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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3735",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Face Recognition",title:"Face Recognition",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book aims to bring together selected recent advances, applications and original results in the area of biometric face recognition. They can be useful for researchers, engineers, graduate and postgraduate students, experts in this area and hopefully also for people interested generally in computer science, security, machine learning and artificial intelligence.\r\nVarious methods, approaches and algorithms for recognition of human faces are used by authors of the chapters of this book, e.g. PCA, LDA, artificial neural networks, wavelets, curvelets, kernel methods, Gabor filters, active appearance models, 2D and 3D representations, optical correlation, hidden Markov models and others. Also a broad range of problems is covered: feature extraction and dimensionality reduction (chapters 1-4), 2D face recognition from the point of view of full system proposal (chapters 5-10), illumination and pose problems (chapters 11-13), eye movement (chapter 14), 3D face recognition (chapters 15-19) and hardware issues (chapters 19-20).",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-060-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4550-9",doi:"10.5772/207",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"face-recognition",numberOfPages:412,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:null,bookSignature:"Milos Oravec",publishedDate:"April 1st 2010",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3735.jpg",numberOfDownloads:69464,numberOfWosCitations:107,numberOfCrossrefCitations:64,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:6,numberOfDimensionsCitations:106,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:6,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:277,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:null,dateEndSecondStepPublish:null,dateEndThirdStepPublish:null,dateEndFourthStepPublish:null,dateEndFifthStepPublish:null,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"8419",title:"Prof.",name:"Miloš",middleName:null,surname:"Oravec",slug:"milos-oravec",fullName:"Miloš Oravec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/8419/images/4086_n.jpg",biography:"Milos ORAVEC was born in Bratislava, Slovakia. He received the MSc. degree in telecommunication engineering, PhD. degree in applied informatics, and prof. degree in cybernetics from Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Slovak University of Technology (FEI SUT), Bratislava, Slovakia in 1990, 2002, and 2014, respectively. He is the vice-dean responsible for MSc study. He is with the Institute of Computer Science and Mathematics of Slovak University of Technology, Slovakia. He spent several research stays abroad, e.g. RWTH Aachen, Germany, Politecnico di Torino, Italy, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.\nHe is the author of over 80 scientific papers. His work has been published also in several books, e.g. Selected Methods of data Compression (Faber, Bratislava, 1996), Neural Networks for Digital Signal Processing (Faber, Bratislava, 1998), awarded by Literature Foundation of Ministry of Culture of the Slovak Republic, the chapter in Speech, Audio, Image and Biomedical Signal Processing using Neural Networks (Springer Verlag, Germany, 2008), the chapter in Face Recognition (INTECH, Croatia, 2010). He also edited the book Face Recognition (INTECH, Croatia, 2010).\nHe is a member of IEEE and IET. His research interests include artificial intelligence, machine learning and neural networks, biometrics, data analysis and prediction, signal processing, and communication networks. He is active in Machine Learning Group on FEI SUT Bratislava.\nHe acts as the reviewer for several scientific journals, e.g. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology ISSN 0018-9545, IEE Proceedings on Science, Measurement and Technology ISSN 1751-8822, Sensors ISSN 1424-8220, Radioengineering (Czech Republic, ISSN 1210-2512), Journal of Electrical Engineering (Slovakia, ISSN 1335-3632), Acta Electrotechnica et Informatica (Slovakia, ISSN 1335-8243). He also acts as the editor for Central European Journal of Computer Science (CEJCS) .",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovakia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"571",title:"Security System",slug:"human-computer-interaction-security-system"}],chapters:[{id:"10199",title:"Feature Extraction and Representation for Face Recognition",doi:"10.5772/8936",slug:"feature-extraction-and-representation-for-face-recognition",totalDownloads:7711,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"M. Saquib Sarfraz, Olaf Hellwich and Zahid Riaz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10199",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10199",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10210",title:"An Extension of Principal Component Analysis",doi:"10.5772/8949",slug:"an-extension-of-principal-component-analysis",totalDownloads:2502,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hongchuan Yu and Jian J. Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10210",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10210",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10203",title:"Curvelet Based Feature Extraction",doi:"10.5772/8940",slug:"curvelet-based-feature-extraction",totalDownloads:6419,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tanaya Guha and Q. M. Jonathan Wu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10203",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10203",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10214",title:"COMPRESSIVE CLASSIFICATION FOR FACE RECOGNITION",doi:"10.5772/8953",slug:"compressive-classification-for-face-recognition",totalDownloads:3241,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Angshul Majumdar and Rabab K. Ward",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10214",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10214",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10211",title:"Pixel-Level Decisions based Robust Face Image Recognition",doi:"10.5772/8950",slug:"pixel-level-decisions-based-robust-face-image-recognition",totalDownloads:2329,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Alex Pappachen James",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10211",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10211",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10204",title:"Interest-Point based Face Recognition System",doi:"10.5772/8941",slug:"interest-point-based-face-recognition-system",totalDownloads:2978,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Cesar Fernandez and Maria Asuncion Vicente",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10204",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10204",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10213",title:"Wavelet–Based Face Recognition Schemes",doi:"10.5772/8952",slug:"wavelet-based-face-recognition-schemes",totalDownloads:2769,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sabah