IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
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By listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
All three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n
"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
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"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
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In conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n
“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\n
We invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\n
Feel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\n
By listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
All three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n
"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n
"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\n
In conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n
“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\n
We invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\n
Feel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10773",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Fatigue and Fracture Testing and Modelling",title:"Advances in Fatigue and Fracture Testing and Modelling",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Advances in Fatigue and Fracture Testing and Modelling explores various aspects related to fatigue and fracture in metallic and non-metallic materials in terms of mechanical testing and numerical modelling. The book provides results of research work conducted by experts worldwide. It discusses fatigue failure of materials and presents possible numerical solutions. It also presents predictive models and finite element (FE) activities to illustrate the behaviour of materials in real-life conditions.",isbn:"978-1-83969-555-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-554-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-556-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94796",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"advances-in-fatigue-and-fracture-testing-and-modelling",numberOfPages:118,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"22eb4fe235e1d5d074c3ad7643f8a567",bookSignature:"Zak Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10773.jpg",numberOfDownloads:497,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 19th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 19th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 18th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 6th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 5th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201670/images/system/201670.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Zakaria Abdallah is the principal and a lead academic of fracture and fatigue in the Steel and Metals Institute, Swansea University, Wales. His role there involves in-house manufacturing (i.e., casting) of steel as well as testing its mechanical properties and fracture characteristics under various conditions. Dr. Abdallah has also worked at the Rolls-Royce University Technology Centre, Swansea University, where he was involved in the research and development of high-temperature alloys utilised in aero-engines. The power gearbox in the Rolls-Royce Ultrafan aero-engine is one of the major projects on which Dr. Abdallah has been working for several years. He has worked as a consultant for various industries in the United Kingdom, such as Airbus, TIMET, ETD, Rolls-Royce, within Swansea Materials Research and Testing (SMaRT) Ltd. Dr. Abdallah leads or has led, several modules at Swansea University. He also supervises several students working on various projects related to steel and metal alloys as well as the fatigue performance and life predictions of metallic structures. Dr. Abdallah has numerous journal publications, books, and international conferences to his credit. His research interests include steel and metals, composite materials, materials characterisation, creep and fatigue, life predictions of materials, thermo-mechanical testing, heat treatment, powder metallurgy, and diffusion bonding and brazing.",institutionString:"Swansea University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Swansea University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"274462",title:"Dr.",name:"Nada",middleName:null,surname:"Aldoumani",slug:"nada-aldoumani",fullName:"Nada Aldoumani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274462/images/system/274462.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Aldoumani is the director of Innovative Technologies & Engineering Consultancy House (ITECH) Ltd., a registered business in the United Kingdom with headquarters in London. She provides services in metallic and composite structures in the field of uncertainty quantification and mechanical properties. In her business, Dr. Aldoumani is enhancing her consultancy expertise by providing services to customers worldwide. This includes finite element (FE) modelling and engineering solutions for newly designed products with the aid of uncertainty quantification and problem-solving. Dr. Aldoumani was a fellow researcher at Swansea University, Wales, with a structural engineering background. She is an expert in composite materials for structural applications, finite element (FE) modelling, and ANSYS, PDL, ACP, and MATLAB coding. Dr. Aldoumani is also a pioneer in uncertainty quantification in composite structures and adhesively bonded materials, particularly those employed in the aerospace industry. During her career, Dr. Aldoumani developed a novel approach that automates ANSYS through an in-house MATLAB code that is capable of running thousands of trials to obtain probabilistic Gaussian distributions. Her work is now published in internationally recognised and peer-reviewed journals.",institutionString:"Innovative Technologies & Engineering Consultancy House (ITECH) Ltd.",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Swansea University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"817",title:"Material Engineering",slug:"material-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"77870",title:"Advances in Fatigue Prediction Techniques",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99361",slug:"advances-in-fatigue-prediction-techniques",totalDownloads:93,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Fatigue is the prevalent mode of failure in engineering components made from metals. It occurs when the component is undergone fluctuating stresses. It leads to failure in metal structures because of damage accumulation. Therefore fatigue analysis of these structures is vital to ensure service reliability during the real operation. Among various simulation tools available to determine the fatigue life and mechanical behavior of metals and metallic components, the Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Method (CPFEM) has gained wide attention to analyze the microstructural attributes. Owing to the versatility of CPFEM in analyzing the fatigue properties of various metals and alloys, this chapter is aimed to examine and document the state-of-the-art research outcomes linked to fatigue behavior using CPFEM tool. The CPFEM is expected to accelerate the research progress to discover novel metals and alloys with better fatigue properties. For structural welds, estimating fatigue life depends on the material characteristics, object geometry, and applied loads. An in-depth analysis of stress concentrations across the affected areas of welds is vital for calculating fatigue response.",signatures:"Sachin Kumar and Vidit Gaur",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77870",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77870",authors:[{id:"418307",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Vidit",surname:"Gaur",slug:"vidit-gaur",fullName:"Vidit Gaur"},{id:"418832",title:"Dr.",name:"Sachin",surname:"Kumar",slug:"sachin-kumar",fullName:"Sachin Kumar"}],corrections:null},{id:"78602",title:"Failure Modes in Fiber Reinforced Composites and Fracture Toughness Testing of FRP",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99268",slug:"failure-modes-in-fiber-reinforced-composites-and-fracture-toughness-testing-of-frp",totalDownloads:73,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this paper, interlaminar fracture behavior of woven-fabric-reinforced glass/epoxy composites has been investigated experimentally and numerically. The mechanical properties of this composite were studied and Mode I (Tensile Opening) DCB (Double Cantilever Beam) tests were performed on Fiber Reinforced Composite (FRP) specimens to determine the delaminating resistance of composite laminates used for structural applications. Techniques for measuring the interlaminar fracture toughness, KIC data of woven-fabric-reinforced glass/epoxy composite materials, are highlighted under the consideration of ASTM Standard D5528–01 and test methods ISO 15024, DIN EN ISO 75-1 and DIN EN ISO 75-3. The obtained test results were apparently consistent with the assumptions of the CCM (Compliance Calibration Method) that was used to obtain the interlaminar critical SERR (strain energy release rate), GIC. Finite element analysis was conducted to validate the closed form solution. The use of obtained mechanical properties data in finite element analyses utilizing