Three models of hierarchical multiple regression analyses with subscales of physical health (PHS) as the dependent variables (
\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Milestone",originalUrl:"/media/original/124"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5451",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"New Insights on Gamma Rays",title:"New Insights on Gamma Rays",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Gamma radiation has been discovered since more than a century and contributed in many achievements in human life. Continuous developments make it necessary to have more understandings and more discussions about well-established concepts as well as newly implemented hypothesis and applications of gamma rays. This book presents new visions of gamma ray spectrometry and applications. I hope this book can present part of the useful applications of gamma rays.",isbn:"978-953-51-3162-5",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3161-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4826-5",doi:"10.5772/62969",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"new-insights-on-gamma-rays",numberOfPages:224,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"0fe8c3174bbb6d68493d39220cdec7ca",bookSignature:"Ahmed M. Maghraby",publishedDate:"May 24th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5451.jpg",numberOfDownloads:19028,numberOfWosCitations:14,numberOfCrossrefCitations:21,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:36,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:71,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 13th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 4th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 8th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 6th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 6th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"102209",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed M.",middleName:null,surname:"Maghraby",slug:"ahmed-m.-maghraby",fullName:"Ahmed M. Maghraby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/102209/images/system/102209.png",biography:"Ahmed M. Maghraby graduated from Cairo University, Faculty of Science, Egypt, in 1995, and started his career as a scientist at the National Institute of Standards (NIS), Egypt. He received his MSc in 1999 and his Ph.D. from Cairo University in 2003 for his study on the calibration and characterization of organic material for use in radiation dosimetry using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). In 1999, Dr. Maghraby worked as a guest researcher at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Maryland, USA, and as a visiting scientist at Dartmouth College (EPR center of viable system) in New Hampshire, USA, in 2008. In 2006, he worked as a guest researcher for the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Germany’s national metrology institute. He has led and participated in several international research projects on radiation measurements. His research interest is ionizing radiation metrology, especially ionization chambers, EPR, and thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD). He is a reviewer for several peer-reviewed journals and has supervised a number of master’s and Ph.D. theses, and was elected as the vice president of the National Committee of Physics (NPC) in Egypt.",institutionString:"National Institute of Standards",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1220",title:"High Energy Physics",slug:"high-energy-physics"}],chapters:[{id:"53780",title:"Gamma-Ray Spectrometry and the Investigation of Environmental and Food Samples",doi:"10.5772/67099",slug:"gamma-ray-spectrometry-and-the-investigation-of-environmental-and-food-samples",totalDownloads:2530,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Gamma radiation consists of high‐energy photons and penetrates matter. This is an advantage for the detection of gamma rays, as gamma spectrometry does not need the elimination of the matrix. The disadvantage is the need of shielding to protect against this radiation. Gamma rays are everywhere: in the atmosphere; gamma nuclides are produced by radiation of the sun; in the Earth, the primordial radioactive nuclides thorium and uranium are sources for gamma and other radiation. The technical enrichment and use of radioisotopes led to the unscrupulously use of radioactive material and to the Cold War, with over 900 bomb tests from 1945 to 1990, combined with global fallout over the northern hemisphere. The friendly use of radiation in medicine and for the production of energy at nuclear power plants (NPPs) has caused further expositions with ionising radiation. This chapter describes in a practical manner the instrumentation for the detection of gamma radiation and some results of the use of these techniques in environmental and food investigations.",signatures:"Markus R. Zehringer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53780",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53780",authors:[{id:"311750",title:"Dr.",name:"Markus R.",surname:"Zehringer",slug:"markus-r.-zehringer",fullName:"Markus R. Zehringer"}],corrections:null},{id:"53711",title:"Dead Time in the Gamma‐Ray Spectrometry",doi:"10.5772/67083",slug:"dead-time-in-the-gamma-ray-spectrometry",totalDownloads:1931,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A review of studies of the dead time correction on gamma-ray spectroscopy is presented. Compensate for counting losses due to system dead time is a vital step for quantitative and qualitative analysis. The gamma-ray spectroscopy system consisting of electronic devices are used for detection of radiation due to gamma rays. The dead time of the spectroscopy system is based on time limitations of these electronic devices. Firstly, a new model for determination of this electronic dead time is proposed. Secondly, two alternative methods suggested for the correction of this electronic dead-time losse.",signatures:"Salih Mustafa Karabıdak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53711",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53711",authors:[{id:"189517",title:"Dr.",name:"Salih",surname:"Karabidak",slug:"salih-karabidak",fullName:"Salih Karabidak"}],corrections:null},{id:"53981",title:"Pseudo-gamma Spectrometry in Plastic Scintillators",doi:"10.5772/67134",slug:"pseudo-gamma-spectrometry-in-plastic-scintillators",totalDownloads:2243,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"War against CBRN-E threats needs to continuously develop systems with improved detection efficiency and performances. This topic especially concerns the NR controls for homeland security. This chapter introduces how it is now possible to perform gamma identification using plastic scintillators, which are not conventionally designed for this purpose. Two distinct approaches are discussed: the first one is the chemical modifications of the scintillator itself and the second is introducing new algorithms, Specifically designed for this application.",signatures:"Matthieu Hamel and Frédérick Carrel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53981",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53981",authors:[{id:"190701",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthieu",surname:"Hamel",slug:"matthieu-hamel",fullName:"Matthieu Hamel"},{id:"194733",title:"Dr.",name:"Frédérick",surname:"Carrel",slug:"frederick-carrel",fullName:"Frédérick Carrel"}],corrections:null},{id:"54118",title:"Gamma Rays from Space",doi:"10.5772/67176",slug:"gamma-rays-from-space",totalDownloads:2089,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An overview of gamma rays from space is presented. We highlight the most powerful astrophysical explosions, known as gamma-ray bursts. The main features observed in detectors onboard satellites are indicated. In addition, we also highlight a chronological description of the efforts made to observe their high energy counterpart at ground level. Some candidates of the GeV counterpart of gamma-ray bursts, observed by Tupi telescopes, are also presented.",signatures:"Carlos Navia and Marcel Nogueira de Oliveira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54118",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54118",authors:[{id:"189908",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Navia",slug:"carlos-navia",fullName:"Carlos Navia"},{id:"243084",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcel",surname:"De Oliveira",slug:"marcel-de-oliveira",fullName:"Marcel De Oliveira"}],corrections:null},{id:"53966",title:"Extragalactic Gamma‐Ray Background",doi:"10.5772/67335",slug:"extragalactic-gamma-ray-background",totalDownloads:1488,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The origin of the extragalactic gamma‐ray background (EGRB) is an important open issue in the gamma‐ray astronomy. There are many theories about the origin of EGRB: (1) some truly diffuse processes, such as dark matter (DM) annihilation or decay, which can produce gamma rays; (2) gamma rays produced by energetic particles accelerated through induced shock waves during structure formation of the universe; (3) a lot of unidentified sources, including normal galaxies, starbursts and active galactic nuclei (AGNs), contain a large number of energetic particles and can emit gamma rays. Among various extragalactic sources, blazars including flat spectral radio quasars (FSRQs) and BL Lac objects are one of the most possible sources for EGRB. As continuous accumulation of the data observed by the Fermi Gamma‐Ray Space Telescope, it is possible to directly construct gamma‐ray luminosity function (GLF) of the blazars involving evolution information. In this chapter, based on the largest clean sample of AGNs provided by Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT), we mainly study blazar's GLFs and their contribution to EGRB. In our study, we separately construct GLFs of FSRQs and BL Lacs and then estimate the contributions to EGRB, respectively. Further, we discuss the diffuse gamma ray from other astrophysical sources and the other possible origins of the EGRB.",signatures:"Houdun Zeng and Li Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53966",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53966",authors:[{id:"190122",title:"Dr.",name:"Houdun",surname:"Zeng",slug:"houdun-zeng",fullName:"Houdun Zeng"},{id:"194854",title:"Prof.",name:"Li",surname:"Zhang",slug:"li-zhang",fullName:"Li Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"53504",title:"Applications of Ionizing Radiation in Mutation Breeding",doi:"10.5772/66925",slug:"applications-of-ionizing-radiation-in-mutation-breeding",totalDownloads:3509,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:13,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"As a predicted result of increasing population worldwide, improvements in the breeding strategies in agriculture are valued as mandatory. The natural resources are limited, and due to the natural disasters like sudden and severe abiotic stress factors, excessive floods, etc., the production capacities are changed per year. In contrast, the yield potential should be significantly increased to cope with this problem. Despite rich genetic diversity, manipulation of the cultivars through alternative techniques such as mutation breeding becomes important. Radiation is proven as an effective method as a unique method to increase the genetic variability of the species. Gamma radiation is the most preferred physical mutagen by plant breeders. Several mutant varieties have been successfully introduced into commercial production by this method. Combinational use of in vitro tissue culture and mutation breeding methods makes a significant contribution to improve new crops. Large populations and the target mutations can be easily screened and identified by new methods. Marker assisted selection and advanced techniques such as microarray, next generation sequencing methods to detect a specific mutant in a large population will help to the plant breeders to use ionizing radiation efficiently in breeding programs.",signatures:"Özge Çelik and Çimen Atak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53504",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53504",authors:[{id:"147362",title:"Dr.",name:"Özge",surname:"Çelik",slug:"ozge-celik",fullName:"Özge Çelik"},{id:"147364",title:"Prof.",name:"Çimen",surname:"Atak",slug:"cimen-atak",fullName:"Çimen Atak"}],corrections:null},{id:"54779",title:"Neutron-Stimulated Gamma Ray Analysis of Soil",doi:"10.5772/68014",slug:"neutron-stimulated-gamma-ray-analysis-of-soil",totalDownloads:2054,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter describes technical aspects of neutron-stimulated gamma ray analysis of soil carbon. The introduction covers general principles, different modifications of neutron-gamma analysis, measurement system configuration, and advantages of this method for soil carbon analysis. Problems with neutron-gamma technology in soil carbon analysis and methods of investigations including Monte-Carlo simulation of neutron interaction with soil elements are discussed further. Based on the investigation results, a method of extracting the “soil carbon net peak” from the raw acquired data was developed. The direct proportional dependency between the carbon net peak area and average carbon weight percent in the upper 10 cm soil layer for any carbon depth profile was shown. Calibration of the measurement system using sand-carbon pits and field measurements of soil carbon are described. Measurement results compared to chemical analysis (dry combustion) data demonstrated good agreement between the two methods. Thus, neutron-stimulated gamma ray analysis can be used for in situ determination of near-surface soil carbon content and is applicable for precision geospatial mapping of soil carbon.",signatures:"Aleksandr Kavetskiy, Galina Yakubova, Stephen A. Prior and Henry\nAllen Torbert",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54779",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54779",authors:[{id:"38917",title:"Dr.",name:"Allen",surname:"Torbert",slug:"allen-torbert",fullName:"Allen Torbert"},{id:"190407",title:"Dr.",name:"Galina",surname:"Yakubova",slug:"galina-yakubova",fullName:"Galina Yakubova"},{id:"190408",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandr",surname:"Kavetskiy",slug:"aleksandr-kavetskiy",fullName:"Aleksandr Kavetskiy"},{id:"190409",title:"Dr.",name:"Steve",surname:"Prior",slug:"steve-prior",fullName:"Steve Prior"}],corrections:null},{id:"55119",title:"Effects of Gamma Radiation on Essential Oils: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68764",slug:"effects-of-gamma-radiation-on-essential-oils-a-review",totalDownloads:1738,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"γ-Radiation provides an effective alternative method to reduce or eliminate microbial contamination of medicinal herbs and other plant materials. However, a search in the literature is important to describe the effects of γ-radiation on the content and integrity of secondary metabolites from plants. The present work provides a review of the effects of γ-radiation on extraction yields and chemical composition of essential oils isolated from roots, rhizome and cortex, leaves, fruits, seeds, flowers, and whole plant. In addition, this