant cell proteins, DNA as well as lipids, posing oxidative damage and cell malfunctioning [3, 48]. In addition, drought-induced moisture stress in the rhizosphere induces an increased plant respiration and carbon alterations assimilation [3, 47], which results in decreased ATP synthesis and an increase in ROS production; which have serious consequences on cellular metabolism [9, 12, 26, 49]. Under these circumstances, beneficial microorganisms can respond through synthesizing antioxidants and osmoprotectants [2, 19, 35].
Arid and semi-arid regions of the globe are more prone to salinity and drought stress conditions. Arid conditions are responsible for higher reductions of; crop productivity as well as arable land, especially in areas where sea levels are arising into agricultural lands [19, 29, 48, 50]. Plant growth is harmed by salinity in different ways [19]. From cereals to horticultural species, salinity can affect germination, plant vigor and crop productivity [21, 51, 52]. Nevertheless, it can lower nodulation, nitrogen fixation and total nitrogen content in legumes, which has a negative impact on biological nitrogen fixation [1, 6, 9, 53]. Previous studies highlighted the sensitivity of symbiotic nitrogen fixation with global impact of salinity and drought stress, which occurs during both the development of symbiotic nodules and the succeeding period of nitrogen fixation and plant nitrogen intake [15, 29, 54].
In addition, presence of large levels of Na+ and Cl− on the roots modifies the functioning of uptake systems and changes the competitive interactions between ions for binding and transport into root cells thus limiting nutrient and water uptake [1, 45, 47]. In terms of nutrient uptake deficiency, this can be induced by saline conditions as Na and P uptake and accumulation is inhibited due to the formation of calcium phosphate precipitates which deter beneficial microbes away from its interaction with the plant roots [21, 51, 55]. Nonetheless, the performance of soil microbial enzymes such as nitrogenase, ureases or phosphatases can be inhibited, thus in turn, lowering biogeochemical cycling process [17, 53]. Also, non-calcareous soils of tropics were reported to harbor less beneficial bacterial taxa compared to neutral and calcareous soils of the deserts [45, 48]. A denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiling study of 16S rRNA by de Los Rios et al. [56] ascertained high microbial activity in desert conditions with high ability to survive hypersaline conditions. However, in general, abiotic stressors contribute to the visual appearance of sterile environment for the plant and microbial association [19, 40].
The principal factors that influence agricultural production by disrupting rhizosphere functioning are environmental pressures and their unpredictability [3, 20, 57]. A healthy plant rhizosphere not only aids in the provision of nutrients and water to plants, but it also gives long-term advantages to microbial diversity, which in turn aids plant health [22, 50]. The composition of root exudates, which account for microbial recruitment in the rhizosphere is mostly determined by plant genotypes [6, 29, 31]. These exudates, promote the multiplication of beneficial microbes of the plants at nanomolar concentration. Rhizobacteria, mycorrhizal fungi and other microbes are among the beneficial microbial diversity associated with the root zones that contribute to increased plant growth [4, 24, 48]. These beneficial microbes interact symbiotically or asymbiotically in promoting plant and soil health through a myriad of techniques including pathogen control, secondary metabolite synthesis and increased stress resistance [43, 45, 56, 58]. Also, many commercial products based on beneficial microorganisms or microbial consortiums, such as Subtilexfi (BeckerUnderWood, Inc., Ames, IA, USA), Kodiakfi (Gustafson, Inc., Plano, TX, USA), Biota Maxfi (CustomBio, Inc., Deerfield Beach, FL, USA), Trianum-Pfi (Koppert, Srl, Verona, Italy), express multiple functions and synergistic and additive effects on plant growth and development [46]. The various mechanisms in-with beneficial microorganism promote sustainable agriculture are detailed below.