fracture mechanics are examined. Results show a good agreement between experimental and numerical solutions.",signatures:"Evren Meltem Toygar and Ahmet Gulakman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78602",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78602",authors:[{id:"145396",title:"Prof.",name:"Evren",surname:"Meltem Toygar",slug:"evren-meltem-toygar",fullName:"Evren Meltem Toygar"},{id:"426932",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmet",surname:"Gulakman",slug:"ahmet-gulakman",fullName:"Ahmet Gulakman"}],corrections:null},{id:"77541",title:"A Probabilistic Approach in Fuselage Damage Analysis via Boundary Element Method",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98982",slug:"a-probabilistic-approach-in-fuselage-damage-analysis-em-via-em-boundary-element-method",totalDownloads:93,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents a new alternative approach to the analysis of the fatigue life of aircraft fuselage parts considering the compliance of internal elements to replace the classical model of critical crack size. In this case, from a global–local analysis using the boundary element method (BEM), induced stresses at a macro model, and their effects on micro models are evaluated. The BEM enables efficient simulations of the propagation of initial defects to assess the damage tolerance. For this purpose, computational techniques were developed that allowed evaluating these models, through a probabilistic treatment to assess damage tolerance and fatigue life. Finally, this technique is shown as an alternative to ensure the integrity and proper operation of fuselage panels avoiding reaching a Limit State during its projected lifespan.",signatures:"Gilberto Gomes, Thiago Oliveira and Francisco Evangelista Jr",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77541",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77541",authors:[{id:"304992",title:"D.Sc.",name:"Gilberto",surname:"Gomes",slug:"gilberto-gomes",fullName:"Gilberto Gomes"},{id:"353205",title:"MSc.",name:"Thiago",surname:"Oliveira",slug:"thiago-oliveira",fullName:"Thiago Oliveira"},{id:"414494",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Evangelista Jr.",slug:"francisco-evangelista-jr.",fullName:"Francisco Evangelista Jr."}],corrections:null},{id:"78093",title:"Combination of Numerical, Experimental and Digital Image Correlation for Mechanical Characterization of Al2O3/β-TCP Based on CDM Criterion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99357",slug:"combination-of-numerical-experimental-and-digital-image-correlation-for-mechanical-characterization-",totalDownloads:65,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cracks in engineering materials and structures can undergo different modes of deformation. This chapter presents a numerical and experimental approaches aimed to assess the fracture toughness and the Fracture behavior under tensile and shear loading of bioceramics based on commercial Alumina (Al2O3), synthesized Tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). Conditioning was conducted at different percentages of TCP. After a sintering process at 1600°C for 1 hour, The Crack Straight Through Brazilian Disc were performed by image correlation during a mechanical test and numerical tests were carried out in order to find the angle where the pure mode II. A CDM based constitutive model was selected and implemented into a finite element code to study the damage of our bioceramics. The result of this combination was compared with the direction of crack propagation obtained experimentally. The directions of crack propagation found numerically were found in good agreement with those experimentally obtained by a mechanical test. Alumina-10 wt.% Tricalcium phosphate composites displayed the highest values of the fracture toughness. This value reached 8.76 MPa m1/2 MPa. The same optimal composition for the mode I and mode II stress intensity factor with maximum values of 7.6 MPa m1/2 and 8.45 MPa m1/2 respectively.",signatures:"Barkallah Rachida, Rym Taktak, Noamen Guermazi, Fahmi Zaïri and Jamel Bouaziz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78093",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78093",authors:[{id:"179225",title:"Prof.",name:"Jamel",surname:"Bouaziz",slug:"jamel-bouaziz",fullName:"Jamel Bouaziz"},{id:"350091",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Barkallah",surname:"Rachida",slug:"barkallah-rachida",fullName:"Barkallah Rachida"},{id:"354801",title:"Dr.",name:"Rym",surname:"Taktak",slug:"rym-taktak",fullName:"Rym Taktak"},{id:"354803",title:"Dr.",name:"Noamen",surname:"Guermazi",slug:"noamen-guermazi",fullName:"Noamen Guermazi"}],corrections:null},{id:"77394",title:"XEFGM Fracture Analysis of Functionally Graded Materials under Mixed Mode and Asymmetric Loading",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98765",slug:"xefgm-fracture-analysis-of-functionally-graded-materials-under-mixed-mode-and-asymmetric-loading",totalDownloads:66,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This research describes crack analysis in the functionally graded materials (FGMs) by adopting the extended element free Galerkin method (XEFGM) under mixed mode and asymmetric loading. These loads are somewhat similar to fatigue loads because, numerically, they are load values from zero and then directly to the critical load. The meshfree method can be easily simulated the fracture problems against the traditional numerical method because it is not dependent on mesh. Triangles technique in the process of numerical integration at regions of discontinuity, functions of enrichment, and as well as the appropriate support field to contain numerical points and nodes to from the shape functions are used in this study. In addition, incompatible interaction integration technique has used to determine the stress intensity factors (SIFs). Two study cases with different crack positions were studied and compared with the experimental works of the relevant reference literature, where accurate and identical results were obtained.",signatures:"Nathera A. Saleh and Haider Khazal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77394",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77394",authors:[{id:"287253",title:"Dr.",name:"Haider",surname:"Khazal",slug:"haider-khazal",fullName:"Haider Khazal"},{id:"295831",title:"Dr.",name:"Nathera",surname:"A. Saleh",slug:"nathera-a.-saleh",fullName:"Nathera A. Saleh"}],corrections:null},{id:"77802",title:"Determining the Characteristics of Acoustic Emission in the Fatigue Crack Growth of Aluminum Alloy 2025 for Online Structural Monitoring",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99360",slug:"determining-the-characteristics-of-acoustic-emission-in-the-fatigue-crack-growth-of-aluminum-alloy-2",totalDownloads:107,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the use of metals, due to industrial advances and the application of more dynamic loads, it is necessary to pay more attention to the fatigue issue. Non-destructive inspection methods are used to condition and health monitoring of structures at the time of production and even during the service life of parts. Among non-destructive methods, the acoustic emission method has become a standard and reliable method in recent years. In this project, the characteristics of acoustic emission in the fatigue crack growth of aluminum alloy 2025 for online structural monitoring have been investigated and determined. Acoustic emission tests have been performed in two parts: bending fatigue test with the aim of initiation of fatigue cracks in aluminum alloy 2025 specimens and following tensile tests with the aim of growth of fatigue cracks. The acoustic emission signals and parameters sent by the acoustic emission sensor during both tests were received and recorded by the acoustic emission software. According to the received acoustic emission information, various diagrams are plotted. Analyzing the results from online acoustic emission monitoring showed, the acoustic emission method can be considered as a suitable and reliable technique for detecting crack initiation and crack growth in aluminum alloy 2025.",signatures:"Javad Sharifi Ghaderi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77802",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77802",authors:[{id:"352047",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Javad",surname:"Sharifi Ghaderi",slug:"javad-sharifi-ghaderi",fullName:"Javad Sharifi Ghaderi"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5271",title:"Advances in Tribology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cef4274b28d575de81e692b8d88b750d",slug:"advances-in-tribology",bookSignature:"Pranav H. 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1. Introduction
Gene therapy, defined as the delivery of specific genes to a target cell to treat a disorder, is a promising molecular technology that has quickly become a prominent area of research. Clinical disorders that could be treated using gene therapy include severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), haemophilia, retinitis pigmentosa, diabetes, and various types of cancers [1, 2, 3]. With our increasing understanding of gene function and interactions, as well as the greater availability of genome sequencing, our knowledge of how DNA sequences can be used to treat or cure diseases caused by genetic dysfunction has developed greatly.