A. Jassim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10213",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10213",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10206",title:"Face Recognition in Ideal and Noisy Conditions Using Support Vector Machines, PCA and LDA",doi:"10.5772/8943",slug:"face-recognition-in-ideal-and-noisy-conditions-using-support-vector-machines-pca-and-lda",totalDownloads:3173,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Milos Oravec, Jan Mazanec, Jarmila Pavlovicova, Pavel Eiben and Fedor Lehocki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10206",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10206",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10207",title:"Pseudo 2D Hidden Markov Model and Neural Network Coefficients in Face Recognition",doi:"10.5772/8944",slug:"pseudo-2d-hidden-markov-model-and-neural-network-coefficients-in-face-recognition",totalDownloads:3125,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Domenico Daleno, Lucia Cariello, Marco Giannini and Giuseppe Mastronardi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10207",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10207",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10196",title:"VG-RAM Weightless Neural Networks for Face Recognition",doi:"10.5772/8933",slug:"vg-ram-weightless-neural-networks-for-face-recognition",totalDownloads:2893,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Alberto F. De Souza, Claudine Badue, Felipe Pedroni, Stiven Schwanz Dias, Hallysson Oliveira and Soterio Ferreira de Souza",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10196",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10196",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10200",title:"Illumination Processing in Face Recognition",doi:"10.5772/8937",slug:"illumination-processing-in-face-recognition",totalDownloads:5003,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yongping Li, Chao Wang and Xinyu Ao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10200",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10200",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10201",title:"From Gabor Magnitude to Gabor Phase Features: Tackling the Problem of Face Recognition under Severe Illumination Changes",doi:"10.5772/8938",slug:"from-gabor-magnitude-to-gabor-phase-features-tackling-the-problem-of-face-recognition-under-severe-i",totalDownloads:4422,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Vitomir Struc and Nikola Pavesic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10201",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10201",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10197",title:"Robust Face Alignment for Illumination and Pose Invariant Face Recognition",doi:"10.5772/8934",slug:"robust-face-alignment-for-illumination-and-pose-invariant-face-recognition",totalDownloads:2832,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Fatih Kahraman, Binnur Kurt and Muhittin Gokmen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10197",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10197",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10212",title:"Surface representations for 3D face recognition",doi:"10.5772/8951",slug:"surface-representations-for-3d-face-recognition",totalDownloads:3891,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Thomas Fabry, Dirk Smeets and Dirk Vandermeulen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10212",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10212",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10215",title:"An Integrative Approach to Face and Expression Recognition from 3D Scans",doi:"10.5772/8954",slug:"an-integrative-approach-to-face-and-expression-recognition-from-3d-scans",totalDownloads:1982,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Chao Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10215",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10215",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10205",title:"Template Protection For 3D Face Recognition",doi:"10.5772/8942",slug:"template-protection-for-3d-face-recognition",totalDownloads:3086,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The human face is one of the most important biometric modalities for automatic authentication. Three-dimensional face recognition exploits facial surface information. In comparison to illumination based 2D face recognition, it has good robustness and high fake resistance, so that it can be used in high security areas. Nevertheless, as in other common biometric systems, potential risks of identity theft, cross matching and exposure of privacy information threaten the security of the authentication system as well as the user\\\\\\'s privacy. As a crucial supplementary of biometrics, the template protection technique can prevent security leakages and protect privacy. In this chapter, we show security leakages in common biometric systems and give a detailed introduction on template protection techniques. Then the latest results of template protection techniques in 3D face recognition systems are presented. The recognition performances as well as the security gains are analyzed.",signatures:"Xuebing Zhou, Arjan Kuijper and Christoph Busch",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10205",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10205",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10209",title:"Geodesic Distances and Hidden Markov Models for the 3D Face Recognition",doi:"10.5772/8948",slug:"geodesic-distances-and-hidden-markov-models-for-the-3d-face-recognition",totalDownloads:2376,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Giuseppe Mastronardi, Lucia Cariello, Domenico Daleno and Marcello Castellano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/10209",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/10209",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"10198",title:"Understanding Correlation Techniques for Face Recognition: From Basics to Applications",doi:"10.5772/8935",slug:"understanding-correlation-techniques-for-face-recognition-from-basics-to-applications",totalDownloads:4442,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:35,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"A. Alfalou and C. 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The fabrication, study, and application of nanostructures are known as nanotechnology. The exhibition of novel physicochemical properties by the nanoscale materials has provided a unique opportunity for researchers to design and develop materials with applications in the diverse fields of science and technology. This has attracted attention towards nanoparticles (NPs) and their fabrication as compared to other sectors of NMs. Some of the nanomaterial productions have reached to the industrial scale due to the high demand for NMs in consumer products and their number is increasing at the moment with their developing applications. Ever-increasing demand for different NPs has generated the need for easy, safe, efficient, rapid, and eco-friendly procedures for their large-scale production.
