Risk mitigation tools.
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3077",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Syntheses and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites",title:"Syntheses and Applications of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Carbon nanotubes are rolled up graphene sheets with a quasi-one-dimensional structure of nanometer-scale diameter. In these last twenty years, carbon nanotubes have attracted much attention from physicists, chemists, material scientists, and electronic device engineers, because of their excellent structural, electronic, optical, chemical and mechanical properties. More recently, demand for innovative industrial applications of carbon nanotubes is increasing. This book covers recent research topics regarding syntheses techniques of carbon nanotubes and nanotube-based composites, and their applications. The chapters in this book will be helpful to many students, engineers and researchers working in the field of carbon nanotubes.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-1125-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4249-2",doi:"10.5772/3377",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"syntheses-and-applications-of-carbon-nanotubes-and-their-composites",numberOfPages:550,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"38dd4fb088a27b2552bf3d371e8c2872",bookSignature:"Satoru Suzuki",publishedDate:"May 9th 2013",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3077.jpg",numberOfDownloads:85681,numberOfWosCitations:194,numberOfCrossrefCitations:97,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:12,numberOfDimensionsCitations:213,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:21,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:504,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 1st 2012",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 22nd 2012",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"June 18th 2012",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 1st 2012",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 8th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"30519",title:"Dr.",name:"Satoru",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"satoru-suzuki",fullName:"Satoru Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30519/images/system/30519.jpg",biography:"Dr. Satoru Suzuki earned an MS degree from Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan in 1992, and joined the Research and Development Center, NTT Corporation. Since 1998, he has worked for Basic Research Laboratories, NTT. He obtained a PhD degree in Science from Tohoku University in 1999. Dr. Suzuki has mainly studied the electronic structures of electrode materials for rechargeable lithium ion batteries, the electronic structures of pristine and doped carbon nanotubes, and low-energy irradiation damage specific to single-walled carbon nanotubes. He is currently also studying the synthesis and electric device applications of large-area graphene and hexagonal boron nitride.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1169",title:"Condensed Matter Physics",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-material-science-condensed-matter-physics"}],chapters:[{id:"38977",title:"Production of Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Nanoclusters by the JxB Arc-Jet Discharge Method",doi:"10.5772/51964",slug:"production-of-carbon-nanotubes-and-carbon-nanoclusters-by-the-jxb-arc-jet-discharge-method",totalDownloads:5214,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tetsu Mieno and Naoki Matsumoto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38977",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38977",authors:[{id:"209593",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetsu",surname:"Mieno",slug:"tetsu-mieno",fullName:"Tetsu Mieno"}],corrections:null},{id:"43663",title:"Large Arrays and Networks of Carbon Nanotubes: Morphology Control by Process Parameters",doi:"10.5772/52674",slug:"large-arrays-and-networks-of-carbon-nanotubes-morphology-control-by-process-parameters",totalDownloads:3104,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"I. 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Many scientific articles, many conferences, many projects are aimed at solving the issue of cloud computing security. Questions suited to this have theoretical and practical significance nevertheless, the problems and significance of this issue have not been identified in its acuteness and clear wording. In all likelihood, the problematization process lacks additional emphasis, namely, the emphasis on determining the positional structure of places for which this issue is significant; emphasis on creating an organizational structure and a system of interactions in which this issue would acquire practical significance and organizational certainty; finally, the emphasis on security and cloud computing as objects with which you can operate and technological chain of operations with objects.
\nThe methodological approach in which we intend to pose a problematization, with the inclusion of the three accentuations described above, was developed for 30 years by a group of developers since 1954. In 1984, it had acquired the form of a pattern of thought activity, such as a scheme of organization of thinking and activity. It has its applications in the context of practical activity of the multidisciplinary group [1, 2]. The practice of applying this methodological principle has become an organizational-activity game. The application of this methodology made it possible to organize extensive research and development material in the field of cloud technology security and to reveal the inadequacy of a number of topics.
\nThe material of our research is 368 articles published in the world press over the past 15 years, with rare exceptions when we turn to earlier works (e.g., on membrane calculations, which were reported in Heidelberg at the 1982 symposium) [3]. It is worth noting that in 2005 in Baltimore, Maryland, the 14th Symposium on Security (USENIX Security 2005) took place, in 2009—the 25th Conference on Computer Security Applications (ACSAC 2009); in the same year in Bangalore, India, an international conference on cloud computing took place. With a relatively stable number of conferences devoted to this topic, it is worth noting the surge in interest in this topic in 2012, 2014, and 2016. The topic of cloud computing has been especially updated since 2016. John Willey & Sons published the Computer Computing Encyclopedia (2016), held the 9th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing ACM, 2016; Honorulu hosted the 10th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), IEEE, 2017; Workshop on Cloud Computing Security took place in Dallas. Among other things, 31 conferences in Taipei, Taiwan 2017, and the IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E 2018) were held; the book edited by W Rivera “Sustainable Cloud and Energy Services: Principles and Practice” (Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2018) has wide expansion. The emphasis of research and development is moving toward the development of the computing industry, its applied aspects, such as advanced computing and IT, convergent cognitive IT, Security and privacy (SP), parallel and distributed processing, offensive technologies, Internet of Everything, defined network and network function virtualization, moving target defense, Internet of Things (IoT), and dependable computing (15th European Dependable Computing Conference 2019).
