\r\n\tFurthermore, during the preparation of high-quality dairy products, several physical, chemical, enzymatic, and microbial transformations take place. We will consciously focus on this interaction of different constituents of milk under different processing conditions for the development of the products.
",isbn:"978-1-83768-093-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83768-092-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-094-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"420e687768b56ca7b3238d77f63f1302",bookSignature:"Dr. Neelam Upadhyay",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12173.jpg",keywords:"Protein, Fat, Lactose, Carbohydrates, Milk Processing, Milk Products, Milk Constituents, Acid Coagulated, Enzyme Treated, Heat Treated, Dairy Products, Protocols of Manufacturing",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 18th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 15th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 14th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 2nd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 1st 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"21 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Upadhyay has received many awards most notable being the Young Woman Scientist Award 2020 from the Agro-Environmental Development Society and the Best Poster Award 2021 from the National Conference on Moringa Food Conclave 2021. She is a dedicated researcher in food and dairy processing and has published many research articles and papers in both national and international journals and publications.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"269538",title:"Dr.",name:"Neelam",middleName:null,surname:"Upadhyay",slug:"neelam-upadhyay",fullName:"Neelam Upadhyay",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/269538/images/system/269538.jpg",biography:"BRIEF BIODATA\n1.\tName in full: Neelam Upadhyay \n2.\tDate & Place of Birth: 29th December, 1987 at Delhi\n3.\tField of specialization: Food Technology\n4.\tPresent Position/ Designation: Scientist- Senior Scale\n5.\tAddress:\t(a)\tOfficial:\tTel. No.:0184-2259258\n\t\t\t\tE-mail: \ticar.neelam@gmail.com; neelam.upadhyay@icar.gov.in \n\t\t\t\tAddress: \tLaboratory No. 146, Dairy Technology Division, ICAR- \n\t\t\t\t\t\tNational Dairy Research Institute, Karnal \n\t\t\t(b)\tResidential: Tel. No.: +91-9255772587\n\tAddress (Permanent): 41-D, MIG DDA Flats, Shivam Enclave, Delhi-110032\n6.\t(a) Academic career and (b) professional attainments\n(a) Examination\tClass/ Percentage\tYear of Passing\tSubjects Taken\tName of University / Board\nXth \t1st/83\n(415/500)\t2003\tMathematics, Social Science, Science, English, Hindi\tK.V., Mumbai (CBSE)\nXIIth\t1st/78.2 \n(391/500)\t2005\tPhysics, Mathematics, Chemistry, Biology, English\tK.V., Delhi (CBSE)\nB.A.Sc. (Hons.)\t1st/83.43 (2044/2450)\n(3rd position)\t2008\tFood Technology\tSRCASW, University of Delhi, Delhi\nM.Sc.\t1st/8.62\n(1st position)\t2010\tFood Science & Technology\tCCS Har. Agri. Uni., Hisar, Haryana\nTitle of Research:\tDevelopment of flavoured whey-soya milk beverage\nMajor Advisor:\tDr. R. S. Dabur (Professor and Head)\nPh.D.\t1st/8.0\n(1st position)\t2014\tDairy Chemistry\tNational Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana\nTitle of Research: \tDetection of vegetable oil and animal body fat adulteration in ghee using solvent fractionation technique\nMajor Advisor:\tDr. Darshan Lal (Principal Scientist and Ex-Head)\nDistinctions during Academics\nDegree\tDistinctions\nBachelor of Applied Science (Hons.)\ti.\tY.K. Kapoor Memorial Scholarship 2006 by All India Food Processor’s Association \nii.\t3rd position in university\niii.\tReceived highest attendance award\niv.\tReceived trophy for ‘Most Disciplined Student’ for the graduation period 2005-2008\nv.\tCertificate of Honor from Honb’le Mr. Justice K.G. Balakrishnan, Chief Justice of India\nMaster of Science\ti.\t1st position in discipline and 2nd position in college\nii.\tReceived recognition for academic excellence from Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund; \niii.\tQualified GATE\niv.\t2nd in inter-college yoga competition\nv.\tParticipated in various events of All India Youth Festival organized at UAS, Bangalore.\nDoctor of Philosophy\ti.\tReceived Merit Certificate for Academic Excellence in PhD course work\nii.\tReceived Certificate of Appreciation for outstanding work in the field of Dairy Processing during PhD\niii.\tQualified ICAR’s National Eligibility Test in 2010; Qualified the ICAR’s All India Examination, ICAR-SRF (PGS_-2011-2012 for award of ICAR-SRF (PGS) with 2nd rank (both in first attempt) \niv.\tQualified Agricultural Research Service Examination-2013 conducted by Agricultural Scientist Recruitment Board against the single vacancy (for UR) in the discipline of Food Technology\nv.\tStage Management Secretary of student’s council 2010-11\nvi.\tLiterary secretary of Student’s Council 2011-12\nvii.\tCompleted certificate e-course on “Publishing a Journal Manuscript - the Groundwork” directed by Springer in 2013\nviii.\tHave successfully completed certificate e-course – “Peer Review Academy” directed by Springer in 2013\nix.\tReceived a certificate on accomplishment IRIS 4-2 Information Literacy Plagiarism Quiz (on-line) in 2013 developed by Distance Learning Council of Washington, USA \n (b) Position Held\tInstitution \tPeriod of Appointment\tNature of Appointment\nScientist (Food Technology)\tICAR- National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Hyderabad\t3 months\n(1st January, 2015 till 31st March, 2015)\tPermanent\n(Received ‘A’ grade for FOCARS)\nScientist \n(Food Technology)\tICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal\t10th March, 2015 till 31st December, 2018\n(after availing 10 days of transfer period)\tPermanent\nScientist-Senior Scale\n(Food Technology)\tICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal\t1st January, 2019 till date\tPermanent\n\n7. Special attainments in Research\n(https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?hl=en&user=PRz0Tz4AAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate)\nPublications\tNumbers\tRemarks \nResearch Articles\t35\n(24 Intl, 9 National, 2 others)\tTotal Impact: 72.302\n\nBook Chapters\t7\t5 APA/CRC Press; 1 InTech Open; \n1 National\nReview Articles\t2\tTotal Impact:8.327\nTechnical Articles\t7\tCompendium of trainings, seminars, etc\nInstitute publication\t1\t\nPopular Article\t12\t6 in English; 5 in hindi\nCitations \t1066\t(as per googlescholar)\nH-index/ i10-index\t15/ 17\t\n.\n.\nJournal\tNumber of publications\tImpact factor\nResearch Articles\t35\t72.302\nInternational\t24 (15 as either corresponding or first author)\t72.302\nNational\t9 (3 as first or corresponding author)\tNAAS score\nOthers\t2\t\nReview article (International)\t2\t8.327\nInternational\t2\t8.327\n.\n \n\n\n\nRESEARCH ARTICLES\nInternational Journals \n1.\tTiwari, S., Upadhyay, N.*, Singh, A. K. (2022). Stability assessment of emulsion of carotenoids extracted from carrot bio-waste in flaxseed oil and its application in food model system. Food Bioscience, 47, 101631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101631.\n2.\tPatil, A. T., Meena, G. S., Upadhyay, N., Khetra, Y., Singh, A. K., & Borad, S. G. (2021). Buffalo milk protein concentrate 60: Effect of skim milk heat treatment on its reconstitutability and functionality. Food Science & Technology – Lebensmittel -Wissenschaft & Tech, 148, 111638. \n3.\tUttamrao, H. J., Meena, G. S., Khetra, Y., Upadhyay, N., Singh, A. K., Arora, S., & Borad, S. G. (2022). Homogenization and sodium hydrogen phosphate induced effect on physical and rheological properties of ultrafilterd concentrated milk. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 59(3), 956-967. \n4.\tTiwari, S., Upadhyay, N.*, Malhotra, R. (2021). Three way ANOVA for emulsion of carotenoids extracted in flaxseed oil from carrot bio-waste. Waste Management, 121, 67-76. \n5.\tRanvir, S., Sharma, R., Gandhi, K., Upadhyay, N., Mann, B. (2020). Assessment of proteolysis in ultra-high temperature milk using attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. International Journal of Dairy Technology. 73(2): 366-375. doi: 10.1111/1471-0307.12683. \n6.\tPonbhagavathi, T.R., Singh, A.K., Raju, P.N., Upadhyay, N. (2020). High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) determination of available lysine in milk protein-maize composite extrudates and its stability during storage. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 97(11a), 2344-2350\n7.\tTiwari, S., Upadhyay, N.*, Singh, A. K., Meena, G. S., & Arora, S. (2019). Organic solvent-free extraction of carotenoids from carrot bio-waste and its physico-chemical properties. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 1-10. 10.1007/s13197-019-03920-5\n8.\tBaria, B., Upadhyay, N.*, Singh, A. K., & Malhotra, R. K. (2019). Optimization of ‘green’extraction of carotenoids from mango pulp using split plot design and its characterization. Food Science & Technology – Lebensmittel -Wissenschaft & Tech, 104, 186-194. \n9.\tPatil, A. T., Meena, G. S., Upadhyay, N., Khetra, Y., Borad, S. G., & Singh, A. K. (2019). Effect of change in pH, heat treatment and diafiltration on properties of medium protein buffalo milk protein concentrate. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56(3), 1462-1472. \n10.\tUttamrao, H. J., Meena, G. S., Borad, S. G., Punjaram, S. A., Khetra, Y., Upadhyay, N., & Singh, A. K. (2019). Effect of disodium phosphate and homogenization on physico-chemical and rheological properties of buffalo skim milk based ultrafiltered retentate. Journal of food science and technology, 56(5), 2426-2435. \n11.\tMeena, G.S., Dewan, A., Upadhyay, N., Barapatre, R., Kumar, N., Singh, A.K., & Rana, J.S. (2019). Fuzzy Analysis of Sensory Attributes of Gluten Free Pasta Prepared From Brown Rice, Amaranth, Flaxseed Flours and Whey Protein Concentrates. Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Research, 2(1), 022-037. DOI: 10.26502/jfsnr.2642-1100006\n12.\tPatil, A. T., Meena, G. S., Upadhyay, N.*, Khetra, Y., Borad, S., & Singh, A. K. (2018). Production and characterization of milk protein concentrates 60 (MPC60) from buffalo milk. Food Science & Technology – Lebensmittel -Wissenschaft & Tech, 91, 368-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2018.01.028 \n13.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Jaiswal, P., & Jha, S. N. (2018). Application of attenuated total reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR–FTIR) in MIR range coupled with chemometrics for detection of pig body fat in pure ghee (heat clarified milk fat). Journal of Molecular Structure, 1153, 275-281. \n14.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Kumar A., Goyal A. and Lal, D. (2017). Complete liquification time test coupled with solvent fractionation technique to detect adulteration of foreign fats in ghee (heat-clarified milk fat). International Journal of Dairy Technology. 70(1): 110-118. doi: 10.1111/1471-0307.12323. \n15.