Many of the nutrients required by plants are present in soil, but they are in insoluble precipitates or are bonded to inorganic and/or organic soil elements, making them unavailable to plants [7, 36]. Nutrient deficiency in plants is not only stressful, but can also increase the impact of other abiotic stresses. With the aid of plant-microbe associations, plant growth and development can be enhanced to sustain food production [6, 11]. Nutrient uptake activities facilitate this phenomenon [18, 59]. For instance, mycorrhizae interactions with plant roots increase the root surface area thus in turn improving efficient water and nutrient absorption form the bulk soil [9, 12, 57]. More than 80% of plant species form associations with glomeromycotan fungi which penetrate the root cortex and grow intercellularly before forming arbuscules [1, 45, 48].
Mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are the main source for N, P and other mineral exchange (e.g., K, Mg, Cu, Zn and Fe) as initiated by the fungal hyphae in the soil [9, 15, 40, 60]. They enhance growth activities through symbiotic interaction with the host plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizae, ectendomycorrhizae, arbutoid mycorrhizae, ericoid mycorrhizae, monotropoid mycorrhizae, and orchid mycorrhizae are the main mycorrhizal classes studied which form symbiotic relationships with plants [6, 12, 33, 36, 43, 61, 62]. Their symbiotic relationship makes the host plants supply fixed C to AMF where in turn, greater nutrient uptake, drought and salinity tolerance, metal stress alleviation as well as resistance to pathogens and biotic stresses can be enhanced [45, 48, 57, 60, 61]. AMF such as
Symbiotic microbes (e.g., rhizobia bacteria) migrate to the end of the absorbent hairs of the roots where they will attach, aggregate and respond to flavonoid signals excreted by the host root plant
Studies ascertained that about 60% copper (Cu), 25% nitrogen (N), 25% Zinc (Zn), and 10% potassium (K), were converted by microorganisms from their insoluble and/or organic forms into soluble and/or inorganic forms, available for plant uptake [1, 47]. The free-living nitrogen fixing PGP bacteria of the following genera;
The intracellular PGP microbes (iPGP) form several nodule structures to improve N2 fixation. For example, the endophytes like
Globally, more than 90% of P in soil is unavailable for plant uptake [39, 70]. On contrary, P is being depleted in soils in spite of high chemical fertilizer uses [71]. The impact is brought by high weathering, prolonged warm and moist climatic conditions which deplete P sources, forming complexes with geochemical sinks like Calcium (Ca2+), Aluminum (Al3+) and iron (Fe2+) ([60, 72, 73]. This immobilized P is metabolized by plants and microbial communities through the secretion of enzymes with high biological relevance, which are still almost exclusively recovered from cultured organisms [26, 56, 71]. More specifically, phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) release phosphatase enzymes and organic acids and these activate innumerable biogeochemical processes which contribute to lowering of soil pH and in increasing chelation activities with additional P adsorption sites [74, 75]. Phosphatase enzymes are the central to the processing and stabilization of nutrients as well as P nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems [57, 70]. They dephosphorylate phosphoester or phosphoanhydride bonds of both phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and organic matter [75, 76], thus producing soluble phosphate (mainly, PO43−, HPO42−, and H2PO4−) which can be taken up by the plants and microbes. Increased activity of phosphatases occurs in response to P deficiency as part of P starvation responses [39, 77, 78]. PSMs belong to various bacterial genera such as;
Apart from N and P, PGP microbes interact beneficially with plants in making K, Fe, Zn and sulfur (S) available for plant uptake. Studies revealed that more than 90% of K in the soil exists in insoluble forms (i.e., micas, illite, and orthoclases) [13, 79].