\nThe topic of cloud computing security has a wealth of development and generalization material. Farnga [4] provides a risk assessment table for the cloud computing environment, introducing three attributes: Probability of Vulnerability (improbable 1, probable 2, occasional 3, frequent 4); Risk Impact (negligible A, marginal B, critical C, fatal D); and Severity Category (low 1A, 2A, 1B; medium 3A, 4A, 2B, 3B, 1C, 2C; high 4B, 3C, 4C, 2D, 3D, 4D). He marks vulnerabilities (Session Riding and Hijacking 4D, Virtual Machine Escape 2D, Reliability and Availability of Service 2C, Insecure Cryptography 3C, Vendor Lock-in, Data Protection and Portability 2C, Internet Dependency 3A) and prescribes protocols to prevent them (Table 1). He also defines threats and marks them: Abuse and Nefarious Use of Cloud services 4A, Insecure Interfaces and APIs 3C, Insider threat 3D, Data Loss and Leakage 2D, Account or Service Hijacking 4B, Unknown Risk profile 3D, and recommends risk mitigation protocols. Operational risks (4D) are the following: implementing too quickly, integration issues, moving the wrong data or applications to the cloud, compliance, and cost implications.
\nProtocol | \nDescription | \n
---|---|
AC-2 | \nAccount management | \n
AC-5 | \nSeparation of duties | \n
AC-6 | \nLeast privilege | \n
AC-10 | \nConcurrent session control | \n
AC-11 | \nSession lock | \n
AT-2 | \nSecurity awareness | \n
SC-13 | \nCryptographic protection | \n
SC-23 | \nSession authenticity | \n
SC-24 | \nFail in known state | \n
SC-27 | \nOperating system—independent applications | \n
SC-28 | \nProtection of information at rest | \n
SI-3 | \nMalicious code protection | \n
SI-4 | \nInformation system monitoring | \n
SI-7 | \nSoftware, firmware, and information integrity | \n
SI-13 | \nPredictable failure prevention | \n
SI-14 | \nNonpersistence | \n
SI-15 | \nDevelopment process, standards and tools | \n
CM-2 | \nBaseline configuration | \n
CM-6 | \nConfiguration setting | \n
CM-7 | \nLeast functionality | \n
CA-7 | \nContinuous monitoring | \n
CA-8 | \nPenetration testing | \n
CP-11 | \nAlternate communications protocols | \n
PM-12 | \nInsider threat program | \n
AR-4 | \nPrivacy monitoring and auditing | \n
DM-2 | \nData retention and disposal | \n
AU-12 | \nAudit generation | \n
In addition to such purely practical manuals, literature is replete with a variety of areas of research and development in the field of cloud computing. Here are some of them. Wazid et al. [5] view fog computing as an add-on for cloud computing, which is why fog computing inherits all of the security and privacy issues inherent in cloud computing. They report that they have developed a new key management and user authentication security scheme, named by them as SAKA-FC. The development is based on the well-known Real-Or-Random (ROR) model and the Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) tool. The scheme finds its effectiveness for its use in smart devices with a one-way cryptographic hash function. Guan et al. [6] discuss issues related to data security protection of personal data in fog computing. Fog computing, as an intermediary layer between the cloud and the end user, according to the authors, is precisely the solution to the problems of cloud computing security. This chapter discusses the design of a solution to ensure data security and privacy in fog computing. It is reported that simply transferring the protection techniques used in the cloud to the fog does not produce the desired effect. Alamer et al. [7] explore the safety of road traffic systems (CVCC) by modeling a network of cloud-based moving mechanisms in the form of a two-phase heterogeneous public good game (HPGG Model). This development helps develop security solutions for communications such as vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure, as well as the ability to integrate smart devices and various CVCC applications. Sharma et al. [8] considers that the best solution to protect the cloud from attacks is to use intrusion detection systems (IDS) in combination with different detection techniques. The chapter presents various architectures based on the cloud IDS, which are embedded cloud environments to address various security issues. Fadi and Hemayed [9] provide a literature review of the proven clouds that are used in infrastructure as a service contracts. The authors argue that the integration of the new technology, which is trust computing, with cloud computing can be provided by the proposed architectural solutions of the infrastructure as a service and on the grounds on which user trust in cloud service providers arises. Remote certification and a trusted virtual domain are important security considerations for cloud computing. A security model based on the separation of the security domain was proposed by Xu and Zheng [10] for telecommunication services. Security measures cover the storage, processing, and transmission of data in the cloud. Instead of traditional computational models of cryptographic protection, Maharajan and Paramasivan [11] offer molecular protocol (DNA) membrane computing protocol. Qui and Kung [12] as invited editors provide a clear overview of 14 articles on the topic of cloud computing security. They were selected from 57 proposed articles. The urgent need for the development of techniques and tools for cybersecurity of clouds is noted. Among the authors of the articles are noted groups Ali, Zhang, Lee, Li; Fowley, Chen, Islam, and Sha; Chi, Luna, Awad, Cafaro, Zhang, and Xu are well known in the professional community. The various cybersecurity techniques and tools described by these research and development teams are described. Xu et al. [13] analyze the relationship between openness and cloud security by addressing the results of this analysis (quantitative methods and qualitative analysis of investments in security and openness) to cloud computing providers to adopt an optimal investment strategy for openness and security. Sajai et al. [14] offer a hybrid technology of cryptographic data protection in the cloud, combining homographic and blowfish algorithms. Wei et al. [15] noted that, according to data released by the Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), there has been an increasing involvement of cloud computing for manufacturing purposes. The authors draw attention to the complex nature of the cloud system, introduce indicators for evaluating the cloud computing system, and propose a rule of believe (BRB)-based model for predicting the safe state of the cloud. This model combines a system of expert assessments and long-term data analysis and has three levels focused on the safety of equipment, software, and services. Bhandari and Zheng [16] describe 12 cloud security threats, such as data breach, insufficient identity, credential and access management, insecure interface and APIs, system vulnerabilities, account hijacking, malicious insiders, advance persistent threats, data loss, insufficient due diligence , abuse and nefarious use of cloud services, denial of services, and shared technologies issues. Donno et al. [17] analyze the situation in which every “thing” is connected to the Internet. From the point of view of security, the technological revolution brings with it many dramatic moments. The authors offer a comprehensive overview of cloud computing security issues in the Internet of Things era. The bibliography for the article has 149 sources. Matheus and Vieira [18] at the student forum of the 15th European Dependable Computing Conference (EDCC 2019) presented a four-step sequential change model for a cloud architecture model, extending the availability and security model to a holistic cloud presentation model and security assessment using Moving Target Defense.