The delivery of specific genetic material into a host cell requires the use of a vector, or vehicle, for the transfer of a transgene to a specific cell type, by either viral or non-viral means. Techniques for the delivery of non-viral vectors include electroporation, lipofection, and microRNA, which are all useful gene therapy methods as they carry decreased biological risk, offer reduced immunogenicity, and cost less in both money and time to produce when compared to viral vectors [4]. However, the ability of a non-viral vector to enter a cell by transfection is not as efficient as viral vectors, accordingly, research over past decades has been more focused on the use of viral vectors and this is the focus of this review [5].
Common viruses that have been used as vectors include adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, retrovirus, and lentivirus [6, 7, 8, 9]. While there have been limitations associated with the use of these viruses, further research, and enhancements in their construction will likely permit their use in a clinical setting. In fact, there are currently several clinical trials using viral vectors in gene therapy for various conditions worldwide [10]. The successful use of viral vectors in late-stage clinical trials and laboratory settings has facilitated growing investment from venture-capital firms and increasing acquisitions of gene therapy start-ups from pharmaceutical companies [11]. The increasing focus on, and investment in viral vectors in gene therapy is a very promising sign for their future use.
This chapter provides a summary of different viral vectors currently being investigated for use in gene therapy. It also provides a review of the different clinical applications of these viral vectors and addresses the advantages and limitations of their use. Successes observed using these vectors and the limitations that this area is currently facing are also discussed.
2. Viral vectors
Viruses have evolved structural characteristics that allow them to efficiently enter a host cell and replicate effectively [12]. We are positioned to exploit these features to produce safe vectors for clinical use, while still maintaining the ability of a virus, carrying a transgene, to enter a host cell. This offers tremendous potential for very impactful therapies for a range of diseases. A viral vector is broadly made-up of three different components, which will vary depending on the type of virus from which it is derived [13]. These essential components include an envelope, the desired transgene (which is encapsulated by the envelope), and a regulatory cassette consisting of a group of genes that control the expression of the transgene. The incorporation of all of these components to form a vector system is outlined in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Production of viral vectors for both in-vivo and in-vitro applications. Plasmid number and packaging cells may differ depending on the type of viral vector being produced. Image created with BioRender (Biorender.com).
Viral vectors have been used in clinical trials over the past four decades with various levels of success. In 1999, a clinical trial participant died after receiving an adenoviral vector to treat partial ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency. The patient suffered a systemic pro-inflammatory response, causing multiple organ system failures [14]. In another clinical trial, success was observed when a patient with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID X1) was treated by retrovirus-mediated gene transfer to CD34 bone marrow cells [15]. However, in other patients in the trial, this treatment triggered the development of leukaemia [16]. These negative outcomes reduced both funding and confidence in gene therapy, especially adenoviral and retroviral-based vector systems. Despite this, research has continued to better understand the safety and efficacy of viral vectors to make them a viable clinical option. The viral vectors that have been most intensively researched are retroviral, adenoviral, adeno-associated, and lentiviral vectors.
2.1 Retroviral vectors
Retroviruses possess two copies of single-stranded RNA, coding for the viral proteins; group antigens (gag), DNA polymerase (pol), and the viral envelope (env). The RNA strands are encapsulated by a glycoprotein envelope which allows this virus to enter a target cell. Once internalised, the viral genome integrates within the host DNA, forming a provirus [8]. Viral proteins are then able to be transcribed and translated, after which they exit the cell. Due to their ability to effectively enter a target cell, retroviral vectors are one of the most widely used viral vectors in gene therapy. Retroviral vectors are developed from a disabled murine virus and can only transduce dividing cells [17]. Retroviral vectors have been beneficial in gene therapy as they can integrate into the host cell genome, allowing for sustained gene expression. However, the production of viral proteins poses the risk of insertional mutagenesis occurring, potentially leading to tumour development. This was evident in 2003 when this type of vector was used in a clinical trial for the treatment of (SCID)-X1 disease in which four participants developed leukaemia 3 years after treatment [16]. This was due to the activation of a cellular oncogene during retroviral-vector integration. This raised concerns surrounding the biosafety of this vector and caused a re-evaluation of the use of retroviral vectors in gene therapy, thereby shifting the focus to alternative viral vector systems.
2.2 Adenoviral vectors
Adenoviruses are non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses which are members of the Adenoviridae family [18]. There are at least 47 human adenovirus types, which commonly cause conjunctival and respiratory diseases [6]. Human adenoviruses are ubiquitous in the environment; therefore most people will have immunity to the virus. Infection is usually only mild, but in immunosuppressed individuals, it can be severe. Unlike retroviral vectors, adenoviral vectors can transfer genes to both dividing and non-dividing cells and possess a relatively large cassette capacity (8 kB). They can also be produced in high titres and deliver genes at a high multiplicity of infection [17, 19]. Due to these properties, they have been one of the most common viral vectors used in in-vivo experiments and for gene therapy clinical trials. However, adenoviral vectors can elicit a strong inflammatory response due to past exposures generating immunological memory, which can significantly limit their clinical applicability [20]. Additionally, adenoviral vectors cannot integrate into the chromosome of the host, which means the expression of the transgene is episomal and therefore transient. Because of this limitation, adenoviral vectors are not commonly used for disorders that require sustained gene expression but are more frequently used to produce short-term gene expression. For example, adenoviral vectors have applications in cancer research to deliver a suicide gene to kill tumour cells [21].
2.3 Adeno-associated viral vectors
Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are small, non-enveloped virions containing single-stranded DNA molecules. These viruses are members of the Dependovirus genus because they require co-infection with other viruses, and can transduce both dividing and non-dividing cells with long-term expression [22]. Adeno-associated viruses express the viral genes rep (replication), cap (capsid), and aap (assembly) viral genes, but these are removed when developing the AAV vectors, thereby, improving their safety profile [23]. The ability of AAV to enter a host cell and generate recombinant AAV molecules without the aid of viral proteins is a key component favouring their use and distinguishes them from other vector systems. The limited risk of the virus to cause disease and/or adverse events is the main reason why AAV has become an increasingly popular choice over recent decades. The site-specific nature of their integration further increases their safety profile as it limits potential oncogenic consequences. However, these vectors have a limited gene cargo capacity (4.8 kB), and many people have pre-existing antibodies against the variants of AAV, which may have an impact on gene transfer and expression levels [7]. Some serotypes of AAV are unable to reach expression levels high enough to be effective therapeutically, and this is a limitation that needs to be overcome for AAV to be utilised widely for clinical applications.