Nanomaterials can be produced by two general approaches, i.e. top-down approach and bottom-up approach. Another classification includes different methods like physical, chemical, biological, and hybrid methods of nanoparticle production. The physical method requires an expensive setup, is high energy-consuming, and hazardous to health and the environment. Whereas chemical methods are highly efficient as compared to physical methods, but involve a toxic reducing agent, solvent, and stabilizing/capping agents. Recently, the biological method of nanoparticle production has attracted attention because of its ease, eco-friendly nature, high efficiency, and high yield. In this method, a biological agent or a biomolecule plays a significant role in the production of NMs [1]. Production of NMs by a biological method is a promising alternative for physical and chemical methods [2].
Among the different biological systems like bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, plants, protozoa, and animals, fungi have shown great potential for the production of NPs on large scale. Bacteria normally produced NPs intracellularly, where large-scale production and purification of NPs is complicated and expensive. Unlike bacteria, fungi produce NPs extracellularly and are easy to use and purify NPs for large-scale production [3]. Fungi are easy to handle, versatile, tolerant, and economical biological systems for industrial production of biotechnology products and have been used extensively in large-scale production of different metabolites. The tremendous ability of fungi in the secretion of proteins up to 100 g/L, metabolic diversity, and high production capacity have made them a unique option for industrial biotechnology for decades. Hence, filamentous fungi are the first choice, since they are capable of secreting a large amount of proteins and other metabolites extracellularly. Moreover, the fabrication of NPs by a fungal system is a green process [4]. Among the fungal sources,
Industrial biotechnology processes demonstrate a significant reduction of greenhouse gas emissions using renewable resources. The process is environment friendly and do not result in the accumulation of toxic compounds in the ecosystem. In industrial biotechnology, biomass input is used under the process of biological agents like metabolites and biomolecules to create a wide spectrum of products. There is a worldwide interest to enable the production of different NPs on biotechnological lines because of their eco-friendly nature, less energy-intensive, ease of execution, and ability to modify biological agents, and products [10].