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Goyal A., Kumar A. and Lal, D. (2017). Detection of adulteration of caprine body fat and mixture of caprine body fat and groundnut oil in bovine and buffalo ghee using Differential Scanning Calorimetry. International Journal of Dairy Technology. 70(2): 297-303. May 2017.doi:10.1111/1471-0307.12336. \n16.\tKumar, A., Upadhyay, N.*, Ghai, D.L., Kumar, A. Gandhi, K. and Sharma, V. (2016). Effect of preparation and storage of khoa on physico-chemical properties of milk fat. International Journal of Dairy Technology. 69(2): 294-300. doi: 10.1111/1471-0307.12266. \n17.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Jaiswal, P. & Jha, S.N. (2016). Detection of goat body fat adulteration in pure ghee using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometric strategy. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 53 (10): 3752-3760. doi:10.1007/s13197-016-2353-2 ISSN 0022-1155\n18.\tRathi, M., Upadhyay, N.*, Dabur, R.S. and Goyal A. (2015). Formulation and physic-chemical analysis of whey –soymilk dahi. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 52(2): 968-975. doi 10.1007/s13197-013-1074-z. ISSN: 0022-1155. \n19.\tKanthale, P., Kumar, A. Upadhyay, N.*, Lal, D., Rathod G. and Sharma, V. (2015). Qualitative test for the detection of extraneous Thiocyanate in Milk. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 52(3): 1698-1704. DOI: 10.1007/s13197-013-1174-9. ISSN: 0022-1155.\n20.\tGoyal, A., Sharma, V., Upadhyay, N., Singh, A.K., Arora, S. and Ghai, D.L. (2015). Development of stable flaxseed oil emulsions as a potential delivery system of ω-3 fatty acids. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 52(7):4256-4265. \n21.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Kumar, A., Rathod, G., Goyal, A. and Lal, D. (2015). Development of a method employing reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography for establishing milk fat purity with respect to adulteration with vegetable oils. International Journal of Dairy Technology. 68(2): 207-217. doi. 10.1111/1471-0307.12178. \n22.\tGoyal, A., Siddiqui, S. Upadhyay, N., Soni, J. (2014). Effects of ultraviolet irradiation, pulsed electric field, hot water and ethanol vapours treatment on functional properties of mung bean sprouts. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 51(4): 708-714. doi 10.1007/s13197-011-0538-2. Publisher Springer. ISSN (electronic version): 0975-8402. \n23.\tKundu, H., Grewal, R.B., Goyal, A., Upadhyay, N.*, and Prakash S. (2014). Effect of incorporation of pumpkin (Cucurbita moshchata) powder and guar gum on the rheological properties of wheat flour. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 51(10):2600-2607. DOI: 10.1007/s13197-012-0777-x. ISSN: 0022-1155. \n24.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Kumar, A., Goyal, A. and Lal, D. (2014). A planar chromatographic method to detect adulteration of vegetable oils in ghee. JPC-Journal of Planar Chromatography-Modern TLC. 27 (6): 431-437. DOI: 10.1556/JPC.27.2014.6.5 \nNational Journals\n1.\tPonbhagavathi, T. R., Singh, A. K., Raju, P. N., Upadhyay, N. (2021). Textural and Sensory Characteristics of Milk Protein-Maize Flour-based Extrudates. Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 58(2), 124-136. 10.52151/jae2021581.1740\n2.\tPonbhagavathi, T.R., Singh, A.K., Raju, P.N., Upadhyay, N. (2020). Effect of Rennet Casein and Whey Protein Concentrate on Extrusion Behavior of Maize Flour. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology. 39(33), 16-27, Article no.CJAST.57830.\n3.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Kumar, A., Lal, D., Kant, R., & Goyal, A. (2018). Detection of groundnut oil and goat body fat adulteration in ghee using principal component analysis on fatty acid profile. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 71(5):464-472. \n4.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Kumar, A., Gandhi, K., Goyal, A. and Lal, D. (2014). Standardization of solvent fractionation technique for detection of adulteration in ghee by enriching animal body fat and vegetable oil in different fractions. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 67 (4):323-327.\n5.\tGandhi. K., Upadhyay, N., Aghav, A.D., Sharma, V., and Lal, D. (2014). Detection of adulteration of ghee (clarified milk fat) with palmolein and sheep body fat using Reichert-Meissl (RM) value coupled with solvent fractionation technique. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 67(5): 387-393. Received Second Best Paper Award during 44th Dairy Industry Conference organized by ICAR-NDRI, Karnal and Indian Dairy Association from 18-20, February 2016.\n6.\tAghav, A.D., Gandhi, K., Upadhyay, N., Kumar, A. and Lal, D. (2014). A study on the physico-chemical changes occurring in the milk fat during preparation of Paneer. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 67 (5): 398-404.\n7.\tKumar, A., Upadhyay, N., Gandhi, K., Lal, D. and Sharma, V. (2013). Detection of soybean oil and buffalo depot fat in ghee using Normal-Phase Thin Layer Chromatography. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 66(4): 294-99. ISSN: 0019-5146.\n8.\tKumar, A., Upadhyay, N., Gandhi, K., Kumar, A., Lal, D. and Sharma, V. (2013). Reverse-Phase Thin Layer Chromatography of Unsaponifiable Matter of ghee for detecting adulteration with soybean oil and buffalo depot fat. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 66(6): 496-501. ISSN: 0019-5146.\n9.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Dabur R.S. and Rathi, M. (2011). Development and Shelf life Study of Flavoured Whey-soya milk beverage. Indian Journal of Dairy Science. 64(2): 92-101. ISSN: 0019-5146.\nOther Journals\n1.\tDewan, A., Meena, G.S., Upadhyay, N., Barapatre, R. Singh, A.K., Rana, J.S. (2017). Formulation of non-Gluten Pasta from the Optimized levels of Dairy and Non-Dairy ingredients. Madridge Journal of Food Technology. 2(2): 92–98. \n2.\tGalmessa, U., Prasad, S., Kumaresan, A., Oberoi, P. S., Baithalu, R. K., Upadhyay, N., and Dang, A. K. (2015). Modulation of Milk Fatty acid profile milk yield and composition through supplementation of omega-3 fatty acid in transition cow’s diet. Journal of Science and Sustainable Development. 3(1): 25-38. ISSN: 2070-1748\nREVIEW ARTICLES\n1.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Goyal, A. Kumar, A., Lal, D. and Singh, D. (2014). Preservation of milk and milk products for analytical purposes: A review. Food Reviews International. 30(3):203-224. DOI 10.1080/87559129.2014.913292. ISSN: 1525-6103\n2.\tGoyal, A., Sharma, V., Upadhyay, N., Gill, S. and Sihag, M. (2014). Flax and flaxseed oil: an ancient medicine & modern functional food. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 51(9): 1633-1653. DOI 10.1007/s13197-013-1247-9. ISSN: 0975-8402. \nBOOK CHAPTERS\n1.\tKumari, L., Sharma, M., & Upadhyay, N. (2021). Three-Dimensional Printing of Food Products: Printing Techniques, Novel Applications, and Printable Food Materials. Handbook of Research on Food Processing and Preservation Technologies: Volume 3: Computer-Aided Food Processing and Quality Evaluation Techniques, 55. Boca Raton, CRC Press\n2.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Harshitha, C. G., Pathak, N. K., & Sharma, R. (2021). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy with Chemometrics: Evaluation of Food Quality and Safety. Handbook of Research on Food Processing and Preservation Technologies: Volume 5: Emerging Techniques for Food Processing, Quality, and Safety Assurance, 271.\n3.\tNagarajappa, V., Upadhyay, N., Chawla, R., Mishra, S.K., & Nath, S. (2019). Functional Properties of Milk Proteins. In: Engineering Practices for milk products- Dairyceuticals, Novel Technologies, and Quality (pp 3-26). Apple Academic Press.\n4.\tUpadhyay, N., Kumar, M. C. T., Sharma, H., Borad, S., & Singh, A. K. (2019). Pulse Electric Field Processing of Milk and Milk Products. In: Non-thermal Processing of Foods (pp.129-144). Boca Raton, CRC Press\n5.\tUpadhyay, N., Nagaraj, V., & Singh, A. K. (2019). Advances in Fractionation of Milk Lipids: Analysis and Applications of fractions In: Recent Technologies in Dairy Science (pp. 325-344). Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers.\n6.\tNagaraj, V., Upadhyay, N.*, Nath, B. S., & Singh, A. K. (2018). Advances in Fractionation and Analysis of Milk Carbohydrates. In Technological Approaches for Novel Applications in Dairy Processing (pp. 127-147). IntechOpen. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76312\n7.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Veena, N., Borad, S., & Singh, A. K. (2017). Application of Natural Antioxidants in Dairy Foods. In Natural Antioxidants (pp. 281-318). London: Apple Academic Press.\nINSTITUTE PUBLICATION\n1.\tDr. T. K. Datta, Dr. Meena Malik and Dr. Neelam Upadhyay (2017). Foundation Programme for Freshers at ICAR-NDRI 2017.\nPOPULAR AND LEAD ARTICLES\n1.\tPatil, A. T., Meena, G. S., Upadhyay, N., & Singh, A.K. (2017). Milk protein concentrates- Their Applications. Indian Dairyman, 69(9), 44-48.\n2.\tUpadhyay, N.* and R.K. Malik (2015). Nutritive Value of Milk. In: In Touch, Heinz Nutrition Foundation of India. Volume 17, Number 2&3, 2-11. (Lead Article). \n3.\tGoyal, A., Sharma, V., Upadhyay, N., Sihag, M. and Kaushik, R. (2013). High Pressure Processing and its impact on milk proteins: A Review. Research and Reviews: Journal of Dairy Science and Technology. 2 (1): 1-9. ISSN: 2319-3409.\n4.\tKumar, A., Upadhyay, N., and Naagar, S. (2012). Allergenicity of Milk Proteins, and its Management. Indian Food Industry. 31 (5&6): 45-50. ISSN: 0972-2610.\n5.\tGoyal, A. and Upadhyay, N. (2012). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Dairy Science. Indian Food Industry. 31(1): 39-45. ISSN: 0972-2610.\n6.\tUpadhyay, N.*, Goyal, A. and Rathod, G. (2011). Microwave Spectroscopy and its applications in online processing. Indian Food Industry. 30(5&6): 63-73. ISSN: 0972-2610.\n7.\tउपाध्याय, नी*. (२०१८) भारत में कुपोषण: स्थिति और इससे निपटने के लिए रणनीतियाँ. दुग्ध—गंगा (आठवाँ अंक). अप्रैल-सितम्बर. २४-२९. \n8.\tउपाध्याय, नी.*, सिंह, आ.कु., गांगुली, स., सबिखी, ल. (२०१८) खाध्य और डेयरी क्षेत्र मे महिला उद्यमिता: कारण, समस्याए एवम उपलब्ध मंच. दुग्ध—गंगा (आठवाँ अंक). अप्रैल-सितम्बर. ६४-६९.\n9.\tउपाध्याय, नी*. (२०१९) ek¡ dk nw/k % f'k'kqvksa ds ekufld] 'kkjhfjd ,oa lkekftd mRFkku gsrq ve`r. दुग्ध—गंगा (नवाँ अंक). अकटूबर –मार्च १०२-१०४.\n10.\tउपाध्याय, नी*, fç;k ;koys (२०१९) [kk| inkFkksaZ esa —f=e ds cnys çk—frd jax o.kZd ds mi;ksx dh vko';drk दुग्ध—गंगा (दसवाँ अंक). अकटूबर –मार्च १०२-१०५.\n11.\tuhye mikè;k;, fuys'k dqekj ikBd (२०१९) d`f\"k] [kk| ,oa Ms;jh m|ksx ds Hkfo\"; eas lkSj ÅtkZ dk egRo दुग्ध—गंगा (दसवाँ अंक). अकटूबर –मार्च १२६-१३०. \n12.\tवैज्ञानिक और तकनीकी विषय के मूल हिंदी लेख जोकि गेहूँ एवम् जौ स्वर्णिमा में प्रकाशित हुए: उपाध्याय, नी*, राकेश कुमार (2020) महिला उद्यमिता के माध्यम से महिला सशक्तिकरण. गेहूँ एवम् जौ स्वर्णिमा (बारहवााँ अंक), पृष्ठ सं. 