As for iron (Fe), soil pH changes towards alkaline conditions contributes to the conversion of Fe++ to Fe+++, thus making it difficult for the plant uptake [11, 15, 18]. Plant-microbe associations that initiate efficient siderophore molecule synthesis for Fe chelation include
In terms of Zn nutrient availability and its uptake,
Yadav [25] and Song et al. [68] revealed that extremophilic bacteria (e.g., psychrotrophiles and thermophiles) are linked to crop growth in harsh agro-ecosystems. For example, beneficial microbes that interacts with roots of calcareous and/or non-calcareous-growing plants were identified and these include;
Hormones like auxins, cytokinins (CK) and gibberellic acid (GA3) have a pivotal role in plant microbial signaling and plant growth [48, 68, 88]. These hormones contribute to BNF of rhizobia-plant interaction. For instance, cytokinins facilitate nodule organogenesis which has been exploited in diverse legume crops [14, 89]. In previous studies, exogenous cytokinin successfully stimulated amyloplast accumulation, cortical cell division and expression of early nodulation markers [4, 86].
Auxin producing PGP microbes like
Nevertheless, increased quantities of endogenous GA3 in PGPR
Cohen et al. [92] investigated the effects of
Similar to IAA, bacterial 1-aminocycloprapane (ACC) deaminase aids in the relief of drought stress and the development of drought tolerance in plants [45]. The hormone lowers ethylene production levels which has negative effects on plant metabolic activities [88]. ACC deaminase enzymes cleave plant ethylene precursor thus promoting adaptability of plants to both biotic and abiotic environmental stresses [45, 47, 48]. Rice rhizobacteria which were found to harbor ACC deaminase were also found to be efficient in increasing salt tolerance and, as a result, promoting the growth and development of rice plants under salt stress [97]. ACC deaminase-producing rhizosphere-colonizing bacteria like
Furthermore, using exopolysaccharides (EPS)-rich
The use of biocontrol agents in management of phytopathogens can contribute to an increased food yield and quality [44, 103]. These phytopathogens include nematodes, insects, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses [41]. Some of the studied PGPR genera which act as biocontrol agents include;
Nevertheless, there are essential volatile and non-volatile organic compounds which have antagonistic effects against pests and pathogens [105, 107]. The volatile compounds include hydrogen cyanide, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones and sulfides whilst non-volatile ones have polyketides such as diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) and mupirocin [4, 8]. In addition, there are heterocyclic nitrogenous compounds such as phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA), phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN) and hydroxy phenazines; all these compounds contribute to sustainable biotic stress management [4]. As previously highlighted, the EPS-producing
In other studies, potential of enzymes produced by PGP microbes with antagonistic mechanisms was assessed [24, 31]. Some studies showed that synthesis of enzymes guard against phytopathogens
Kamle et al. [109] reported the effect of induced systemic resistance (ISR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) on stress management by plants. These mechanisms can be initiated by microorganisms or chemical stimulants. For instance, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), siderophores, cyclic lipopeptides, DAPG, homoserine lactones and volatiles such as acetoin and 2, 3-butanediol, are some of the chemical elicitors produced by PGPR strains to trigger ISR and SAR [52, 107]. Bacterial species including;
Presently, more than 30% of arable land has been projected to be degraded by the year 2025 [49]. This is widely attributed to the negative effects of the Green Revolution [50]. The puzzling divergence of decreased fertile soil in relation to booming demography, pollution and perturbation of natural resources contribute to the drastic narrow range of soil microbial diversity and its activity [110]. EPS-producing microbes highlighted by Sandhya and Ali [16] and Ghosh et al. [96] were also reported to have contributed significantly to phytoremediation and/or land restoration. For example, these microbes react with cations like Na+, and due to the quorum sensing technique, rapid multiplication of EPS producing microbes occurs within the rhizosphere with the ability to decrease Na + availability [3]. This reaction was based on high sensitivity, tolerance, and the sequestration ability of the microbes against pollutants, as well as biotic and abiotic stress conditions [4]. With reference to Mishra and Arora [41], heavy metal pollutants in soils, with concentrations ranging from 1 to 100,000 mg/kg can be eliminated mostly
Climate challenges like increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere, rising global temperatures and drought have had a global impact on plant and microbial ecology and physiology [90]. Since plants transfer some of the assimilated carbon to feed related microbial populations, a disruption in the C assimilation pathway as a result of climate change would have a significant impact on plant microbial interactions [45, 46]. Climate change has impacted on the interactions and dynamics of the plant-microbe responses, as well as, on the microbial communities associated with plants, thereby affecting their establishment and performance in regulating soil N and C dynamics [9, 29].