\nThis diversity is striking in its diversity and, in order to deal with the fundamental, essential side of the problem, the proposed methodologies are of little use due to their inconsistency. But the first layer of ideas is nevertheless lined with them. So, we have a certain field of practice and a subject built on it, which combines problems and tasks, knowledge, models and experiments, languages and methods. For the purpose of generalizing and translating this design into a megamachine’s plan, it is worth building a block of private methodologies, as well as blocks of methodological design, research, and auto-reflection. So, in relation to the world of things covered by the new digital context, the following can be said. (1) The Internet of things, this new era in the sociocultural development of mankind, requires a certain environment in which each thing has its digital counterpart. A new layer of material organization is taking shape when, by referring a digital double to a thing, the latter reveals itself not only in the localities, but also in new qualities, in new directions of its use. (2) This environment, being distributed everywhere, resembles a certain smart layer covering the entire terrestrial space of things, it contains the systemic representation of a thing in its dynamics, the totality of all kinds of actions with a thing. (3) Speaking of the world of things, we include their interacting and developing aggregates in it, we expand the world of things to the world of activity, with the help of which things are not only created and consumed, but also undergo the influence of constructive thought. In this sense, we can talk about the world of thought activity. Ideal objects of scientific substantive thinking, cult rituals, customs of communication and polemics—all these—form this intelligent world of activity. (4) In a sense, the Internet of things with its infrastructure and cloud computing platforms should be considered one of the forms of such a world of thought activity. (5) An industrial structure is taking shape in which a thing is made with its digital counterpart. This makes the thing more convenient and at the first stage more expensive. Issues of owning a thing, transferring it by inheritance, its commercial use, that is, giving a thing a certain active beginning, can also have their object form and their digital counterpart. (6) Customs, ethics of relationships, trust, and control are things in our world. How will they evolve with the development of the digital era? What customs need rethinking? Is it always necessary to duplicate the predominantly conflict-free world of things in the world of cloud computing? Is activity based on principles other than the order of the real world? Data in our world, everywhere is gaining special significance, both in business and in the social environment. He pointed out that only 17% of companies make data-driven decisions. By 2025, the global data volume will grow 10 times and reach 163 Zettabytes (one Zettabyte contains 10 to the 21st power of bytes), and most of these data will be generated by enterprises, not consumers. Sixty percent of the world\'s data will be created by business organizations. Almost 20% of all data in the global infosphere will play a critical role in everyday life, and about 10% will be “supercritical.” Almost 90% of all data will require a certain level of security, but only half of them will be really protected. The growth of big data and metadata will lead to the fact that by 2025 each average inhabitant of the Earth will begin to interact with devices connected to networks about 4800 times a day, according to one interaction procedure every 18 seconds. The share of the global information sphere under analysis will increase by 50 times compared to the current one, reaching 5.2 ZB; and the amount of data analyzed with the participation of cognitive systems will grow 100 times, amounting to 1.4 ZB. Almost 20% of the data generated will be real-time information, with more than 95% of the data coming from IoT devices [19]. These estimations mean that the problem of security of calculating and computing media will remain actual one.
\nThe data used in this study is taken from open sources. The methodologies used by researchers can be expanded to private system-structural methodologies of management, sciences, engineering, and production. We are trying to look at the situation associated with the use of cloud computing from a wider angle by introducing another add-on—the general methodological system-structural design and prospecting ([1], p. 103). You can implement several plans: (1) look through all the literature and write an attitude toward it, making some kind of system generalizations and arrangements; (2) write independently of the literature your understanding of the situation and construct a certain field for assembling sources and identifying niches for their subsequent filling; (3) and design the futures.
\nWhen we retrospect to the past studies on this issue, we focus on the following passage from G. Schedrovitsky’s paper of 1981, titled “Principles and general plan of the methodological organization of the systems and structures studies and elaborations” ([1], pp. 88-114). He wrote: We distinguish eight projects in which the system principle is developing.
\nThis is a project for the development of specific sciences and areas of engineering and practice due to systemic representations, concepts, and methods of analysis [20, 21, 22]; three projects of the “general theory of systems,” similar to the natural science theories, such as physics, chemistry, biology [23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31], similar to traditional mathematics such as geometry and algebra or Shannon information theory [22, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37], according to the type of metamathematics in the sense of Hilbert and Klinn [38, 39], a practical methodology or methodology of the type of disciplines such as the study of operations, decision analysis [40, 41, 42], an engineering methodology such as systems engineering of Good and Mackoll [43, 44, 45, 46, 47], the so-called system philosophy [48] and system-structural methodology as a division of the general methodology [49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58].