review describes the effects of γ-radiation on terpenes. The informations in the present work may assist in research about essential oils and dose of γ-radiation that is able to biologically decontaminate without causing chemical changes in secondary metabolites. These reports in the literature can describe the behavior of many of these metabolites when subjected to various doses of radiation.",signatures:"Clináscia Rodrigues Rocha Araújo, Geone Maia Corrêa, Viviane\nGomes da Costa Abreu, Thiago de Melo Silva, Aura María Blandón\nOsorio, Patrícia Machado de Oliveira and Antônio Flávio de\nCarvalho Alcântara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/55119",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/55119",authors:[{id:"102095",title:"MSc.",name:"Viviane Gomes Costa",surname:"Abreu",slug:"viviane-gomes-costa-abreu",fullName:"Viviane Gomes Costa Abreu"},{id:"102096",title:"MSc.",name:"Geone Maia",surname:"Correa",slug:"geone-maia-correa",fullName:"Geone Maia Correa"},{id:"191024",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Aura María",surname:"Blandón Osorio",slug:"aura-maria-blandon-osorio",fullName:"Aura María Blandón Osorio"},{id:"192303",title:"Dr.",name:"Clináscia",surname:"Rodrigues Rocha Araújo",slug:"clinascia-rodrigues-rocha-araujo",fullName:"Clináscia Rodrigues Rocha Araújo"},{id:"192304",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",surname:"de Melo Silva",slug:"thiago-de-melo-silva",fullName:"Thiago de Melo Silva"},{id:"192305",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrícia",surname:"Machado de Oliveira",slug:"patricia-machado-de-oliveira",fullName:"Patrícia Machado de Oliveira"},{id:"192306",title:"Dr.",name:"Antônio Flávio",surname:"de Carvalho Alcântara",slug:"antonio-flavio-de-carvalho-alcantara",fullName:"Antônio Flávio de Carvalho Alcântara"}],corrections:null},{id:"54508",title:"Gamma Rays’ Effect on Food Allergen Protein",doi:"10.5772/67839",slug:"gamma-rays-effect-on-food-allergen-protein",totalDownloads:1447,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Many foods cause different kinds of allergies for so many people due to health problems. Recently, gamma rays have been used to minimize this problem by altering the protein allergen structure. The aim of this study is to represent the use of the gamma rays in allergen food treatment and to show what happened to food structures. It can be concluded that the use of the technique of irradiation by gamma rays may be an efficient solution for allergic foods.",signatures:"Marcia Nalesso Costa Harder and Valter Arthur",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54508",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54508",authors:[{id:"100407",title:"Dr.",name:"Valter",surname:"Arthur",slug:"valter-arthur",fullName:"Valter Arthur"},{id:"189590",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcia Nalesso Costa",surname:"Harder",slug:"marcia-nalesso-costa-harder",fullName:"Marcia Nalesso Costa Harder"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7330",title:"Topics From EPR Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b1997bf8b0968b84776a82777a3295c5",slug:"topics-from-epr-research",bookSignature:"Ahmed M. Maghraby",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7330.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102209",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed M.",surname:"Maghraby",slug:"ahmed-m.-maghraby",fullName:"Ahmed M. Maghraby"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10074",title:"Recent Techniques and Applications in Ionizing Radiation Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"129deeec2186f6392f154ed41f64477a",slug:"recent-techniques-and-applications-in-ionizing-radiation-research",bookSignature:"Ahmed M. Maghraby and Basim Almayyahi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10074.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102209",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed M.",surname:"Maghraby",slug:"ahmed-m.-maghraby",fullName:"Ahmed M. Maghraby"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1590",title:"Gamma Radiation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30f1336f3c9399366ea01d1f1a33f920",slug:"gamma-radiation",bookSignature:"Feriz Adrovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1590.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"106756",title:"Prof.",name:"Feriz",surname:"Adrovic",slug:"feriz-adrovic",fullName:"Feriz Adrovic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6149",title:"Ionizing Radiation Effects and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9d3bc531cb8e2ffbe4a436ab42b70653",slug:"ionizing-radiation-effects-and-applications",bookSignature:"Boualem Djezzar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6149.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"18189",title:"Prof.",name:"Boualem",surname:"Djezzar",slug:"boualem-djezzar",fullName:"Boualem Djezzar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1616",title:"Particle Physics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"29e08be0c8877548d8d9daa55a06fe3b",slug:"particle-physics",bookSignature:"Eugene Kennedy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1616.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101837",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugene",surname:"Kennedy",slug:"eugene-kennedy",fullName:"Eugene Kennedy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5094",title:"Neutron Scattering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8c7f3fac75e54e8345b01ca5cb1a4e68",slug:"neutron-scattering",bookSignature:"Waldemar Alfredo Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5094.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118821",title:"Dr.",name:"Waldemar Alfredo",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"waldemar-alfredo-monteiro",fullName:"Waldemar Alfredo Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"erratum-public-perceptions-of-values-associated-with-wildfire-protection-at-the-wildland-urban-inter",title:"Erratum - Public Perceptions of Values Associated with Wildfire Protection at the Wildland-Urban Interface: A Synthesis of National Findings",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/68989.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68989",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68989",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/68989",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/68989",chapter:{id:"65057",slug:"public-perceptions-of-values-associated-with-wildfire-protection-at-the-wildland-urban-interface-a-s",signatures:"Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges",dateSubmitted:"June 21st 2018",dateReviewed:"October 22nd 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8295",title:"Landscape Reclamation",subtitle:"Rising From What's Left",fullTitle:"Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left",slug:"landscape-reclamation-rising-from-what-s-left",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8295.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"264298",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason",middleName:null,surname:"Gordon",fullName:"Jason Gordon",slug:"jason-gordon",email:"jason.gordon@uga.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Georgia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"65057",slug:"public-perceptions-of-values-associated-with-wildfire-protection-at-the-wildland-urban-interface-a-s",signatures:"Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. Hodges",dateSubmitted:"June 21st 2018",dateReviewed:"October 22nd 2018",datePrePublished:"December 31st 2018",datePublished:"February 19th 2020",book:{id:"8295",title:"Landscape Reclamation",subtitle:"Rising From What's Left",fullTitle:"Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left",slug:"landscape-reclamation-rising-from-what-s-left",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8295.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"264298",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason",middleName:null,surname:"Gordon",fullName:"Jason Gordon",slug:"jason-gordon",email:"jason.gordon@uga.edu",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Georgia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},book:{id:"8295",title:"Landscape Reclamation",subtitle:"Rising From What's Left",fullTitle:"Landscape Reclamation - Rising From What's Left",slug:"landscape-reclamation-rising-from-what-s-left",publishedDate:"February 19th 2020",bookSignature:"Luis Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8295.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11684",leadTitle:null,title:"Mental Health - Preventive Strategies",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tMental health is an actual topic because of the high prevalence of mental health problems such as depression and anxiety. Mental health problems can affect all people regardless of their sociodemographic characteristics. It means that anyone is likely to have some form of mental health problem. The effects of mental health problems can be so devastating that they lead to suicide in many cases. For this reason, preventive measures to avoid mental health problems are important. Among the strategies used for the prevention and treatment of mental health problems, are the practice of physical activity, good levels of physical fitness, quality leisure time, socialization (especially in older adults), the use of counseling whenever there is a change in terms of mental health, religiosity and contemplation of the divine, psychological support and professional guidance stand out. With this book, we intend to present the different strategies that can be used to promote mental health.
",isbn:"978-1-80355-925-4",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-924-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-926-1",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"9b497f482d7830adfd680d6bab010a3d",bookSignature:"Prof. Adilson Marques, Dr. Margarida Gaspar de Matos and Dr. Hugo Sarmento",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11684.jpg",keywords:"Sport, Active Commuting, Reward, Relationships, Friendship, Peer Education, Socialisation, Therapy, Psychology, Religiosity, Spirituality, Divinity",numberOfDownloads:76,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 9th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 20th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 19th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 7th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 6th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Adilson Marques has published over 220 articles in international peer-reviewed journals. He is a prolific researcher with a keen interest in health promotion, with an emphasis on the benefits of physical activity.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"210561",title:"Prof.",name:"Adilson",middleName:null,surname:"Marques",slug:"adilson-marques",fullName:"Adilson Marques",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210561/images/system/210561.jpg",biography:"Adilson Marques is a professor at the University of Lisbon, Portugal. He holds bachelor’s and master’s degrees in Physical Education, a master’s in Public Health, and PhDs in Sciences of Education, Sports Science and Health Sciences. Adilson Marques was a physical education teacher for nine years. His main research interests are health promotion, correlates of physical activity, and fitness. He recently is studying the relationship between physical activity, fitness, and mental health. He has published several international peer-reviewed articles and has been an investigator in several research projects. He is a reviewer for several scientific journals in the field of sports science and health promotion. He is a member of the National Physical Activity Promotion Program at the Portuguese Ministry of Health.",institutionString:"University of Lisbon",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Lisbon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"451559",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarida",middleName:null,surname:"Gaspar de Matos",slug:"margarida-gaspar-de-matos",fullName:"Margarida Gaspar de Matos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003LdDorQAF/Profile_Picture_1641199181199",biography:"Full Professor of International health at Lisbon University. Research Coordinator at Institute of Environmental Health/ University of Lisbon. Chartered Clinical and Health Psychologist. Chartered CBT/ACT Psychotherapist. Represents the Order of Portuguese Psychologists at EFPA ( Board of Promotion and Prevention). Steering Committe of EUPHA (Board of Children and Adolescents health). Deputy-PI for Portugal of the WHO study Health Behaviour in School Aged Children. Coordinator of the Task Force of Behavioural Sciences (Portuguese Government). Coordinator of the Mental Health Expert Group (Ministery of Education). External Expert of the National Health Plan (Ministery of Health). Extensive experience of scientific publications, PhD thesis supervision and research projects coordination and supervision.",institutionString:"University of Lisbon",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Lisbon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"446910",title:"Dr.",name:"Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"Sarmento",slug:"hugo-sarmento",fullName:"Hugo Sarmento",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Hugo Sarmento, PhD, is a at the University of Coimbra, Portugal. He is the head of the master's program in Youth Sports Training. Sarmento's research on sport expertise and talent development follows an ecological dynamics approach. He has also conducted studies in performance analysis, training load monitoring, match analysis, small-sided and conditioned games and physical activity and health. He has published more than 80 international peer-reviewed original articles. Additionally, is a member of 6 editorial boards of international scientific journals.",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"81345",title:"Smoking and the Association with Mental Health",slug:"smoking-and-the-association-with-mental-health",totalDownloads:46,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"82711",title:"The Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health: The Protective Role of Resilience and Capacity for Mentalizing",slug:"the-impact-of-covid-19-on-mental-health-the-protective-role-of-resilience-and-capacity-for-mentalizi",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"440212",firstName:"Elena",lastName:"Vracaric",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/440212/images/20007_n.jpg",email:"elena@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10233",title:"Sedentary Behaviour",subtitle:"A Contemporary View",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"183415731897b5968c083dbdbef71553",slug:"sedentary-behaviour-a-contemporary-view",bookSignature:"Adilson Marques and Élvio Rúbio Gouveia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10233.