\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2759",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Science and Technology of Casting Processes",title:"Science and Technology of Casting Processes",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book deals with various science and technology factors that need careful consideration in producing a casting. 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Filters play a vital role in numerous microwave applications. A microwave bandpass filter (BPF), in general, is a class of filter that is utilized to operate on the frequency response within the range of frequencies lying between 300 MHz and 300 GHz and allowing the best signal transmission at desired frequencies (passband), while eliminating signals at redundant frequencies (stopband) [1]. Among various techniques to design a bandpass filter, substrate integrated waveguides (SIWs) [2] are becoming more popular recently. SIW is a planar structure that is fabricated by using two periodic rows of conducting cylindrical vias implanted in a dielectric substrate, as shown in Figure 1. Hence, it acts as a bridge between planar and nonplanar technology.
Conventional substrate integrated waveguide.
To design efficient and well-performing wireless systems, there is a great need to design compact, lightweight microwave components. Over the past few years, various SIW miniaturization techniques have been proposed by researchers. Recently, [3] has reviewed the recent trends and various miniaturization techniques of SIW. Recently, folded SIW (FSIW) technique (C & T type FSIW) has been proposed by [4, 5]. Miniaturization was achieved using half mode SIW and Hilbert fractal for 5G applications [6]. Further, [7] proposed a ridge SIW to achieve miniaturization and suppress the harmonics.
From the design Equations [8] for a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW), d as the diameter of the vias and p as distance between the vias known as pitch, the equivalent width of dielectric-filled rectangular waveguide,
Width of SIW,
Also, for choosing the value of
A metamaterial is a word derived from the Greek word—it is a combination of the words “meta” and “material,” in which “meta” means something beyond normal, altered, changed, or something advanced. It is an artificial material designed to obtain the physical properties that do not exist in natural materials. A metamaterial [9] is an artificially engineered material with desirable properties not found in nature. A metamaterial affects electromagnetic waves by having structural features smaller than the wavelength of the medium of electromagnetic interaction. Metamaterials rely mainly on their physical structure to manipulate the electromagnetic waves to exhibit superior characteristics.
In 1999, John Pendry was the first to identify a practical way to make a left-handed metamaterial. Pendry’s theoretical idea was that metallic wires aligned along the direction of a wave could provide negative permittivity (ε < 0), and a split ring with its axis placed along the direction of wave propagation could do so could provide negative permeability. In 2000, Smith et al. reported the experimental demonstration of functioning electromagnetic metamaterials by stacking, periodically, split-ring resonators and thin wire structures as shown in Figure 2.
The array of split-ring resonators plus wire assemblies.
Metamaterials with negative RI have numerous interesting properties. Several physical phenomena are reversed in LH media and at the intersection between LH and RH media due to the opposite sign of phase and group velocities. Some of the effects are:
Reversal of Snell’s law
Reversal of Doppler effect
Reversal of Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation
Lensing effect (convex lenses produce diverging rays, which is opposite to RH lenses)
The time-averaged Poynting vector (S) is antiparallel to phase velocity
Russian scientist Veselago first proposed the metamaterial classification by considering the permittivity, ε, and the permeability, μ of a homogeneous material. The relationship between the refractive index and the constituent parameters ε and μ is given by the formula:
where εr and μr are the relative permittivity and permeability of the material. From Eq. (4), sign ± of n can get 1 in the four cases, which depends on the pairs of the sign of εr and μr. The electromagnetic metamaterials are classified based on each case of the pair sign ε and μ; they are shown in Figure 3.
Metamaterial classification.
In quadrant I, both parameters ε and μ are positive and are called double positive (DPS) or right-handed medium (RHM). In quadrant II, the parameters are ε < 0—negative, and μ > 0—positive, and such material is called epsilon negative (ENG) medium and is represented by plasma. In quadrant III, parameters ε < 0—negative, and μ < 0—negative, this region is called double-negative (DNG) or left-handed medium (LHM), and such material could not be found in nature. The quadrant IV ε > 0—positive, and μ < 0—negative, such material is called μ—negative (MNG), represented by ferrite materials.
A split-ring resonator (SRR) is a type of metamaterial, which is artificially created. SRR cell is made up of a pair of enclosed loops of nonmagnetic metals that split at opposite ends, as shown in Figure 4. When these materials are exposed to the magnetic field of electromagnetic waves, they give strong magnetic coupling unavailable in conventional materials. When SRRs are arranged periodically (array), they provides negative permeability.
Split-ring resonator with its equivalent circuit.
The above structure of SRR is known as edge-coupled split-ring resonator (EC-SRR) structure, which comprises concentric metal split rings printed on the same side of the dielectric substrate. EC SRR benefits of strong magnetic polarizability near resonance and easy fabrication. However, it has certain drawbacks: (i) Its electric size cannot be reduced below one-tenth of wavelength; (ii) it suffers from cross-polarizability/bianisotropic effect. Another type of SRR overcomes these limitations, called broadside-coupled SRR (BC-SRR) [10]. In the BC-SRR configuration, the rings are etched on both faces of the substrate, as shown in Figure 5a. Similar to EC-SRR, charges formed in the lower half of the BC-SRR are the replica of charges formed in the upper half, as shown in Figure 5b. Though this formation of charge does not create an electric dipole, BC SRR is non-bianisotropic. Since both rings are of identical dimension and keep inverse symmetry, for this reason, cross-polarizability tensor vanishes.