55-58; भाकृअनुप- भारतीय गेहूँ एवम् जौ अनुसंधान संस्थान, करनाल- १३२००१ द्वारा प्रकाशित\n\n8. Concepts/Processes/Products/Technologies/Patents/Others\n(i)\tConcepts \nCurrently, I am working on the integrated approach of application of green technology for the development of functional foods by utilizing under-utilized/ indigenous fruits and vegetables and/ or bio-waste. In the research projects, I am also keenly working on food chemistry and instrumental food analysis and applications of technologies/ products in dairy and non-dairy products. \nBesides this, I am working on development of functional food for addressing menopausal symptoms in osteopenic mice model. \n(ii)\tProducts/ Technologies ready for commercialization- 5\n1. Production of Milk Protein Concentrate 60 (MPC60), a high protein low lactose powder from buffalo milk (Co-Inventor)\n2. Technology for omega-3 rich mixed fat table spread (Inventor)\n3. Lipid and water soluble yellow natural colouring ingredient from bio-waste (Inventor)\n4. Technology for preparation of encapsulated flaxseed oil for its applications in foods (Inventor)\n5. Production of buffalo milk based Milk Protein Concentrate 60 (MPC60) powder with improved solubility (Co-Inventor)\n(iii) Expertise on\n1.Gas Liquid Chromatography\t5.Thin Layer Chromatography\n2.Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy\t6. Spectrophotometry\n3.Differential Scanning Calorimetry\t7.Chemical analysis including titration, distillation, etc.\n4.High Pressure Liquid Chromatography\t\n\n\n9. List of completed, on-going and submitted projects\nTitle of Project\tDuration\tRole\tFunding\tStatus\tRemarks\nEffect of storage on Baudouin test, sesamin test and RP-TLC test to detect adulteration of vanaspati and vegetable oils in ghee\t2015-2017\tCo-PI\tICAR-NDRI\n\tCompleted\tTwo research articles on RP-TLC\nPreparation and Characterization of Micro/nano delivery systems for “green” carotenoids\t2016-2019\tPI\t-Do-\t\t3 research articles+ 3 products/ technologies\nTechnology Development for the Production of Milk Protein Concentrate (MPC60) From Buffalo Milk\t2016-2019\tCo-PI\t-Do-\t\t4 research articles+ 2 products/ technologies\nTechnology of Goat Milk based Functional Beverage\t2017-2020\tCo-PI\t-Do-\t\tOne oral presentation\nTechnology for Moringa oleifera enriched cheese spread\t2020-2023\tPI\t-Do-\tOn-going\tCharacterization and incorporation of M. oleifera- pods in cheese spread is complete; shelf life study and animal trial is in progress\nDevelopment of flaxseed-rich probiotic dairy foods to address menopause symptoms\t2020-2023\tCo-PI\tDST\t\tDeveloped method -estimation of phytoestrogen; validation -in progress\nNutritional and therapeutic validation of chhachh and ghee prepared from indigenous cows by traditional method\tThree years (proposed)\tPI\tSEED Division, DST\tSubmitted \n \t\nCharacterization of Moringa oleifera leaves for functional bioactives and its application in table spread as model food system\tThree years (proposed)\tPI\tSYST, DST\t\t\nOther research work: \nDetection of adulteration of goat body fat and pig body fat in ghee using ATR-FTIR coupled with chemometrics; carried out during Professional Attachment Training at ICAR-CIPHET, Ludhiana\n\n\n\n10. Awards & honours \nName of Award\tYear\tAwarding Agency\nBest Paper Award\t2022\tGSAT (Gender Advancement for Transforming Institutions Self-Assessment Team), NDRI\nBest Poster Award\t2021\tNational Conference on Moringa Food Conclave-2021\nYoung Woman Scientist Award\t2020\tAgro Environmental Development Society during International Web-conference \nSecond Best Poster Award\t2020\tIndian Dairy Association\nCommendation certificate for Institute’s Magazine in which I am co-Editor\t2020\tTown Official Language Implementation Committee, Karnal\nLetter of Appreciation to editorial board of Institute’s magazine for receiving ICAR’s Second Prize and Trophy under Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Hindi Patrika Puraskar (2018-19)\t2020\tICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal\nAssociate Fellowship\t2019\tNational Academy of Dairy Science India\nFirst Prize in E-poster \t2018\tIndian Dairy Association\nOne Best oral Presentation\t2018\tHome Science Association of India\nBest Oral Presentation to my Master’s student\t2018\tICMR- National Institute of Nutrition\nBest Poster Award\t2016\tIndian Dairy Association\nSecond Best Paper Award\t2016\tIndian Dairy Association\nICAR-SRF (PGS) with 2nd rank\t2011-12\tICAR\nGATE (Engg Sciences: Food Tech; Thermodynamics)\t2010\tMHRD, GoI\nInstitution level awards\nThird prize in poster presentation \t2021\tICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal\nInstitute’s Rajbhasha Gaurav Certificate\t2020\t\nFirst prize in Scientific and Technical writing\t2019\t\nConsolation prize in Scientific and Technical writing \t2020, 2019 \t\nFirst prize in Poster Presentation- 2020, 2018, 2017\t\t\nThird prize in poster presentation\t2019\t\nFirst Prize in hindi extempore\t2017\t\nThird, first and second prize in hindi essay writing in consecutive years – 2020, 2019, 2018\t\t\n\n\n11. Teaching Assignments \n(a) Teaching: Actively involved either as course in-charge or associate \nClass\tB.Tech (DT)\tMSc/ MTech\n(FT) (till 2021)\tM.Tech (DT)\tPhD (DT/ DC/ FSQA)\nNo. of courses\t1-2\t2-3\t0-1\t2-3\nDT- Dairy Technology, DC- Dairy Chemistry, FT- Food Technology, FSQA- Food Safety Quality Assurance\n(b) Student’s guided\nDegree\tMajor Advisor \tCo-Advisory\tStatus/ Remarks\nM. Tech (DT)\t8\t2\tCompleted\n\t1\t0\tOn going\nM. Tech/ M Sc (FT/ FSN)\t2\t1\tCompleted\nM. Tech (DC)\t0\t3\tCompleted\nM. Tech (DM)\t0\t1\tCompleted\nPhD (DT)\t2 \t0\tOngoing \n\t0\t2\tCompleted\nPhD (DC)\t0\t1 \tCompleted\n\t\t1\tOn going\ni.\tThree students under my guidance as major advisor and one student as co-advisory member nominated for Best thesis award; \nii.\tOne represented NDRI at zonal-level student research convention ANVESHAN-2018\n\n12. Lectures/ member/convener of committees: \ni.\tLectures: \na.\tEntrepreneurship Development Programme (EDP) (conducted by SINED-TBI/BPD unit, ICAR-NDRI) and Online Training of Master Trainers on Fat and Oilseed processing conducted by SINED-TBI/BPD unit (ICAR-CIPHET); \nb.\tStudent’s Counselling session at SRCASW, University of Delhi, \nc.\tWorkshop conducted at DAV college, Karnal, etc\nd.\tDelivered talks at various villages on the importance of mother’s milk, nutrition in first 1000 days of an infant’s life, nutri-thali, etc\nii.\tTraining Organized: \na.\tTwenty one days Training at Centre for Advanced Faculty Training (DT Division) on ‘R & D strategies and interventions for effective agribusiness and entrepreneurship development in dairy and food sector’; \nb.\tone/two months or shorter duration trainings for students and others under BPD unit and KVK, NDRI, Karnal\nc.\tFive days training on the aspects of dairy processing to the farmers of Karnal district. \niii.\tGeneral Secretary, Staff Club, NDRI, Karnal\niv.\tMember: Student Empowerment Unit, Conferences organized from 2015 till 2018, convocation, credit seminar evaluation committees; Mera Gaon Mera Gaurav program, Farmer’s First Door programme, Swatchh Bharat Abhiyan, coordinator and mentor of different groups for organizing Foundation Program-2017, 2018, Nodal officer of Poshan Maah-2020 etc\nv.\tConvener/ Rapporteur of sessions: Conference, Dr. K. K. Iya Memorial oration; International conference of Proteomics Society of India\nvi.\tOther responsibilities: Management Representative of QMS-IS/ISO 9001:2008 and HACCP- IS 15000:2013 of Experimental Dairy (essential part of institute) until Jan 2019; one of the editors of Institute hindi magazine Dudgh Ganga which also received coveted award from ICAR (until 2019).\nvii.\tResource Generation on account of consultancy provided in field of dairy processing and by conducting sponsored trainings \nMore than ₹ 2 50 000/- (Two lakhs fifty thousand only)\nviii.\tBesides research, teaching and extension activities, I am also involved in promotion of Hindi language and have won several prizes during competitions (like extempore, essay, e-mail writing) organized by Official Language Units.\nix.\tLifetime Member of three scientific bodies: Indian Dairy Association- RE/NZ/LM/10852/HR; Association of Food Scientists & Technologists (INDIA)- AFST/LM/9-2018/KRN/2444; Lifetime member of Home Science Association of India; Membership number: HSAI-2017-HR-127-LF\nx.\tReviewed research papers of Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine (Elsevier), LWT, International Journal of Food Properties, Indian Journal of Dairy Science, Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, United Scientific Group, etc. \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDated: 12-04-2022\t \nNeelam Upadhyay",institutionString:"National Dairy Research Institute",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"5",title:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"444312",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Tikel",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/444312/images/20015_n.jpg",email:"sara.t@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. 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1. Introduction
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The gas turbine (GT) is a powerful source of energy that has relatively low size and weight. It is a principal power plant for aviation and electric energy production and has many other successful applications. For instance, aero-derivative engines are widely used for electricity generation in offshore platforms and as marine power plants because these engines are more compact and have faster dynamics than industrial GTs. A significant growth of a GT industry has been observed in the last decades [1].
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1.1. Gas turbine modeling
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Along with the development of new GTs, the use of mathematical modeling and simulation in the design of these engines and their systems becomes more intensive. Creating gas turbine models has been an effective design and manufacture strategy. In addition to the development of the engine itself, GT modeling and simulation have many other applications, such as design of a control system, condition monitoring, fault diagnosis, and system identification. The latter, for example, enables simulating the performances of a particular engine by model fitting to experimental data collected in test beds or at field conditions. In this way, control and diagnostic algorithms can be improved due to a more accurate individual engine model used instead of a general model [2].
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The models of technical systems, in particular GT models, can be divided, on the one hand, into linear and nonlinear and, on the other hand, data-driven (also well-known as black-box models) and physics-based (also called white-box models). In spite of wide application of simplified linear modeling and simulation of GTs, the behavior of these machines is usually nonlinear, and precise nonlinear models are unavoidable [3].