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"210561",title:"Prof.",name:"Adilson",surname:"Marques",slug:"adilson-marques",fullName:"Adilson Marques"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9500",title:"Recent Advances in Bone Tumours and Osteoarthritis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea4ec0d6ee01b88e264178886e3210ed",slug:"recent-advances-in-bone-tumours-and-osteoarthritis",bookSignature:"Hiran Amarasekera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9500.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67634",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiran",surname:"Amarasekera",slug:"hiran-amarasekera",fullName:"Hiran Amarasekera"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"31363",title:"Review of Cytomegalovirus Anterior Uveitis",doi:"10.5772/25545",slug:"review-of-cytomegalovirus-anterior-uveitis-",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/31363.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/31363",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/31363",totalDownloads:4045,totalViews:139,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:51,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"January 27th 2011",dateReviewed:"September 14th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 9th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/31363",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/31363",book:{id:"710",slug:"inflammation-chronic-diseases-and-cancer-cell-and-molecular-biology-immunology-and-clinical-bases"},signatures:"C. E. Pang",authors:[{id:"63656",title:"Dr.",name:"C. E.",middleName:null,surname:"Pang",fullName:"C. E. Pang",slug:"c.-e.-pang",email:"claudine28@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"710",type:"book",title:"Inflammation, Chronic Diseases and Cancer",subtitle:"Cell and Molecular Biology, Immunology and Clinical Bases",fullTitle:"Inflammation, Chronic Diseases and Cancer - Cell and Molecular Biology, Immunology and Clinical Bases",slug:"inflammation-chronic-diseases-and-cancer-cell-and-molecular-biology-immunology-and-clinical-bases",publishedDate:"March 9th 2012",bookSignature:"Mahin Khatami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/710.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0102-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5232-3",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:29,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"63956",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahin",middleName:null,surname:"Khatami",slug:"mahin-khatami",fullName:"Mahin Khatami"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"907"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"31352",type:"chapter",title:"Inflammation, Aging and Cancer: Friend or Foe?",slug:"inflammation-aging-and-cancer-friend-or-foe-",totalDownloads:3790,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mahin Khatami",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63956",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahin",middleName:null,surname:"Khatami",fullName:"Mahin Khatami",slug:"mahin-khatami"}]},{id:"31353",type:"chapter",title:"The Impact of Macrophage Membrane Lipid Composition on Innate Immune Response Mechanisms",slug:"the-impact-of-macrophage-membrane-lipid-composition-on-innate-immune-response-mechanisms",totalDownloads:3251,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Julia Schumann",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"62908",title:"Dr.",name:"Julia",middleName:null,surname:"Schumann",fullName:"Julia Schumann",slug:"julia-schumann"}]},{id:"31354",type:"chapter",title:"The Innate Immune Response Mediated by TLRs in Atherosclerosis",slug:"the-innate-immune-response-mediated-by-tlrs-in-atherosclerosis",totalDownloads:3171,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Luis Chávez-Sánchez, Karina Chávez-Rueda, María Victoria Legorreta-Haquet, Eduardo Montoya-Díaz and Francisco Blanco-Favela",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63952",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Blanco-Favela",fullName:"Francisco Blanco-Favela",slug:"francisco-blanco-favela"},{id:"68561",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Chávez-Sánchez",fullName:"Luis Chávez-Sánchez",slug:"luis-chavez-sanchez"},{id:"68976",title:"Dr.",name:"Karina",middleName:null,surname:"Chavez-Rueda",fullName:"Karina Chavez-Rueda",slug:"karina-chavez-rueda"},{id:"68977",title:"MSc",name:"María Victoria",middleName:null,surname:"Legorreta-Haquet",fullName:"María Victoria Legorreta-Haquet",slug:"maria-victoria-legorreta-haquet"},{id:"68979",title:"MSc.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Montoya-Díaz",fullName:"Eduardo Montoya-Díaz",slug:"eduardo-montoya-diaz"}]},{id:"31355",type:"chapter",title:"Autoimmunity, Atherosclerosis and Apoptotic Cell Clearance",slug:"autoimmunity-apoptosis-and-accelerated-atherosclerosis",totalDownloads:2615,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tamar Aprahamian",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63784",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamar",middleName:null,surname:"Aprahamian",fullName:"Tamar Aprahamian",slug:"tamar-aprahamian"}]},{id:"31356",type:"chapter",title:"The Platelet as an Immunomodulator: The Old Thespian with New Roles in Atherosclerosis, Sepsis and Autoimmune Disease",slug:"the-platelet-as-an-immunomodulator-the-old-thespian-with-new-roles-in-atherosclerosis-sepsis-and-aut",totalDownloads:2767,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Omar L. Esponda, Yaliz Loperena, Gladiany Ramos and A. Valance Washington",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"64298",title:"Dr.",name:"A. Valance",middleName:null,surname:"Washington",fullName:"A. Valance Washington",slug:"a.-valance-washington"},{id:"70195",title:"Dr.",name:"Omar",middleName:"Lazaro",surname:"Esponda",fullName:"Omar Esponda",slug:"omar-esponda"},{id:"70198",title:"MSc.",name:"Yaliz",middleName:null,surname:"Loperena",fullName:"Yaliz Loperena",slug:"yaliz-loperena"},{id:"70200",title:"BSc.",name:"Gladiany",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos",fullName:"Gladiany Ramos",slug:"gladiany-ramos"}]},{id:"31357",type:"chapter",title:"Regulatory T Cells and Viral Disease",slug:"regulatory-t-cells-and-viral-disease",totalDownloads:3147,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Tanya LeRoith and S. Ansar Ahmed",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"74091",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanya",middleName:null,surname:"LeRoith",fullName:"Tanya LeRoith",slug:"tanya-leroith"}]},{id:"31358",type:"chapter",title:"Inflammation, Immunity and Redox Signaling",slug:"inflammation-immunity-and-redox-signaling",totalDownloads:4193,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Joshua Jabaut and Karina Ckless",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"69397",title:"Dr.",name:"Karina",middleName:null,surname:"Ckless",fullName:"Karina Ckless",slug:"karina-ckless"},{id:"69405",title:"MSc.",name:"Joshua",middleName:null,surname:"Jabaut",fullName:"Joshua Jabaut",slug:"joshua-jabaut"}]},{id:"31359",type:"chapter",title:"Complement Receptors in Inflammation",slug:"complement-receptors-in-inflammation",totalDownloads:3710,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Priyanka Pundir and Marianna Kulka",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63882",title:"Dr.",name:"Marianna",middleName:null,surname:"Kulka",fullName:"Marianna Kulka",slug:"marianna-kulka"},{id:"125891",title:"Dr.",name:"Priyanka",middleName:null,surname:"Pundir",fullName:"Priyanka Pundir",slug:"priyanka-pundir"}]},{id:"31360",type:"chapter",title:"Parasitic Infections and Inflammatory Diseases",slug:"parasitic-infections-and-inflammatory-diseases",totalDownloads:5185,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Joziana M.P. Barçante, Thales A. Barçante, Ana Paula Peconick, Luciano J. Pereira and Walter S. Lima",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"64263",title:"Prof.",name:"Joziana",middleName:"Muniz De Paiva",surname:"Barçante",fullName:"Joziana Barçante",slug:"joziana-barcante"},{id:"64267",title:"Prof.",name:"Thales",middleName:"Augusto",surname:"Barçante",fullName:"Thales Barçante",slug:"thales-barcante"},{id:"67878",title:"Prof.",name:"Walter",middleName:null,surname:"Lima",fullName:"Walter Lima",slug:"walter-lima"},{id:"92272",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana",middleName:"Paula",surname:"Peconick",fullName:"Ana Peconick",slug:"ana-peconick"},{id:"92409",title:"Prof.",name:"Luciano",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",fullName:"Luciano Pereira",slug:"luciano-pereira"}]},{id:"31361",type:"chapter",title:"The Role of Chemokines and Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Periodontal and Periapical Lesions: Current Concepts",slug:"the-role-of-chemokines-and-cytokines-in-the-pathogenesis-of-periodontal-and-periapical-lesions-curre",totalDownloads:5974,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Gustavo P. Garlet, Andreza M.F. Aranha, Elcia M. Silveira, Andreia Espindola Vieira, Celso M. Queiroz-Junior, Mila F.M. Madeira, Sandra Y. Fukada and Tarcilia A. Silva",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"69448",title:"Dr.",name:"Tarcilia",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"Tarcilia Silva",slug:"tarcilia-silva"},{id:"70047",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Garlet",fullName:"Gustavo Garlet",slug:"gustavo-garlet"},{id:"70050",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Fukada",fullName:"Sandra Fukada",slug:"sandra-fukada"},{id:"70052",title:"Dr.",name:"Celso",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz-Junior",fullName:"Celso Queiroz-Junior",slug:"celso-queiroz-junior"},{id:"70056",title:"Dr.",name:"Mila",middleName:null,surname:"Madeira",fullName:"Mila Madeira",slug:"mila-madeira"},{id:"70058",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreza",middleName:null,surname:"Aranha",fullName:"Andreza Aranha",slug:"andreza-aranha"},{id:"70062",title:"Dr.",name:"Elcia",middleName:null,surname:"Silveira",fullName:"Elcia Silveira",slug:"elcia-silveira"},{id:"118143",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreia",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Andreia Vieira",slug:"andreia-vieira"}]},{id:"31362",type:"chapter",title:"Involvement of Microglial Cathepsin B in Pro-Interleukin-1 Processing and Persistent Pain",slug:"cathepsin-b-in-neuroinflammation-and-pain",totalDownloads:2389,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hiroshi Nakanishi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63049",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Nakanishi",fullName:"Hiroshi Nakanishi",slug:"hiroshi-nakanishi"}]},{id:"31363",type:"chapter",title:"Review of Cytomegalovirus Anterior Uveitis",slug:"review-of-cytomegalovirus-anterior-uveitis-",totalDownloads:4045,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"C. E. Pang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63656",title:"Dr.",name:"C. E.",middleName:null,surname:"Pang",fullName:"C. E. Pang",slug:"c.-e.-pang"}]},{id:"31364",type:"chapter",title:"“Suppressor of Cytokine Signalling” Molecules in Infection and Inflammation",slug:"socs-molecules-in-infection-and-inflammation",totalDownloads:2562,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Berit Carow and Martin E. Rottenberg",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"65192",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Rottenberg",fullName:"Martin Rottenberg",slug:"martin-rottenberg"},{id:"66900",title:"MSc.",name:"Berit",middleName:null,surname:"Carow",fullName:"Berit Carow",slug:"berit-carow"}]},{id:"31365",type:"chapter",title:"Role of the Neutrophil NADPH Oxidase and S100A8/A9 in the Pathophysiology of Chronic Inflammation",slug:"role-of-the-neutrophil-nadph-oxidase-and-s100a8-a9-in-the-pathophysiology-of-chronic-inflammation",totalDownloads:2561,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sabrina Bréchard, Véronique Schenten and Eric J. Tschirhart",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"65173",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabrina",middleName:null,surname:"Brechard",fullName:"Sabrina Brechard",slug:"sabrina-brechard"},{id:"74289",title:"Prof.",name:"Eric",middleName:"J",surname:"Tschirhart",fullName:"Eric Tschirhart",slug:"eric-tschirhart"},{id:"120120",title:"Dr.",name:"Véronique",middleName:null,surname:"Schenten",fullName:"Véronique Schenten",slug:"veronique-schenten"}]},{id:"31366",type:"chapter",title:"Inflammation in COPD and New Drug Strategies",slug:"inflammation-in-chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-implications-for-new-treatment-strategies",totalDownloads:3731,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Liam Heaney and Izhaq Masih",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"70453",title:"Prof.",name:"Liam",middleName:null,surname:"Heaney",fullName:"Liam Heaney",slug:"liam-heaney"},{id:"70816",title:"Dr.",name:"Izhaq",middleName:null,surname:"Masih",fullName:"Izhaq Masih",slug:"izhaq-masih"}]},{id:"31367",type:"chapter",title:"Malnutrition and Inflammation",slug:"malnutrition-and-inflammation",totalDownloads:4501,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jorge R. Mujico, Fátima Pérez-de-Heredia, Sonia Gómez-Martínez and Ascensión Marcos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"62998",title:"Dr",name:"Ascensión",middleName:null,surname:"Marcos",fullName:"Ascensión Marcos",slug:"ascension-marcos"},{id:"74499",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:"Raul",surname:"Mujico",fullName:"Jorge Mujico",slug:"jorge-mujico"},{id:"74500",title:"Dr.",name:"Fátima",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez De Heredia",fullName:"Fátima Pérez De Heredia",slug:"fatima-perez-de-heredia"},{id:"74501",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez-Martínez",fullName:"Sonia Gómez-Martínez",slug:"sonia-gomez-martinez"}]},{id:"31368",type:"chapter",title:"Anti-CXCL13 and Anti-TNFα Monoclonal Antibodies Combinatorial Treatment Inhibits Autoimmune Disease in a Murine Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus",slug:"anti-cxcl13-and-anti-tnf-monoclonal-antibodies-combinatorial-treatment-inhibits-autoimmune-disease-i",totalDownloads:2360,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Debra B. Gardner, Patricia Rafferty, Peter Bugelski and Bailin Liang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"65760",title:"Dr",name:"Debbie",middleName:null,surname:"Gardner",fullName:"Debbie Gardner",slug:"debbie-gardner"},{id:"78292",title:"Dr",name:"Bailin",middleName:null,surname:"Liang",fullName:"Bailin Liang",slug:"bailin-liang"},{id:"78769",title:"Dr",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Rafferty",fullName:"Patricia Rafferty",slug:"patricia-rafferty"}]},{id:"31369",type:"chapter",title:"Ocular Involvement in Behçet’s Disease",slug:"ocular-involvement-in-beh-et-s-disease",totalDownloads:4233,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yonca Aydın Akova and Sirel Gür Güngör",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"67957",title:"Prof.",name:"Yonca",middleName:null,surname:"Aydin Akova",fullName:"Yonca Aydin Akova",slug:"yonca-aydin-akova"},{id:"68540",title:"Dr.",name:"Sirel",middleName:null,surname:"Gur Gungor",fullName:"Sirel Gur Gungor",slug:"sirel-gur-gungor"}]},{id:"31370",type:"chapter",title:"Biologic Agents for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (The Current, the Future and the Controversy)",slug:"biologic-agents-for-inflammatory-bowel-disease-the-current-the-future-and-the-controversy",totalDownloads:3214,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Iyad A. Issa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63629",title:"Dr.",name:"Iyad",middleName:null,surname:"Issa",fullName:"Iyad Issa",slug:"iyad-issa"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2026",title:"Inflammatory Diseases",subtitle:"Immunopathology, Clinical and Pharmacological Bases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55567318dc2901acbc8cdbab9c48feef",slug:"inflammatory-diseases-immunopathology-clinical-and-pharmacological-bases",bookSignature:"Mahin Khatami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2026.