Charge distributions in (a) EC-SRR (b) BC-SRR. rext is the outer radius of ring and ro is the inner radius of the ring.
The application of the Babinet principle leads to the origin of its counterpart known as a complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) in which the rings are engraved on the conductive surface, and its magnetic and electric characteristics are changed when compared with SRR.
A SIW bandpass filter based on edge-coupled CSRRs was proposed for the first time in 2007 by [11]. The SIW filter consisted of the tapered transition line with the CSRR. As SIW possesses high-pass characteristic, whereas a CSSR manifests band-stop characteristic, therefore by integrating CSRR with SIW, a bandpass SIW filter is designed. Figure 6 depicts the structure of SIW with CSSR etched in the top side of the substrate.
(a) Top and (b) bottom view of basic unit cell [
Figure 7 depicts the equivalent lumped equivalent circuit for Figure 6. CSRRs etched in the center are excited by the electric field induced by the SIW. Therefore, this coupling can be labeled by connecting the SIW capacitance to the CSRR. In these models, L is the inductance of SIW vias, and C is the coupling capacitance between the CSRR and SIW. The resonator is represented by a parallel LC tank, where Lc and Cc represent the reactive elements, and R accounts for losses.
The equivalent circuit model.
Figure 8a shows the dimensional geometry of the proposed SIW-CSSRs bandpass filter [11], and Figure 8b shows the photograph of the fabricated design. The substrate used in the filter is RT/Duroid 5880, with a permittivity of 2.2 and a height of 0.254 mm.
(a) Dimensional layout of BPF and (b) fabricated BPF [
Figure 9 compares the simulated and measured results of the filter. The measured insertion and return losses are about 2.16 dB and 11.6 dB, respectively. The filter shows a wide bandwidth ranging from 6.2 to 8.6 GHz (FBW of 32.4%).
Comparison of simulated and measured results [
The effect of changing the orientations of the CSRR ring was exhaustively studied by [12], which was verified by simulations and experiments that modify CSRR’s orientations, different passband characteristics can be obtained. The orientation was specified with respect to the direction of the outer ring’s split, as shown in Figure 10. Hence, they are aligned face to face, back to back, and side by side. The side-by-side type has also been divided into two cases with the CSRRs reversely or equally oriented.
Configurations of various SIW-CSRR unit cells in which the CSRRs are: (a) face to face, (b) back to back, (c) side-by-side reversely oriented, and (d) side-by-side equally oriented.
After simulation of various orientations, it was found that by altering the configuration of the CSRRs in a particular position (face-to-face orientation), the propagation of TE10 mode can be suppressed, resulting in enhanced selectivity and stopband rejection of the filter. The waveguide width was chosen as w = 12.3 mm to keep the cutoff frequency of the initial SIW at about 8.7 GHz. The Rogers substrate RT/Duroid 5880 with a thickness of 0.508 mm and a relative permittivity of 2.2 is used in the design. The metalized vias have a diameter of 0.8 mm and a center-to-center spacing of 1.48 mm.
After the simulation of various configurations, it was found that the unit cells with face-to-face and back-to-back oriented CSRR exhibit a similar kind of passband with one transmission zero and one pole located above the passband. Nonetheless, for the second case, the transmission zero is close to the pole leading to a steep upper side transition but with large insertion loss due to the weak coupling. For the third case, two rings are arranged side by side in opposite directions, and two transmission poles with two transmission zeros in the upper band are achieved. The propagation is quite weak for the fourth case due to weak magnetic coupling.
Eventually, a two-stage filter using the unit cell aligned face to face is simulated and fabricated using Rogers RT/Duroid 5880. A distance of 8.8 mm separates the two cells. The proposed bandpass filter achieves one transmission zeros at 6.4 GHz in the upper band, resulting in high selectivity and a wide upper stopband. The two-pole filter has a measured center frequency of 5.0 GHz and a 3-dB bandwidth of 0.33 GHz (3.2% FBW).
Recently, a novel bandpass filter using diamond-shaped edge-coupled CSRR was proposed [13]. This section discusses the design methodology of single-stage and two-stage bandpass filters with diamond-shaped EC-CSRR structures.
The physical construction of CSRR is shown in Figure 11, where the upper orange part is conducting layer, and the light gray part is the substrate. The CSRR structure consists of two diamond-shaped split resonant rings with their openings opposite (face to face) to each other for tight coupling between them. As CSRRs are integrated with SIW, a passband with an evanescent resonant mode lower than the SIW’s cutoff frequency is created, miniaturizing the size of the conventional SIW [13]. Figure 11 shows the dimensional view of a single-stage SIW filter loaded with diamond-shaped CSRR. The optimized dimensions of filter are: length of single-stage SIW LSIW = 10 mm, width of SIW WSIW = 8.5 mm, the inner radius of ring R1 = 1.0 mm, the outer radius of ring R2 = 1.6 mm, the thickness of ring T = 0.25 mm, the gap between open ends of outer ring G = 0.40 mm, the perpendicular distance between outer rings S = 1.25 mm. Figure 12 shows the frequency response of single-stage CSRR incorporating SIW filter. The figure shows that in a single-stage SIW filter, one passband is formed with a center frequency of 8.75 GHz, below the waveguide cutoff frequency causing miniaturization by approximately 33%. The passband has 3-dB bandwidth of 0.42 GHz with an in-band insertion loss of 0.62 dB. The maximum value of return loss is −24.4 dB. Also, the stopband created has a high rejection level at the upper stopband.