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The data-driven models do not need detailed knowledge about the system to model. Instead, they use available empiric information and are determined by optimization methods or, in the case of artificial neural networks, through machine learning. Because of their simplicity, such models are widely used in GT design. A detailed description of different gas turbine data-driven models can be found, for example, in book [3].
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Physics-based modeling relies on physical laws of the functioning of turbo-machines and therefore allows realistic simulation of their behavior. These models are more complex and less used. However, they contain the information difficult to draw from empiric data and are frequently employed as a basis to create simpler data-driven models. Thus, physics-based modeling may be considered as a main gas turbine mathematical modeling type.
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\n
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1.2. Thermodynamic model
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The above reasoning explains why a component-based nonlinear gas turbine model is considered as principle for the design of the engine itself and for developing its control and monitoring systems. It is a highly complex thermodynamic model based on the aerothermal calculations of a gas path and the description of engine’s components (compressor, combustion chamber, turbine, etc.) by nonlinear performance maps. Foundations of the thermodynamic models can be found in [2, 4].
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The thermodynamic model comprises two interrelated parts, namely nonlinear static model and nonlinear dynamic model (NDM). The nonlinear static model allows investigating steady-state performances of the engine before its final creation. This model may include more than 100 algebraic and transcendent mathematical relations and, in general, presents a system of nonlinear equations (see [2]). These equations reflect the mass and energy balance between engine components during stationary operation, and the number of such equations typically varies from 5 to 15.
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Once the static model has been created, the detailed nonlinear dynamic model can be developed with fewer efforts because it is similar to the static model. The principal difference is that the mentioned algebraic equations of mass and energy balance at steady states are now written in the form of differential equations at transients. The number of such equations corresponds to the number of mass and energy accumulators simulated. Since NDM is a complex and relatively slow procedure, many simplified models are constructed on its basis to be used for the aims of engine control and diagnosis. Nevertheless, along with increasing processor and developing the methods of execution time minimization, direct use of the NDM in real time is becoming possible [2].
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The development and use of the thermodynamic models have started in the 1970s, in many respects, by the studies of Saravanamuttoo et al. (for example, [5]). Since that time, many improvements related to higher accuracy and more detailed engine’s component description were introduced in this model; some of them are mentioned below.
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Stamatis et al. proposed in [6] the scheme of adaptive simulation by a nonlinear system identification technique that later was used for multipoint gas turbine diagnosis [7]. Ellipsoid functions were introduced in [8] for more accurate description of the components’ maps and better identification of a whole engine at steady states and transients. The authors of paper [9] developed a stage-based compressor model to be used in the thermodynamic model instead of a compressor performance map. This modified thermodynamic model allows the localization of the faulty stages of a multistage compressor and identification of the three compressor degradation mechanisms: fouling, tip clearance increase, and erosion of aerofoils. Thus, gas turbine diagnostics become more profound. Since the early 1990s, Joachim Kurzke has developed the universal program GasTurb for nonlinear physics-based gas turbine simulation [10, 11]. This commercial software allows simulating different types of engines and helps to solve various design and analysis problems. The program GasTurb has special tools to analyze, correct, and enhance the component maps contributing in this way to the accuracy of final engine simulation. Another way to improve the simulation accuracy is proposed by Volponi et al. [12]. As an engine measurement system has individual systematic measurement errors, the authors propose to compensate them by an additional data-driven model on the basis of artificial neural networks. The introduced hybrid model is constructed from a traditional thermodynamic model and this data-driven model. It is shown that the hybrid model can more accurately simulate the performance of a particular engine than the thermodynamic model itself.
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The above improvements are related to a static part of the thermodynamic model or both static and dynamic parts. However, the description of engine transients has specific problems to solve, and their solution can additionally improve the dynamic part, namely, detailed nonlinear dynamic model. For gas turbine control and monitoring systems as a whole and, more importantly, for the systems of aircraft gas turbine engines, accurate and fast NDMs are in high demand [2, 13]. These detailed nonlinear models will be useful for the implementation of model predictive control and more effective diagnosis at transients where simplified Kalman filter-based techniques have often been used to date [14]. Since here, this chapter will deal only with such models.
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Modern NDMs generally take into considerations three “accumulators”:
mass and energy accumulation in pneumatic gas path volumes,
mechanical energy accumulation in the rotors,
heat accumulation in the stator and rotor heated parts (disks, blades, vanes, case elements).
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The volume dynamics is very fast and it is important for controller design. The rotor dynamics lasts for aircraft engines about 10–15 s and has the largest influence on engine performance. The heat exchange dynamics may last many minutes but its direct influence on gas path variables is small because the heat interchange between gas flow and engine-heated parts (HPs) is by far smaller than total energy of the gas. These reasons explain why the models that simulate the rotor dynamics only are still used in diagnostics.
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1.3. Tip clearance dynamic effect
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There is also an important indirect dynamic effect of the warming-up of engine parts, and this effect has not been taken into consideration in the NDMs yet. The point is that during engine transients, the dynamics of the warming-up is different for a rotor and a stator. The rotor parts, especially massive disks, change slowly their temperature while relatively thin stator parts are warmed up faster. Consequently, the radial displacements of rotor blade tips delay from those of the corresponding casing surfaces, and tip clearances dynamically increase during engine acceleration and decrease during the deceleration.
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As the result of increased tip clearance losses, the efficiency of compressor and turbine components lowers and overall engine performance significantly degrades. Sobey and Suggs 1963 demonstrate in book [15] that the 1% turbine tip clearance increase results in the 1% reduction of turbine efficiency and the 1.5–2% increase of engine-specific fuel consumption. The impact of a compressor clearance is even greater: the 1% clearance increase causes the 1.5–3% specific fuel consumption growth. As shown in [16] for the acceleration from the idle to the take-off regime, the increase rate of aircraft engine thrust can reduce twice due to the dynamic clearance increase. The maintenance results show that the corresponding thrust loss can reach from 3 to 15% and takes place from 20th to 60th second after the engine regime change. Thus, significant thrust reduction can happen during the aircraft take-off putting the flight at risk.
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Since modern aircraft gas turbine engines need effective control and monitoring systems, accurate detailed nonlinear dynamic models are in increasing demand. In this way, the modeling of the above-described dynamic clearance effect must be implemented in NDMs. So far, such dynamic models use fixed component performance maps obtained at steady states for warmed-up components. The difficulty to introduce the effect of dynamic clearances consists in the fact that they depend on stress-strain state of the stator and rotor parts, and the stresses and strains have irregular distribution that varies in time. Thus, it becomes clear that accurate modeling of the dynamic clearance effect needs the application of finite element methods to the heated parts. The problem is that such calculations are very time-consuming and cannot be directly implemented in NDMs.
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As mentioned above, the clearance effect can be modeled only by the analysis of stress-strain state of both stator and rotor HPs with a known initial temperature distribution and a heating rate. The clearance model that meets such conditions was considered in [17]. Unfortunately, this model does not take into account a real shape of HPs and therefore cannot ensure a high accuracy of dynamic engine simulation. The model presented by Archipov et al. in [18] already accounts for the shape but takes other strong limitation that the material properties are independent on material. The authors also make a disputable statement that aerodynamic and pressure gas forces have significant influence on the clearances only for high-power low-speed turbines of industrial power plants. Kurzke proposed NDM with the dynamic clearance model integrated [19]. However, this model does not take into account a radial disk extension and the aerodynamic action of gases on the blade and the casing. Paper [20] compares three variations of the dynamic clearance model. It was found that impulse response model is the most accurate but also time- and memory-consuming. Thus, this model cannot be directly integrated into NDM.
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Our previous papers [21, 22] generally follow the ideas of the impulse response model. First, solid models of hot parts of a turbofan had been created. Second, multiple calculations were conducted using the finite element method to understand how the displacements of the hot part surfaces depend on the external temperatures and the loads applied. Third, on the basis of these numerical experiments, a simplified dynamic clearance model (SDCM) was formed. Forth, SDCM was integrated into a nonlinear dynamic model of the turbofan resulting in an enhanced nonlinear dynamic model (ENDM). The rest of this chapter is devoted to the results of the mentioned finite element method calculations, description of the SDCM and its integration into NDM, and the results of simulation by the enhanced model. A high-pressure turbine and its disk are mostly used to exemplify the proposed methodology.
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2. Enhanced nonlinear dynamic model
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The structure and operation of the above-mentioned ENDM are illustrated by Figure 1. Modules 1–4 constitute SDCM of an engine component, compressor or turbine. Module 5 presents an initial engine model, which, in conjunction with SDCM, presents the enhanced nonlinear model. Only one component is presented on this scheme for simplicity. The software of ENDM includes SDCMs for all the components where the dynamic clearance effect is significant. The enhanced model has been developed for a low-bypass two-spool turbofan engine of a maneuverable aircraft. All simplified relations for the clearance model were obtained through exhaustive calculations in ANSYS with the solid models of engine stator and rotor hot parts, namely disk, blade, and casing. The below description of the clearance model is given for a high-pressure turbine (HPT) of this engine as a component example.
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Figure 1.
Structure of the enhanced nonlinear dynamic model.
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The initial nonlinear dynamic model includes the dynamics of two engine rotors. The corresponding differential equations are solved through their integration by an iterative procedure. In each step, the corrections to state variables (rotation speeds) are obtained and all engine variables are renewed. The enhanced engine model conserves this iterative character. At an actual step, the variables computed by NDM are used in SDCM to calculate a new tip clearance and corrections to component performances. The modified performances are employed at the next step. In this way, as with real engine dynamics, ENDM uses component performances that are dynamically changed.
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Blocks 1.1–1.4 for the stator and Blocks 2.1–2.4 for the rotor illustrate what happens with heated parts (disk, blade, and casing) and tip clearances when engine operating mode dynamically changes. After the mode change, the gas path variables calculated by NMM (Block 5) begin to vary producing the change of heat exchange boundary conditions outside of the heated parts (Blocks 1.1 and 2.1). Because of heat accumulation or loss, the temperature state (distribution of metal temperature) of HPs begins to change (Blocks 1.2 and 2.2). Elevated temperatures of HP cause its thermal expansion. As the HP temperature state has a delay relative to the engine mode change, the corresponding displacement (Blocks 1.3 and 2.3) varies with a delay as well. The knowledge of the temperature state also allows us to correctly consider the action of forces on the HP radial displacements. As shown in [21], for a disk and blade, significant displacements are caused by a centrifugal force, while a pressure force is the most influencing for a casing. These forces are considered in Blocks 1.4 and 2.4 accordingly. When an engine operating point is changing, the force applied to HP changes as well, and the force-induced displacement reacts immediately. However, the engine mode variation also means the change of the heat exchange boundary conditions resulting in other temperature state, other metal elasticity, and an additional change of the displacement. Thus, the force-induced displacement has a static component that immediately reacts on the engine mode and a dynamic component that reacts with a delay. In this way, the total radial displacements of the surfaces that form a tip clearance have a complex dynamic behavior.