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63956",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahin",surname:"Khatami",slug:"mahin-khatami",fullName:"Mahin Khatami"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"28054",title:"Dementia – A Complete Literature Review on Various Mechanisms Involves in Pathogenesis and an Intracerebroventricular Streptozotocin Induced Alzheimer’s Disease",slug:"alzheimer-s-disease-an-updated-review-on-pathogenesis-and-intracerebroventricular-streptozotocin-ind",signatures:"Sidharth Mehan, Rimpi Arora, Vandana Sehgal, Deepak Sharma and Garuav Sharma",authors:[{id:"62989",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidharth",middleName:null,surname:"Mehan",fullName:"Sidharth Mehan",slug:"sidharth-mehan"}]},{id:"28055",title:"Cachexia – The Interplay Between the Immune System, Brain Control and Metabolism",slug:"cachexia-the-interplay-between-the-immune-system-brain-control-and-metabolism",signatures:"Andrea Stofkova",authors:[{id:"63319",title:"PhD.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Stofkova",fullName:"Andrea Stofkova",slug:"andrea-stofkova"}]},{id:"28056",title:"Innate Immune System in Sepsis Immunopathogenesis and Its Modulation as a Future Therapeutic Approach",slug:"innate-immune-system-in-sepsis-immunopathogenesis-and-its-modulation-as-future-therapeutic-approach",signatures:"Vijay Kumar",authors:[{id:"63844",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Vijay Kumar",slug:"vijay-kumar"}]},{id:"28057",title:"Psoriasis and Diabetes",slug:"psoriasis-and-diabetes",signatures:"Ermira Vasili, Migena Vargu, Genc Burazeri, Katerina Hysa, Elna Cano and Brikena Bezati",authors:[{id:"63608",title:"Prof.",name:"Ermira",middleName:null,surname:"Vasili",fullName:"Ermira Vasili",slug:"ermira-vasili"},{id:"69234",title:"Dr.",name:"Migena",middleName:null,surname:"Vargu",fullName:"Migena Vargu",slug:"migena-vargu"},{id:"69238",title:"Dr.",name:"Katerina",middleName:null,surname:"Hysi",fullName:"Katerina Hysi",slug:"katerina-hysi"},{id:"69240",title:"Dr.",name:"Genc",middleName:null,surname:"Burazeri",fullName:"Genc Burazeri",slug:"genc-burazeri"},{id:"122604",title:"Dr.",name:"Brikena",middleName:null,surname:"Bezati",fullName:"Brikena Bezati",slug:"brikena-bezati"},{id:"122605",title:"Dr.",name:"Elna",middleName:null,surname:"Cano",fullName:"Elna Cano",slug:"elna-cano"}]},{id:"28058",title:"Inflammation and Pulmonary Fibrosis",slug:"the-role-of-inflammation-in-pulmonary-fibrosis",signatures:"Michael G. Crooks, Imran Aslam and Simon P. Hart",authors:[{id:"63764",title:"Dr.",name:"Simon",middleName:"Paul",surname:"Hart",fullName:"Simon Hart",slug:"simon-hart"},{id:"63766",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:"George",surname:"Crooks",fullName:"Michael Crooks",slug:"michael-crooks"},{id:"63767",title:"Dr.",name:"Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Aslam",fullName:"Imran Aslam",slug:"imran-aslam"}]},{id:"28059",title:"Inflammation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration – Implications for Therapy",slug:"inflammation-in-age-related-macular-degeneration-implications-for-therapy",signatures:"Mei Chen and Heping Xu",authors:[{id:"64019",title:"Dr.",name:"Heping",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Heping Xu",slug:"heping-xu"},{id:"64045",title:"Dr.",name:"Mei",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Mei Chen",slug:"mei-chen"}]},{id:"28060",title:"Inflammatory Periprosthetic Bone Loss",slug:"biology-of-inflammatory-periprosthetic-bone-loss",signatures:"Sang-Soo Lee, P. Edward Purdue and Ju-Suk Nam",authors:[{id:"63730",title:"Dr.",name:"Sang-Soo",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Sang-Soo Lee",slug:"sang-soo-lee"},{id:"120130",title:"Dr.",name:"Ju-Suk",middleName:null,surname:"Nam",fullName:"Ju-Suk Nam",slug:"ju-suk-nam"},{id:"120131",title:"Dr.",name:"P. Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Purdue",fullName:"P. Edward Purdue",slug:"p.-edward-purdue"}]},{id:"28061",title:"Acute Appendicitis – Propedeutics and Diagnosis",slug:"acute-appendicitis-propedeutics-and-diagnosis",signatures:"Andy Petroianu",authors:[{id:"62931",title:"Prof.",name:"Andy",middleName:null,surname:"Petroianu",fullName:"Andy Petroianu",slug:"andy-petroianu"}]},{id:"28062",title:"Neoplastic Pericardial Disease",slug:"neoplastic-pericardial-disease",signatures:"Mitja Letonja",authors:[{id:"63833",title:"Dr.",name:"Mitja",middleName:null,surname:"Letonja",fullName:"Mitja Letonja",slug:"mitja-letonja"}]},{id:"28063",title:"Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells for Therapy of Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases",slug:"tolerogenic-dendritic-cells-for-therapy-of-immune-mediated-diseases",signatures:"Urban Švajger and Borut Štrukelj",authors:[{id:"63004",title:"Dr.",name:"Urban",middleName:null,surname:"Švajger",fullName:"Urban Švajger",slug:"urban-svajger"},{id:"109429",title:"Prof.",name:"Borut",middleName:null,surname:"Štrukelj",fullName:"Borut Štrukelj",slug:"borut-strukelj"}]},{id:"28064",title:"Prohepcidin and Hepcidin in Acute Phase Reaction Accompanying Large Cardiac Surgery",slug:"prohepcidin-and-hepcidin-in-acute-phase-reaction-accompanying-large-cardiac-surgery",signatures:"Pavel Maruna, Martin Vokurka and Jaroslav Lindner",authors:[{id:"47250",title:"Dr.",name:"Pavel",middleName:null,surname:"Maruna",fullName:"Pavel Maruna",slug:"pavel-maruna"},{id:"47255",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Lindner",fullName:"Jaroslav Lindner",slug:"jaroslav-lindner"},{id:"47256",title:"Prof.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Vokurka",fullName:"Martin Vokurka",slug:"martin-vokurka"}]},{id:"28065",title:"Leukotriene A4 Hydrolase – An Evolving Therapeutic Target",slug:"updates-in-leukotriene-a4-hydrolase-evolving-pharmacologic-target",signatures:"Y. Michael Shim and Mikell Paige",authors:[{id:"63856",title:"Dr.",name:"Yun",middleName:null,surname:"Shim",fullName:"Yun Shim",slug:"yun-shim"},{id:"64063",title:"Prof.",name:"Mikell",middleName:null,surname:"Paige",fullName:"Mikell Paige",slug:"mikell-paige"}]},{id:"28066",title:"Relationship Between Protein Oxidation Markers and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers",slug:"relationship-between-protein-oxidation-markers-and-oxidative-stress-biomarkers",signatures:"Silvia Clara Kivatinitz",authors:[{id:"63625",title:"Prof.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Kivatinitz",fullName:"Silvia Kivatinitz",slug:"silvia-kivatinitz"}]},{id:"28067",title:"Characterization of Acute-Phase Proteins (Apps)",slug:"characterizaton-of-acute-phase-proteins-apps-",signatures:"Sin Tak Chu and Ying Chu Lee",authors:[{id:"45125",title:"Dr.",name:"Sin Tak",middleName:null,surname:"Chu",fullName:"Sin Tak Chu",slug:"sin-tak-chu"},{id:"118004",title:"MSc.",name:"Ying-Chu",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Ying-Chu Lee",slug:"ying-chu-lee"}]},{id:"28068",title:"Polymerized Type I Collagen Reverts Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Fibrosis in a Guinea Pig Asthma Model",slug:"polymerized-type-i-collagen-reverts-airway-hyperresponsiveness-and-fibrosis-in-a-guinea-pig-asthma-m",signatures:"Blanca Bazán-Perkins, Maria G. Campos and Edgar Sánchez-Guerrero",authors:[{id:"63737",title:"Dr.",name:"Blanca",middleName:null,surname:"Bazán-Perkins",fullName:"Blanca Bazán-Perkins",slug:"blanca-bazan-perkins"},{id:"69368",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria G.",middleName:null,surname:"Campos",fullName:"Maria G. Campos",slug:"maria-g.-campos"},{id:"69371",title:"BSc.",name:"Edgar",middleName:null,surname:"Sanchez-Guerrero",fullName:"Edgar Sanchez-Guerrero",slug:"edgar-sanchez-guerrero"}]},{id:"28069",title:"Genetic Variation in Resistance to Inflammation and Infectious Disease",slug:"genetic-variation-in-resistance-to-infection-and-inflammation-",signatures:"Heng-wei Cheng",authors:[{id:"68434",title:"Dr.",name:"Heng-Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Cheng",fullName:"Heng-Wei Cheng",slug:"heng-wei-cheng"}]},{id:"28070",title:"Acute Phase Proteins – Analysis, Clinical Applications and Potentials",slug:"acute-phase-proteins-analysis-clinical-applications-and-potentials",signatures:"Shahabeddin Safi",authors:[{id:"34745",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahabeddin",middleName:null,surname:"Safi",fullName:"Shahabeddin Safi",slug:"shahabeddin-safi"}]},{id:"28071",title:"Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Oregano (Origanum vulgare) Essentials Oils Show some In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Effects Based on Modifying Adipokine Secretion and Gene Expression on TNF-a-Induced Adipocytes",slug:"supercritical-fluid-extraction-of-oregano-origanum-vulgare-essentials-oils-show-some-in-vitro-anti-i",signatures:"A. Ocaña-Fuentes",authors:[{id:"66558",title:"Dr.",name:"Aurelio",middleName:null,surname:"Ocaña-Fuentes",fullName:"Aurelio Ocaña-Fuentes",slug:"aurelio-ocana-fuentes"},{id:"126054",title:"Dr.",name:"G",middleName:null,surname:"Reglero",fullName:"G Reglero",slug:"g-reglero"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"710",title:"Inflammation, Chronic Diseases and Cancer",subtitle:"Cell and Molecular Biology, Immunology and Clinical Bases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e036eef1ec2325a580f09d82e6c31119",slug:"inflammation-chronic-diseases-and-cancer-cell-and-molecular-biology-immunology-and-clinical-bases",bookSignature:"Mahin Khatami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/710.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63956",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahin",surname:"Khatami",slug:"mahin-khatami",fullName:"Mahin Khatami"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1630",title:"Atomic Force Microscopy Investigations into Biology",subtitle:"From Cell to Protein",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"881099c87a39436278d645972121a689",slug:"atomic-force-microscopy-investigations-into-biology-from-cell-to-protein",bookSignature:"Christopher L. Frewin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1630.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112743",title:"Dr.",name:"Christopher",surname:"Frewin",slug:"christopher-frewin",fullName:"Christopher Frewin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8997",title:"Microorganisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d4bb9c77b89f8baf2716d1fb84c5bd9f",slug:"microorganisms",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Mona Shaaban, Abdelaziz Elgaml",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8997.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10904",title:"Fusarium",subtitle:"An Overview of the Genus",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49d9063e43f94bd1517d65fbc58b93c3",slug:"fusarium-an-overview-of-the-genus",bookSignature:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10904.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100573",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Mahyar",surname:"Mirmajlessi",slug:"seyed-mahyar-mirmajlessi",fullName:"Seyed Mahyar Mirmajlessi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10906",title:"Fungal Reproduction and Growth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f84de0280d54f3b52e3e4585cff24ac1",slug:"fungal-reproduction-and-growth",bookSignature:"Sadia Sultan and Gurmeet Kaur Surindar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10906.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176737",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",surname:"Sultan",slug:"sadia-sultan",fullName:"Sadia Sultan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"710",title:"Inflammation, Chronic Diseases and Cancer",subtitle:"Cell and Molecular Biology, Immunology and Clinical Bases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e036eef1ec2325a580f09d82e6c31119",slug:"inflammation-chronic-diseases-and-cancer-cell-and-molecular-biology-immunology-and-clinical-bases",bookSignature:"Mahin Khatami",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/710.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63956",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahin",surname:"Khatami",slug:"mahin-khatami",fullName:"Mahin Khatami"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"74548",title:"The Significance of Family-of-Origin Dynamics for Adults’ Health and Psychological Wellbeing: The Perspective of Bowen Family System Theory",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95354",slug:"the-significance-of-family-of-origin-dynamics-for-adults-health-and-psychological-wellbeing-the-pers",body:'The quality of life of an adult is determined by the interaction of many factors, yet psychological well-being and physical health can be considered as the essential variables ensuring the quality of life. Therefore, researchers seek to understand what factors and how they contribute to a person’s psychological well-being and physical health. Numerous studies reveal the importance of individual psychological and physical factors for these variables, but the significance of family interactional dynamics has become increasingly recognized over the last few decades. There is strong evidence that more favorable interactions with a spouse/partner usually predict better health as well as psychological well-being outcomes of an adult [1, 2, 3]. Additionally, the newest data suggest that broader family interactional context accounts for the significant changes in a person’s physical health and morbidity as well as in psychosocial functioning (e.g., [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]). Thus, the body of research provides clear evidence that supports the necessity to understand physical health and psychological well-being from a systemic perspective. However, understanding the associations between variables without a clear theory is difficult to achieve. Bowen family systems theory (BFST) is a systemic theory binding together family processes and individual factors. It has been vastly studied and has gained recognition for explaining different intrapsychic as well as interpersonal phenomena in the interactional context of the nuclear and genetic family [7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. Bowen [17] claimed that an individual’s physical and emotional issues could be explained by the interactional processes in the family system. The chapter defines the main assumptions of the BFST as well as summarizes the main results of three studies demonstrating how family and personal factors defined by the BFST, such as family emotional system, triangulation, differentiation of self, relate to adults’ health and psychological well-being.