Schematics of single-stage SIW BPF.
Frequency response of single-stage SIW BPF.
The two-stage filter is proposed to improve the passband and stopband performance of the filter, as shown in Figure 13. The length of the two-stage SIW filter is taken as LSIW
Schematics of two-stage SIW BPF.
(a) Current distribution in the passband. (b) Current distribution in the stopband.
Figure 15 shows the simulated frequency response of two-stage SIW BPF. The response clearly shows that one passband is formed with two poles and transmission zero. The passband has a center frequency of 8.86 GHz with 3-dB bandwidth of 0.74 GHz and an in-band insertion loss of 0.48 dB. The maximum return loss is −29.4 dB. Further, the stopband rejection is more than 60 dB, which is relatively better than a single-stage filter. In the second stage of transmission, zero is in proximity to poles leading to a high roll-off rate of 72.5 dB/GHz and 40.5 dB/GHz at the upper and lower edge, respectively.
Frequency response of two-stage SIW BPF.
A novel SIW BPF using broadside-coupled complementary split-ring resonator (BC-CSRR) pairs was implemented for the first time by [14]. Figure 16 (left) shows the structure of the BC-SRR (broadside-coupled split-ring resonator. It can be derived from EC-SRR by substituting one of the rings with another ring situated precisely at the opposite side of the substrate. From the duality principle, the negative image of the BC-SRR is termed as the broadside-coupled complementary split-ring resonator (BC-CSRR), as shown in Figure 16 (right).
Broadside-coupled SRR (BC-SRR), left and broadside-coupled CSRR (BC-CSRR), right.
Figure 17 depicts the layout of the proposed SIW BC-CSRR. It is evident that two BC-CSRRs are aligned side by side with opposite orientations to each other. A microstrip feed line is used to excite the SIW cavity. For the selected dielectric substrate with ɛr = 2.65 and waveguide cutoff frequency of 8.15 GHz, the width of the SIW (w) is calculated to be 12.5 mm. Figure 18 shows the simulated transmission response for the SIW integrated with the unit cell. It is evident from the response that it creates a passband with a center frequency of 5.6 GHz, which is below waveguide cutoff frequency.
Structure of the proposed SIW BC-CSRR unit cell [
Simulated frequency response of the original SIW and SIW BC-CSRR pair [
Figure 19 depicts the proposed two-stage BC-CSRR BPF with separation between rings (
Structure of the proposed SIW BC-CSRR unit cell [
Figure 20 shows the photograph of the fabricated filter using a substrate with ɛr = 2.65 and a thickness of 1 mm. Figure 21 compares the simulated and measured frequency response of the BPF. The measured center frequency and 3-dB bandwidths are 5.75 GHz and 0.32 GHz, respectively. The measured in-band return loss is below 12 dB. The dimension of the filter is 20 mm x 13 mm (0.38 x 0.25 λo2).
Snapshot of the SIW BPF with BC-CSRR pairs [
Comparison of simulated and measured result [
This work [15] proposes the design of a substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) bandpass filter (BPF) incorporated with a novel broadside-coupled complementary split-ring resonator (BC-CSRR). The complementary double S shape as metamaterial is carved on the top and broad bottom walls of SIW with orientation 180o to each other. The proposed filter is designed for X band using substrate alumina with a relative permittivity of 9.8 and height of 0.508 mm. Further, the width of the SIW, WSIW is set to 5.4 mm to keep the nominal cutoff frequency of the waveguide to 10 GHz using SIW design equations.
For designing the proposed S-shaped metamaterial, a double S-shaped structure was placed one above the another in an antisymmetrical manner over a dielectric layer forming a shape of 8 [16]. S on both sides of the dielectric forms metamaterial that simultaneously provides negative permeability and permittivity. The side length of the S shape is kept equal to λg/4 (A = 2.25 mm), and thickness T is kept equal to 0.35 mm, as shown in Figure 22.
Geometry of S structure.
Figure 23 depicts the setup to get S parameters of complementary S-shaped metamaterial using HFSS. For this, two-layered dielectric substrates (alumina) having relative permittivity 9.8 of thickness 0.508 mm are stacked over each other. The S-shaped structure is placed on the opposite side of the top dielectric substrate one above the other (in a complementary manner) to form Figure 8. A 50 Ω microstrip line is provided at the bottom of the lower substrate.
Geometry of double “S”-shaped structure with microstrip line at the bottom.
In HFSS, first, simulate the metamaterial structure by providing the solution frequency. Then get S-parameters (S11, S21) in tabular form as follows:
Result- > Create Modal Simulation Data Report - > Data Table.
Create a data table for S(1,1) containing magnitude and angle in rad (phase).
Similarly, create a data table for S (2,1). These files have extension .csv (comma-separated values).
Export these .csv files to the same folder where MATLAB code is kept. Now, call these files S(1,1).csv and S(2,1).csv in parameter extraction MATLAB code [17] in function referred as DATA_READ specifying the path locations of files.