\nThe first seven proposals have a historical prototype already implemented on another material. This is their forte. At the same time, in our opinion, this raises major objections. When each of the participants in the systemic movement offers his own professional solution to systemic problems, he acts as an agent of the already existing and functioning sphere of thinking and activity—science, engineering, mathematics, philosophy, etc. He has formed as a “system engineer” inside of the sphere, and by virtue of this, he is always connected and limited to that particular cultural and historical situation in which he understood the meaning and importance of systemic problems and tasks. Consequently, in the final analysis, he always only develops, due to systemic means and methods, the professional organization of his initial thought activity. However, it is well known (and can even be considered universally recognized) that the systemic movement has developed and is developing as an interdisciplinary and interprofessional formation. This means that it must form and create an organization that goes beyond the scope of each individual scientific discipline and each individual profession. Consequently, the system movement in its formation and development should take into account the contemporary sociocultural situation as a whole, and proceed from an extremely wide understanding of the possibilities and prospects of its development.
\nIn our opinion, in the current sociocultural situation, at least eight points that have the most direct connection with the systemic movement can be distinguished.
\nThe first of these is the process of an ever-deepening differentiation of sciences and professions. Progressive in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, it has now led to the design of a mass of isolated sciences,
Four squares, diagonal (a), triagonal (b), quadrogonal (c), and hexagonal (d) images depict a form of research organization of a certain set of practices
The second point is the existence of highly specialized transferring channels of fragmented culture. The mathematician does not know and understand physics well, not to mention biology or history. The philologist, as a rule, does not know mathematics and physics, but is equally poorly versed in history and its methods. Already at school, we begin to divide children into those who are capable of mathematics and capable of literature. The idea of general education is increasingly being destroyed by the idea of specialized schools.
\nThe third point is the crisis of classical non-Marxist philosophy, caused by the realization of the fact that this philosophy has lost its means of controlling science and has lost the role of coordinator in the development of sciences, the role of mediator, transferring methods and means from one science to another. This circumstance became clear already in the first quarter of the nineteenth century and became the subject of special discussion. K. Marx and F. Engels paid much attention to it in their works, which redefined the functions of philosophy in relation to the natural and human sciences. The loss of a direct connection with philosophy led various sciences to develop their own forms of awareness, their own individual philosophy. This has provided the basis for various forms of positivism, and in recent times has given rise to the so-called “scientism.”
\nThe fourth point is the design of engineering as a special activity that combines design with various forms of quasi-scientific analysis. The traditional academic sciences, which were developed in many ways immanently, were divorced from new areas of engineering, and this forced engineers to create new types of knowledge systems that did not meet traditional patterns and standards. Information theory and cybernetics are just the most striking examples of such systems. At the same time, the problem of the relationship between design and research appeared and began to be intensively discussed.
\nThe fifth (very important) moment is the continued isolation within the activity and the isolation of various production technologies, which acquire self-sufficient importance and become, as it were, a new principle and an objective law in the organization of our entire life activity and ultimately subordinate to ourselves both the activity, nature and behavior of people. Maintenance of these technologies is becoming the primary need and almost the main goal of all social activities. At the same time, technological forms of organizing activities are constantly formalizing and becoming increasingly important, which apply to thinking.
\nThe sixth point is the formation, design, and partial isolation of design as a special kind of activity. As a result, the issue of the relationship and correlation of the actual design and research developments arose even sharper. Designing directly and with all acuteness ran into the problem of the ratio of natural and artificial in the objects of our activity [45, 51]. None of these problems has been resolved within the framework of traditional sciences.
\nThe seventh point is an increase in the importance and role of organizational and managerial activity in our entire social life. Its effectiveness depends primarily on scientific support. However, traditional sciences do not provide the knowledge necessary for this activity; this is primarily due to the complex, synthetic, or, as they say, complex, the nature of this activity and the analytical, or “abstract,” nature of traditional scientific disciplines.
\nThe eighth point (also especially important) is the appearance of a new type of science, which could roughly be called “complex sciences.” These include the sciences serving pedagogy, design, military affairs, management, etc. Now these complex types of practices are served by chaotic agglomerations of knowledge from various scientific disciplines. But the complexity and versatility of this practice, its orientation at the same time both on normative, artificial, and on implementation, natural plans of activity require a theoretical unification and theoretical systematization of artificial and natural knowledge, which cannot be achieved.
\nContemporary situation in general systems theory looks like the same described by G. Schedrovitsky in 1981 ([1], pp. 88-114). Some additions to this domain make it more clear. An article in Wikipedia [59] pays attention to the point that systems theory is the interdisciplinary study of systems. “The goals of systems theory are to model a system’s dynamics, constrains, conditions, and to elucidate principles (such as purpose, measure, methods, tools) that can be discerned and applied to other systems at every level of nesting, and in wide range of fields for achieving optimized equifinality.”
\nDubrovsky ([60], p. 20) makes endeavor to reinterpret the system approach of G. Schedrovitsky. Zilberman [61] identifies six types of cultural traditions. The Vedanta scheme characterizes the Indian type of tradition (methodological thinking as actually “understanding”), the mimansa scheme is the Tibetan type (conceptual or “substantive” thinking), and the Vaisheshika scheme is the new European type “imaginative,” axiological, or historical thinking. Further, the nyaya scheme characterizes the Hellenic type of tradition (organizational, axiomatic, mathematical-theoretical, formal-logical thinking), the Sankhya scheme—the Chinese type (“projective,” “preformative,” praxeological thinking), the yoga scheme—the Japanese type (phenomenological, or existential thinking). All these complex calculations, however, are necessary for Zilberman to label or draw another universal picture of world cultures and civilizations, in the manner of Spengler or Toynbee. Here, rather, a method of intercultural interaction is proposed, with the help of which one can describe any system of culture and at the same time not fall into naturocentrism. By modifying the types of philosophical systems, Zilberman focuses on the ideal of complete modalization of all philosophies so that a “sum of philosophy” arises and the true history of this discipline begins. The thread of modal methodology lies in the fact that for the first time it consciously and intentionally refers not to versions of “reality” as unconditionally natural and therefore problematic for consciousness, but to typological thoughts that it improves. In this sense, the modal methodology plays the role of Philosophia Universalis [61].