Under rising and/or elevated temperatures, species are migrating to higher elevations (altitudes) and latitudes [110]. As a result, early leafing and flowering time in the growing season have been discovered to modify the reproductive physiology of the host plant under the warming effect; thus altering plant phonological trait performances as well as multiple properties of the ecosystem [90, 110]. In terms of elevated CO2 concentration, maximum biomass accumulated on both C3 (45%) and C4 (12%) plants has been observed as influenced by the changing climatic conditions, which initiate variations in C partitioning and distribution [29]. The differences in biomass accumulation levels reported between C3 and C4 plants could be attributed to the host’s connection with beneficial microorganisms, especially arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi [94].
To profit from AMF, C4 plants transfer more C to these fungi, and hence the selection force favors AM fungal growth over biomass accumulation by C3 species in the case of C4 plants [90, 113]. In another study, drought conditions impacted on plant growth and development such that photoassimilates partitioning were more biased towards rhizospheric microbes and AMF in the soil [110].
The relative abundances and diversity of microbial communities in soil can be used to infer the direct impact of climate change on microbial activities, response mechanisms and functional profiles [46, 110]. Furthermore, the disparity in behavior could be attributed by their differing growth rates and temperature sensitivity. As evidenced by microbial respiration, decomposition processes and C release from the soil, the influx of carbon to the soil has an impact on the activity and dynamics of microbial communities [90]. Explicitly, enhanced decomposition would produce a substantial amount of greenhouse gasses (GHGs), resulting in increased CO2 efflux in the atmosphere and dissolved organic C export via the hydrologic leaching process as well as other physiological characteristics [114].
Climate change impacts on plant-microbe, microbe-microbe interactions, as well as ecosystem functions are still poorly understood. One of the key limitations in this context is that the impact of global climate change has not been exploited further in plant-microbe interactions, yet this knowledge is key for harnessing beneficial plant-microbe interactions in promotion of crop productivity under climate change-induced abiotic stresses. For instance, understanding of cycles and doses of radiation exposure may impact the range of gene functional strategies viable in the soil. The functional potential of the electromagnetic radiation which could be strongly related to soil pH, total nitrogen, and organic matter can explain the effects of radiation on the phenological and genetic diversity of microbial populations as well as its interaction mechanisms (e.g., co-occurrence networks).
Climate change is expected to continue posing abiotic stresses globally, and if current trends continue, many parts of the planet will become hostile to agriculture. Investments in exploring and harnessing beneficial plant-microbial interactions for enhanced plant production under abiotic stresses as well as efficient agricultural production systems are required to ensure future food and nutrition security in the face of climate change. Stable and/or well adapting soil microbes and their mechanisms can thrive in challenging situations. This is associated to plant-microbial interactions ability which can contribute positively to root-zone soil nutrient availability as it can withstand climate-induced abiotic stresses. Also, plant-microbial interactions towards phyto-hormone production as a stress-adaptation mechanism as well as bio-control and phytoremediation soil renovations attributes can counterbalance any climate-related challenges. Therefore, plant-associated microorganisms have a principal important role in aiding productivity of plants under abiotically-constrained environments. For sustainable agriculture, developing microbial tools and technologies to exploit the beneficial plant-microbe-soil interactions is paramount.
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\\n\\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
\\n\\nDownload Waiver Request Form
\\n\\nFeel free to contact us at funders@intechopen.com if you have any questions about Funding options or our Waiver program. If you have already begun the process and require further assistance, please contact your Author Service Manager, who is there to assist you!
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\n\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\n\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\n\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\n\nFor Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\n\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
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\n\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
\n\nDownload Waiver Request Form
\n\nFeel free to contact us at funders@intechopen.com if you have any questions about Funding options or our Waiver program. If you have already begun the process and require further assistance, please contact your Author Service Manager, who is there to assist you!