Successful execution of MATLAB code [17] for the parameter extraction results led to permittivity and permeability, as shown in Figure 24. The graph indicates that the permeability and permittivity are negative simultaneously for the frequency range between 7.25 GHz and 9.15 GHz. It illustrates that the structure has metamaterial characteristics for the frequency range between 7.25 GHz and 9.15 GHz.
Graph of real values of μ and ε.
Figure 25 shows single-stage BC-CSRR BPF, which has a pair of identical “S”-shaped etched on the SIW top and broad bottom walls but at 180° to each other. A tapered microstrip feed line has been used for exciting the SIW. The design parameters are taken as: WSIW = 5.4 mm, LSIW = 4.2 mm, P = 1.6 mm, D = 0.8 mm, LT = 4 mm, WT = 2 mm, LM = 2 mm, WM = 0.50 mm, A = 2.25 mm, and T = 0.35 mm.
Schematics of single-stage SIW BC-CSRR BPF.
Figure 26 shows the equivalent circuit of the single-stage BC-CSRR BPF. The equivalent circuit of the S-shaped SRR structure is given by [18], in which S-SRR is modeled by a series L-C circuit in each half ring of the eight-shaped structure through a common capacitor. Since CSRR is complementary to the SRR structure, the equivalent circuit of single unit BC-CSRR will be dual of S-SRR. The metallic vias of the SIW are modeled as Lv.
Equivalent circuit of BC-CSRR BPF.
Figure 27 shows the simulated result of the equivalent lumped circuit using ADS.
Frequency response (S11) of an equivalent lumped circuit of single-stage BC-CSRR SIW filter.
Figure 28 shows the frequency response of single-stage BC-CSRR incorporated SIW filter. The figure shows that by etching the S structure in SIW, a passband is obtained with a center frequency of 8.2 GHz and 3-dB bandwidth of 0.15 GHz. The maximum return loss is 21.55 dB, and insertion loss is 0.32 dB at the center frequency. It can be seen that the resonant frequency of the SIW BC-CSRR element is well below the cutoff frequency of the original SIW, causing its miniaturization.
Frequency response of single-stage BC-CSRR SIW filter.
In order to improve roll-off factor and order of filter, cascaded connection [19] of two identical BC-CSRR structures is used to form two-stage BPF. Figure 29 shows the structure of two-stage BC-CSRR BPF with design parameters taken as: WSIW = 5.4 mm, LSIW = 4.2 mm P = 1.6 mm, diameter of via D = 0.8 mm, LT = 4 mm, WT = 2 mm, LM = 2 mm, WM = 0.50 mm, A = 2.25 mm, T = 0.35 mm, and L = 4.25 mm.
Schematics of two-stage SIW BC-CSRR BPF.
The distance (L) between two BC-CSRRs has a vital influence on the performance of the proposed two-stage filter. Figure 30 shows the parametric analysis of return loss with varying values of L (for L = 3.25, 3.75, 4.25, 4.75, 5.25 mm). It is clear from Figure 30 that the filter shows optimum performance for L = 4.25 mm. For other small or big values of L, its response becomes undesirable.
Parametric analysis of return loss for varying side length “a.”
Figure 31a and b depicts the current distribution in passband and stopband, respectively. As seen from the current distribution, it is clear that when the filter is passing the signal, the center resonator is resonant and has a large current that couples the signal through to the output.
Current distribution in (a) passband and (b) stopband.
Figure 32 shows the frequency response of two-stage BS-CSRR. From the response, it can be observed that a passband with 3-dB bandwidth of 0.385 GHz is obtained. The simulated insertion loss is 0.32 dB, and the simulated roll-off rate at the lower and upper edge of the passband is calculated to be 78.26 dB/GHz and 65.5 dB/GHz, respectively. The maximum return loss value is 24.85 dB at the center frequency of 8.4 GHz with a 3-dB bandwidth of 0.38 GHz.
Frequency response of single-stage BC-CSRR SIW filter.
The proposed filter is fabricated using substrate material alumina with a relative dielectric constant of 9.8, tan δ = 0.001, and thickness of 0.508 mm to validate the result. Figure 33a and b shows the photograph of the top and bottom layer of the assembled filter with overall dimensions as 10 mm (length excluding transition) × 8.5 mm (width).
(a) Top and (b) bottom view of the fabricated bandpass filter.
The scattering parameters of the fabricated filter are measured by a vector network analyzer Anritsu S 820E. A two-port SOLT (short- open- load and thru) calibration has been done to consider cable losses between the VNA and the DUT. The measured and HFSS simulated results are compared and depicted in Figure 34a. It can be seen that the measured passband of the filter is from 8.20 GHz to 8.74 GHz with 3-dB bandwidth of 0.54 GHz. The maximum return loss value is 17.2 dB with an insertion loss of 0.92 dB in almost the entire passband. It achieves good attenuation (>20 dB) in the upper stopband. The measured roll-off rate is 58.5 dB/GHz and 60.2 dB/GHz at the lower and upper edge of the passband, respectively. Figure 34b depicts the simulated and measured VSWR plot for the entire range.
Comparison of (a) the simulated and measured result S parameters and (b) VSWR.