\nFrom our point of view, the specific organizations that solve these problems are the organizations of methodological thinking and methodological work, which should not be identified either with the philosophical proper or with the scientific forms of organization of thinking and activity.
\nThe methodology takes into account the differences and the multiplicity of different positions of the figure in relation to the object; hence, work with different ideas about the same object, including different professional ideas, in this case, knowledge itself and the fact of their multiplicity, are considered as an objective moment in the research situation.
\n\nFigure 1 depicts four squares, we will call them diagonal (a), triagonal (b), quadrogonal (c), and hexagonal (d) images; they depict a form of research organization of a certain set of practices
In special logical and methodological studies (see, in particular, [62]; pp. 106-190), it was established that in every scientific subject there are at least nine different epistemological units: (1) problems, (2) tasks, (3) “observable facts,” (4) “experimental data,” (5) the totality of the general knowledge that is built in this scientific subject, (6) ontological schemes and pictures, (7) models, (8) tools (languages, concepts, categories), and (9) methods and techniques. This is a set of basic blocks of a scientific subject.
\nOur task is to find a solution to the problem of ensuring the security of cloud computing in some unified system language. To this end, we turn to the quadrogonal image, introducing another layer—the general system-structural methodology (in the figure, it is indicated by the letters GM). As part of this add-in, work is underway to design and prospect the system area including as a part PMk, Sk, and Ek. To the extent that the diagonal image is not complete, the same tetragonal image is also not complete. Let us explain how this layer is built. Following the “Principles and basic schemes of organizing systemic structural studies” ([1], pp. 88-114), we turn to the hexagonal image. It adds two more add-ons, which we marked with the letters R and A, methodological reflection, or auto-reflection (metamethodological area) and audit (the type of methodological research by which the layers of practice, descriptions, applied and general methodology are added and adjusted). The problem areas identified in the layer of private methodologies are also accompanied by a general description that includes, in addition to the technical, engineering, and managerial contexts (determined by the practitioners of experiences), a certain general sociocultural context. This is generated by audits at all levels of the methodological organization, from specific practices to the organization of the design and futures of partial methodologies.
\nWe used the kinematic scheme [60] for organizing methodological work in the field of cloud computing security. The kinematics of the scheme lies in the fact that it combines several methodological schemes, both early in appearance and subsequent ones. The scheme by which David Zilberman tries to build a modal methodology as a sum of methodologies (1973) is supplemented by a scheme of thought activity (1980)([1], pp. 281-298), a scheme of organizing a system-structural methodology (1981) ([1], pp. 88-114), and scheme (2016) that we use when working on the theme of Observation and Audit of the Processes in Experiences with Uncertainty [63] and the scheme (2000) when we were working on the topic of Reflexive Control [64]. We also used our ideas about the inclusion of thinking technologies, such as problematization, objectification, self-determination, and schematization, in this kinematic scheme, which has an enneadic form. Study of the material allows us to focus on the action plan: Step 1—an idea of organization as a platform for the formation of a space of thinking and activity; the formation of platforms and specific phrases of the principles of organization of activity and ontological pictures and vision through them. There we use techniques presented in [34]. Step 2—the process of self-determination and schematization. The layer of thought activity, its formation and occupation, determination of the order of possible interactions, and communications, as well as reflective exit (mutation). The status of the scheme as the basis for determining the understanding of the texts of communication and capturing the meanings that the text carries on itself. Step 3—from positioning and sketching to objectification. Object as a result of the integration of self-determination, problematization, and schematization. An object as it is and a tool for the deployment of an organizational-activity plan. Step 4—from positioning and schematization through retrospection to problematization. Complex reflective transitions. Problematization is included in the text of thought-communication and serves as a basis for developing a picture of the world, the foundations of existence and individuation. Step 5—inverse processes. The impact of problematization on positioning and re-determination, the movement of a positional structure; the impact of problematization on the schematization and construction of tools that capture a thought from a communication text. Step 6—inverse processes. The impact of objectification on positioning and re-determination, the movement of a positional structure; the impact of objectification on the schematization and construction of tools that capture the idea from the text of communication. Step 7—integral view from the modus of the absolute. Relativity of the absolute, translation of culture and reproduction of activity. Norms and as the ultimate types of absolute and as moments that determine the principles of organization of activity and ontological design, respectively. Step 8—a bridge between self-determination in a positional structure (collective) and objectification and individuation.
\nIf the substantive content is constantly kept in mind, and it is with it that we are obliged to constantly touch and shape it, then it is worth using different techniques.
\nIf time is a decisive factor, then there is a middle ground between security and the speed of the cloud’s response to a user’s request. In other words, protection has its reasonable limit. And so that the attacker does not violate the integrity of the cloud, its normal functioning, a special kind of work is required with a potential client of this kind. Forcing, for example, to write complex programs for passing defense mechanisms, so that these codes can be used in crypto technologies.