2.4 Lentiviral vectors
Lentiviruses are RNA viruses that are members of the Retroviridae family. Infection with lentiviruses can lead to many types of diseases, including neurological disorders, arthritis, and immunodeficiency. Lentiviruses have glycoproteins on their surface allowing them to gain entry into a variety of cell types [24]. Like retroviral vectors, they possess the viral genes gag, pol, and env, which allow survival and replication of the lentivirus, as well as the tat and rev genes, which enhance gene transcription and spread of the virus [25]. Being quite a virulent pathogen, fears of a replication-competent vector forming through the use of lentiviral vectors has reduced their applications in the past.
Lentiviral vectors can transduce both dividing and non-dividing cells, thereby making them an ideal choice for a range of gene delivery applications. Additionally, the lentiviral vectors do not elicit a strong immune response, therefore, these are a favourable option for clinical application. These vectors allow for long-term transgene expression as they integrate into the host genome, and insertion is less likely to occur in close proximity to proto-oncogenes, therefore, limiting the risk of insertional mutagenesis [26]. Most lentiviral vectors have been developed from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which has led to some biosafety concerns.
To improve the safety profile of lentiviral vectors, the second-generation vectors have one packaging plasmid which encodes the gag, pol, rev, and tat genes, and the additional accessory virulence factors have been removed. Although the deletion of accessory factors represents a significant improvement to the original vector system, there is still a risk for the generation of a recombinant virus. To combat this, in the third-generation lentiviral vectors the packaging plasmid has been split further, with the gag and pol genes contained in one packaging plasmid, rev in another, and env in a third plasmid [27, 28]. By doing this, the chances of a recombinant virus forming are extremely low. The third-generation vectors are also self-inactivating due to deletions in the 3’LTR in the vector plasmid, thereby, preventing continuous virus replication. The use of a third-generation, self-inactivating lentiviral vector, as opposed to the second-generation vectors, significantly reduces the biosafety risk of viral replication and development of HIV through the removal of the long terminal repeat promoter [9].
3. Applications and clinical use of viral vectors
Over the past four decades, the number of clinical trials using viral vectors for gene therapy has grown significantly. Throughout this time, there have been many significant discoveries, as well as many setbacks. Despite these early obstacles, intensive research in this area has continued, and these efforts have led to the approval of many viral vector-based therapies, with many others currently undergoing late-stage clinical trials [10]. These therapies are predominately focused on treating different cancers, as well as a smaller number focused on the treatment of monogenic, cardiovascular, and infectious diseases. Over the past two decades, over 20 viral vector-based therapies have been approved, 7 of which are adenoviral, adeno-associated, and lentiviral vector-based therapies [29].
3.1 Approved viral-vector therapies
In the early 1990s, an adenoviral vector was approved for use in clinical trials, representing one of the first viral vectors to achieve such approval [30]. Since then, some adenoviral vectors have been approved for widespread use. ‘Gendicine’ was the first approved viral vector technology, and was approved in 2003 by the China Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma [31]. Gendicine is a recombinant adenovirus that expresses the tumour-suppressing protein, p53. As of 2020, 30,000 patients had been treated with Gendicine with significantly higher patient response rates observed when it was used in conjunction with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and other conventional treatments. The clinical outcomes incorporating this viral system with traditional treatments were more efficacious than the use of traditional treatments alone [32]. Many cancerous tumours occur as a result of mutations to the p53 gene, therefore many clinical studies are currently in progress and the use of Gendicine is becoming increasingly widespread for the treatment of other types of cancers, including breast, liver, pancreas, and colorectal cancers [32]. Another adenoviral vector-based therapy, called Oncorine, was approved by the Chinese FDA in 2005 [33]. Oncorine is used to treat late-stage refractory nasopharyngeal cancer and has been very successful when used in conjunction with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Due to a deletion in the E2B 55K regions, the vector can only infect and replicate in p53 deficient cells, leading to oncolysis of these cells [34].
The AAV vectors have not been intensively researched for as long as the adenoviral vectors, however, they have been extremely successful since their discovery in the 1960s [35]. There have been three AAV vector-based treatments approved, with two of them remaining on the market. Glybera is an AAV vector-based therapy, which was approved by the European Medical Agency in 2012. Glybera delivers lipoprotein lipase to patients who have lipoprotein lipase deficiency [36]. Although this treatment was able to effectively treat the disease, it was not economically viable to maintain it on the market because the incidence of this disorder is one in one million, and consequently it was discontinued in 2017 [37]. Luxturna is another AAV vector therapy that was granted approval by the FDA in the United States in 2017 [38]. It is prescribed for patients with an inherited retinal disease called Lebers congenital amaurosis, which causes progressive blindness. Luxturna is also a very expensive treatment ($425,000 per eye). However, because more people are affected by Lebers congenital amaurosis, the product has remained on the market [39]. Another AAV vector treatment that has been successful, despite being very expensive, is Zolgensma, which is used to treat patients with spinal muscular atrophy. The therapy works by delivering a motor neuron survival transgene to replace the non-functional gene in patients. It was approved in 2019 by the FDA and has seen patients improve to a point where they can walk unsupported, which had not been possible before the advent of this treatment [40].
Similar to AAV vectors, lentiviral vectors have not been researched for as long as other vector systems, but from the time of their first use in clinical trials in 2003 they have been very successful [41]. Kymriah was approved by the FDA in 2017 for the treatment of paediatric relapsed B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia [42]. Kymriah was the first lentiviral vector-based gene therapy treatment and the first chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell immunotherapy. This type of cancer therapy allows the genetic engineering of a patient’s own T cells ex-vivo to enable them to recognise and eliminate CD19-positive cells. This has been an extremely successful treatment, with patients with lymphoblastic leukaemia achieving remission for a significant amount of time after treatment [43]. Yescarta is another lentiviral vector technology that uses CAR T cell immunotherapy to treat adults with relapsed B cell lymphoma [44]. Yescarta was approved by the FDA in 2017 and has been very effective in treating this disorder.
3.2 Viral vector therapies in clinical trials
There have been over 3000 approved, ongoing, or completed clinical trials involving the use of viral vectors for gene therapy in the past four decades [45]. The range of disorders being researched for treatment development has expanded with continued research success in the area of gene therapy. Clinical trials of gene therapy for many different types of cancers are currently in progress, including head and neck, lung, ovarian, breast, prostate, hepatocellular carcinoma, and melanoma. A number of monogenic diseases have also been investigated, including SCID-X1, ADA-SCID, mucopolysaccharidosis, and Fanconi anaemia, as well as infectious diseases such as HIV and most recently, COVID-19 [45]. Retroviral, adenoviral, adeno-associated, and lentiviral vectors make up over half of the 3000 clinical trials and as stated above have translated into approved therapeutic treatments that have become available on the market. Looking at the trends in the current clinical trial data, much can be deduced regarding the direction of the future of viral vector-based gene therapy (Figure 2).