The metamaterials can be applied to enhance bandwidth, create a compact structure or multifrequency bands, etc. In this chapter, various compact and selective CSRR integrated SIW bandpass filters have been analyzed, demonstrating their performance. To apply metamaterials, the first step is to design their unit cells, creating special metamaterial properties at the desired frequency. The size of the unit cells is calculated, simulated, and optimized using the HFSS software. First, three edge-coupled CSRR (EC-CSRR) BPFs have been analyzed for the design and performance. Then two broadside-coupled CSRR (BC-CSRR) BPFs have been analyzed elaborately and evaluated for performance.
This work was carried out during the tenure of ‘The European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics (ERCIM) Alain Bensoussan’ Fellowship’ programme.
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Achilias",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10855.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95620",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitris S.",middleName:null,surname:"Achilias",slug:"dimitris-s.-achilias",fullName:"Dimitris S. Achilias"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10843",title:"Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)",subtitle:"Monitoring, Impact and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f5b1589f0a990b6114fef2dadc735dd9",slug:"persistent-organic-pollutants-pops-monitoring-impact-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10843.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10997",title:"Arsenic Monitoring, Removal and Remediation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a40cc5d83f2f1233db31ef10c547b35c",slug:"arsenic-monitoring-removal-and-remediation",bookSignature:"Margarita Stoytcheva and Roumen Zlatev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10997.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"170080",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarita",middleName:null,surname:"Stoytcheva",slug:"margarita-stoytcheva",fullName:"Margarita Stoytcheva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:217,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"29369",doi:"10.5772/32373",title:"Textile Organic Dyes – Characteristics, Polluting Effects and Separation/Elimination Procedures from Industrial Effluents – A Critical Overview",slug:"textile-organic-dyes-characteristics-polluting-effects-and-separation-elimination-procedures-from-in",totalDownloads:29434,totalCrossrefCites:125,totalDimensionsCites:312,abstract:null,book:{id:"872",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",fullTitle:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention - Environmental and Analytical Update"},signatures:"Zaharia Carmen and Suteu Daniela",authors:[{id:"91196",title:"Prof.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Zaharia",slug:"carmen-zaharia",fullName:"Carmen Zaharia"},{id:"92084",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Suteu",slug:"daniela-suteu",fullName:"Daniela Suteu"}]},{id:"42059",doi:"10.5772/54048",title:"Adsorption Technique for the Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water and Wastewater",slug:"adsorption-technique-for-the-removal-of-organic-pollutants-from-water-and-wastewater",totalDownloads:29962,totalCrossrefCites:51,totalDimensionsCites:210,abstract:null,book:{id:"3426",slug:"organic-pollutants-monitoring-risk-and-treatment",title:"Organic Pollutants",fullTitle:"Organic Pollutants - Monitoring, Risk and Treatment"},signatures:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",authors:[{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",slug:"mohamed-nageeb-rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed"}]},{id:"27305",doi:"10.5772/39363",title:"Water Stress in Plants: Causes, Effects and Responses",slug:"water-stress-in-plants-causes-effects-and-responses",totalDownloads:28463,totalCrossrefCites:68,totalDimensionsCites:166,abstract:null,book:{id:"911",slug:"water-stress",title:"Water Stress",fullTitle:"Water Stress"},signatures:"Seyed Y. S. Lisar, Rouhollah Motafakkerazad, Mosharraf M. Hossain and Ismail M. M. Rahman",authors:[{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"ismail-m.m.-rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman"}]},{id:"53211",doi:"10.5772/66416",title:"Biofloc Technology (BFT): A Tool for Water Quality Management in Aquaculture",slug:"biofloc-technology-bft-a-tool-for-water-quality-management-in-aquaculture",totalDownloads:16878,totalCrossrefCites:62,totalDimensionsCites:143,abstract:"Biofloc technology (BFT) is considered the new “blue revolution” in aquaculture. Such technique is based on in situ microorganism production which plays three major roles: (i) maintenance of water quality, by the uptake of nitrogen compounds generating in situ microbial protein; (ii) nutrition, increasing culture feasibility by reducing feed conversion ratio (FCR) and a decrease of feed costs; and (iii) competition with pathogens. The aggregates (bioflocs) are a rich protein-lipid natural source of food available in situ 24 hours per day due to a complex interaction between organic matter, physical substrate, and large range of microorganisms. This natural productivity plays an important role recycling nutrients and maintaining the water quality. The present chapter will discuss some insights of the role of microorganisms in BFT, main water quality parameters, the importance of the correct carbon-to-nitrogen ratio in the culture media, its calculations, and different types, as well as metagenomics of microorganisms and future perspectives.",book:{id:"5355",slug:"water-quality",title:"Water Quality",fullTitle:"Water Quality"},signatures:"Maurício Gustavo Coelho Emerenciano, Luis Rafael Martínez-\nCórdova, Marcel Martínez-Porchas and Anselmo Miranda-Baeza",authors:[{id:"146126",title:"Dr.",name:"Maurício Gustavo Coelho",middleName:null,surname:"Emerenciano",slug:"mauricio-gustavo-coelho-emerenciano",fullName:"Maurício Gustavo Coelho Emerenciano"},{id:"186970",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcel",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Porchas",slug:"marcel-martinez-porchas",fullName:"Marcel