The BFST describes different interactional processes that are carried across the generations and determine an individual’s level of autonomy and emotional reactivity as well as the global functioning of the family [17, 18]. According to the theory, any personal or relational issue/symptom can be explained as a result of diffused anxiety produced by destructive interactional patterns among family members [15, 17]. Bowen described six interrelated concepts that address family processes, with differentiation of self (DoS), regarded as the central one as it appears in the manifestation of every other phenomenon described by Bowen [19]. It explains two fundamental aspects of psychosocial functioning: the ability to separate own feelings from thinking and to remain capable of making decisions under stress as well as the ability to develop close intimate relationships while remaining autonomous [12, 14, 16, 17, 20]. The DoS develops within the significant relationships with parents whose DoS shapes their mutual relationship as well as the relationship with their children and is transferred to the next generation through the nuclear family emotional system (NFES), triangulation, and family projection [17].
NFES can be referred to as a cumulative phenomenon since it binds the rest of the five concepts together (DoS, triangulation, multigenerational transmission process, family projection process, emotional cutoff) and explains the pathways of symptom development. The evolution of NFES begins even before an adult decides to have an intimate relationship. NFES develops gradually and depends on the quality of relationships with families-of-origin, the adjustment of partners to each other before having children as a two-person system, and their adjustment as a three-person system when a child is born. The partners’ level of DoS plays a critical role in the development of NFES since the lower DoS predicts more fusion and anxiety between the partners. Bowen [18] postulated that a person usually subconsciously chooses a partner with a similar level of DoS. The lower DoS predicts more fusion and anxiety between the partners. Partners with low differentiation are emotionally reactive, have little personal autonomy, seek emotional support, appraisal, and needs’ gratification. Under stress, they cannot think clearly and make effective decisions, tend to become overreactive and overwhelmed by the emotions. Marital discord usually develops ‘when neither spouse will “give in” to the other in the fusion, or when the one who has been giving in or adapting refuses to continue’ [17, p. 115]. The conflict can manifest with a wide range of interactional patterns from simple quarrels to overt violent acts as well as alienating from each other. Despite the tendency to establish a partnership with a person who has a similar level of differentiation, one partner usually has a slightly higher level of differentiation, and, in turn, he or she absorbs less undifferentiation and anxiety by communicating over-protectiveness, worry, or criticism to the less functional partner. The latter soaks up more of undifferentiation and anxiety, accepting her helplessness, powerlessness. Such interactions allow avoiding a conflict; however, they strengthen the unequal positions of the partners by allowing the more functional partner to gain more strength while the less functional partner develops emotional, social, or physical symptoms. Such interactional dynamics result in high levels of anxiety in the couple that has to be channeled somewhere else. Within the triadic systems, parents with low DoS tend to transfer their diffused anxiety to children through triangulation processes. Kerr and Bowen [19] noted that the two-person system is unstable because of the constant fluctuation of anxiety levels between partners and as it increases, the two-person system forms a triangle by involving a third person in their relationship. After pulling a child into their conflictual relationship, parents usually seek the child’s compassion, emotional support, or openly set a child against a partner. In this way, a child is forced to support the side of one of the parents, mediate in their conflict, comfort, etc., which may lead to a loyalty conflict in a child. Therefore, continual triangulation may result in children’s mental or physical health problems and has detrimental effects on a child’s development as well as functioning in adulthood [21, 22]. Involvement in triangulation does not enable children to become more differentiated than parents, restricts their autonomy, and strengthens emotional reactivity and anxiety [15, 18, 23, 24, 25]. Summarizing, NFES reflects the levels of differentiation and anxiety in the family system through three presumable patterns of the symptoms: chronic marital problems, physical or psychological illness of a partner, impairment of a child [19].
This chapter aims to present and discuss the results of three studies based on the Bowen family system theory. Thus, the next sections will present the summary of the studies aimed at examining the role of various family-of-origin variables on adults’ physical health and psychological well-being. Since some study measures and data analysis methods are shared among all three studies, the sections Measures and Data analysis, as well as General discussion, are integrated, while the sections Participants and Results are separate for each study.
In Study 1 and 2 hierarchical series of multiple regression analyses were conducted to explore the contribution of study variables to the prediction of psychological well-being (six subscales of PWBS) as the dependent variable. To estimate the effect size for a hierarchical multiple regression in each step Cohen’s
In Study 3 a mediation analysis was performed to test the impact of interparental relationship quality, triangulation, family emotional system, the DoS, and satisfaction with a couple relationship on adult’s physical and emotional health. A path analysis was carried out using the Maximum Likelihood method and the following goodness-of-fit indices [36]: model Chi-Square, the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA), the Standardized Root-Mean-Square Residual (SRMR), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) and Comparative Fit Index (CFI). TLI, GFI, and CFI values greater than 0.90 are considered acceptable, whereas the ones higher than 0.95 are considered excellent. RMSEA and SRMR values lower than 0.08 are considered acceptable, whereas values close to 0.05 are considered as good [37]. Bootstrap re-sampling was applied to test the significance of the mediation paths, using 5000 bootstrap samples and 95% confidence intervals.
The data were analyzed using SPSS Version 23 and AMOS Version 23.
The objective of the study was to test the prognostic value of adults’ current family dynamics reflected by NFES on adults’ physical health.
The study was conducted online in 2017 in Lithuania. Respondents were recruited from various social networking websites intended for family issues. Before starting their participation, respondents were presented with an informed consent covering the primary goal of the study, voluntary participation, confidentiality, data protection, and contacts of the researcher.
Inclusion criteria were the following: intimate relationships at the moment of participation in the study and having a child from 3 to 18 years. The final sample consisted of 282 participants of whom 95% (
Two three-step hierarchical multiple regressions were performed for both subscales of PHS (Objective health indicators, Subjective health indicators) as the dependent variables. Each hierarchical multiple regression analysis consisted of three blocks of independent variables which were subscales of NFES (Personal distress, Constructive relationship with a partner, Destructive relationship with a partner, Child’s problems), presence of illness at the moment of the survey, and control variables (gender and age). The variance inflation factors (VIF) and tolerance factors for each of the single predictor variable were no larger than 4 (ranging between 1.1 and 2.6) and no smaller than 0.25 (ranging between 0.39 and 0.95), respectively, suggesting no collinearity between independent variables. The results of the final regression models are presented in Table 1.
Blocs of predictors | Objective health indicators | Subjective health indicators | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 ( | Model 2 ( | Model 3 ( | Model 1 ( | Model 2 ( | Model 3 ( | |
1st block: NFES | ||||||
PD | .22** | .09 | .09 | .31*** | .24*** | .24*** |
CRP | .00 | .01 | .01 | −.04 | −.04 | −.04 |
DRP | −.04 | .00 | .00 | .14 | .16* | .16* |
CP | .07 | .07 | .07 | .12* | .12* | .12* |
2nd block: HI | ||||||
Presence of illness | .57*** | .57*** | .32*** | .32*** | ||
3rd block: CV | ||||||
Gender | .05 | .01 | ||||
Age | .03 | −.03 | ||||
Adjusted | .048 | .364 | .362 | .157 | .251 | .246 |
.061** | .314*** | .003 | .169*** | .095*** | .001 | |
ES (Cohen’s | 0.06 | 0.46 | — | 0.21 | 0.11 | — |
4.51** | 33.10*** | 23.79*** | 14.04*** | 19.80*** | 14.11*** |
Three models of hierarchical multiple regression analyses with subscales of physical health (PHS) as the dependent variables (
p < .05.
p < .01.
p < .001.
Note: NFES = nuclear family emotional system; PD = personal distress; DRP = destructive relationship with a partner; CRP = constructive relationship with a partner; CP = child’s problems; HI = health issues; CV = control variables.
Analysis unraveled quite apparent differences between the results of regression analysis when predicting objective and subjective health indicators in terms of significant independent variables and effect size. Although in the first model personal distress, the only scale of NFES, significantly predicted objective health, its effect size was small and after adding the presence of illness into the regression the personal distress lost its predictive value. The final model explained 36% of the variance of adults’ objective health and the only significant predictor in the context of other independent variables was the presence of illness: those adults who have diagnosed illness reports more objective indicators of health’s problems. Differently, in the regression analysis of subjective health three scales of NFES sustained their significant predictive values after adding the presence of illness and the effect size of the latter was small when the effect size of NFES was medium. The final model explained 25% of the variance of the dependent variable and revealed that higher personal distress, more signs of a destructive relationship with a partner, more severe child’s problems, and presence of illness predict more indicators of subjectively evaluated physical health’s problems. The similarity between both models was associated to control variables (gender and age) – neither of them had predictive power and the effect size was equal to zero in both cases.
The hierarchical multiple regression analysis was repeated with the total score of NFFS instead of its scales aiming to examine the predictive value of the NFES as a whole (see Table 2).
Blocs of predictors | Objective health indicators | Subjective health indicators | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 ( | Model 2 ( | Model 3 ( | Model 1 ( | Model 2 ( | Model 3 ( | |
1st block: NFES | ||||||
Total score | .16** | .10* | .10* | .35*** | .32*** | .32*** |
2nd block: HI | ||||||
Presence of illness | .59*** | .59*** | .34*** | .35*** | ||
3rd block: CV | ||||||
Gender | .05 | .00 | ||||
Age | .03 | −.04 | ||||
Adjusted | .020 | .363 | .361 | .116 | .232 | .228 |
.024** | .344*** | .003 | .120*** | .117*** | .002 | |
ES (Cohen’s | 0.02 | 0.52 | — | 0.14 | 0.13 | — |
6.89** | 81.08*** | 40.74*** | 38.05*** | 43.33*** | 21.73*** |
Three models of hierarchical multiple regression analyses with subscales of physical health (PHS) as the dependent variables (
The results presented in Table 2 are very similar to those in Table 1, nevertheless, one difference was found. When predicting objective health, the NFES (total score) sustained significant predictive value after adding the presence of illness into the equation. Thus, the worse objective health of adults is predicted by the worse NFES and presence of illness, although the effect size of the first was small and of the second one was large.
The objective of the study was to examine the prognostic values of interparental relationship quality observed during childhood, DoS, and satisfaction with a current couple relationship on adults’ psychological well-being.
Lithuanian online survey software program (http://www.apklausk.lt) was used to design and host the survey in 2018. The first web page of the survey covered a short description and information about the purpose of the study, voluntary participation, opportunity to withdraw oneself from the study at any time, confidentiality, data protection as well as the contacts of the researcher.
There were three main inclusion criteria for participation in the study: being 18–55 years old, growing with both parents during childhood, and being in a romantic relationship at the moment of participation in the study for at least one year. The final sample consisted of 905 respondents who satisfied all inclusion criteria and who consented to their data being used in the study. Ninety two percent (
The research objective was implemented by running six four-step hierarchical multiple regressions for each subscale of PWBS (Autonomy, Environmental mastery, Personal growth, Positive relations, Purpose in life, Self-acceptance) and PWBS total score as the dependent variable. Each hierarchical multiple regression analysis consisted of four blocks of independent variables which were subscales of interparental relationship quality (Destructive relationship, Harmonious relationship, Avoidant relationship), DoS (Emotional reactivity, I-position, Emotional cutoff, Fusion with others), satisfaction with couple relationship quality (Satisfaction with an emotion-focused relationship, Satisfaction with a behavior-focused relationship) as well as control variables (gender, age, and education). The variance inflation factors (VIF) and tolerance factors for each of the single predictor variable were no larger than 4 (ranging between 1.0 and 3.5) and no smaller than 0.25 (ranging between 0.29 and 0.96), respectively suggesting no collinearity between independent variables. The results of the final regression models are presented in Table 3.