\n\nNote: All data represented above was collected by IntechOpen from 2013 to 2017.
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But, it has some limitations such as donor site morbidity and shortage of supply, which evolved the use of allograft that also has some disadvantages such as immunogenic response to the host, low osteogenicity as well as possibilities of disease transmission. Despite the benefits of autografts and allografts, the limitations of each have necessitated the pursuit of alternatives biomaterials that has the ability to initiate osteogenesis, and the graft should closely mimic the natural bone along with regeneration of fibroblasts. A variety of artificial materials such as demineralised bone matrix, coralline hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate-based ceramics such as hydroxyapatite (HA), β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and bioactive glass have been used over the decades to fill bone defects almost without associated soft tissue development. Most of them were having only the properties of osteointegration and osteoconduction. Only bioactive glass possesses osteogenic property that stimulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells and in some cases influencing the fibroblastic properties. But, this material has also some disadvantages such as short-term and low mechanical strength along with decreased fracture resistance; but, this was further minimised by ion doping that positively enhanced new bone formation. There are many metal ions such as magnesium (Mg), strontium (Sr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), silver (Ag) and some rare earths that have been doped successfully into bioactive glass to enhance their mechanical and biological properties. In some of the cases, mesoporous bioactive glass materials with or without such doping have also been employed (with homogeneous distribution of pores in the size ranging between 2 and 50 nm). These biomaterials can be served as scaffold for bone regeneration with adequate mechanical properties to restore bone defects and facilitate healing process by regeneration of soft tissues as well. This chapter encompasses the use of bioactive glass in bulk and mesoporous form with doped therapeutic ions, their role in bone tissue regeneration, use as delivery of growth factors as well as coating material for orthopaedic implants.",book:{id:"5164",slug:"advanced-techniques-in-bone-regeneration",title:"Advanced Techniques in Bone Regeneration",fullTitle:"Advanced Techniques in Bone Regeneration"},signatures:"Samit Kumar Nandi, Arnab Mahato, Biswanath Kundu and Prasenjit\nMukherjee",authors:[{id:"60514",title:"Dr.",name:"Samit",middleName:null,surname:"Nandi",slug:"samit-nandi",fullName:"Samit Nandi"}]},{id:"26863",doi:"10.5772/26362",title:"The Bearing Surfaces in Total Hip Arthroplasty – Options, Material Characteristics and Selection",slug:"the-bearing-surfaces-in-total-hip-arthroplasty-options-material-characteristics-and-selection",totalDownloads:9495,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:null,book:{id:"938",slug:"recent-advances-in-arthroplasty",title:"Recent Advances in Arthroplasty",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Arthroplasty"},signatures:"Hamid Reza Seyyed Hosseinzadeh, Alireza Eajazi and Ali Sina Shahi",authors:[{id:"66361",title:"Dr.",name:"Alireza",middleName:null,surname:"Eajazi",slug:"alireza-eajazi",fullName:"Alireza Eajazi"},{id:"74857",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamid Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Seyyed Hosseinzadeh",slug:"hamid-reza-seyyed-hosseinzadeh",fullName:"Hamid Reza Seyyed Hosseinzadeh"},{id:"173207",title:"Dr.",name:"Alisina",middleName:null,surname:"Shahi",slug:"alisina-shahi",fullName:"Alisina Shahi"}]},{id:"50276",doi:"10.5772/62523",title:"Regenerative Medicine: A New Paradigm in Bone Regeneration",slug:"regenerative-medicine-a-new-paradigm-in-bone-regeneration",totalDownloads:3373,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Bone defects are the cause of functional disability and the restoration of skeletal function remains an important challenge on orthopedics, neurosurgery and oral and maxillofacial surgery. Because of the limitations of the currently used techniques for the reconstruction of bone defects and the difficulties for the implementation of new therapeutic strategies, a new paradigm in the field of reconstructive surgery has