Martínez-Porchas"},{id:"186971",title:"Prof.",name:"Anselmo",middleName:null,surname:"Miranda-Baeza",slug:"anselmo-miranda-baeza",fullName:"Anselmo Miranda-Baeza"},{id:"195101",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Córdoba",slug:"luis-rafael-martinez-cordoba",fullName:"Luis Rafael Martínez-Córdoba"}]},{id:"62247",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77315",title:"Application of Biosorption for Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater",slug:"application-of-biosorption-for-removal-of-heavy-metals-from-wastewater",totalDownloads:7571,totalCrossrefCites:72,totalDimensionsCites:139,abstract:"Fresh water accounts for 3% of water resources on the Earth. Human and industrial activities produce and discharge wastes containing heavy metals into the water resources making them unavailable and threatening human health and the ecosystem. Conventional methods for the removal of metal ions such as chemical precipitation and membrane filtration are extremely expensive when treating large amounts of water, inefficient at low concentrations of metal (incomplete metal removal) and generate large quantities of sludge and other toxic products that require careful disposal. Biosorption and bioaccumulation are ecofriendly alternatives. These alternative methods have advantages over conventional methods. Abundant natural materials like microbial biomass, agro-wastes, and industrial byproducts have been suggested as potential biosorbents for heavy metal removal due to the presence of metal-binding functional groups. Biosorption is influenced by various process parameters such as pH, temperature, initial concentration of the metal ions, biosorbent dose, and speed of agitation. Also, the biomass can be modified by physical and chemical treatment before use. The process can be made economical by regenerating and reusing the biosorbent after removing the heavy metals. Various bioreactors can be used in biosorption for the removal of metal ions from large volumes of water or effluents. The recent developments and the future scope for biosorption as a wastewater treatment option are discussed.",book:{id:"6137",slug:"biosorption",title:"Biosorption",fullTitle:"Biosorption"},signatures:"Sri Lakshmi Ramya Krishna Kanamarlapudi, Vinay Kumar\nChintalpudi and Sudhamani Muddada",authors:[{id:"238433",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sudhamani",middleName:null,surname:"Muddada",slug:"sudhamani-muddada",fullName:"Sudhamani Muddada"},{id:"244937",title:"Mrs.",name:"S L Ramyakrishna",middleName:null,surname:"Kanamarlapudi",slug:"s-l-ramyakrishna-kanamarlapudi",fullName:"S L Ramyakrishna Kanamarlapudi"},{id:"244938",title:"Mr.",name:"Vinay Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Chintalpudi",slug:"vinay-kumar-chintalpudi",fullName:"Vinay Kumar Chintalpudi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"69568",title:"Water Quality Parameters",slug:"water-quality-parameters",totalDownloads:9909,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:32,abstract:"Since the industrial revolution in the late eighteenth century, the world has discovered new sources of pollution nearly every day. So, air and water can potentially become polluted everywhere. Little is known about changes in pollution rates. The increase in water-related diseases provides a real assessment of the degree of pollution in the environment. This chapter summarizes water quality parameters from an ecological perspective not only for humans but also for other living things. According to its quality, water can be classified into four types. Those four water quality types are discussed through an extensive review of their important common attributes including physical, chemical, and biological parameters. These water quality parameters are reviewed in terms of definition, sources, impacts, effects, and measuring methods.",book:{id:"7718",slug:"water-quality-science-assessments-and-policy",title:"Water Quality",fullTitle:"Water Quality - Science, Assessments and Policy"},signatures:"Nayla Hassan Omer",authors:null},{id:"58138",title:"Water Pollution: Effects, Prevention, and Climatic Impact",slug:"water-pollution-effects-prevention-and-climatic-impact",totalDownloads:21487,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:36,abstract:"The stress on our water environment as a result of increased industrialization, which aids urbanization, is becoming very high thus reducing the availability of clean water. Polluted water is of great concern to the aquatic organism, plants, humans, and climate and indeed alters the ecosystem. The preservation of our water environment, which is embedded in sustainable development, must be well driven by all sectors. While effective wastewater treatment has the tendency of salvaging the water environment, integration of environmental policies into the actor firms core objectives coupled with continuous periodical enlightenment on the present and future consequences of environmental/water pollution will greatly assist in conserving the water environment.",book:{id:"6157",slug:"water-challenges-of-an-urbanizing-world",title:"Water Challenges of an Urbanizing World",fullTitle:"Water Challenges of an Urbanizing World"},signatures:"Inyinbor Adejumoke A., Adebesin Babatunde O., Oluyori Abimbola\nP., Adelani-Akande Tabitha A., Dada Adewumi O. and Oreofe Toyin\nA.",authors:[{id:"101570",title:"MSc.",name:"Babatunde Olufemi",middleName:null,surname:"Adebesin",slug:"babatunde-olufemi-adebesin",fullName:"Babatunde Olufemi Adebesin"},{id:"187738",title:"Dr.",name:"Adejumoke",middleName:"Abosede",surname:"Inyinbor",slug:"adejumoke-inyinbor",fullName:"Adejumoke Inyinbor"},{id:"188818",title:"Dr.",name:"Abimbola",middleName:null,surname:"Oluyori",slug:"abimbola-oluyori",fullName:"Abimbola Oluyori"},{id:"188819",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tabitha",middleName:null,surname:"Adelani-Akande",slug:"tabitha-adelani-akande",fullName:"Tabitha Adelani-Akande"},{id:"208501",title:"Dr.",name:"Adewumi",middleName:null,surname:"Dada",slug:"adewumi-dada",fullName:"Adewumi Dada"},{id:"208502",title:"Ms.",name:"Toyin",middleName:null,surname:"Oreofe",slug:"toyin-oreofe",fullName:"Toyin