Figure 2.
In-vivo and ex-vivo clinical trials conducted from 1989 to 2021 involving retroviral, adenoviral, adeno-associated, and lentiviral vectors (a–d respectively). Data source from Wiley database on Gene Therapy Trials Worldwide. Available from: http://www.abedia.com/wiley/vectors.php.
During the 1990s, retroviral vectors were the most common viral vector used in clinical trials for several disorders, including different cancer types, monogenic diseases, and HIV (Figure 2a). Despite being the most popular choice of viral vector 30 years ago, the use of retroviral vectors has been steadily declining. This phenomenon is most likely attributed to its inability to be used in non-dividing cells and a significant risk of insertional oncogenesis, leading to cancerous cell formation [15]. Despite the completion of 536 clinical trials using a retroviral vector, this has not resulted in any retroviral vector-based gene therapy being currently available on the market [45]. One treatment, called Strimvelis, was on the market but has since been removed. Strimvelis was approved by the European Medicines Agency in 2016 as a treatment for ADA-SCID using a retroviral vector to deliver adenosine to a patient’s cells by ex-vivo delivery [46]. However, the development of leukaemia in a patient in 2020 has been reported anecdotally by Orchard Therapeutics, which has since ceased treatment until the risk factors become better understood and can be mitigated. An observational clinical study is currently underway in Italy with 50 patients, which will be conducted for a minimum of 15 years [46]. In order for retroviral vectors to gain greater use in the future, much more research regarding the mechanism of insertional mutagenesis and ways to improve the safety profile is required.
Of all the viral vectors, adenoviral vectors have been most commonly used in clinical trials with 573 either approved, in progress or completed (Figure 2b). With two therapies currently on the market for cancer treatment and two more in late-stage clinical trials, adenoviral vector research and gene therapy approaches are demonstrating considerable success [45]. With 70% of the clinical trials being for cancer treatments, adenoviral vectors have become the most popular viral vector used in cancer gene therapy worldwide [45]. Adenoviral vectors are a popular choice for cancer treatment because of their high immunogenicity. While not beneficial in other contexts, the induction of a robust pro-inflammatory response is highly advantageous for cancer treatment [47]. However, like retroviral vectors, adenoviral vector use has declined in the past decade [10]. This may be because of their lack of translation to late-stage clinical trials, and an increase in the use of both adeno-associated and lentiviral vectors in gene therapy clinical trials.
Adeno-associated viral vectors have been used in a limited number of clinical trials, as compared to other vector systems, however, this has not limited their clinical success. The last decade has seen two AAV-vector-based therapies enter the market, as well as a sharp increase in phase I and phase II clinical trials (Figure 2c). Although many of the AAV vector phase I trials did not begin as early as the other vector trials, they now have the most phase III trials approved, ongoing, or completed as of 2021 (Figure 2c). AAV vectors have also shown clinical efficacy in a range of diseases, including antitrypsin deficiency, ocular diseases, and haemophilia [48, 49, 50, 51]. Seeing the strides AAV vectors have made in only the past two decades, they appear to be a promising technology for future use. Another promising technology when reviewing clinical trial data is lentiviral vectors. Lentiviral vectors have had the greatest number of clinical trials approved, ongoing, or completed in the past decade despite having the smallest number before 2010 (Figure 2d). Some disorders that lentiviral vector use is primarily focused on include cancers, β-thalassemia, HIV, and Fanconi Anaemia. The benefits of using a lentiviral vector over a retroviral vector for transgene delivery is that they can transduce slow dividing or non-dividing cells and seem to have less affinity for integration into oncogenetic sites, especially the self-inactivating, third-generation lentiviral vectors [52, 53]. These lentiviral vectors with a strong promotor largely mitigate the risk of insertional mutagenesis, however, this risk is not eliminated completely. A self-inactivating lentiviral vector has been used in clinical trials for the treatment of HIV with a total of 65 patients treated with the vector and no adverse events reported for more than 8 years after vector infusion [41]. Analysing both the limited numbers of adverse events and the successful clinical trial data over the past three decades reveals that both AAV and lentiviral vectors are favourable gene therapy technologies for the future.
Despite their growing success in gene therapy clinical trials, there are still many issues that viral vector technology will need to overcome to be accepted as a widespread therapeutic option. Key areas of concern with the use of viral vectors are the induction of an immune response when delivered in-vivo, determining the optimal therapeutic dose required, the cost of production, and the precise regulation of transgene expression levels.
4.1 Immune response
The immunogenicity of a viral vector is measured both quantitatively by the magnitude of the immune response over time, and qualitatively by the types of immune responses that are initiated [54]. Many factors determine the immunogenicity of a vector, and it varies greatly depending on the structure of the viral vector system. It is crucial to understand the interaction of the vector with the immune system before entering clinical trials as the occurrence of a severe immune response upon injection can result in many severe complications, and, in some instances, death [55].
Adenoviral and adeno-associated viral vectors are of particular immunological concern. The prevalence of different adenovirus serotypes varies regionally. For example, serotype 5 (Ad5) has a 50% prevalence in America, but in Africa, this approximates 100% [56]. Despite such variations, adenoviruses are generally prevalent in the environment and are highly immunogenic, which can present concerns when administering vectors using the same serotype [57]. If a patient has already been exposed to the serotype used in the therapeutic vector, this is likely to cause a robust immune response characterised by a rapid influx of pre-existing neutralising antibodies to the injection site, thereby reducing the therapeutic dose and limiting the ability of the vector to exert its clinical effect, and causing safety concerns for the patient due to complement activation and resultant inflammation [55]. This is a similar situation for AAV as approximately 80% of the worldwide population has already been exposed to an AAV serotype [58]. Previous exposure to serotypes will prove to be a major hurdle to overcome in clinical trials for both adenoviral and AAV vectors. In some cases, however, a highly immunogenic vector can be beneficial for the treatment of certain disorders. Adenoviral vectors are the most common vector for cancer therapy mostly due to their highly immunogenic nature. Triggering an anti-tumour response through oncolytic adenovirus treatment has proven to show some success in treating cancerous tumours with two approved cancer treatments on the market [59].