\nWe limited ourselves to a fragment of an array of publications on the topic of cloud computing and ensuring their security. We did not conduct constructive criticism sufficient to decompose these texts into elements, units of a new assembly. The mention of a certain set of points that the authors of the articles draw attention to serves to approach the problem from different angles. This study is intended for practitioners who could better articulate their requirements for ordering a comprehensive methodological study.
\nWe limited ourselves to take in account those works that will be made at Moscow Methodological Circle [34] concerning the systems and methodology [1].
\nAn approach we have developed allows us to identify additional problems in this area and outline a program for their development. We try to build a system of methodological design and research over the many private methodologies that authors of articles usually use, relying on the experience of generalizing and concretizing system approaches, and, in particular, expanding geographical and historical boundaries, including system generalizations of intercultural studies and philosophical movements. An attempt is made to disassemble the security problem of cloud computing into a certain number of layers, processes, and technologies of thinking, and to reconnect them into a single whole with the character of thinking and activity.
\nThe application of the methodological schemes of the general methodology allows us to transfer the body of texts of publications devoted to the security of cloud computing from the category of research and engineering to the category of practical, which would help to solve the problem of the relationship of openness of cloud environments and their protection from external and internal threats. We are strengthening the psychological thinking that underlies the agreement between the cloud computing provider and cloud users, design and research thinking based on substantive genetic logic. Its difference from formal logic is that its starting point is the situation that develops as a result of the functioning and development of a certain system of activity, in this case, the use of computing technologies in the cloud, the organization of this industry, and the provision of a normal functioning mode.
\nThe expansion of the Internet of things with the inclusion of neuro prostheses [65] and nano mechanisms in this circle will give the methodological organization of security research a new meaning and additional significance. The transfer of the global economy (both at the planetary and local levels) to new platforms based on the inclusion of digital technologies in them will mean the isolation of the field of computing and the formation on the basis of cloudy and foggy computing of a sphere that needs proper immunity and its maintenance. The program idea of Society 5.0 will also require additional rethinking of the existing practice of protecting cloud computing from harmful influences
\nIn our opinion, a systematic approach exists only as a unit and a particular organization of the approach “and the corresponding organization of thinking and activity” appear in the representatives of special sciences only because they borrow the means, methods and ontology of methodological methodology and methodological approach. The goal to combine several different objects could be achieved only by using the means and norms of methodology. The expression “system work,” therefore, only describes the structure of methodological work and methodology; thus, we can approach the issue of the specifics of the system approach. If we choose a description in the theory of thinking, we will determine the specifics of systemic thinking. But a system approach can also be described in the means of the theory of activity, and then its specificity will be expressed and fixed differently. Thus, here too we must take into account the moment of multiplicity of possible representations. We have presented a figure in which we have reflected the principles of the methodological approach (Figure 1(d)), in which we tried to visualize methodological machine for creating the environment of successful decision of the Cloud Computing Security problems, listed in Section 2, “Literature review.”
\nAuthors have no conflict of their interests.
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The chapter describes the design, implementation and integration of a ground penetrating radar (GPR) using a software defined radio (SDR) platform into the aerial drone. The chapter?s goal is first to tackle in detail the development of a custom-designed lightweight GPR by approaching interplay between hardware and software radio on an SDR platform. The SDR-based GPR system results on a much lighter sensing device compared against the conventional GPR systems found in the literature and with the capability of re-configuration in real-time for different landmines and terrains, with the capability of detecting landmines under terrains with different dielectric characteristics. Secondly, the chapter introduce the integration of the SDR-based GPR into an autonomous drone by describing the mechanical integration, communication system, the graphical user interface (GUI) together with the landmine detection and geo-mapping. This chapter approach completely the hardware and software implementation topics of the on-board GPR system given first a comprehensive background of the software-defined radar technology and second presenting the main features of the Tx and Rx modules. Additional details are presented related with the mechanical and functional integration of the GPR into the UAV system.",book:{id:"5905",slug:"robots-operating-in-hazardous-environments",title:"Robots Operating in Hazardous Environments",fullTitle:"Robots Operating in Hazardous Environments"},signatures:"Manuel Ricardo Pérez Cerquera, Julian David Colorado Montaño\nand Iván Mondragón",authors:[{id:"177422",title:"Dr.",name:"Julian",middleName:null,surname:"Colorado",slug:"julian-colorado",fullName:"Julian Colorado"},{id:"197884",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Mondragon",slug:"ivan-mondragon",fullName:"Ivan Mondragon"},{id:"199958",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Perez",slug:"manuel-perez",fullName:"Manuel Perez"}]},{id:"15855",title:"Kinematics of AdeptThree Robot Arm",slug:"kinematics-of-adeptthree-robot-arm",totalDownloads:14625,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"152",slug:"robot-arms",title:"Robot Arms",fullTitle:"Robot Arms"},signatures:"Adelhard Beni Rehiara",authors:[{id:"29287",title:"Dr.",name:"Adelhard",middleName:"Beni",surname:"Rehiara",slug:"adelhard-rehiara",fullName:"Adelhard Rehiara"}]},{id:"62978",title:"Intelligent Robotic Perception Systems",slug:"intelligent-robotic-perception-systems",totalDownloads:2395,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Robotic perception is related to many applications in robotics where sensory data and artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) techniques are involved. Examples of such applications are object detection, environment representation, scene understanding, human/pedestrian detection, activity recognition, semantic place classification, object modeling, among others. Robotic perception, in the scope of this chapter, encompasses the ML algorithms and techniques that empower robots to learn from sensory data and, based on learned models, to react and take decisions