arisen, leading to tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have emerged as a promising alternative for the treatment of bone lesions. It was postulated that the therapeutic action was the result of proliferation and differentiation of MSCs, replacing injured tissue. However, recent studies have shown that MSCs secrete a number of trophic factors that have a strong effect during repair and tissue regeneration. This represents a shift from a paradigm centered on MSC proliferation and differentiation to a new paradigm in which the MSCs exert their beneficial effect by the secretion of paracrine factors that induce endogenous repair mechanisms. This chapter will bring together basic and clinical aspects, focused on novel findings on MSC paracrine effect and the development of new therapeutic strategies based on growth factors, cytokines and signaling molecules involved in bone regeneration.",book:{id:"5164",slug:"advanced-techniques-in-bone-regeneration",title:"Advanced Techniques in Bone Regeneration",fullTitle:"Advanced Techniques in Bone Regeneration"},signatures:"Orlando Chaparro and Itali Linero",authors:[{id:"179436",title:"Dr.",name:"Orlando",middleName:null,surname:"Chaparro",slug:"orlando-chaparro",fullName:"Orlando Chaparro"},{id:"180151",title:"Dr.",name:"Itali",middleName:null,surname:"Linero",slug:"itali-linero",fullName:"Itali Linero"}]},{id:"42805",doi:"10.5772/53245",title:"Predictors of Pain and Function Following Total Joint Replacement",slug:"predictors-of-pain-and-function-following-total-joint-replacement",totalDownloads:3107,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:null,book:{id:"3394",slug:"arthroplasty-update",title:"Arthroplasty",fullTitle:"Arthroplasty - Update"},signatures:"Michelle M. Dowsey and Peter F. M. Choong",authors:[{id:"80820",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Choong",slug:"peter-choong",fullName:"Peter Choong"},{id:"82173",title:"Dr.",name:"Michelle",middleName:"Maree",surname:"Dowsey",slug:"michelle-dowsey",fullName:"Michelle Dowsey"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55812",title:"Postural Restoration: A Tri-Planar Asymmetrical Framework for Understanding, Assessing, and Treating Scoliosis and Other Spinal Dysfunctions",slug:"postural-restoration-a-tri-planar-asymmetrical-framework-for-understanding-assessing-and-treating-sc",totalDownloads:7646,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Current medical practice does not recognize the influence of innate, physiological, human asymmetry on scoliosis and other postural disorders. Interventions meant to correct these conditions are commonly based on symmetrical models of appearance and do not take into account asymmetric organ weight distribution, asymmetries of respiratory mechanics, and dominant movement patterns that are reinforced in daily functional activities. A model of innate, human asymmetry derived from the theoretical framework of the Postural Restoration Institute® (PRI) explicitly describes the physiological, biomechanical, and respiratory components of human asymmetry. This model is important because it gives an accurate baseline for understanding predisposing factors for the development of postural disorders, which, without intervention, will likely progress to structural dysfunction. Clinical tests to evaluate tri-planar musculoskeletal relationships and function, developed by PRI, are based on this asymmetric model. These tests are valuable for assessing patient’s status in the context of human asymmetry and in guiding appropriate exercise prescription and progression. Balancing musculoskeletal asymmetry is the aim of PRI treatment. Restoration of relative balance decreases pain, restores improved alignment, and strengthens appropriate muscle function. It can also halt the progression of dysfunction and improve respiration, quality of life, and appearance. PRI’s extensive body of targeted exercise progressions are highly effective due to their basis in the tri-planar asymmetric human model.",book:{id:"5816",slug:"innovations-in-spinal-deformities-and-postural-disorders",title:"Innovations in Spinal Deformities and Postural Disorders",fullTitle:"Innovations in Spinal Deformities and Postural Disorders"},signatures:"Susan Henning, Lisa C. 