Lentiviral vectors have a very favourable immunogenic profile, as compared to adenoviral vectors, and this is a notable reason why they have been a popular vector choice in the past decade. Lentiviral infection in humans is quite limited, and, therefore, only a small percentage of individuals will carry pre-existing antibodies to the virus. Additionally, in many lentiviral vector systems, the original viral envelope for the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus envelope glycoprotein (VSV-G) has been substituted [24]. Lentiviral vectors trigger long-lasting T-cell immunity, without causing an adverse vector-specific immunity or inflammatory reaction [60], thereby favouring clinical applications.
4.2 Cost of production
The cost to produce a viral vector is an important consideration if the end goal is the clinical application [61]. There are many costs to consider in the production of a viral vector system, including equipment, laboratory material, purification, storage, and the amount of labour needed. As exemplified by the AAV vector-based gene therapy, Glybera, if the product is too expensive to produce and the number of patients affected by the disorder is too low, it may not be economically feasible for the product to stay on the market. A major factor in the cost of production of a vector is the dosage required for one patient. For example, a low inoculation dose can offset a large production cost [62]. One way to lower the cost and time to produce a large amount of the vector is for the vector to have a high titre level. Adenoviral vectors are very efficient at gene transfer, so the titres for these vectors are very high, which is beneficial when produced on a large scale [61]. Adenoviral vectors are a very popular choice for vaccinations, and this aspect of their high titre capability is part of the reason for their popularity. Overall, the cost to produce viral vectors is a significant hurdle that will have to be overcome if they are to be used on a commercial scale. There is currently significant research dedicated to streamlining the process of vector production to lower the cost and time required for production and to allow production in low-resource areas. This discussion is beyond the scope of this review; however, it has been considered elsewhere [63, 64, 65].
4.3 Expression of the transgene
Another consideration for viral vector use is the delivery of the transgene and to what degree this process can be controlled. The ability to deliver a specific gene to a cell has proven to be a very effective therapeutic treatment, however, if this does not occur in a regulated manner, it can be detrimental to the patient, especially in cases of random integration. Transgene expression seems at times to be unpredictable, with research showing that in some instances genetic variation can influence expression [66]. Depending on the condition, the transgene will need to be expressed at different levels and potentially only in specific areas or cell types. To control the expression of transgenes and combat unpredictability, strategies such as the use of tissue-specific promoters and self-inactivation have been implemented. Tissue-specific promoters restrict the expression of the transgene to certain cell types only, thus limiting widespread expression. This is ideal when used therapeutically to target a specific cell or tissue type and avoid expression in non-target cells or tissues [67]. Furthermore, as seen in the third-generation lentiviral vectors, a self-inactivating mechanism has been incorporated. Modification in the 3′ long terminal repeat prevents continued expression after one round of integration, effectively allowing the amount of transgene expression to be controlled with the dose of the vector [28]. Despite these positive outcomes, additional research that will enable tightly regulated transgene expression is still required.
5. Conclusions
Viral vector-based gene therapy has made very encouraging strides over the past two decades, suggesting there is a positive future for this therapy in medicine. As reported by IQVIA, the first half of 2021 saw a record amount invested into biopharmaceutical companies by venture capital firms, with cell and gene therapies attracting a significant amount of this investment [11]. The value of pharmaceutical mergers and acquisitions (M&A) in 2021 showed a stark increase from the year before many of which were viral vector and gene therapy-based deals [11, 68]. While these are promising statistics for the future of viral vector use, the concerns facing this method of gene therapy still stand and will require a considerable amount of research to overcome them. Moving forward, considering both the clinical trial data and the drawbacks of each viral vector, it seems lentiviral and adeno-associated viral vectors are the most favourable options to focus research on in the future. With limited adverse reactions and favourable immunogenic profiles, these viral vectors have the potential to be a key treatment in modern medicine.
Acknowledgments
A.L.G. Mahoney was supported by an Australian Government Research Training Stipend.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"gene therapy, viral vector, clinical trials, approved therapies, vector production",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80374.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/80374.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80374",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80374",totalDownloads:17,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"December 22nd 2021",dateReviewed:"January 10th 2022",datePrePublished:"March 31st 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"February 7th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Developments in gene therapy, coupled with advances in genome sequencing and a greater understanding of DNA sequences, have given rise to an exciting area of research. The use of viral vectors in gene therapy has become a very promising and fast-emerging technology over the past few decades. Despite previous setbacks, the approval of viral vector therapies worldwide, with many in late-stage clinical trials has led to a significant increase in research in this area of gene therapy. Retroviral, adenoviral, adeno-associated viral, and lentiviral vectors are all key vectors currently being researched and used in clinical trials. There are many challenges with the use of viral vectors that are yet to be overcome including cost of production, the immune response, and the ability to precisely regulate the expression of the transgene. However, with increased numbers of clinical trials showing efficacy, safety, and growing financial investment, the future use of viral vectors in gene therapy is increasingly promising.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80374",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80374",signatures:"Alexandra L.G. Mahoney, Najah T. Nassif, Bronwyn A. O’Brien and Ann M. Simpson",book:{id:"11356",type:"book",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Molecular Cloning",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Sadik Dincer, Dr. Hatice Aysun Merci̇mek Takci and Associate Prof. Melis Sümengen Özdenefe",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-451-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-450-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-452-5",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Viral vectors",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Retroviral vectors",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Adenoviral vectors",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Adeno-associated viral vectors",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4 Lentiviral vectors",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7",title:"3. Applications and clinical use of viral vectors",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.1 Approved viral-vector therapies",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"3.2 Viral vector therapies in clinical trials",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10",title:"4. Concerns facing viral vector-based gene therapy",level:"1"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"4.1 Immune response",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"4.2 Cost of production",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"4.3 Expression of the transgene",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14",title:"5. 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School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Najah T. Nassif",address:null,affiliation:'