In the present chapter, we are going to focus on the need for large-scale productions of NPs by biological methods in general and by
More than 6400 different biologically active substances have been reported from filamentous fungi which have potential bioactivities and different applications [11]. As these fungi have greater tolerance to high metal ion concentration and have the ability to internalize and bio accumulate metal ions they can be used for metal ion reduction and stabilization in nanomaterial synthesis [12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. A huge range of fungi is shown to have the ability to synthesize NPs. Out of which
Nanomaterial synthesized | Reference | |
---|---|---|
Silver | [18] | |
Silver | [19] | |
Silver | [20] | |
Silver | [21] | |
Silver | [22] | |
Silver | [23] | |
Silver | [24] | |
Silver | [25, 26] | |
Silver | [27, 28] | |
Silver | [14, 15] | |
Silver | [29] | |
Silver | [30] | |
Silver | [31, 32] | |
Silver | [33] | |
Silver | [34] | |
Silver | [35] | |
Silver | [36] | |
Silver | [37] | |
Silver | [17] | |
Silver | [38] | |
Silver | [39] | |
Silver | [40] | |
Silver | [41] | |
Silver | [42] | |
Silver | [43] | |
Silver | [44] | |
Silver and Gold | [45] | |
Gold | [46] | |
Gold | [47] | |
Gold | [48] | |
Gold | [49] | |
Gold | [50] | |
Gold | [51] | |
TiO2 | [52] | |
TiO2 | [53] | |
ZnO | [54] | |
ZnO | [55, 56] | |
FeCl3 | [57] | |
Ca3P2O8 | [58] | |
Hg | [59] | |
CuO | [60] | |
CuO | [60] | |
Fennell AUMC 13012 | CuO | [60] |
CuO | [60] | |
CuO | [60] | |
CuO | [60] |
Various
The cell-free extracts of
All these various types of NPs synthesized using different isolates and strains of
The green chemistry approach highlights the usage of microorganisms which offers a cheaper, lighter, reliable, nontoxic, and eco-friendly process [68, 69]. Fungi secrete a higher amount of proteins owing to significantly higher productivity of NPs [70] which effectively proved a potential source for the extracellular synthesis of different NPs without using harmful toxic chemicals. The advantages made fungi more suitable for large-scale production and easy downstream processing, also economic [70, 71]. Besides, enzyme nitrate reductase is found to be responsible for the synthesis of NPs in fungi [68, 69]. Biofabrication of NPs using fungi (eukaryotic organism) has several advantages over the prokaryotic mediated approach for reproducibility of nanosized materials. Also include ease to multiplication, grow, handling, and rest of downstream process for this top-down approach of nanobiosynthesis through nano factories [72, 73]. Tarafdar et al., [74] observed rapid, low cost, and eco-friendly iron nanoparticle fabrication by using the fungi
Zielonka et al., [75] demonstrated fungi are almost ideal biocatalysts for NPs biosynthesis. In contrast to bacteria, as they are well-known for producing greater amounts of biologically active substances that make the fungus more appropriate for large-scale production [31, 32]. Moreover, fungal biomass can resist flow pressure, agitation, and harsh conditions in chambers such as bioreactors. Also, they exude extracellular reductive proteins which can be used in subsequent process steps. However, the fungal cell is deprived of unessential cellular components since NPs are accelerated outside the cell and can be immediately used in manifold ways without pre-treatment [76]. There are a large number of fungi, which can efficiently synthesize silver NPs, such as
Here we highlighted the advantages of NMs produced by using
Advantages of nanoparticles produced by
AgNPs released silver ions in the fungal cell, which increased its antifungal function. AgNPs synthesized by using
El-Desouky et al., [79] demonstrated the synthesis AgNPs by an eco-friendly and low-cost method using the fungi
It is well-identified that biological systems can fabricate the number of metallic and non-metallic nanoparticles. Synthesis of nanoparticles can be achieved at low cost by biological system especially from the fungal system at low pH, temperature, and salt concentration. Various studies have been proved that fungus-like
Even though, various studies have been initiated to understand the mechanism for the synthesis of nanoparticles from
Possible mechanism for the biosynthesis of Co3O4 nanoparticles in
The numerous NMs have been synthesized by
Graphical representation of different applications of NMs synthesized using
NMs synthesized by
In recent years, the nanotechnological advances in the field of agriculture have been increasing as the application of various NMs in the development of nano-based products like nanofertilizers for increasing crop yield and soil improvement, for plant growth promotion, nanopesticides, nanofungicides, nanoencapsulation for slow release of agrochemicals, and more in which NMs plays a vital role. The application of NPs as agrochemicals has become more common as technological advances make their production more economical for employment in the agriculture sector. For the potential application of NPs in plant disease control primarily included the information about the antimicrobial activity of different nano-size compounds against phytopathogens and the development of better application strategies to enhance the efficacy of disease suppression [100]. The antimicrobial activity of
Nanoformulations of copper-chitosan (Cu/Ch) has been prepared as an antifungal agent against
The application of NMs in the food security and animal industry is attending the great interest of the scientific community in recent years. Food security is usually the preparation, treatment, and storage of food products in which the food-borne pathogens or illness will not going to cause any damage or spoilage to the product [96, 97, 111]. Food insecurity, like illegal additives, pathogens, pesticide residues, allergens, and other unsafe factors, those are not only seriously affects human health, but also limit the rapid development of food industries to a certain extent [112, 113, 114]. The identification and quantitative analysis of bacteria is a very important and crucial issue in food safety. Conventional practices require long culture time, highly skilled operators, or specific recognition elements of each type of bacteria [113]. For this purpose, the analytical methods or equipments that meet the requirement of modern detection of various hazardous substances present in the foods for example packaging materials, sensors, and food containers coated with NPs are develop using NMs. The novel nano-based food packaging materials have the unique characteristics involving oxygen scavengers, antimicrobial potential, and barriers to gas or moisture, and many other. In view of these multiple benefits of nanopackaging, its application in the pathogens detection, antimicrobials, allergens and contaminants, UV-protecting activity, high gas barrier plastics, etc. are some important areas of research [115]. The use of such NMs in food packaging enhances the shelf life of food devoid of undesirable alteration in its quality.