Blocs of predictors | Autonomy | Environ-mental mastery | Personal growth | Positive relations | Purpose in life | Self-acceptance | Well-being (total score) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st block: IPRQ | |||||||
DR | .01 | −.04 | .06 | .07 | −.02 | −.01 | .02 |
HR | .04 | .13** | −.01 | .08 | .11* | .12** | .10** |
AR | .02 | .02 | .04 | .05* | .06* | .03 | .06* |
2nd block: DoS | |||||||
ER | −.04 | −.22*** | −.01 | −.14*** | −09* | −.14*** | −.14*** |
IP | −.56*** | −.23*** | −.30*** | −.11*** | −.21*** | −.30*** | −.35*** |
EC | −.14*** | −.24*** | −.25*** | −.43*** | −.30*** | −.20*** | −.33*** |
FO | −.10** | .01 | −.05 | .10** | .06 | −.03 | .00 |
3rd block: CRS | |||||||
SEFR | −.01 | .06 | .03 | .10* | −.01 | .24*** | .09* |
SBFR | .02 | .14*** | .01 | .01 | .08 | .03 | .06 |
4th block: CV | |||||||
Gender | −.02 | .04 | −.04 | .06* | −.00 | .04 | .02 |
Age | −.06* | .07* | −.13*** | .02 | −.11** | −.01 | −.04 |
Education | −.01 | −.03 | .17*** | .05 | .11*** | .06* | .09*** |
Adjusted | .45 | .47 | .26 | .44 | .30 | .46 | .57 |
62.81*** | 67.17*** | 27.73*** | 59.03*** | 33.25*** | 66.32*** | 102.58*** |
Final models of hierarchical multiple regression analyses with subscales of psychological well-being (PWBS) as the dependent variables (
The results revealed that 44.8% of the variance of the participants’ autonomy can be attributed to the main three blocks of predictors tested in the analysis. Only 0.4% of the variance can be explained by control variables and the change in
The results of hierarchical multiple regression analysis predicting environmental mastery revealed that all four models were statistically significant (
All four models predicting personal growth were statistically significant (
The results of the prediction of positive relations were similar to those predicting previous dependent variables as all four models were significant (
The four models predicting purpose in life were statistically significant (
The results predicting self-acceptance did not distinguish from previous ones. The four models predicting the dependent variable were statistically significant (
Finally, the results of regression analysis with PWBS total score as the dependent variable were in line with those predicting separate scales of PWBS. The block of DoS scales had the strongest effect (explained 31.5% of the variance and presented a large effect size,
The objective of the study was to examine a complex mediation model that includes the triangulation and family-of-origin emotional system (FOES) perceived during childhood, DoS, and satisfaction of current couple relationship as the mediators between retrospectively assessed interparental communication and adult children’s physical and emotional health.
The online questionnaire was generated using SoSci Survey [38] and was made available to users via www.soscisurvey.de in 2020. Respondents were recruited using two methods: (1) posting an invitation to participate in the study using the web link for the survey on a social web network; (2) addressing schools with a request to disseminate the web link to the survey on schools’ electronic platforms designed for parents. The first web page of the survey covered detailed informed consent information. At the end of the informed consent, respondents were asked to accept or to decline the terms described in the document.
There were three main inclusion conditions for participation in the study: being 18 years or older and being in a romantic relationship lasting for at least one year at the moment of participation in the study. The sample consisted of 257 respondents most of whom were women (
Table 4 presents basic descriptive statistics and correlations among the study variables (total scores) that were included in the mediation path model analysis.
Variables | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Interparental relationship quality | — | 72.86 | 17.91 | |||||
2. Triangulation | −.68*** | — | 53.20 | 16.53 | ||||
3. Family-of-origin emotional system | −.66*** | .44*** | — | 57.86 | 18.73 | |||
4. Differentiation of self | −.24** | .27*** | .26*** | — | 139.76 | 27.51 | ||
5. Couple relationship satisfaction | .31*** | −.15* | −.33*** | −.31*** | — | 95.58 | 26.63 | |
6. Physical health | .15* | −.26*** | −.11 | −.30*** | .08 | — | 81.84 | 13.91 |
7. Emotional health | .32*** | −.35*** | −.30*** | −.58*** | .37*** | .46*** | 67.05 | 20.46 |
Descriptive statistics and correlations among study variables included in mediation model analysis (
Correlation analysis demonstrated statistically significant correlations (
Next, the multiple mediation model was established to test the direct and indirect effects of independent variables on adults’ physical and emotional health. Figure 1 demonstrates the theoretical path mediation model based on the BFST. According to the theory it was expected that family-of-origin dynamics (interparental relationship quality, triangulation, and FOES) will have an indirect effect on adult children’s health through DoS and satisfaction of couple relationship. On the other hand, it was anticipated that FOES and triangulation will play as the mediators in the association between interparental relationship quality and adult children’s DoS.
The theoretical path mediation model of associations among the interparental relationship quality, triangulations, FOES, DoS, couple relationship satisfaction, and adults’ health.
The statistical analysis consisted of two steps: testing for model fit and for mediation with bootstrapping. According to the theory, the initial model was set to be recursive and to include paths from every independent variable to the supposed mediator and the dependent variables. However, after the correlation analysis revealed no significant correlations between FOES as well as couple relationship satisfaction and physical health, the paths were removed from couple relationship satisfaction and FOES to adults’ physical health. Figure 2 presents the results of the model for adults’ health demonstrating significant direct effects.
The path mediation model of associations among the interparental relationship quality, triangulation, FOES, DoS, couple relationship satisfaction, and adults’ physical as well as emotional health.
The mediation model provided an excellent fit to the data:
To explore multiple mediations in detail, the estimates of specific indirect effects and their confidence intervals were calculated separately (see Table 5). Based on the bootstrapping confidence intervals, significant indirect effects (full mediation) were shown from interparental relationship quality through triangulation and family emotional system on the DoS as well as through the FOES on couple relationship satisfaction. Although interparental relationship quality significantly predicted triangulation and FOES and explained a considerable part of their variance (46% and 37%, respectively), the independent variable as well as both mediators explained only 9% of the DoS variance.
Mediation hypothesis | Direct effect | Indirect effect | 95% CI | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|
IRPQ→T → DoS | .03 ( | −.20* | [−.36; −.05] | Full mediation |
IRPQ→ FOES→DoS | .03 ( | −.22** | [−.37; −.08] | Full mediation |
IRPQ→ FOES→CRS | .10 ( | .21* | [.07; .36] | Full mediation |
FOES→DoS → CRS | −.21* | −.07* | [−.13; −.02] | Partial mediation |
IRPQ→DoS → EH | .02 ( | −.02 ( | [−.13; .08] | No mediation |
IRPQ→CRS → EH | .02 ( | .02 ( | [−.01; .08] | No mediation |
T → DoS → EH | −.16* | −.12* | [−.21; −.03] | Partial mediation |
DoS → CRS → EH | −.48*** | −.03** | [−.06; −.01] | Partial mediation |
IRPQ→T → DoS → EH | .02 ( | .07* | [.02; .13] | Full mediation |
IRPQ→ FOES→DoS → EH | .02 ( | .08** | [.03; .14] | Full mediation |
IRPQ→ FOES→DoS → CRS → EH | .02 ( | .01* | [.00; .02] | Full mediation |
T → DoS → PH | −.22* | −.04* | [−.08; −.01] | Partial mediation |
IRPQ→DoS → PH | −.07 ( | −.01 ( | [−.05; .03] | No mediation |
IRPQ→T → DoS → PH | −.07 ( | .03* | [.01; .05] | Full mediation |
IRPQ→ FOES→DoS → PH | −.07 ( | .03** | [.01; .05] | Full mediation |
Direct and indirect effects in the mediation models.
Full mediation was found assessing multiple mediation models demonstrating that interparental communication impacts adult children’s physical and emotional health indirectly through the mediators: triangulation, FOES, DoS, and satisfaction with current couple relationships in the case of emotional health. Interestingly, retrospectively evaluated triangulation in childhood had both significant indirect (through the mediator DoS) and direct effect on adults’ physical and emotional health.
The primary aim of this chapter was to present and discuss the results of three studies based on systemic ideas proposed by the BFST [17, 18]. According to the theory [17], interparental as well as parent–child interactional dynamics profoundly affect family members’ psychological, social, and even physical functioning. DoS is a core phenomenon linking intrapsychic and interpersonal relationships as well as between-generational transmissions of some interactional patterns that are repeated in different generations again and again. Partners alongside some level of DoS unconsciously bring into the couple’s life interactional patterns perceived and experienced in a family-of-origin thus shaping specific nuclear family emotional system. Lower levels of partners’ DoS accounts for the development of destructive interactions and consequently adverse family emotional system. Children in such a family are at risk to be involved in interparental conflicts through the triangulation process and to develop accordingly lower level of DoS. Whereas Bowen suggested that any relational, mental, and physical health problem can be explained by interactions of the mentioned phenomena, three studies presented in this chapter were to explore the significance of retrospectively evaluated FOES as well as triangulation, DoS, NFES and satisfaction with couple relationship for adults’ health and psychological well-being.
The physical health in Study 1 was evaluated through subjective indicators such as satisfaction with own physical health as well as objective indicators such as using medications due to health problems. The results revealed a quite substantial difference in the role of the nuclear family emotional system on objective and subjective indicators of adults’ physical health. NFES explained only 10 percent of the variance of objective indicators and almost the third (32%) of subjective indicators. The more severe personal distress, the more significant problems of a child, and the more destructive relationship with a partner predicted worse subjective health indicators. In general, the high number of personal and interactional problems in the family had a negative effect on the subjective evaluation of personal health. The results confirm the assumption of BFST [18] that the family emotional system reflecting the generated level of anxiety and problems in the family system influences the physical functioning of adult family members. However, as mentioned before, although the higher personal distress and the higher total score of NFES were significantly associated with worse objective health indicators, the overall score of NFES explained only 10% of the dependent variable’s variance. The results are ambiguous for two reasons. First, the state of physical health did not relate to couple discord and less constructive couple communication, although many studies demonstrated that dyadic interaction has an impact on personal health outcomes [1, 2, 3, 39, 40]. One possible explanation for such results could be related to the health measures used in the studies. The respondents were asked to report their objective physical health indicators such as physician visit frequency, the use of medications due to health problems, and reduction of working capacity due to a disease or other health problems. The cited research used subjective evaluations of physical health. Our study demonstrated that despite a significant moderate correlation (
Study 3 helped to look more in-depth on the associations between different family interactional variables and adults’ physical as well as emotional health. The main goal was to examine a complex mediation model based on the BFST showing that family-of-origin dynamics (interparental relationship quality, triangulation, and FOES) in the past will have an indirect effect on adult children’s health through DoS and satisfaction of present couple relationship. The results confirmed the Bowen’s proposition, that family members’ health (physical and emotional) in the present can be explained by the significant interactions in family-of-origin in the past as well as in the present. Specifically, interparental communication through the mediators – triangulation, family emotional system, and DoS – had an indirect effect on adults’ physical health. In the case of emotional health, the mediation model was very similar except for additional mediator – satisfaction with couple relationship. More interestingly, the FOES did not have a significant correlation with adults’ physical health and the result was very similar to that obtained in Study 1, demonstrating a very low correlation between NFES and adults’ physical health. On the other hand, triangulation experienced in the family-of-origin not only had an indirect effect through the mediator DoS but also had a direct effect on adults’ health (both physical and emotional). Lastly, the mediation model demonstrated the significance of DoS predicting adults’ health as well as mediating between other family-of-origin variables and adults’ health. Such results corroborate postulates of The BFST that different interactional processes experienced in the family-of-origin have a critical role in adult children’s emotional well-being and physical functioning.
The scientific data on associations between different family-of-origin variables and adults’ psychological and physical functioning are rather extensive, however somewhat inconsistent. For example, Stuart-Parrigon and Kerns [41] found that more severe partners’ conflict does not predict later child anxiety that can be considered as a component of DoS and an essential criterion of psychological functioning. However, Cowan and Cowan [42] noted that the intervention aimed at the marital relationship’s improvement has the potential to shape parent–child communication as well as a child’s functioning. The similar results were found by other authors [43, 44, 45] showing that better parent–child relationships are found among the adults whose relationship with a partner is better. Those studies confirm the spill-over hypothesis proposing a positive association between interparental relationship quality and parent–child relationship quality [43, 46] that in part confirms Bowen’s statement regarding the interparental communication as a channel to children’s DoS.
Additionally, research data show that parents’ ability to discuss family and partners’ relationship issues openly and constructively reduce the feelings of triangulation in children that eventually impair their well-being [10, 47, 48] and is positively associated with young adult children’s higher self-esteem and less perceived stress [49, 50]. Several longitudinal studies [51, 52] confirm the data produced by cross-sectional studies providing empirical evidence about the significant correlations between family relationships during adolescence and functioning in adulthood. More specifically to the BFST, Peleg [6] demonstrated that individuals who have experienced more stressful life events in childhood and adolescence are of lower DoS and more prone to be involved in intergenerational triangulation, which, in turn, leads to inadequate coping with future stressful events. Such results alongside the results obtained in Study 3 tend to the conclusion that good interparental relationship quality creates a positive emotional environment for children and serves as a protective factor for children’s well-being in adulthood. On contrary, poor interparental relationship quality is a detrimental factor contributing to the development of the negative family emotional system as well as to the involvement of children in the interparental discord through the triangulation process and acting as a risk factor for children’s physical and emotional functioning in adulthood. However, as was mentioned before, both studies (Study 1 and 3) demonstrated quite a weak effect of family variables on adults’ physical health, as they explained only 10 to 12 percent of the dependent variable’s variance. This means that even a higher number of independent variables in Study 3 produced very similar results as in Study 1. Such results might question the posture of the BFST regarding the effect of family on its members’ physical health. More studies are needed to re-examine the associations and look for other potential mediators linking family interactions to its members’ physical health status.