School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Bronwyn A. O’Brien",address:null,affiliation:'
School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
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In addition, the success of emergency care depends on the quality and accuracy of the information received during the emergency call and data collected during the emergency transportation. The success of a follow medical treatment at an emergency care unit depends too on data collected during the two phases: emergency call and transport. However, most information received during an emergency-call is inaccurate and the process of information collection, storage, processing, and retrieval, during an emergency-transportation, is remaining manual and time-consuming. Emergency doctors mostly lack patient’s health records and base the medical treatment on a set of collected information including information provided by the patient or his relatives. Hence, the emergency care delivery is more patient-centered than patient-centric information. Wireless body area network and Internet of Technology (IoT) enable accurate collection of data and are increasingly used in medical applications. This chapter discusses the challenges facing the emergency medical care services delivery, especially in the developing countries. It presents and discusses an IoT platform for a patient-centric-information-based emergency care services delivery. The study is focused on a case of road traffic injury. Results of conducted experiments are discussed.",book:{id:"6655",slug:"medical-internet-of-things-m-iot-enabling-technologies-and-emerging-applications",title:"Medical Internet of Things (m-IoT)",fullTitle:"Medical Internet of Things (m-IoT) - Enabling Technologies and Emerging Applications"},signatures:"Thierry Edoh",authors:[{id:"234682",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Thierry",middleName:null,surname:"Edoh",slug:"thierry-edoh",fullName:"Thierry Edoh"}]},{id:"9307",doi:"10.5772/7391",title:"Analysis and Design of Piezoelectric Braille Display",slug:"analysis-and-design-of-piezoelectric-braille-display",totalDownloads:4315,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"4576",slug:"rehabilitation-engineering",title:"Rehabilitation Engineering",fullTitle:"Rehabilitation Engineering"},signatures:"Pruittikorn Smithmaitrie",authors:null},{id:"9316",doi:"10.5772/7382",title:"Wearable Robots in Rehabilitation Engineering Tremor Suppression",slug:"wearable-robots-in-rehabilitation-engineering-tremor-suppression",totalDownloads:3219,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"4576",slug:"rehabilitation-engineering",title:"Rehabilitation Engineering",fullTitle:"Rehabilitation Engineering"},signatures:"E. Rocon, J.C. Moreno, J.A. Gallego and J.L. Pons",authors:null},{id:"62000",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77320",title:"Biomarkers in Breast Cancer",slug:"biomarkers-in-breast-cancer",totalDownloads:1671,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and its incidence experienced an important increase, thanks to the introduction of a systematic screening. The increased incidence of early breast cancer has led to debates on its over-treatment, which may cause unnecessary harm to patients with favorable prognosis. Therefore, modern research is in the quest of finding the perfect prognostic marker to avoid overtreatment in patients with a favorable prognosis. In this perspective, many molecular markers have been studied in the last decades in order to provide both a useful prognostic tool, able to determine whether the cancer is likely to be indolent or aggressive, and a possible therapeutic target. In this chapter, we review the current knowledge about the principal biomarkers, which are usually immunohistochemically tested on breast surgical specimens, including ER and PR, Mib1/Ki-67 and HER2/neu expression. Furthermore, we will analyze other possible prognostic markers which may have in the future a key role in breast cancer management, such as several multigene panels (OncotypeDX, Mammaprint, NanoString Prosigma). Finally, we will discuss the role of genetic tests for some know genetic mutations associated with higher breast cancer susceptibility (BRCA1 and 2 genes).",book:{id:"6566",slug:"biomarker-indicator-of-abnormal-physiological-process",title:"Biomarker",fullTitle:"Biomarker - Indicator of Abnormal Physiological Process"},signatures:"Serena Bertozzi, Ambrogio P Londero, Luca Seriau, Roberta Di Vora,\nCarla Cedolini and Laura Mariuzzi",authors:[{id:"74447",title:"Dr.",name:"Ambrogio P",middleName:null,surname:"Londero",slug:"ambrogio-p-londero",fullName:"Ambrogio P Londero"},{id:"167094",title:"Dr.",name:"Serena",middleName:null,surname:"Bertozzi",slug:"serena-bertozzi",fullName:"Serena Bertozzi"},{id:"234965",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberta",middleName:null,surname:"Di Vora",slug:"roberta-di-vora",fullName:"Roberta Di Vora"},{id:"234970",title:"Prof.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Mariuzzi",slug:"laura-mariuzzi",fullName:"Laura Mariuzzi"},{id:"234971",title:"Dr.",name:"Carla",middleName:null,surname:"Cedolini",slug:"carla-cedolini",fullName:"Carla Cedolini"},{id:"235400",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Seriau",slug:"luca-seriau",fullName:"Luca Seriau"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"59880",title:"Molecular Diagnostics of Pulmonary Diseases Based on Analysis of Exhaled Breath Condensate",slug:"molecular-diagnostics-of-pulmonary-diseases-based-on-analysis-of-exhaled-breath-condensate",totalDownloads:1702,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Measurements of biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) extend a novel route for monitoring lung physiology and provide a beneficial insight into the pathophysiology of a specific disease. From the medicinal point of view, biomarkers present in EBC depict rather the processes occurring in lungs than those in the entire system. Therefore, particular profiles of exhaled biomarkers (e.g. cys-LTs, LTB4, 8-isoprostane, etc.) apparently reveal information exclusively applicable to differential lung disease diagnoses. This chapter describes the developed analytical method being applied to a clinical study for differential diagnostics of various phenotypes of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, etc. In particular, having determined cys-LTs and LXs by the described method, and having applied them as biomarkers of bronchial asthma, their distinctive potential was demonstrated to differentially diagnose the specific disease, clearly suggesting this method to be reckoned as a beneficial alternative to existing diagnostic methods. Consecutively, the developed method was expanded to other asthma markers as aldehydes, nitrotyrosine, 8-isoprostane, PGE2, adenosine and finally, a supplementary study was carried out, engaging in detecting serotonin. The multi-marker screening and importance in the diagnostics of pulmonary diseases are referenced in the text as well.",book:{id:"6566",slug:"biomarker-indicator-of-abnormal-physiological-process",title:"Biomarker",fullTitle:"Biomarker - Indicator of Abnormal Physiological Process"},signatures:"Tereza Kačerová, Petr Novotný, Ján Boroň and Petr Kačer",authors:[{id:"190932",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Petr",middleName:null,surname:"Kačer",slug:"petr-kacer",fullName:"Petr Kačer"},{id:"197652",title:"Ms.",name:"Tereza",middleName:null,surname:"Kacerova",slug:"tereza-kacerova",fullName:"Tereza Kacerova"},{id:"207204",title:"Dr.",name:"Petr",middleName:null,surname:"Novotný",slug:"petr-novotny",fullName:"Petr Novotný"},{id:"207205",title:"Dr.",name:"Ján",middleName:null,surname:"Boroň",slug:"jan-boron",fullName:"Ján Boroň"}]},{id:"61381",title:"Internet of Things in Emergency Medical Care and Services",slug:"internet-of-things-in-emergency-medical-care-and-services",totalDownloads:1920,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Emergency care is a critical area of medicine whose outcomes are influenced by the time, availability, and accuracy of contextual information. In addition, the success of emergency care depends on the quality and accuracy of the information received during the emergency call and data collected during the emergency transportation. The success of a follow medical treatment at an emergency care unit depends too on data