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The calculation of a dynamic clearance change (see Module 3), which is necessary to evaluate the change in a component performance, is based on simple relations. An actual dynamic tip clearance \n\nδ\n\n that is a function of transient time can be expressed through a clearance \n\n\nδ\n0\n\n\n of a cold turbine and total displacements \n\n\nu\nC\n\n,\n\nu\nD\n\n,\n\nδ\nB\n\n\n of the casing, disk, and blade accordingly, resulting in
Since the HPT performance map used in NDM corresponds to the turbine parts completely warmed up at steady states, the necessary dynamic correction of the performance will depend on a difference \n\nΔ\nδ\n\n between a dynamic clearance \n\nδ\n\n and a static clearance \n\n\nδ\nst\n\n\n. Let us express the static clearance in the form of Eq. (1) but using static displacements of HPs. This yields:
Using the clearance change \n\nΔ\nδ\n\n as an input parameter, Module 4 corrects the component efficiency \n\nη\n\n because it is known that just this performance is affected by an increased clearance. Paper [23] shows that a turbine efficiency loss \n\nΔ\nη\n\n is linearly dependent on a relative clearance change:
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\n\nΔ\n\nδ\n¯\n\n=\n\n\nΔ\nδ\n\nL\n\n\nE4
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where L is a blade length. Figure 2 illustrates this relation.
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Figure 2.
Turbine efficiency losses vs. an increasing tip clearance.
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Therefore, Module 4 computes the corrected component efficiency at each point of a transient process according to an expression:
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\n\nη\n=\n\nη\nst\n\n−\nk\nΔ\n\nδ\n¯\n\n\nE5
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where \n\n\nη\nst\n\n\n is the efficiency at an equivalent steady state and k is the coefficient depending on the construction of a modeled engine and its component.
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Since Module 5 employs the corrected efficiencies of all the engine components as input parameters, the engine variables simulated by NDM take into consideration the effect of dynamically varying radial clearances.
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As can be seen from the above description, the equations of Modules 3 and 4 are simple and do not need additional explanations. A nonlinear dynamic model of Module 5 is not simple, but it does not need additional description because this type of gas turbine models is well described in literature. However, Modules 1 and 2 and their blocks were presented in this section in a schematic form necessary for a general understanding of the enhanced NDM. As described before, in these modules, the displacements of the heated parts are calculated. To know how these displacements depend on external factors, the displacements were simulated in ANSYS by creating the solid model of each HP and by applying the finite element method to determine the HP stress-stain state. By multiple numerical experiments of this type, the simplified relations between the displacement and external dynamic factors were formed and included in Modules 1 and 2. This ANSYS-based simulation of the HP displacements is described in the next section.
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3. Finite element-based displacement simulation
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3.1. Thermal boundary conditions and mechanical loads
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As shown in Figure 1 and described in Section 2, the displacements of the heated parts depend on thermal boundary conditions and mechanical loads applied. Shown in Figure 3, the design scheme of the disk, which is the most complex HP, illustrates these conditions and loads.
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The boundary conditions are set by an external air and gas temperature T and heat transfer coefficient α at the disk surface. Since these conditions considerably vary at different parts of the surface, it is broken down into 24 sections with constant temperatures Ti and coefficients αi. At one engine steady state called a reference mode, the values \n\n\nT\ni\n0\n\n\n and \n\n\nα\ni\n0\n\n\n of these parameters are known on the basis of the experimental information. In a peripheral disk part, in addition to hot gases, heat is transmitted from the blades. This additional heat transfer is taken into account by elevated values T1 and α1 in Section 1 of the disk surface.
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As to the mechanical loads, the centrifugal force acting on the disk is a body force that is applied to each elemental volume of the disk. The centrifugal force from the rotating blades is given as a surface force by a uniform distribution \n\n\nσ\nB\n\n\n in Section 1. The design schemes of the blade and the casing are similar.
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Figure 3.
Design scheme of disk thermal boundary conditions and mechanical loads.
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3.2. Stress-strain state and the displacements of heated parts
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In the finite element-based simulation, the heated parts are presented by their solid models illustrated by Figure 4. In its solid model, each HP is divided on elemental 3D simplex volumes. Each volume is presented in finite element calculations by four nodes.
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Figure 4.
Solid models of the heated parts of HPT (a—disk, b—blade, c—casing).
\n
After the determination of the temperature state of a heated part, the nonuniform distribution of its temperature t is known. In addition to the action of this temperature, the heated part undergoes the action of a surface force \n\np\n\nx\ny\nz\n\n\n and a body force \n\nF\n\nx\ny\nz\n\n\n. The known temperature irregularity and the forces induce in each node a displacement \n\nu\n=\n\n\n\n\nu\nх\n\n\n\nu\ny\n\n\n\nu\nz\n\n\n\nт\n\n\n, a strain \n\nε\n=\n\n\n\n\nε\nх\n\n\n\nε\ny\n\n\n\nε\nz\n\n\n\nγ\nхy\n\n\n\nγ\nyz\n\n\n\nγ\nzх\n\n\n\n\nт\n\n\n, and a stress \n\nσ\n=\n\n\n\n\nσ\nх\n\n\n\nσ\ny\n\n\n\nσ\nz\n\n\n\nσ\nхy\n\n\n\nσ\nyz\n\n\n\nσ\nzх\n\n\n\n\nт\n\n\n that are described by the following linear equations of the elasticity theory (see [24]):
\n
\n\nε\n=\nRu\n;\n\nE6
\n
\n\nσ\n=\nD\n\n\nε\n−\nα\nt\n\n\n;\n\nE7
\n
\n\n\nR\nT\n\nσ\n+\nF\n=\n0\n\nE8
\n
and by the equation of boundary condition:
\n
\n\np\n−\nCσ\n=\n0\n\nE9
\n
In these equations, R is a differential matrix operator, D presents a stiffness matrix depending on material elasticity and the Poisson’s ratio, α denotes a linear expansion coefficient vector, and C stands for a rotation matrix. On the basis of Eqs. (6)–(9) of one elemental volume, a huge system of linear equations of a whole heated part is formed. The number of unknown variables in this system can be partly reduced because one volume node pertains to some adjacent elemental volumes. The system is solved by the least squares method. As a result, the displacements of the external surface of the heated element are determined separately for the action of thermal expansion and the force. In addition to the reference engine mode, the displacements of all the heated parts were determined at the idle regime.
\n
As mentioned in Section 3.1, the thermal boundary conditions are known at the reference mode and the variables necessary to determine mechanical loads at this mode are simply calculated by NDM. Using these data, the displacements \n\n\nu\nt\n0\n\n\n and \n\n\nu\nF\n0\n\n\n induced at this mode by temperature and force were firstly computed in ANSYS for the disk and the other heated parts. To know how these displacements vary during engine operation, let us firstly analyze how the thermal boundary conditions depend on an engine operating mode. It will be shown that the boundary conditions can be determined through actual and reference gas path variables known from NDM.
\n
\n
\n
\n
4. Varying boundary conditions
\n
As mentioned above, the values of the boundary parameters \n\n\nT\ni\n\n\n and \n\n\nα\ni\n\n\n in the sections of the HP surface (see Figure 3 for the case of the disk) are known only for the reference mode. To have the possibility to make the finite element calculation in ANSYS at any mode, we need to know how these parameters vary along with an engine operating point.
\n
\n
4.1. Boundary temperatures
\n
Oleynik has shown in his thesis [25] that the distribution of boundary temperatures around HP at a current operating mode is similar to the distribution at a reference mode. The calculations made with NDM of the engine under analysis also confirm that gas path temperatures proportionally change from one operating point to another [22]. In this way, we can state that a temperature similarity coefficient \n\n\nk\nT\n\n=\n\n\n\n\nT\ni\n\n−\n\nT\nHPC\n\n\n\n\n\n\nT\ni\n0\n\n−\n\nT\nHPC\n0\n\n\n\n\n\n is approximately constant and a current temperature at any section “i” of the HP surface can be expressed through this coefficient by:
The similarity coefficient is determined using the gas path temperatures computed by NDM at the reference and actual engine modes.
\n
\n
\n
4.2. Heat transfer coefficients
\n
Paper [22] shows that the heat transfer coefficients \n\n\nα\ni\n\n\n change proportionally when an operating mode varies. Using known relations between different criteria of gas flow, this chapter derives the following equation for a similarity coefficient:
As the necessary actual and reference values of gas path variables are known from NDM, the similarity coefficient is simply calculated and the coefficients \n\n\nα\ni\n\n\n at the HP surface sections are determined by:
\n
\n\n\nα\ni\n\n=\n\nk\nα\n\n\nα\ni\n0\n\n\nE12
\n
In this way, the distribution of the boundary variables T and \n\n\nα\ni\n\n=\n\nk\nα\n\n\nα\ni\n0\n\n\n can be simply determined through the NDM gas path variables, namely, HPT rotation speed n, high pressure compressor (HPC) discharge temperature \n\n\nT\nHPC\n\n\n, and HPC discharge pressures \n\n\nP\nHPC\n\n\n.
\n
The next challenging problem was to create the relations for calculating the HP displacements, both temperature induced and force induced, at any engine dynamic operating point. Let us begin from the displacements due to thermal expansion of the heated parts.
\n
\n
\n
\n
5. Varying thermal expansion displacements
\n
The dynamics of the displacements caused by temperature loading is described below using a displacement transient performance. To determine this performance, the influence of a step change of boundary temperatures from 293 K (cold disk) to the distribution at the reference mode was simulated in ANSYS. It was found that, in addition to time τ, the displacement also depends on the heat transfer similarity coefficient \n\n\nk\nα\n\n\n, and the displacement performance was presented as a relative function \n\n\nu\n¯\n\n\nτ\n\nk\nα\n\n\n=\n\n\nu\n\nτ\n\nk\nα\n\n\n−\n\nu\n0\n\n\n\n\nu\nst\n\n−\n\nu\n0\n\n\n\n\n illustrated by Figure 5.
\n
Figure 5.
Transient performance of a disk displacement.
\n
Figure 6 shows the transient performances of the blade and casing absolute displacements obtained in ANSYS by the same mode. For these heated parts, the influence of the coefficient \n\n\nk\nα\n\n\n is insignificant.
\n
Figure 6.
Transient performance of blade and casing displacements (a—blade, b—casing).
\n
Using the disk as an example, let us now show how to consider its displacement performance in a total process of the ENDM computing. Paper [22] demonstrates that, for each value \n\n\nk\nα\n\n\n, the corresponding curve in Figure 5 is accurately described by a weighted sum of two exponents and therefore can be presented by:
where \n\n\nk\nj\n\n\n is a weighting coefficient and \n\n\nT\nj\n\n\n is a time constant. For each value of \n\n\nk\nα\n\n\n, four parameters \n\n\nk\n1\n\n\n, \n\n\nk\n2\n\n\n, \n\n\nT\n1\n\n\n, and \n\n\nT\n2\n\n\n were determined. Figure 7 illustrates their dependency on the coefficient \n\n\nk\nα\n\n\n.
\n
Figure 7.
Weighting coefficients and time constants vs. heat transfer similarity coefficient [21] (a—weighting coefficients, b—time constants).
\n
The two mentioned exponents present analytical solutions of linear differential equations that for absolute displacements take a form:
is a final expression to numerically compute the dynamic displacement caused by thermal disk expansion. Eqs. (15) and (16) present final steps in Block 1.3 of the enhanced nonlinear dynamic model (see Figure 1). Through the coefficient \n\n\nk\nα\n\n\n, the displacement calculation is adapted to an actual dynamic engine operating point. The blade and casing displacement (Blocks 1.3 and 2.3) are computed similarly.