accordingly. The recent developments in machine learning, namely deep-learning approaches, are evident and, consequently, robotic perception systems are evolving in a way that new applications and tasks are becoming a reality. Recent advances in human-robot interaction, complex robotic tasks, intelligent reasoning, and decision-making are, at some extent, the results of the notorious evolution and success of ML algorithms. This chapter will cover recent and emerging topics and use-cases related to intelligent perception systems in robotics.",book:{id:"7227",slug:"applications-of-mobile-robots",title:"Applications of Mobile Robots",fullTitle:"Applications of Mobile Robots"},signatures:"Cristiano Premebida, Rares Ambrus and Zoltan-Csaba Marton",authors:[{id:"203409",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Cristiano",middleName:null,surname:"Premebida",slug:"cristiano-premebida",fullName:"Cristiano Premebida"},{id:"254880",title:"Dr.",name:"Rares",middleName:null,surname:"Ambrus",slug:"rares-ambrus",fullName:"Rares Ambrus"},{id:"254881",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoltan-Csaba",middleName:null,surname:"Marton",slug:"zoltan-csaba-marton",fullName:"Zoltan-Csaba Marton"}]},{id:"67705",title:"Advanced UAVs Nonlinear Control Systems and Applications",slug:"advanced-uavs-nonlinear-control-systems-and-applications",totalDownloads:1943,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Recent development of different control systems for UAVs has caught the attention of academic and industry, due to the wide range of their applications such as in surveillance, delivery, work assistant, and photography. In addition, arms, grippers, or tethers could be installed to UAVs so that they can assist in constructing, transporting, and carrying payloads. In this book chapter, the control laws of the attitude and position of a quadcopter UAV have been derived basically utilizing three methods including backstepping, sliding mode control, and feedback linearization incorporated with LQI optimal controller. The main contribution of this book chapter would be concluded in the strategy of deriving the control laws of the translational positions of a quadcopter UAV. The control laws for trajectory tracking using the proposed strategies have been validated by simulation using MATLAB®/Simulink and experimental results obtained from a quadcopter test bench. Simulation results show a comparison between the performances of each of the proposed techniques depending on the nonlinear model of the quadcopter system under investigation; the trajectory tracking has been achieved properly for different types of trajectories, i.e., spiral trajectory, in the presence of unknown disturbances. Moreover, the practical results coincided with the results of the simulation results.",book:{id:"7792",slug:"unmanned-robotic-systems-and-applications",title:"Unmanned Robotic Systems and Applications",fullTitle:"Unmanned Robotic Systems and Applications"},signatures:"Abdulkader Joukhadar, Mohammad Alchehabi and Adnan Jejeh",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"22",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82223",title:"Biomechanical Design Principles Underpinning Anthropomorphic Manipulators",slug:"biomechanical-design-principles-underpinning-anthropomorphic-manipulators",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105434",abstract:"The biomechanical design of an artificial anthropomorphic manipulator is the focus of many researchers in diverse fields. Current electromechanical artificial hands are either in the research stage, expensive, have patents, lack severely in function, and/or are driven by robotic/mechanical principles, which tend to ignore the biological requirements of such designs. In response to the challenges addressed above this chapter discusses the potential of current technology and methods used in design to bridge the chasm that exists between robot manipulators and the human hand. This chapter elucidates artificial anthropomorphic manipulator design by outlining biomechanical concepts that contribute to the function, esthetics and performance of artificial manipulators. This chapter addresses joint stabilization, tendon structures and tendon excursion in artificial anthropomorphic manipulators.",book:{id:"11455",title:"Recent Advances in Robot Manipulators",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11455.jpg"},signatures:"Mahonri William Owen and Chikit Au"},{id:"82056",title:"Learning Robotic Ultrasound Skills from Human Demonstrations",slug:"learning-robotic-ultrasound-skills-from-human-demonstrations",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105069",abstract:"Robotic ultrasound system plays a vital role in assisting or even replacing sonographers in some cases. However, modeling and learning ultrasound skills from professional sonographers are still challenging tasks that hinder the development of ultrasound systems’ autonomy. To solve these problems, we propose a learning-based framework to acquire ultrasound scanning skills from human demonstrations1. First, ultrasound scanning skills are encapsulated into a high-dimensional multi-modal model, which takes ultrasound images, probe pose, and contact force into account. The model’s parameters can be learned from clinical ultrasound data demonstrated by professional sonographers. Second, the target function of autonomous ultrasound examinations is proposed, which can be solved roughly by the sampling-based strategy. The sonographers’ ultrasound skills can be represented by approximating the limit of the target function. Finally, the robustness of the proposed framework is validated with the experiments on ground-true data from sonographers.",book:{id:"10823",title:"Cognitive Robotics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10823.jpg"},signatures:"Miao Li and Xutian Deng"},{id:"82057",title:"An Episodic-Procedural Semantic Memory Model for Continuous Topological Sensorimotor Map Building",slug:"an-episodic-procedural-semantic-memory-model-for-continuous-topological-sensorimotor-map-building",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104818",abstract:"For humans to understand the world around them, learning and memory are two cognitive processes of the human brain that are deeply connected. Memory allows information to retain and forms an experiences reservoir. Computational models replicating those memory attributes can lead to the practical use of robots in everyday human living environments. However, constantly acquiring environmental information in real-world, dynamic environments has remained a challenge for many years. This article proposes an episodic-procedure semantic memory model to continuously generate topological sensorimotor maps for robot navigation. The proposed model consists of two memory networks: i) episodic-procedural memory network (EPMN) and ii) semantic memory network (SMN). The EPMN comprises an Incremental Recurrent Kernel Machines (I-RKM) that clusters incoming input vectors as nodes and learns the activation patterns of the nodes for spatiotemporal encoding. The SMN then takes neuronal activity trajectories from the EPMN and task-relevant signals to update the SMN and produce more compact representations of episodic experience. Thus, both memory networks prevent catastrophic forgetting by constantly generating nodes when the network meets new inputs or updating node weights when the incoming input is similar to previously learned knowledge. In addition, idle