Interestingly, separate elements of DoS had different prediction power for the particular components of well-being. However, two almost equally strongest predictors of every component of adults’ well-being were I-position and emotional cutoff, suggesting that a higher level of well-being can be found among those who have a clearer self-view, are somewhat autonomous, and maintain warm relationships with significant others [53]. In some other studies, the emotional cutoff is found to predict marital problems and dyadic adjustment [20, 53] leading to lower satisfaction with life which reflects worse psychological well-being [54]. The emotional cutoff is a process of emotional alienation from parents, siblings, and other family members with whom a person has unresolved emotional and attachment issues. The decision to reduce or cut off emotional and/or physical contact with significant others is a way to cope with the anxiety that is generated by these relationships. However, emotional cutoff does not lead to problem resolution. Rather, they become dormant and prompt greater emotional reactivity as well as fusion with current partner/spouse. Thus, adults who are capable of maintaining close and satisfactory relationships with the members of the family-of-origin have the potential to expand their emotional support system and to cope better in their current personal, social, and professional life.
Although DoS was the strongest predictor of adults’ well-being, higher interparental relationship quality (specifically harmonious relationship and less avoidant relationship), as well as satisfaction with an emotion-focused couple relationship played a significant role in predicting some of the components and the total score of the psychosocial well-being as well. This suggests that adults who growing up observed supportive, affectionate, committed, and constructive interactions between parent figures and are more satisfied with emotional communication with their partner in adulthood are more prone to a higher sense of well-being. Study 3 demonstrated that interparental relationship quality perceived in childhood indirectly through the family emotional system and DoS relates to satisfaction with couple relationships in adulthood. Thus, it can be assumed, as Bowen suggested [17], that patterns of interaction between partners through triangulation, family emotional system, and DoS are transferred through generations. In adulthood, an individual with low DoS has difficulties in creating and sustaining satisfactory relationships [16, 20, 53] because one could not develop appropriate skills in the family-of-origin. Thus, adults’ relationship problems, alongside with high vulnerability to stress, eventually can lead to broader psychosocial functioning difficulties and a low sense of well-being [55].
The findings propose that adults’ DoS has a significant effect on their well-being both directly and indirectly – higher DoS leads to a more satisfying relationship with a partner which, in turn, has a positive impact on adults’ well-being. On the other hand, higher DoS creates a positive context for a person’s functioning in daily life. Results conform to other research body, providing evidence for the role of DoS as well as couple relationship in adults’ psychosocial functioning [4, 5, 6, 16, 54]. Adults, who have reasonable control over their emotions in stressful situations as well as in relationships with others, and who can develop and maintain healthy and harmonious relationships while sustaining autonomous and clearly defined self, may tend to make better personal and relational decisions leading to a better adjustment during life shifts as well as a more satisfactory life in general. In line with this reasoning, the findings support the postulates of the BFST [17] regarding DoS as a central mechanism by which personal, as well as relational well-being, is generated. The DoS is a product of interactional processes in the family-of-origin and is transmitted over generations.
Summarizing the results of the three studies, some general conclusions can be drawn:
As Bowen postulated, the family emotional system that develops gradually in the family-of-origin depending on the interactional patterns between partners as well as between parents and children significantly relates to the psychological well-being of adult children. Adults who were growing up in the family system shaped by parents whose communication was marked by intense discord, conflicts, lack of mutual respect, and who were involving children into their conflicts, tend to develop lower DoS and have poorer emotional health as well as feebler psychological well-being.
Although there were found some associations between adults’ physical health and the communication patterns in the family-of-origin and nuclear family, the data do not allow to judge regarding the family’s role unambiguously, as the phenomena under investigation explained a very small part of the physical health’s variance. Nevertheless, the results revealed that experience of triangulation in the family-of-origin might have a long-lasting detrimental impact on personal health.
DoS is a phenomenon that significantly relates to adults’ satisfaction with couple relationships, emotional health, and psychological well-being. However, the notion of the BFST, that DoS is a product of the communication processes progressing in the family-of-origin might be reconsidered, as researched family variables, although significantly correlated with DoS, together explained a very small portion of the variance of adults’ DoS. Such results prompt considering and looking for other developmental variables that together with phenomena described in the BFST shape the DoS.
Acknowledgments to Simona Celiauskaite, who participated in the development of Physical Health Scale and recruitment of the participants in Study 1.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
The Edited Volume, also known as the IntechOpen Book, is an IntechOpen pioneered publishing product. Edited Volumes make up the core of our business - and as pioneers and developers of this Open Access book publishing format, we have helped change the way scholars and scientists publish their scientific papers - as scientific chapters.
",metaTitle:"Edited Volumes",metaDescription:"The Edited Volume, also known as the InTechOpen Book, is an InTechOpen pioneered publishing product. Edited Volumes make up the core of our business - and as pioneers and developers of this Open Access book publishing format, we have helped change the way scholars and scientists publish their scientific papers - as scientific chapters. ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/pages/edited-volumes",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"WHY PUBLISH IN AN INTECHOPEN EDITED VOLUME?
\\n\\nOut of all of the publishing options available to researchers, why choose to contribute your research to an IntechOpen Edited Volume? The reasons are simple. IntechOpen has worked exceptionally hard over the past years to fine tune the Open Access book publishing process and we continue to work hard to deliver the best for all of our contributors. The quality of published content is of utmost importance to us, followed closely by speed, and of course, availability and accessibility. To view current Open Access book projects that are Open for Submissions visit us here.
\\n\\nQUALITY CONTENT
\\n\\nOver the years we have learned what is important. What makes a difference to the researchers that work with us, what they value. Something that is very high not only on their lists, but our own, is the quality of the published content.
\\n\\nOur books contain scientific content written by two Nobel Prize winners, two Breakthrough Prize winners and 73 authors who are in the top 1% Most Cited.
\\n\\nWith regular submission for coverage in the single most important database, the Book Citation Index in the Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI), and no rejected submissions to date, over 43% of all Open Access books indexed in the BKCI are IntechOpen published books.
\\n\\nIn addition to BKCI, IntechOpen covers a number of important discipline specific databases as well, such as Thomson Reuters’ BIOSIS Previews.
\\n\\nACCESS
\\n\\nThe need for up to date information available at the click of a mouse is one thing that sets IntechOpen apart. By developing our own technologies in order to streamline the publishing process, we are able to minimize the amount of time from initial submission of a manuscript to its final publication date, without compromising the rigor of the editorial and peer review process. This means that the research published stays relevant, and in this fast paced world, this is very important.
\\n\\nYOUR WORK, YOUR COPYRIGHT
\\n\\nThe utilization of CC licenses allow researchers to retain copyright to their work. Researchers are free to use, adapt and share all content they publish with us. You will never have to pay permission fees to reuse a part of an experiment that you worked so hard to complete and are free to build upon your own research and the research of others. The Edited Volume helps bring together research from all over the world and compiles that research into one book - accessible for all. The research presented in chapter one can inspire the author of chapter three to take his or her research to the next level. It is about sharing ideas, insights and knowledge.
\\n\\nCan collaboration be inspired by a publishing format? At IntechOpen, the answer is yes. The way the research is published, the way it is accessed, it’s all part of our mission to help academics make a greater impact by giving readers free access to all published work.
\\n\\nOur Open Access book collection includes:
\\n\\n3,332 OPEN ACCESS BOOKS
\\n\\n107,564 INTERNATIONAL AUTHORS AND ACADEMIC EDITORS
\\n\\n113+ MILLION DOWNLOADS
\\n\\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\\n\\nSee a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions here.
\\n\\nCURRENT PROJECTS
\\n\\nTo view current Open Access book projects that are Open for Submissions visit us here.
\\n\\nNot sure if this is the right publishing option for you? Feel free to contact us at book.department@intechopen.com.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'WHY PUBLISH IN AN INTECHOPEN EDITED VOLUME?
\n\nOut of all of the publishing options available to researchers, why choose to contribute your research to an IntechOpen Edited Volume? The reasons are simple. IntechOpen has worked exceptionally hard over the past years to fine tune the Open Access book publishing process and we continue to work hard to deliver the best for all of our contributors. The quality of published content is of utmost importance to us, followed closely by speed, and of course, availability and accessibility. To view current Open Access book projects that are Open for Submissions visit us here.
\n\nQUALITY CONTENT
\n\nOver the years we have learned what is important. What makes a difference to the researchers that work with us, what they value. Something that is very high not only on their lists, but our own, is the quality of the published content.
\n\nOur books contain scientific content written by two Nobel Prize winners, two Breakthrough Prize winners and 73 authors who are in the top 1% Most Cited.
\n\nWith regular submission for coverage in the single most important database, the Book Citation Index in the Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI), and no rejected submissions to date, over 43% of all Open Access books indexed in the BKCI are IntechOpen published books.
\n\nIn addition to BKCI, IntechOpen covers a number of important discipline specific databases as well, such as Thomson Reuters’ BIOSIS Previews.
\n\nACCESS
\n\nThe need for up to date information available at the click of a mouse is one thing that sets IntechOpen apart. By developing our own technologies in order to streamline the publishing process, we are able to minimize the amount of time from initial submission of a manuscript to its final publication date, without compromising the rigor of the editorial and peer review process. This means that the research published stays relevant, and in this fast paced world, this is very important.
\n\nYOUR WORK, YOUR COPYRIGHT
\n\nThe utilization of CC licenses allow researchers to retain copyright to their work. Researchers are free to use, adapt and share all content they publish with us. You will never have to pay permission fees to reuse a part of an experiment that you worked so hard to complete and are free to build upon your own research and the research of others. The Edited Volume helps bring together research from all over the world and compiles that research into one book - accessible for all. The research presented in chapter one can inspire the author of chapter three to take his or her research to the next level. It is about sharing ideas, insights and knowledge.
\n\nCan collaboration be inspired by a publishing format? At IntechOpen, the answer is yes. The way the research is published, the way it is accessed, it’s all part of our mission to help academics make a greater impact by giving readers free access to all published work.
\n\nOur Open Access book collection includes:
\n\n3,332 OPEN ACCESS BOOKS
\n\n107,564 INTERNATIONAL AUTHORS AND ACADEMIC EDITORS
\n\n113+ MILLION DOWNLOADS
\n\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\n\nSee a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions here.
\n\nCURRENT PROJECTS
\n\nTo view current Open Access book projects that are Open for Submissions visit us here.