\n
\n
\n
6. Varying force-induced displacements
\n
The displacements induced in HPs by mechanical loads can be considered elastic and proportional to the load. For the disk and the blade, the main load is a centrifugal force and the displacements will be proportional to the rotation speed squared n2. As the casing is mainly loaded by a pressure force, the displacement will linearly depend on the HPC pressure \n\n\nP\nHPC\n\n\n. The action of these forces has no delay and the displacement will change along with the load change.
\n
However, since the elasticity coefficient depends on the HP temperature, the HP displacement should be simulated regarding this dependency. The temperature distribution within HP is nonuniform and dynamically changes during transient engine operation. For this reason, it will be difficult to directly simulate the elasticity change. To solve this problem, paper [22] proposes the concept of an equivalent temperature.
\n
\n
6.1. Equivalent temperature
\n
The equivalent temperature te is defined as a temperature of a uniformly heated engine part, which has load-induced displacements equal to the displacements of HP with an actual temperature state and the same mechanical loading. Using the temperature te, the displacement at an actual dynamic point is written for the disk and blade by:
The displacement \n\n\nu\nF\n∘\n\n\n corresponds to a hypothetical situation when HP is under the constant mechanical load of the reference mode, but the HP heating conditions are varying and correspond to the actual engine operating point. A function \n\n\nu\nF\n∘\n\n\n\nt\ne\n\n\n\n was determined by simulating such hypothetical loading in ANSYS. Figure 8 illustrates the results of the disk displacement simulations. These results are approximated by:
Disk displacement at the reference mode vs. equivalent disk temperature.
\n
\n
\n
6.2. Characteristic temperature
\n
As follows from Eqs. (10) and (12), thermal loading on each heated part (disk, blade, and casing) depends on the temperature \n\n\nT\nHPC\n\n\n (temperature of HPC air) and the similarity coefficients \n\n\nk\nT\n\n\n and \n\n\nk\nα\n\n\n. As described in Section 4, the radial displacement \n\n\nu\nF\n\n\n caused by the force depends on the temperature state of HP and, therefore, is related to the thermal loading. Thus, this relation can be written by a function \n\n\nu\nF\n\n=\nf\n\n\nT\nHPC\n\n\nk\nT\n\n\nk\nα\n\n\n\n. The three interrelated arguments make this function complex for realization. Paper [22] proposes the concept of a characteristic temperature to be used as the unique function argument. The characteristic temperature \n\n\nT\n˜\n\n\n is defined as a weighted mean of a boundary temperature T.
The characteristic temperature \n\n\nT\n˜\n\n\n has an important property that temperatures t of a heated part tend to a value \n\n\nT\n˜\n\n\n when heat transfer approaches zero, i.e.:
This property allows us to determine the characteristic temperature through ANSYS simulation of the heated part with an extremely low similarity coefficient \n\n\nk\nα\n\n\n. It is proven that such simulation yields low errors relatively a direct calculation of \n\n\nT\n˜\n\n\n according to Eq. (20). For example, given \n\n\nk\nα\n\n≈\n\n10\n\n−\n3\n\n\n\n, the error was 0.01 K.
\n
The characteristic temperature was firstly computed at the reference mode and, with the known value \n\n\n\n\nT\n˜\n\n\n0\n\n\n, a temperature coefficient:
was formed, where \n\n\nT\ng\n\n\n denotes a HPT input temperature. Then, it was found that this coefficient does not depend on an operating mode and can be used to determine the characteristic temperature at any mode by a simple relation:
To determine the relation between the temperatures \n\n\nT\n˜\n\n\n and te, series of simulations in ANSYS have been conducted. For the disk under reference mechanical load, the thermal load parameters \n\n\nT\nHPC\n\n\n, \n\n\nk\nt\n\n\n, and \n\n\n\nk\nα\n\n\n are varied and the displacement \n\n\nu\nF\n0\n\n=\nf\n\n\nT\nHPC\n\n\nk\nt\n\n\nk\nα\n\n\n\n was determined for each combination of \n\n\nT\nHPC\n\n\n, \n\n\nk\nt\n\n\n, and \n\n\n\nk\nα\n\n\n. The equivalent temperature te corresponding to each displacement was found from Eq. (19). The characteristic temperature \n\n\nT\n˜\n\n\n was calculated according to Eq. (23) using a known value \n\n\nT\nHPC\n\n\n and a gas temperature \n\n\nT\ng\n\n\n computed by NDM. By doing so, multiple pairs of te and \n\n\nT\n˜\n\n\n values were found. With these data, the relation is between te and \n\n\nT\n˜\n\n\n is described by:
Thus, through a consecutive application of Eqs. (23), (24), (19), and (17), we can calculate a force-induced radial displacements of the disk as a function of the gas path variable \n\n\nT\nHPC\n\n\n and \n\n\nT\ng\n\n\n computed by NDM. The displacements of this enhanced algorithm as well as the original algorithm that consider constant disk elasticity were estimated by the comparison with the results of ANSYS-based simulations. Figure 9 presents the errors of both algorithms for different characteristic temperatures and consequently for different engine operating points. We can see that the original algorithm has significant errors (up to 9%), whereas for the enhanced algorithm, the errors are negligible (within 0.1%). So, the accuracy of the displacement simulation was drastically enhanced despite the simplicity of the proposed algorithm.
\n
Figure 9.
Errors of two force-induced displacement algorithms (scored line: algorithm that considers temperature-dependent elasticity; dashed line: algorithm that uses constant elasticity).
\n
\n
\n
6.4. Dynamic force-induced displacement
\n
The equivalent temperature te determined in Eq. (24) as a function of \n\n\nT\n˜\n\n\n corresponds to a completely warmed-up heated part and its final static displacement. Let us call this temperature a static equivalent temperature \n\n\n\nt\ne\nst\n\n\n\nT\n˜\n\n\n\n. When the boundary conditions have changed, the force-induced displacements will vary dynamically and the temperature te will dynamically approach \n\n\n\nt\ne\nst\n\n\n. As the relation between the displacement and the temperature te is practically linear (see Figure 8), their dynamic behavior will be similar. For this reason, the dynamics of te are described using the same displacement transient performances presented in Figures 5 and 6. For the disk, the algorithm to compute te is similar to that described in Section 5 for the thermal expansion displacements. The resulting equations to compute the equivalent temperature:
are also similar to displacement Eqs. (15) and (16) and the same parameters \n\n\nT\nj\n\n\n and \n\n\nk\nj\n\n\n are employed. Using the dynamic value \n\n\nt\ne\n\n\nτ\n\nk\nα\n\n\n\n from Eq. (26) as an argument, a dynamic displacement \n\n\nu\nF\n∘\n\n\n\nt\ne\n\n\n\n is determined from Eq. (19) and a total force-induced disk displacement \n\n\nu\nF\n\n\n from Eq. (17). The blade and casing force-induced displacements are computed by similar algorithms. All these algorithms correspond to Blocks 1.4 and 2.4 of the engine ENDM presented in Figure 1.
\n
\n
\n
\n
7. Verification of the enhanced nonlinear dynamic model
\n
\n
7.1. Verification of the simplified dynamic clearance model
\n
To verify the simplified dynamic clearance model (see Section 2), the following engine dynamics test case was prepared:
during the time interval \n\nτ\n=\n0…120\n\ns\n\n, the turbofan engine operates at idle conditions (\n\n\nk\nα\n\n\n =0.2031, \n\n\nk\nt\n\n\n =0.4125, \n\n\nk\nn\n\n=\n0.5929\n\n) to warm up turbine parts;
during the time interval \n\nτ\n=\n120…500\n\ns\n\n, engine operates under the reference mode conditions (\n\n\nk\nα\n\n\n = 1.0, \n\n\nk\nt\n\n\n = 1.0, \n\n\nk\nn\n\n\n = 1.0).
\n
Total HPT disk displacements (mechanical and temperature-induced) were computed for this test case in ANSYS and by the proposed SDCM (see Section 2). As shown in Figure 10, the simulation curves practically coincide. The maximum difference observed at the mode change moment is about 0.05 mm and then it lessens. Thus, the simplified model can be considered accurate enough and can be used within ENDM of the turbofan engine under analysis.
\n
Figure 10.
Total disk displacement simulation (dashed line—ANSYS; solid line—SDCM).
\n
\n
\n
7.2. Accuracy of the simulation of engine dynamic performance
\n
As mentioned in the beginning of Section 2, the enhanced nonlinear dynamic model (ENDM) has been developed for a turbofan engine of a maneuverable aircraft. The main objective was to help with the synthesis and adjustment of the algorithms of an engine automatic control system. The developed ENDM is based on the original nonlinear dynamic model (NDM) and the simplified dynamic clearance models (SDCMs) created for a high-pressure turbine (HPT) and a low-pressure turbine.
\n
To verify the accuracy of the ENDM, it was compared with original NDM and with experimental data. A test-case transient was set by a low-pressure rotor speed nLP (control variable) profile and constant ambient conditions. The profile presents a constant speed value 8100 rpm during the first 175 s, than a linear change to 12,400 rpm during 12 s, and the same constant value up to the transient end.
\n
Figure 11 illustrates the dynamics of the HPT radial clearance simulated by ENDM in comparison with the steady-state clearance simulation (completely warmed-up turbine parts). One can state that ENDM correctly reflects the physics of real warming-up. From the beginning of the engine acceleration, the clearance descends in 15 s because the blade is rapidly warmed up. Next, the clearance grows due to the casing warming up. Finally, the clearance descends once more as the disk begins to warm up.
\n
Figure 11.
Dynamics of the HPT radial clearance (1—steady-state operating modes; 2—ENDM).
\n
Figures 12 and 13 present the results of the comparison of the initial and enhanced dynamic models between each other and with experimental data for the same test-case transient. The plots of a fuel consumption variable in Figure 12 clearly show that the ENDM and experimental curves practically coincide. Both show the same fuel consumption overshoot after the control parameter change, and this overshoot gradually decreases during 150 s for both curves. This elevated fuel consumption is explained by increased turbine clearances due to the delay in disk warming-up. In contrast, the NDM curve does not manifest a visible overshoot, and the transient process is by far shorter. One can make the same conclusion analyzing the plots of a high-pressure rotor speed in Figure 13: the ENDM curve better fits experimental data, in particular, better reflects the effect of increased clearances.
The thrust is the principal parameter of a turbofan. However, under the control law nLP = const used in the experiments, it is constant as well, and the increased clearances are compensated by the additional fuel consumption observed in Figure 12.
\n
To show the impact of the clearances dynamically changed on the thrust, the simulation of the turbofan under the control law of a constant low pressure turbine temperature was performed. Figure 14 shows the thrust simulated by both models. It can be seen that, during the first 5 s of intensive engine dynamics, both models are equal. Then, the NDM thrust remains constant, whereas the ENDM thrust begins to decrease with a maximal 7% thrust dip at the 12th second. Finally, the thrust gradually increases up to a steady-state value. Such behavior of the thrust simulated by ENDM completely corresponds to the known empirical information about the clearance influence.
\n
Figure 14.
Thrust dynamics (1—ENDM; 2—NDM).
\n
In this way, all the comparison results show that, first, the dynamic clearance influence is significant and cannot be neglected, and, second, the enhanced nonlinear dynamic model accurately simulates this effect and in general provides by far more realistic simulation than the initial dynamic model does.