or outlier nodes will be removed to preserve memory space.",book:{id:"10823",title:"Cognitive Robotics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10823.jpg"},signatures:"Wei Hong Chin, Naoyuki Kubota and Chu Kiong Loo"},{id:"81922",title:"Skill Acquisition for Resource-Constrained Mobile Robots through Continuous Exploration",slug:"skill-acquisition-for-resource-constrained-mobile-robots-through-continuous-exploration",totalDownloads:14,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104996",abstract:"We present a cognitive mobile robot that acquires knowledge, and autonomously learns higher-level abstract capabilities based on play instincts, inspired by human behavior. To this end, we (i) model skills, (ii) model the robot’s sensor and actuator space based on elementary physical properties, and (iii) propose algorithms inspired by humans’ play instincts that allow the robot to autonomously learn the skills based on its sensor and actuator capabilities. We model general knowledge in the form of competencies (skills) of the mobile robot based on kinematic properties using physical quantities. Thus, by design, our approach has the potential to cover very generic application domains. To connect desired skills to the primitive capabilities of the robot’s sensors and actuators, it playfully explores the effects of its actions on its sensory input, thus autonomously learning relations and dependencies and eventually the desired skill. KnowRob is used for knowledge representation and reasoning, and the robot’s operation is based on ROS. In the experiments, we use a millirobot, sized 2 cm2, equipped with two wheels, motion, and distance sensors. We show that our cognitive mobile robot can successfully and autonomously learn elementary motion skills based on a playful exploration of its wheels and sensors.",book:{id:"10823",title:"Cognitive Robotics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10823.jpg"},signatures:"Markus D. Kobelrausch and Axel Jantsch"},{id:"81693",title:"The Neo-Mechanistic Model of Human Cognitive Computation and Its Major Challenges",slug:"the-neo-mechanistic-model-of-human-cognitive-computation-and-its-major-challenges",totalDownloads:8,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104995",abstract:"The neo-mechanistic theory of human cognition is currently one of the most accepted major theories in fields, such as cognitive science and cognitive neuroscience. This proposal offers an account of human cognitive computation, and it has been considered by its proponents as revolutionary and capable of integrating research concerning human cognition with new evidence provided by fields of biology and neuroscience. However, some complex cognitive capacities still present a challenge for explanations constructed by using this theoretical structure. In this chapter, I make a presentation of some of the central tenets of this framework and show in what dimensions it helps our understanding of human cognition concerning aspects of capacities, such as visual perception and memory consolidation. My central goal, however, is to show that to understand and explain some particular human cognitive capacities, such as self-consciousness and some conscious informal reasoning and decision making, the framework shows substantial limitations. I conclude the chapter by suggesting that to fully understand human cognition we will need much more than what the neo-mechanistic framework is actually able to provide.",book:{id:"10823",title:"Cognitive Robotics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10823.jpg"},signatures:"Diego Azevedo Leite"},{id:"81719",title:"Service Robots in Healthcare Settings",slug:"service-robots-in-healthcare-settings",totalDownloads:8,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104640",abstract:"Robots will play a part in all aspects of healthcare. The presence of service robots in healthcare demands special attention, whether it is in the automation of menial labour, prescription distribution, or offering comfort. In this chapter, we examine the several applications of healthcare-oriented robots in the acute, ambulatory and at-home settings. We discuss the role of robotics in reducing environmental dangers, as well as at the patient’s bedside and in the operating room, in the acute setting. We examine how robotics can protect and scale up healthcare services in the ambulatory setting. Finally, in the at-home scenario, we look at how robots can be employed for both rural/remote healthcare delivery and home-based care. In addition to assessing the current state of robotics at the interface of healthcare delivery, we describe critical problems for the future where such technology will be ubiquitous. Patients, health care workers, institutions, insurance companies, and governments will realize that service robots will deliver significant benefits in the future in terms of leverage and cost savings, while maintaining or improving access, equity, and high-quality health care.",book:{id:"10657",title:"Advances in Service Robots",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10657.jpg"},signatures:"Rohit Singla and Christopher Nguan"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:7},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:18,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). 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A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/28.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"177225",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"rosa-maria-lino-neto-pereira",fullName:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9wkQAC/Profile_Picture_1624519982291",biography:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira (DVM, MsC, PhD and) is currently a researcher at the Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Unit of the National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal). She is the head of the Reproduction and Embryology Laboratories and was lecturer of Reproduction and Reproductive Biotechnologies at Veterinary Medicine Faculty. She has over 25 years of experience working in reproductive biology and biotechnology areas with a special emphasis on embryo and gamete cryopreservation, for research and animal genetic resources conservation, leading research projects with several peer-reviewed papers. Rosa Pereira is member of the ERFP-FAO Ex situ Working Group and of the Management Commission of the Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank.",institutionString:"The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research. Portugal",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. 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Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334239",title:"Prof.",name:"Leung",middleName:null,surname:"Wai Keung",slug:"leung-wai-keung",fullName:"Leung Wai Keung",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hong Kong",country:{name:"China"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"4",type:"subseries",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11400,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. 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Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfPublishedBooks:31,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/31550",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"31550"},fullPath:"/chapters/31550",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()