The application of smart packaging systems has increased tremendously in animal industries the muscle-based food products such as meat, chicken, etc. that are prone to contamination. The packaging of meat and muscle products suppress the spoilage, enhance the tenderness by allowing enzymatic activity, avoid contamination, retain the cherry red color in red meats and reduce the loss in its weight [116]. Plastic food packaging is one of the most important areas of research that employ nanotechnology to make stronger and lighter packaging materials and also enhances its performance. Besides this, NMs with strong antimicrobial properties such as Ag and TiO2 NPs could be used in the packaging of foods to prevent spoilage [117]. Additionally, the application of NPs of clay in food packaging helps to control the entry of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and moisture towards food materials, thus preventing food spoilage.
Nowadays, more researchers have been paying attention to the development of nanosensors, which are being added in plastic packaging to spot the gases released from spoiled food. In the food spoilage or contamination condition, the packaging material will alert the consumer by detecting toxins, microbial contamination, and pesticides in food products, based on flavor production and color changing [118]. Moreover, plastic films entrenched with silicate NPs are being developed to maintain food fresh for a longer period. In this case, NPs play a vital role in dropping the oxygen flow and also facilitate to impede the moisture seeping out from the package. In animal industries,
In medicine and pharmacy, NMs have been successfully applied due to their high surface area that is able to adsorbed or conjugate with an extensive variety of therapeutic and diagnostic agents such as drugs, vaccines, genes, antibodies, and biosensors. In recent years, antibiotic resistance is an emerging major global health problem and novel antimicrobial formulations are essentially needed to fight against these drug-resistant microbes, therefore nano-based medicine as antimicrobial agents have gained considerable attention in the field of microbial drug resistance [119, 120]. Hence, the NPs synthesized by Mousa et al., [119] using the endophytic fungus
There are several reports on the synthesis and antimicrobial applications of
NMs offer a unique platform for the purification of water contaminated with pollutants namely organics, metal ions, biological contaminants, and arsenic from the water because of the high surface area of nanosorbents and their ability of chemical modification as well as easier regeneration [127, 128, 129, 130]. Chatterjee et al., [91] reported the synthesis of superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (IONPs) (Fe3O4) of 20-40 nm size by manglicolous (mangrove) fungus
In another study, the Au NPs was synthesized by
Other than this, nowadays NMs could be applied in antimicrobial surface coatings, environmental sensing, renewable energy, and many other environmental applications.
Assessment of toxicity of synthesized NPs is the critical step for ensuring their safe and sustainable applications. Hence, toxicity evaluation of all the newly synthesized nanoparticle must be considered before their industrial applications. As far as the comparison of biosynthesized NPs with NMs synthesized by other methods especially the chemical method is concerned, the biosynthesized NPs seems to be biocompatible [133]. For instance, the green synthesized NPs were found to enhance the plant seedling growth, yield and quality, suggesting the biocompatibility of biosynthesized NPs as compared to the chemical synthesis NPs [134]. In contrast, few studies have shown the toxicity of biosynthesized or green synthesized NPs. Sulaiman et al., [135] have synthesized silver NPs (AgNPs) by using
Mechanism of cytotoxicity of mycosynthesized nanoparticles.
Considering all of these observations from various studies it is suggested that before the actual application of any biosynthesized nanoparticle there is a need to undertake the toxicity studies and then make their use at biocompatible dose. For example,
Nanomaterials as the structures fabricated in the nanoscale have gained increasing attention for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes especially for those produced in a green safe approach by using fungi and other microorganisms. Among fungal species successfully used for this purpose, members of the genus Aspergillus are in the first line of investigation because of their huge diversity and capability to grow in abundance in laboratory conditions. Although there are many reports on the synthesis and biological activities of nanomaterials of different origins by fungi, little has been documented about important disciplines such as their mode of action and applications in medicine and industry. This chapter has highlighted the diversity of
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Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"90",type:"subseries",title:"Human Development",keywords:"Neuroscientific research, Brain functions, Human development, UN’s human development index, Self-awareness, Self-development",scope:"