\n
\n
\n
\n
8. Conclusion
\n
This chapter describes a novel method to enhance a detailed physics-based nonlinear gas turbine model widely used for the aims of aircraft engine control and diagnostics. The method allows us to solve the issue of the impact of varying turbine tip clearances on the dynamic engine performance. This issue is especially important for the engines of maneuverable aircrafts.
\n
Using the proposed method, an enhanced nonlinear dynamic model of a turbofan engine for a maneuverable aircraft has been developed on the basis of an initial nonlinear dynamic model and a simplified dynamic clearance model created with the results of the finite element simulation of turbine parts. The comparison with the initial model and experimental data confirmed a drastic improvement of the accuracy of dynamic gas turbine simulation.
\n
\n
Acknowledgments
\n
This work has been carried out with the support of the National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico (research project 20181152).
\n
\n
Nomenclature
\n
\n\n\nA\n\n
surface
\n\n\n\nk\n\n
coefficient
\n\n\n\nn\n\n
rotation speed
\n\n\n\nP\n\n
pressure
\n\n\n\nt\n\n
time, s; temperature of a heated part, K
\n\n\n\nT\n\n
temperature of air or gas, K
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nT\n˜\n\n\n\n\n\n
characteristic temperature, K
\n\n\n\nU\n\n
radial displacement of a heated part, mm
\n\n\n\nα\n\n
heat transfer coefficient
\n\n\n\nΔδ\n\n
clearance change, mm
\n\n\n\nδ\n\n
radial clearance between rotor and stator parts, mm
\n\n\n\nε\n\n
strain; relative error, %
\n\n\n\nη\n\n
efficiency
\n\n\n\nσ\n\n
stress
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nΘ\n˜\n\n\n\n\n\n
temperature coefficient
\n\n\n\nSuperscripts\n\n\n°\n\n
reference engine operating mode
\n\n\n\nst\n\n
static
\n\n\n\nSubscripts\n\n\nB\n\n
blade
\n\n\n\nC\n\n
casing
\n\n\n\nD\n\n
disk
\n\n\n\ne\n\n
equivalent
\n\n\n\nF\n\n
centrifugal force
\n\n\n\ng\n\n
gas
\n\n\n\nHPC\n\n
high-pressure compressor
\n\n\n\nLP\n\n
low-pressure rotor
\n\n\n\nP\n\n
pressure
\n\n\n\nR\n\n
rotor
\n\n\n\nS\n\n
stator
\n\n\n\nT\n\n
temperature
\n\n\n\nα\n\n
heat transfer coefficient
\n\n\n
\n
\n',keywords:"aircraft gas turbine engine, nonlinear dynamic model, warm-up effect, blade tip clearance, finite element method",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/64840.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/64840.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64840",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64840",totalDownloads:1304,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:1,dateSubmitted:"July 23rd 2018",dateReviewed:"October 15th 2018",datePrePublished:"December 18th 2018",datePublished:"November 20th 2019",dateFinished:"December 18th 2018",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The process of gas turbine development requires different mathematical models. In particular, physics-based nonlinear dynamic models are widely used in the development of control and diagnostic systems. The present chapter firstly reviews known works on nonlinear dynamic engine modeling centering on model applications and developments. As an important development, modeling of heating up engine components is considered. This phenomenon consists in a radial clearance change during transients that influences engine static and dynamic performances. This clearance change is usually computed by a finite element method that is critical to computer resources. The chapter secondly presents a new and more rapid simulation methodology to integrate two dynamic processes, a general engine transient and a clearance change. This allows creating a more accurate and relatively fast engine dynamic model that is easy to use in the design of control and diagnostic systems. Finally, the chapter introduces further methodology enhancement consisting in the consideration of the influence of varying metal temperature on the strains induced by mechanical loads. To validate methodology, it is applied to a particular turbofan engine, and the simulated and real engine dynamic performances are compared.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/64840",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/64840",signatures:"Roman L. Zelenskyi, Sergiy V. Yepifanov and Igor Loboda",book:{id:"8613",type:"book",title:"Aerospace Engineering",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Aerospace Engineering",slug:"aerospace-engineering",publishedDate:"November 20th 2019",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8613.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83962-786-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-784-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-787-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_1_2",title:"1.1. Gas turbine modeling",level:"2"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"1.2. Thermodynamic model",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"1.3. Tip clearance dynamic effect",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"2. Enhanced nonlinear dynamic model",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"3. Finite element-based displacement simulation",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.1. Thermal boundary conditions and mechanical loads",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.2. Stress-strain state and the displacements of heated parts",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9",title:"4. Varying boundary conditions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.1. Boundary temperatures",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"4.2. Heat transfer coefficients",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12",title:"5. Varying thermal expansion displacements",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13",title:"6. Varying force-induced displacements",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"6.1. Equivalent temperature",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"6.2. Characteristic temperature",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"6.3. Static force-induced displacement",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"6.4. Dynamic force-induced displacement",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18",title:"7. Verification of the enhanced nonlinear dynamic model",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"7.1. Verification of the simplified dynamic clearance model",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19_2",title:"7.2. Accuracy of the simulation of engine dynamic performance",level:"2"},{id:"sec_21",title:"8. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_22",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_22",title:"Nomenclature",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Boyce MP. Gas Turbine Engineering Handbook. 4th ed. Oxford: Elsevier Inc.; 2012. 956 p. ISBN: 978-0-12-383842-1\n'},{id:"B2",body:'Kulikov GG, Thompson HA. Dynamic Modelling of Gas Turbines: Identification, Simulation, Condition Monitoring, and Optimal Control. London: Springer; 2004. 309 p. ISBN: 1-85233-784-2\n'},{id:"B3",body:'Asgari H, Chen XQ. Gas Turbines Modeling, Simulation and Control Using Artificial Neural Networks. New York: CRC Press, Tailor & Francis Group. 2016. 176 p. ISBN 13: 978-1-4987-2661-0\n'},{id:"B4",body:'Saravanamuttoo HIH, Rogers GFC, Cohen H. Gas Turbine Theory. 5th ed. Edinburg: Person Education Limited; 2001. 491 p. ISBN 13: 978-0-13-015847-5\n'},{id:"B5",body:'Saravanamuttoo HIH, Mac Isaac BD. Thermodynamic models for pipeline gas turbine diagnostics. ASME Journal of Engineering for Power. 1983;105:875-884\n'},{id:"B6",body:'Stamatis A, Mathioudakis K, Papailiou KD. Adaptive simulation of gas turbine performance. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. 1990;112:168-175\n'},{id:"B7",body:'Kamboukos P, Mathioudakis K. Multipoint non-linear method for enhanced component and sensor malfunction diagnosis. In: Proceedings of IGTI/ASME Turbo Expo; 8-11 May 2006. Barcelona, Spain; 2006. 9 p. ASME Paper GT2006-90451\n'},{id:"B8",body:'Tsoutsanis E, Meskin N, Benammar M, Khorasani K. An efficient component map generation method for prediction of gas turbine performance. In: Proceedings of IGTI/ASME Turbo Expo; 16-20 June 2014. Dusseldorf, Germany; 2014. 12 p. ASME Paper GT2014-25753\n'},{id:"B9",body:'Aretakis N, Roumeliotis I, Mathioudakis K. Performance model “zooming” for in-depth component fault diagnosis. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power. 2011;133(3):031602\n'},{id:"B10",body:'Kurzke J. Advanced user-friendly gas turbine performance calculations on a personal computer. In: Proceedings of ASME Gas Turbine Conference. 1995. ASME paper 95-GT-147\n'},{id:"B11",body:'GasTurb 12. Manual; 2015. http://www.gasturb.de/Gtb12Manual/GasTurb12.pdf, last visited 16.12.2018\n'},{id:"B12",body:'Volponi A, Brotherton T, Luppold R. Empirical tuning of on-board gas turbine engine model for real-time module performance estimation. In: Proceedings of IGTI/ASME Turbo Expo; 14-17 May 2007. Montreal, Canada; 2007. 10 p. ASME Paper GT2007-27535\n'},{id:"B13",body:'Jaw LC, Mattingly JD. Aircraft Engines Controls: Design, System Analysis, and Health Monitoring. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.; 2009\n'},{id:"B14",body:'Litt JS et al. A Survey of Intelligent Control and Health Management Technologies for Aircraft Propulsion Systems. NASA Report TM-2005-213622; 2005. 21 p\n'},{id:"B15",body:'Sobey AJ, Suggs AM. Control of Aircraft and Missile Power Plants. New York: Wiley; 1963\n'},{id:"B16",body:'Gritsenko EA, Danilchenko VP, Lukachev SV, et al. Some Issues of the Design of Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines. Samara: Russian Federation: “СНЦ РАН”; 2002. 527 p. ISBN: 5-93424-057-9. (In Russian)\n'},{id:"B17",body:'Kypuros JA, Melcher KJ. A Reduced Model for Prediction of Thermal and Rotational Effects on Turbine Tip Clearance. Tech. Rep. NASA. TM-2003-212226; 2003\n'},{id:"B18",body:'Archipov AN, Karaban VV, Putchkov IV, et al. The whole-engine model for clearance evaluation. In: Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo; 8-12 June 2009. Orlando, Florida, USA; 2009. ASME Paper GT2009-59259\n'},{id:"B19",body:'Kurzke J. Transient simulations during preliminary conceptual engine design. In: Proceedings of XX International Symposium on Air Breathing Engines (ISABE 2011); 12-16 September 2011. Goethenburg, Sweden; 2011. ISABE-2011-1321\n'},{id:"B20",body:'Merkler RS, Staudacher S. Modeling of heat transfer and clearance changes in transient performance calculations—A comparison. In: Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo; 8-11 May 2006. Barcelona, Spain; 2006. ASME Paper GT2006-90041\n'},{id:"B21",body:'Yepifanov S, Zelenskyi R, Loboda I. Modeling the gas turbine engine under its dynamic heating conditions. Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power—Transactions of ASME. 2015;137(3):1-10. Paper 031506. ISSN 0742-4795\n'},{id:"B22",body:'Zelenskyi R, Yepifanov S, Martseniuk Y, et al. Dynamic turbine clearance simulation considering the influence of temperature on mechanical load-induced displacements. Journal of Aerospace Engineering. 2017;30(5):1-11. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000751\n'},{id:"B23",body:'Bouillet P. L’evolution de la technology des turboreactours de forte puissance. Aeronautique. 1984;107:4-29\n'},{id:"B24",body:'Huebner KH, Dewhirst DL, Smith DE, et al. The Finite Element Method for Engineers. 4th ed. USA: John Wiley & sons, Inc; 2001\n'},{id:"B25",body:'Oleynik OV. The concept and methods of lifetime depletion monitoring of gas turbine air-engine based on a dynamic identification of thermal and stress condition of main details [Ph.D. thesis]. Kharkov, Ukraine: National Aerospace University; 2006\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Roman L. Zelenskyi",address:null,affiliation:'
National Aerospace University “Kharkiv Aviation Institute”, Ukraine
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National Aerospace University “Kharkiv Aviation Institute”, Ukraine
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The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.