collected during the two phases: emergency call and transport. However, most information received during an emergency-call is inaccurate and the process of information collection, storage, processing, and retrieval, during an emergency-transportation, is remaining manual and time-consuming. Emergency doctors mostly lack patient’s health records and base the medical treatment on a set of collected information including information provided by the patient or his relatives. Hence, the emergency care delivery is more patient-centered than patient-centric information. Wireless body area network and Internet of Technology (IoT) enable accurate collection of data and are increasingly used in medical applications. This chapter discusses the challenges facing the emergency medical care services delivery, especially in the developing countries. It presents and discusses an IoT platform for a patient-centric-information-based emergency care services delivery. The study is focused on a case of road traffic injury. Results of conducted experiments are discussed.",book:{id:"6655",slug:"medical-internet-of-things-m-iot-enabling-technologies-and-emerging-applications",title:"Medical Internet of Things (m-IoT)",fullTitle:"Medical Internet of Things (m-IoT) - Enabling Technologies and Emerging Applications"},signatures:"Thierry Edoh",authors:[{id:"234682",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Thierry",middleName:null,surname:"Edoh",slug:"thierry-edoh",fullName:"Thierry Edoh"}]},{id:"60889",title:"Biomarkers Utility for Sepsis Patients Management",slug:"biomarkers-utility-for-sepsis-patients-management",totalDownloads:1446,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Sepsis is a global problem in either developing or developed countries and it is expected that the number of patients with sepsis and septic shock will tremendously increase in next decades also because of the antibiotic resistance growing issue worldwide. Criteria for sepsis diagnosis and prognosis have been recently established, but still a further understanding of the role of biomarkers in this setting is needed. Better utilization of biomarkers such as white blood cell count, CRP, lactate, procalcitonin, presepsin and bioadrenomedullin in sepsis patients, a state of the art on how to use them is needed. This review will focus on the actual recognized role of sepsis biomarkers not only for diagnosis purpose but also to improve patients treatment results in order to reduce mortality, hospital length of stay and cost related.",book:{id:"6566",slug:"biomarker-indicator-of-abnormal-physiological-process",title:"Biomarker",fullTitle:"Biomarker - Indicator of Abnormal Physiological Process"},signatures:"Agustin Iskandar, Hani Susianti, Muhammad Anshory and Salvatore\nDi Somma",authors:[{id:"187348",title:"Prof.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Somma",slug:"salvatore-di-somma",fullName:"Salvatore Di Somma"},{id:"230421",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Anshory",slug:"muhammad-anshory",fullName:"Muhammad Anshory"},{id:"230444",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Agustin",middleName:null,surname:"Iskandar",slug:"agustin-iskandar",fullName:"Agustin Iskandar"},{id:"230467",title:"Dr.",name:"Hani",middleName:null,surname:"Susianti",slug:"hani-susianti",fullName:"Hani Susianti"}]},{id:"62000",title:"Biomarkers in Breast Cancer",slug:"biomarkers-in-breast-cancer",totalDownloads:1673,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and its incidence experienced an important increase, thanks to the introduction of a systematic screening. The increased incidence of early breast cancer has led to debates on its over-treatment, which may cause unnecessary harm to patients with favorable prognosis. Therefore, modern research is in the quest of finding the perfect prognostic marker to avoid overtreatment in patients with a favorable prognosis. In this perspective, many molecular markers have been studied in the last decades in order to provide both a useful prognostic tool, able to determine whether the cancer is likely to be indolent or aggressive, and a possible therapeutic target. In this chapter, we review the current knowledge about the principal biomarkers, which are usually immunohistochemically tested on breast surgical specimens, including ER and PR, Mib1/Ki-67 and HER2/neu expression. Furthermore, we will analyze other possible prognostic markers which may have in the future a key role in breast cancer management, such as several multigene panels (OncotypeDX, Mammaprint, NanoString Prosigma). Finally, we will discuss the role of genetic tests for some know genetic mutations associated with higher breast cancer susceptibility (BRCA1 and 2 genes).",book:{id:"6566",slug:"biomarker-indicator-of-abnormal-physiological-process",title:"Biomarker",fullTitle:"Biomarker - Indicator of Abnormal Physiological Process"},signatures:"Serena Bertozzi, Ambrogio P Londero, Luca Seriau, Roberta Di Vora,\nCarla Cedolini and Laura Mariuzzi",authors:[{id:"74447",title:"Dr.",name:"Ambrogio P",middleName:null,surname:"Londero",slug:"ambrogio-p-londero",fullName:"Ambrogio P Londero"},{id:"167094",title:"Dr.",name:"Serena",middleName:null,surname:"Bertozzi",slug:"serena-bertozzi",fullName:"Serena Bertozzi"},{id:"234965",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberta",middleName:null,surname:"Di Vora",slug:"roberta-di-vora",fullName:"Roberta Di Vora"},{id:"234970",title:"Prof.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Mariuzzi",slug:"laura-mariuzzi",fullName:"Laura Mariuzzi"},{id:"234971",title:"Dr.",name:"Carla",middleName:null,surname:"Cedolini",slug:"carla-cedolini",fullName:"Carla Cedolini"},{id:"235400",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Seriau",slug:"luca-seriau",fullName:"Luca Seriau"}]},{id:"60624",title:"Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet/Lymphocyte Ratio, and Mean Platelet Volume for Detection of Resectable Pancreas Cancer",slug:"neutrophil-lymphocyte-ratio-platelet-lymphocyte-ratio-and-mean-platelet-volume-for-detection-of-rese",totalDownloads:960,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Several biomarkers have been preferred for the early diagnosis of pancreatic adenocancer (PAC), but most are not ready to be included as part of the routine diagnostic algorithm because they still lack sensitivity, specificity or reproducibility. CA19-9 is the most widely used serum-based marker for the diagnosis and follow-up of pancreatic cancer. However, CA19-9 lacks sensitivity for early or small-diameter pancreatic cancers. For more than 3 decades, information on neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), mean platelet volume (MPV) has been widely available to health care practitioners, as part of the data provided in the full blood count. However, these biomarkers have more than used in the routine. The present chapter shares the prognostic significance of the hematological parameters in the light of our own findings and recent studies in the literature.",book:{id:"6566",slug:"biomarker-indicator-of-abnormal-physiological-process",title:"Biomarker",fullTitle:"Biomarker - Indicator of Abnormal Physiological Process"},signatures:"Kemal Turker Ulutas, Inanc Samil Sarici and Ozgul Duzgun",authors:[{id:"213868",title:"Dr.",name:"Samil",middleName:null,surname:"Sarici",slug:"samil-sarici",fullName:"Samil Sarici"},{id:"214666",title:"Dr.",name:"Ozgul",middleName:null,surname:"Duzgun",slug:"ozgul-duzgun",fullName:"Ozgul Duzgun"},{id:"226644",title:"M.D.",name:"Kemal Turker",middleName:null,surname:"Ulutas",slug:"kemal-turker-ulutas",fullName:"Kemal Turker Ulutas"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1016",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:48,paginationItems:[{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science and Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013. She relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the National Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to October 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is currently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology – Kandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI) Ambassador to Sri Lanka.",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. 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He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. 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After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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