Oreofe"}]},{id:"45422",title:"Urban Waterfront Regenerations",slug:"urban-waterfront-regenerations",totalDownloads:14033,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:null,book:{id:"3560",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",fullTitle:"Advances in Landscape Architecture"},signatures:"Umut Pekin Timur",authors:[{id:"165480",title:"Dr.",name:"Umut",middleName:null,surname:"Pekin Timur",slug:"umut-pekin-timur",fullName:"Umut Pekin Timur"}]},{id:"24941",title:"Tsunami in Makran Region and Its Effect on the Persian Gulf",slug:"tsunami-in-makran-region-and-its-effect-on-the-persian-gulf",totalDownloads:7384,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"406",slug:"tsunami-a-growing-disaster",title:"Tsunami",fullTitle:"Tsunami - A Growing Disaster"},signatures:"Mohammad Mokhtari",authors:[{id:"52451",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mokhtari",slug:"mohammad-mokhtari",fullName:"Mohammad Mokhtari"}]},{id:"66307",title:"Bio-hydrogen and Methane Production from Lignocellulosic Materials",slug:"bio-hydrogen-and-methane-production-from-lignocellulosic-materials",totalDownloads:2934,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"This chapter covers the information on bio-hydrogen and methane production from lignocellulosic materials. Pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic materials and the factors affecting bio-hydrogen production, both dark- and photo-fermentation, and methane production are addressed. Last but not least, the processes for bio-hydrogen and methane production from lignocellulosic materials are discussed.",book:{id:"7608",slug:"biomass-for-bioenergy-recent-trends-and-future-challenges",title:"Biomass for Bioenergy",fullTitle:"Biomass for Bioenergy - Recent Trends and Future Challenges"},signatures:"Apilak Salakkam, Pensri Plangklang, Sureewan Sittijunda, Mallika Boonmee Kongkeitkajorn, Siriporn Lunprom and Alissara Reungsang",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"12",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82316",title:"Stakeholder Integration and Participatory Processes as Part of an Ecosystem-Based and Integrated Natural Hazard Risk Management",slug:"stakeholder-integration-and-participatory-processes-as-part-of-an-ecosystem-based-and-integrated-nat",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99516",abstract:"Participatory processes have been receiving growing attention in recent decades, especially in the environmental field. There is no unique way for designing and managing a participatory process: different types of integrating stakeholders and communities have been applied, encompassing different scopes. Participatory processes become necessary when addressing complex environmental challenges, which require flexible and transparent approaches embracing diverse knowledge and values. Integrated risk management, including Ecosystem-based solutions for Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR), is one example of such a challenge, being a joint responsibility of public institutions at different levels of public management and of the private sector. The project GreenRisk4ALPs is an example of how including local experts can be translated into practice. A stakeholder network analysis was carried out, which provided the basis to select the stakeholders involved in the subsequent participatory processes and to identify conflicts and interests related to Eco-DRR. Building upon this analysis, Rapid Risk management Appraisal workshops were carried out in different study areas to jointly analyze the strengths and weaknesses related to current risk management practices. Overall, the involvement of stakeholders from the beginning allowed to respond to their needs contributing to the improvement of risk management strategies in the Alpine Region.",book:{id:"10812",title:"Protective forests as Ecosystem-based solution for Disaster Risk Reduction (ECO-DRR)",coverURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/cover.jpg"},signatures:"Silvia Cocuccioni, Matthias Plörer and Michael Kirchner"},{id:"81027",title:"Evaluating Waste-to-Energy Technologies as a Waste Management Solution for Uganda",slug:"evaluating-waste-to-energy-technologies-as-a-waste-management-solution-for-uganda",totalDownloads:8,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101904",abstract:"Currently, the world generates 2.01 billion tonnes of waste annually and this is expected to increase to 3.401 billion tonnes of waste by 2050. The continual generation of waste is at the forefront of combating climate change because the waste generated is associated with GHG emissions among other environmental concern. Literature reports that developing countries are lagging the developed countries in waste management and yet these regions are expected to account for most waste generated by 2050. This chapter focuses on the application of Waste-to-Energy (WTE) Techniques in Uganda (developing country) as a way of managing waste, and recommends policies that the Government of Uganda could adopt from the UK to successfully implement these initiatives. The WTE technologies analysed are landfill gas recovery, anaerobic digestion, incineration, pyrolysis, and gasification. The chapter also reviews the current solid waste situation in Uganda with a comparative analysis of the technologies. Since Uganda is a low-income country, it is advised that the country enters Public-Private Partnerships where the developers build and own the technologies. The assessment is informed by literature and personal judgement. Recommendations are made to the GOU on how best to support stakeholders of WTE initiatives further areas of study are highlighted.",book:{id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg"},signatures:"Charlene Nagawa"},{id:"82297",title:"The Climate Change-Agriculture Nexus in Drylands of Ethiopia",slug:"the-climate-change-agriculture-nexus-in-drylands-of-ethiopia",totalDownloads:18,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103905",abstract:"The objective of this chapter is to review the impacts of climate change on dryland agriculture and its possible solutions. Climate change poses significant challenges on dryland agriculture in Ethiopia. In turn, agriculture (malpractice) has contributed to climate change by emitting GHGs such as CO2, CH4 and N2O. Globally, agriculture’s contribution takes 14% of CO2, 47% of CH4 and 84% of N2O. Agriculture contributes to 80% of total Ethiopia’s GHGs emission: CH4, N2O and CO2, respectively, contributed to 72, 15 and 14% to aggregated emission. To soothe the impacts of climate change, countries should act now differently together to stabilize the fractions of GHGs in the atmosphere at a level that would also stabilize the climate system. Adopting climate-compatible agricultural development strategies can enable to reduce agricultural GHGs emissions or sequestration enhanced while maintaining and even increasing food supply. It is understood that combating desertification, land degradation and mitigating the effects of drought are the basis for accelerated sustainable development, poverty reduction and ensuring food security in Ethiopia. Climate-smart dryland agriculture can maintain livestock and crop productivity, reduces GHGs emission, lessens the impact of climate change and reduces the trade-offs among agricultural development to fulfill food security, climate change and ecosystem degradation.",book:{id:"11663",title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg"},signatures:"Zenebe Mekonnen"},{id:"82124",title:"Assessment of Diversity, Growth Characteristics and Aboveground Biomass of Tree Species in Selected Urban Green Areas of Osogbo, Osun State",slug:"assessment-of-diversity-growth-characteristics-and-aboveground-biomass-of-tree-species-in-selected-u",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104982",abstract:"This study assessed the abundance and diversity of trees, estimated the growth characteristics and determined the aboveground biomass of the trees within three selected green areas, namely Riparian Corridor was abbreviated as Riparian corridor (RC), Industrial sites (IS), and Residential sites (RS) in Osogbo, Southwestern Nigeria. Species Diversity Index, Relative Dominance, and Importance Value Index of trees were also estimated. Trees\\' diversity and ranking were determined using the R statistical package. A total number of 124 tree stems were enumerated and (RC), (IS), and (RS) had 49, 38, and 37 tree stems belonging to 27, 18 and 20 species respectively. Albizia zygia (Mimosaceae) was the most abundant species in both RC and IS, while Milicia excelsa (Moraceae) was the most abundant in the RS. Growth variables were recorded as 1.18 m2, 5.01 m2, and 11.06 m2 (basal area), and 13.49 m3, 64.03 m3 and 122.39 m3 (volume) for RC, IS, and RS, respectively. The highest mean aboveground biomass was recorded in the RS (28325.20±7639.57 Kg C ha−1). There was no significant difference (P≥ 0.01) between the aboveground biomass of RC and IS but a significant difference (P≥ 0.01) existed between the aboveground biomass of RC and RS. There is a continuous transition of the urban forest.",book:{id:"11457",title:"Forest Degradation Under Global Change",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11457.jpg"},signatures:"Omolara Aremu, Olusola O. Adetoro and Olusegun Awotoye"},{id:"81999",title:"Climate Change, Rural Livelihoods, and Human Well-Being: Experiences from Kenya",slug:"climate-change-rural-livelihoods-and-human-well-being-experiences-from-kenya",totalDownloads:17,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104965",abstract:"Over the next few decades, climate change is set to fuel the existing degradation of ecosystems across Africa, leading to dramatic consequences for poor rural populations that depend largely on agriculture and fishing for their livelihoods. This chapter draws on the findings of a study that explored how climate change affects the livelihoods and ultimately the well-being of farming and fishing households in a remote rural area in Kenya and discusses the coping strategies adopted by these communities. Understanding how climate change impacts people’s livelihoods is important as a precursor to assist communities to adapt to and cope with the adverse effects of climate change. The results pointed to relatively wide utilization of traditional knowledge in coping strategies. Conversely, robust modern technologies for forecasting weather patterns remain under-utilized among the target population. The chapter concludes with recommendations to capitalize on and strengthen the existing coping strategies of the affected communities.",book:{id:"11663",title:"Vegetation Dynamics, Changing Ecosystems and Human Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11663.jpg"},signatures:"André J. Pelser and Rujeko Samanthia Chimukuche"},{id:"81863",title:"Exploiting the Attributes of Biocontrol Agent (Neochetina bruchi) as a Potential Ecosystem Engineer’s",slug:"exploiting-the-attributes-of-biocontrol-agent-neochetina-bruchi-as-a-potential-ecosystem-engineer-s",totalDownloads:7,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104775",abstract:"The biodiversity of lakes is continuously declining and diverse communities are being substituted by monoculture of invasive Eichhornia crassipes, resulting in a slew of environmental cascade effects. The ability of the Neochetina bruchi to self-perpetuate is a desirable aspect of biological control since it decreases the population to a reasonable level, making the approach more sustainable. N. bruchi is often referred to as “ecological engineers” because of the number of services it provides to the environment and enables herbicide application to be substantially reduced. Despite the presence of highly effective weevils against this weed, its effect on water hyacinth in association with the nutrients present in sites, is likely to vary with levels of disturbance caused by natural and anthropogenic factors. Understanding the aspects that determine the performance of these eco-engineers as valuable management tools will help to guide future endeavors. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. 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He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. 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He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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