",metaTitle:"Our story",metaDescription:"The company was founded in Vienna in 2004 by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students researching robotics. While completing our PhDs, we found it difficult to access the research we needed. So, we decided to create a new Open Access publisher. A better one, where researchers like us could find the information they needed easily. The result is IntechOpen, an Open Access publisher that puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/our-story",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\\n\\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n\\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\\n\\n
2004
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\\n\\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\\n
\\n\\n
2005
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\\n
\\n\\n
2006
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\\n
\\n\\n
2008
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\\n
\\n\\n
2009
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\\n
\\n\\n
2010
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\\n
\\n\\n
2011
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\\n
\\n\\n
2012
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\\n\\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\\n
\\n\\n
2013
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\\n
\\n\\n
2014
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\\n\\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\\n
\\n\\n
2015
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\\n\\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\\n\\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\\n
\\n\\n
2016
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\\n
\\n\\n
2017
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\\n\\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
We started by publishing journals and books from the fields of science we were most familiar with - AI, robotics, manufacturing and operations research. Through our growing network of institutions and authors, we soon expanded into related fields like environmental engineering, nanotechnology, computer science, renewable energy and electrical engineering, Today, we are the world’s largest Open Access publisher of scientific research, with over 4,200 books and 54,000 scientific works including peer-reviewed content from more than 116,000 scientists spanning 161 countries. Our authors range from globally-renowned Nobel Prize winners to up-and-coming researchers at the cutting edge of scientific discovery.
\n\n
In the same year that IntechOpen was founded, we launched what was at the time the first ever Open Access, peer-reviewed journal in its field: the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n\n
The IntechOpen timeline
\n\n
2004
\n\n
\n\t
Intech Open is founded in Vienna, Austria, by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic, two PhD students, and their first Open Access journals and books are published.
\n\t
Alex and Vedran launch the first Open Access, peer-reviewed robotics journal and IntechOpen’s flagship publication, the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems (IJARS).
\n
\n\n
2005
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes its first Open Access book: Cutting Edge Robotics.
\n
\n\n
2006
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes a special issue of IJARS, featuring contributions from NASA scientists regarding the Mars Exploration Rover missions.
\n
\n\n
2008
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: 200,000 downloads reached
\n
\n\n
2009
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: the first 100 Open Access STM books are published
\n
\n\n
2010
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: one million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen expands its book publishing into a new field: medicine.
\n
\n\n
2011
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: More than five million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen publishes 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Harold W. Kroto’s “Strategies to Successfully Cross-Link Carbon Nanotubes”. Find it here.
\n\t
IntechOpen and TBI collaborate on a project to explore the changing needs of researchers and the evolving ways that they discover, publish and exchange information. The result is the survey “Author Attitudes Towards Open Access Publishing: A Market Research Program”.
\n\t
IntechOpen hosts SHOW - Share Open Access Worldwide; a series of lectures, debates, round-tables and events to bring people together in discussion of open source principles, intellectual property, content licensing innovations, remixed and shared culture and free knowledge.
\n
\n\n
2012
\n\n
\n\t
Publishing milestone: 10 million downloads reached
\n\t
IntechOpen holds Interact2012, a free series of workshops held by figureheads of the scientific community including Professor Hiroshi Ishiguro, director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, who took the audience through some of the most impressive human-robot interactions observed in his lab.
\n
\n\n
2013
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen joins the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) as part of a commitment to guaranteeing the highest standards of publishing.
\n
\n\n
2014
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen turns 10, with more than 30 million downloads to date.
\n\t
IntechOpen appoints its first Regional Representatives - members of the team situated around the world dedicated to increasing the visibility of our authors’ published work within their local scientific communities.
\n
\n\n
2015
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: More than 70 million downloads reached, more than doubling since the previous year.
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 2,500th book and 40,000th Open Access chapter, reaching 20,000 citations in Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Science.
\n\t
40 IntechOpen authors are included in the top one per cent of the world’s most-cited researchers.
\n\t
Thomson Reuters’ ISI Web of Science Book Citation Index begins indexing IntechOpen’s books in its database.
\n
\n\n
2016
\n\n
\n\t
IntechOpen is identified as a world leader in Simba Information’s Open Access Book Publishing 2016-2020 report and forecast. IntechOpen came in as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n
\n\n
2017
\n\n
\n\t
Downloads milestone: IntechOpen reaches more than 100 million downloads
\n\t
Publishing milestone: IntechOpen publishes its 3,000th Open Access book, making it the largest Open Access book collection in the world
\n
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. 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He received his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology with his thesis “Genetic variability of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in natural foci of Novosibirsk city and its suburbs.” His primary field is molecular virology with research emphasis on vector-borne viruses, especially tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kemerovo virus and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, rabies virus, molecular genetics, biology, and epidemiology of virus pathogens.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",biography:"Amlan K. Patra, FRSB, obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India, in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences. He has more than twenty years of research and teaching experience. He held previous positions at the American Institute for Goat Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA, and Free University of Berlin, Germany. His research focuses on animal nutrition, particularly ruminants and poultry nutrition, gastrointestinal electrophysiology, meta-analysis and modeling in nutrition, and livestock–environment interaction. He has authored around 175 articles in journals, book chapters, and proceedings. Dr. Patra serves on the editorial boards of several reputed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",biography:"László Babinszky is Professor Emeritus, Department of Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Debrecen, Hungary. He has also worked in the Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Wageningen, Netherlands; the Institute for Livestock Feeding and Nutrition (IVVO), Lelystad, Netherlands; the Agricultural University of Vienna (BOKU); the Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Austria; and the Oscar Kellner Research Institute for Animal Nutrition, Rostock, Germany. In 1992, Dr. Babinszky obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from the University of Wageningen. His main research areas are swine and poultry nutrition. He has authored more than 300 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited four books and fourteen international conference proceedings.",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201830/images/5017_n.jpg",biography:"I am a professor at UANL since 1988. My research lines are the development of reproductive techniques in small ruminants. We also conducted research on sexual and social behavior in males.\nI am Mexican and study my professional career as an engineer in agriculture and animal science at UANL. Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null},{id:"125292",title:"Dr.",name:"Katy",middleName:null,surname:"Satué Ambrojo",slug:"katy-satue-ambrojo",fullName:"Katy Satué Ambrojo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/125292/images/system/125292.jpeg",biography:"Katy Satué Ambrojo received her Veterinary Medicine degree, Master degree in Equine Technology and doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University in Valencia, Spain. She is a Full Professor at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery at the same University. She developed her research activity in the field of Endocrinology, Hematology, Biochemistry and Immunology of horses. She is a scientific reviewer of several international journals : American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Comparative Clinical Pathology, Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, Reproduction in Domestic Animals, Research Veterinary Science, Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, Livestock Production Science and Theriogenology. Since 2014, she has been the Head of the Clinical Analysis Laboratory of the Hospital Clínico Veterinario from the Faculty of Veterinary, CEU-Cardenal Herrera University.",institutionString:"CEU-Cardenal Herrera University",institution:{name:"CEU Cardinal Herrera University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. 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Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. 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Dr. Fonseca-Alves currently serves as an Assistant Professor at Paulista University – UNIP teaching small animal internal medicine.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"245306",title:"Dr.",name:"María Luz",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia Pardo",slug:"maria-luz-garcia-pardo",fullName:"María Luz Garcia Pardo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245306/images/system/245306.png",biography:"María de la Luz García Pardo is an agricultural engineer from Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain. She has a Ph.D. in Animal Genetics. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Agrofood Technology Department of Miguel Hernández University, Spain. Her research is focused on genetics and reproduction in rabbits. The major goal of her research is the genetics of litter size through novel methods such as selection by the environmental sensibility of litter size, with forays into the field of animal welfare by analysing the impact on the susceptibility to diseases and stress of the does. Details of her publications can be found at https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-8290.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Miguel Hernandez University",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"41319",title:"Prof.",name:"Lung-Kwang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",slug:"lung-kwang-pan",fullName:"Lung-Kwang Pan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41319/images/84_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"201721",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Funiciello",slug:"beatrice-funiciello",fullName:"Beatrice Funiciello",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201721/images/11089_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated from the University of Milan in 2011, my post-graduate education included CertAVP modules mainly on equines (dermatology and internal medicine) and a few on small animal (dermatology and anaesthesia) at the University of Liverpool. After a general CertAVP (2015) I gained the designated Certificate in Veterinary Dermatology (2017) after taking the synoptic examination and then applied for the RCVS ADvanced Practitioner status. After that, I completed the Postgraduate Diploma in Veterinary Professional Studies at the University of Liverpool (2018). My main area of work is cross-species veterinary dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"291226",title:"Dr.",name:"Monica",middleName:null,surname:"Cassel",slug:"monica-cassel",fullName:"Monica Cassel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/291226/images/8232_n.jpg",biography:'Degree in Biological Sciences at the Federal University of Mato Grosso with scholarship for Scientific Initiation by FAPEMAT (2008/1) and CNPq (2008/2-2009/2): Project \\"Histological evidence of reproductive activity in lizards of the Manso region, Chapada dos Guimarães, Mato Grosso, Brazil\\". Master\\\'s degree in Ecology and Biodiversity Conservation at Federal University of Mato Grosso with a scholarship by CAPES/REUNI program: Project \\"Reproductive biology of Melanorivulus punctatus\\". PhD\\\'s degree in Science (Cell and Tissue Biology Area) \n at University of Sao Paulo with scholarship granted by FAPESP; Project \\"Development of morphofunctional changes in ovary of Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski, 2000 (Teleostei, Characidae)\\". She has experience in Reproduction of vertebrates and Morphology, with emphasis in Cellular Biology and Histology. She is currently a teacher in the medium / technical level courses at IFMT-Alta Floresta, as well as in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Animal Science and in the Bachelor\\\'s degree in Business.',institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442807",title:"Dr.",name:"Busani",middleName:null,surname:"Moyo",slug:"busani-moyo",fullName:"Busani Moyo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gwanda State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"423023",title:"Dr.",name:"Yosra",middleName:null,surname:"Soltan",slug:"yosra-soltan",fullName:"Yosra Soltan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"349788",title:"Dr.",name:"Florencia Nery",middleName:null,surname:"Sompie",slug:"florencia-nery-sompie",fullName:"Florencia Nery Sompie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sam Ratulangi University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"345713",title:"Dr.",name:"Csaba",middleName:null,surname:"Szabó",slug:"csaba-szabo",fullName:"Csaba Szabó",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"345719",title:"Mrs.",name:"Márta",middleName:null,surname:"Horváth",slug:"marta-horvath",fullName:"Márta Horváth",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"420151",title:"Prof.",name:"Novirman",middleName:null,surname:"Jamarun",slug:"novirman-jamarun",fullName:"Novirman Jamarun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Andalas University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"420149",title:"Dr.",name:"Rusmana",middleName:"Wijaya Setia",surname:"Wijaya Setia Ningrat",slug:"rusmana-wijaya-setia-ningrat",fullName:"Rusmana Wijaya Setia Ningrat",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Andalas University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"339759",title:"Mr.",name:"Abu",middleName:null,surname:"Macavoray",slug:"abu-macavoray",fullName:"Abu Macavoray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Njala University",country:{name:"Sierra Leone"}}},{id:"339758",title:"Prof.",name:"Benjamin",middleName:null,surname:"Emikpe",slug:"benjamin-emikpe",fullName:"Benjamin Emikpe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ibadan",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"339760",title:"Mr.",name:"Moinina Nelphson",middleName:null,surname:"Kallon",slug:"moinina-nelphson-kallon",fullName:"Moinina Nelphson Kallon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Njala University",country:{name:"Sierra Leone"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"17",type:"subseries",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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