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Though uncommon, complications arising from knee arthroscopy will be presented and their management techniques described. Common procedures will be discussed, including simple knee arthroscopic debridement, arthroscopic cartilage reconstruction, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and meniscus repair. Surgical steps for a safe and smooth case will be presented.",book:{id:"6755",slug:"recent-advances-in-arthroscopic-surgery",title:"Recent Advances in Arthroscopic Surgery",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Arthroscopic Surgery"},signatures:"Chia-Liang Ang",authors:[{id:"218149",title:"Dr.",name:"Chia Liang",middleName:null,surname:"Ang",slug:"chia-liang-ang",fullName:"Chia Liang Ang"}]},{id:"54481",title:"Pelvic Osteotomies for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip",slug:"pelvic-osteotomies-for-developmental-dysplasia-of-the-hip",totalDownloads:2637,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is based on concentric reducibility of the femoral head, patient age and the status of triradiate cartilage. Patients in walking age are indicated for pelvic osteotomy to correct the dysplastic acetabulum. Salter innominate osteotomy and Pemberton osteotomy are the most widely used procedures to treat the developmental dysplasia of the hip in early childhood. Although short-term results of the pelvic osteotomies are reported well, some long-term sequalae such as coxa valga caused by Kalamchi type II osteonecrosis of the femoral head, leg length discrepancy and impingement of hip may occur.",book:{id:"5439",slug:"developmental-diseases-of-the-hip-diagnosis-and-management",title:"Developmental Diseases of the Hip",fullTitle:"Developmental Diseases of the Hip - Diagnosis and Management"},signatures:"Chunho Chen, Ting-Ming Wang and Ken N. 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Complications such as compartment syndrome, post-traumatic arthritis, chronic pain, malunion, and wound problems (in addition to other complications) can develop.",book:{id:"9522",slug:"tibia-pathology-and-fractures",title:"Tibia Pathology and Fractures",fullTitle:"Tibia Pathology and Fractures"},signatures:"Christian M. Schmidt II, Jan P. Szatkowski and John T. Riehl",authors:null},{id:"70683",title:"Restoration of Cervical and Lumbar Lordosis: CBP® Methods Overview",slug:"restoration-of-cervical-and-lumbar-lordosis-cbp-methods-overview",totalDownloads:1399,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Low back and neck pain disorders are among the leading causes for work loss, suffering, and health care expenditures throughout the industrialized world. It has been extensively demonstrated that sagittal plane alignment of the cervical and lumbar spines impacts human health and well-being. Today there are reliable and predictable means through the application of extension spinal traction as part of comprehensive rehabilitation programs to restore the natural curvatures of the spine. High-quality evidence points to Chiropractic BioPhysics® (CBP®) methods offering superior long-term outcomes for treating patients with various craniocervical and lumbosacral disorders. CBP technique is a full spine and posture rehabilitation approach that incorporates mirror image® exercises, spinal and postural adjustments, and unique traction applications in the restoration of normal/ideal spinal alignment. Recent randomized controlled trials using CBP’s unique extension traction methods in conjunction with various conventional physiotherapeutic methods have demonstrated those who restore normal lordosis (cervical or lumbar) get symptomatic relief that lasts up to 2 years after treatment. Comparative groups receiving various ‘cookie-cutter’ conventional treatments experience only temporary symptomatic relief that regresses as early as 3 months after treatment. The economic impact/benefit of CBPs newer sagittal spine rehabilitation treatments demand continued attention from clinicians and researchers alike.",book:{id:"9154",slug:"spinal-deformities-in-adolescents-adults-and-older-adults",title:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults",fullTitle:"Spinal Deformities in Adolescents, Adults and Older Adults"},signatures:"Paul A. Oakley, Ibrahim M. Moustafa and Deed E. Harrison",authors:[{id:"308067",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul A.",middleName:null,surname:"Oakley",slug:"paul-a.-oakley",fullName:"Paul A. Oakley"},{id:"308068",title:"Dr.",name:"Deed E.",middleName:null,surname:"Harrison",slug:"deed-e.-harrison",fullName:"Deed E. 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