\n\nNot sure if this is the right publishing option for you? Feel free to contact us at book.department@intechopen.com.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11660},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"12"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana M.M. Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11650",title:"Aquifers - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"27c1a2a053cb1d83de903c5b969bc3a2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Abhay Soni and Dr. Prabhat Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11650.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11668",title:"Mercury Pollution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0bd111f57835089cad4a9741326dbab7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ahmed Abdelhafez and Dr. Mohamed Abbas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11668.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196849",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Abdelhafez",slug:"ahmed-abdelhafez",fullName:"Ahmed Abdelhafez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12130",title:"Sustainable Built Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ed1dbae71b967e06efb049208f0c1068",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12130.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12131",title:"Climate Change and Fires",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"ea0858f07a3e87aaf9e5eaa75b4b44bd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12131.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12180",title:"Wetlands",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8957c5c2baaed32223f911a6d4aa5a03",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12180.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12221",title:"Air Pollution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"439a018ee0c4960560cb798601f2a372",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12221.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12222",title:"Advances and Challenges in Microplastics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a36734a551e0997d2255f6ce99eff818",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. El-Sayed Salama",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12222.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"347657",title:"Prof.",name:"El-Sayed",surname:"Salama",slug:"el-sayed-salama",fullName:"El-Sayed Salama"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12223",title:"Sustainable Management of Natural Resources",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1881a08bbd8f5dc1102c5cb7c635bc35",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mohd Nazip Suratman and Dr. Engku Azlin Rahayu Engku Ariff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12223.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"144417",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Nazip",surname:"Suratman",slug:"mohd-nazip-suratman",fullName:"Mohd Nazip Suratman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:68},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:9},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4797},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"254",title:"Intelligent Vehicle Technologies",slug:"intelligent-vehicle-technologies",parent:{id:"22",title:"Robotics",slug:"physical-sciences-engineering-and-technology-robotics"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:68,numberOfWosCitations:271,numberOfCrossrefCitations:155,numberOfDimensionsCitations:338,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"254",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"9869",title:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fd451ca2e4785ef098e04b7d695a18d9",slug:"self-driving-vehicles-and-enabling-technologies",bookSignature:"Marian Găiceanu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9869.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8883",title:"Autonomous Vehicle and Smart Traffic",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"841c82c0bf27716a7c800bc1180ad5de",slug:"autonomous-vehicle-and-smart-traffic",bookSignature:"Sezgin Ersoy and Tayyab Waqar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8883.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"156004",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sezgin",middleName:null,surname:"Ersoy",slug:"sezgin-ersoy",fullName:"Sezgin Ersoy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"407",title:"Autonomous Underwater Vehicles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6b3c74b37939669fd64099072cd00a46",slug:"autonomous-underwater-vehicles",bookSignature:"Nuno A. Cruz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/407.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12280",title:"Mr.",name:"Nuno",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Cruz",slug:"nuno-cruz",fullName:"Nuno Cruz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3700",title:"Underwater Vehicles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"underwater_vehicles",bookSignature:"Alexander V. Inzartsev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3700.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3330",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Inzartsev",slug:"alexander-inzartsev",fullName:"Alexander Inzartsev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"6206",doi:"10.5772/6696",title:"Guidance Laws for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles",slug:"guidance_laws_for_autonomous_underwater_vehicles",totalDownloads:6724,totalCrossrefCites:41,totalDimensionsCites:84,abstract:null,book:{id:"3700",slug:"underwater_vehicles",title:"Underwater Vehicles",fullTitle:"Underwater Vehicles"},signatures:"Morten Breivik and Thor I. Fossen",authors:null},{id:"6228",doi:"10.5772/6718",title:"Autonomous Underwater Gliders",slug:"autonomous_underwater_gliders",totalDownloads:3167,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:null,book:{id:"3700",slug:"underwater_vehicles",title:"Underwater Vehicles",fullTitle:"Underwater Vehicles"},signatures:"Wood and Stephen",authors:null},{id:"6209",doi:"10.5772/6699",title:"A Survey of Control Allocation Methods for Underwater Vehicles",slug:"a_survey_of_control_allocation_methods_for_underwater_vehicles",totalDownloads:4019,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:null,book:{id:"3700",slug:"underwater_vehicles",title:"Underwater Vehicles",fullTitle:"Underwater Vehicles"},signatures:"Thor I. Fossen, Tor Arne Johansen and Tristan Perez",authors:null},{id:"21973",doi:"10.5772/24098",title:"Short-Range Underwater Acoustic Communication Networks",slug:"short-range-underwater-acoustic-communication-networks",totalDownloads:6098,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:null,book:{id:"407",slug:"autonomous-underwater-vehicles",title:"Autonomous Underwater Vehicles",fullTitle:"Autonomous Underwater Vehicles"},signatures:"Gunilla Burrowes and Jamil Y. Khan",authors:[{id:"2898",title:"Dr.",name:"Jamil Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"jamil-y.-khan",fullName:"Jamil Y. Khan"},{id:"55496",title:"Ms.",name:"Gunilla",middleName:null,surname:"Burrowes",slug:"gunilla-burrowes",fullName:"Gunilla Burrowes"}]},{id:"6210",doi:"10.5772/6700",title:"Making AUVs Truly Autonomous",slug:"making_auvs_truly_autonomous",totalDownloads:2607,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:null,book:{id:"3700",slug:"underwater_vehicles",title:"Underwater Vehicles",fullTitle:"Underwater Vehicles"},signatures:"Per Espen Hagen, Øyvind Hegrenæs, Bjørn Jalving, Øivind Midtgaard, Martin Wiig and Ove Kent Hagen",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"6209",title:"A Survey of Control Allocation Methods for Underwater Vehicles",slug:"a_survey_of_control_allocation_methods_for_underwater_vehicles",totalDownloads:4018,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:null,book:{id:"3700",slug:"underwater_vehicles",title:"Underwater Vehicles",fullTitle:"Underwater Vehicles"},signatures:"Thor I. Fossen, Tor Arne Johansen and Tristan Perez",authors:null},{id:"74572",title:"Visibility-Based Technologies and Methodologies for Autonomous Driving",slug:"visibility-based-technologies-and-methodologies-for-autonomous-driving",totalDownloads:625,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The three main elements of autonomous vehicles (AV) are orientation, visibility, and decision. This chapter presents an overview of the implementation of visibility-based technologies and methodologies. The chapter first presents two fundamental aspects that are necessary for understanding the main contents. The first aspect is highway geometric design as it relates to sight distance and highway alignment. The second aspect is mathematical basics, including coordinate transformation and visual space segmentation. Details on the Light Detection and Ranging (Lidar) system, which represents the ‘eye’ of the AV are presented. In particular, a new Lidar 3D mapping system, that can be operated on different platforms and modes for a new mapping scheme is described. The visibility methodologies include two types. Infrastructure visibility mainly addresses high-precision maps and sight obstacle detection. Traffic visibility (vehicles, pedestrians, and cyclists) addresses identification of critical positions and visibility estimation. Then, an overview of the decision element (path planning and intelligent car-following) for the movement of AV is presented. The chapter provides important information for researchers and therefore should help to advance road safety for autonomous vehicles.",book:{id:"9869",slug:"self-driving-vehicles-and-enabling-technologies",title:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",fullTitle:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies"},signatures:"Said Easa, Yang Ma, Ashraf Elshorbagy, Ahmed Shaker, Songnian Li and Shriniwas Arkatkar",authors:[{id:"301454",title:"Prof.",name:"Said",middleName:null,surname:"Easa",slug:"said-easa",fullName:"Said Easa"},{id:"339278",title:"Dr.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",slug:"yang-ma",fullName:"Yang Ma"},{id:"339279",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashraf",middleName:null,surname:"Elshorbagy",slug:"ashraf-elshorbagy",fullName:"Ashraf Elshorbagy"},{id:"339280",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Shaker",slug:"ahmed-shaker",fullName:"Ahmed Shaker"},{id:"339282",title:"Dr.",name:"Songnian",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"songnian-li",fullName:"Songnian Li"},{id:"342421",title:"Dr.",name:"Shriniwas",middleName:null,surname:"Arkatkar",slug:"shriniwas-arkatkar",fullName:"Shriniwas Arkatkar"}]},{id:"21969",title:"Real-Time Optimal Guidance and Obstacle Avoidance for UMVs",slug:"real-time-optimal-guidance-and-obstacle-avoidance-for-umvs",totalDownloads:2919,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"407",slug:"autonomous-underwater-vehicles",title:"Autonomous Underwater Vehicles",fullTitle:"Autonomous Underwater Vehicles"},signatures:"Oleg A. Yakimenko and Sean P. Kragelund",authors:[{id:"51918",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleg A.",middleName:null,surname:"Yakimenko",slug:"oleg-a.-yakimenko",fullName:"Oleg A. Yakimenko"},{id:"99320",title:"Mr.",name:"Sean P.",middleName:null,surname:"Kragelund",slug:"sean-p.-kragelund",fullName:"Sean P. Kragelund"}]},{id:"71662",title:"Vehicular Noise Pollution: Its Environmental Implications and Strategic Control",slug:"vehicular-noise-pollution-its-environmental-implications-and-strategic-control",totalDownloads:683,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Noise pollution has been recognized as one of the major hazard that impacts the quality of life all around the world. Because of the rapid increase in technology, industrialization, urbanization and other communication and transport systems, noise pollution has reached to a disturbing level over the years which needs to be studied and controlled to avoid different health effects like high blood pressure, sleeplessness, nausea, heart attack, depression, dizziness, headache, and induced hearing loss. To address this situation, different countries have different strategies like vehicular noise limits and their regulation, vehicles physical health checkup, different time of operations for noisy traffic like trucks in the evening or night time, and noise pollution fines for noisy vehicles.",book:{id:"8883",slug:"autonomous-vehicle-and-smart-traffic",title:"Autonomous Vehicle and Smart Traffic",fullTitle:"Autonomous Vehicle and Smart Traffic"},signatures:"Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi, Muhammad Sabir, Nukshab Zeeshan, Ghulam Murtaza, Muhammad Mahroz Hussain and Muhammad Usman Ghani",authors:[{id:"250964",title:"Mr.",name:"Zia Ur Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Farooqi",slug:"zia-ur-rahman-farooqi",fullName:"Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi"},{id:"261006",title:"Mr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sabir",slug:"muhammad-sabir",fullName:"Muhammad Sabir"},{id:"261007",title:"Mr.",name:"Nukshab",middleName:null,surname:"Zeeshan",slug:"nukshab-zeeshan",fullName:"Nukshab Zeeshan"},{id:"261155",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Mahroz",middleName:null,surname:"Hussian",slug:"muhammad-mahroz-hussian",fullName:"Muhammad Mahroz Hussian"},{id:"261158",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Usman",middleName:null,surname:"Ghani",slug:"muhammad-usman-ghani",fullName:"Muhammad Usman Ghani"},{id:"296122",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghulam",middleName:null,surname:"Murtaza",slug:"ghulam-murtaza",fullName:"Ghulam Murtaza"}]},{id:"6206",title:"Guidance Laws for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles",slug:"guidance_laws_for_autonomous_underwater_vehicles",totalDownloads:6723,totalCrossrefCites:41,totalDimensionsCites:84,abstract:null,book:{id:"3700",slug:"underwater_vehicles",title:"Underwater Vehicles",fullTitle:"Underwater Vehicles"},signatures:"Morten Breivik and Thor I. Fossen",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"254",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11418,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11419,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11420,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11422,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11423,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"82751",title:"Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Interaction in Central Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105738",signatures:"Liliya Kushnireva and Eduard Korkotian",slug:"mitochondria-endoplasmic-reticulum-interaction-in-central-neurons",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82709",title:"Fatty Acid Metabolism as a Tumor Marker",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106072",signatures:"Gatot Nyarumenteng Adhipurnawan Winarno",slug:"fatty-acid-metabolism-as-a-tumor-marker",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82716",title:"Advanced glycation end product induced endothelial dysfunction through ER stress: Unravelling the role of Paraoxonase 2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106018",signatures:"Ramya Ravi and Bharathidevi Subramaniam Rajesh",slug:"advanced-glycation-end-product-induced-endothelial-dysfunction-through-er-stress-unravelling-the-rol",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82388",title:"Epigenetics: Science of Changes without Change in DNA Sequences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105039",signatures:"Jayisha Dhargawe, Rita Lakkakul and Pradip Hirapure",slug:"epigenetics-science-of-changes-without-change-in-dna-sequences",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"82583",title:"Leukaemia: The Purinergic System and Small Extracellular Vesicles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104326",signatures:"Arinzechukwu Ude and Kelechi Okeke",slug:"leukaemia-the-purinergic-system-and-small-extracellular-vesicles",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82531",title:"Abnormal Iron Metabolism and Its Effect on Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104502",signatures:"Chinmayee Dahihandekar and Sweta Kale Pisulkar",slug:"abnormal-iron-metabolism-and-its-effect-on-dentistry",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:18,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",slug:"brain-computer-interface",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Brain-Computer Interface",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10859",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:"Concepts and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10859.jpg",slug:"data-mining-concepts-and-applications",publishedDate:"March 30th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ciza Thomas",hash:"63a4e514e537d3962cf53ef1c6b9d5eb",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Data Mining - Concepts and Applications",editors:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/43680/images/system/43680.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government of Kerala",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10651",title:"Machine Learning",subtitle:"Algorithms, Models and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10651.jpg",slug:"machine-learning-algorithms-models-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaydip Sen",hash:"6208156401c496e0a4ca5ff4265324cc",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Machine Learning - Algorithms, Models and Applications",editors:[{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9869",title:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9869.jpg",slug:"self-driving-vehicles-and-enabling-technologies",publishedDate:"September 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marian Găiceanu",hash:"fd451ca2e4785ef098e04b7d695a18d9",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Self-Driving Vehicles and Enabling Technologies",editors:[{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9958",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9958.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-latest-advances-new-paradigms-and-novel-applications",publishedDate:"September 1st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Eneko Osaba, Esther Villar, Jesús L. Lobo and Ibai Laña",hash:"39648fbfdaa11385097d62b1f13aad54",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Latest Advances, New Paradigms and Novel Applications",editors:[{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Computational Neuroscience",value:23,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Evolutionary Computation",value:25,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:4}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"17",type:"subseries",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",slug:"attilio-rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"yanfei-(jacob)-qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{id:"82777",title:"Sustainability and Social Investment: Community Microhydropower Systems in the Dominican Republic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105995",signatures:"Michela Izzo, Alberto Sánchez and Rafael Fonseca",slug:"sustainability-and-social-investment-community-microhydropower-systems-in-the-dominican-republic",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82387",title:"Kept Promises? The Evolution of the EU Financial Contribution to Climate Change",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105541",signatures:"Cecilia Camporeale, Roberto Del Ciello and Mario Jorizzo",slug:"kept-promises-the-evolution-of-the-eu-financial-contribution-to-climate-change",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Mario",surname:"Jorizzo"},{name:"Cecilia",surname:"Camporeale"},{name:"ROBERTO",surname:"DEL CIELLO"}],book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82524",title:"Italy’s Small Exporting Companies: Globalization and Sustainability Issues",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105542",signatures:"Roberta Pace and Francesca Mandanici",slug:"italy-s-small-exporting-companies-globalization-and-sustainability-issues",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82427",title:"Our Globalization Era among Success, Obstacles and Doubts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105545",signatures:"Arnaldo Canziani, Annalisa Baldissera and Ahmad Kahwaji",slug:"our-globalization-era-among-success-obstacles-and-doubts",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"82248",title:"Sustainability and Excellence: Pillars for Business Survival",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105420",signatures:"Irina Severin, Maria Cristina Dijmarescu and Mihai Caramihai",slug:"sustainability-and-excellence-pillars-for-business-survival",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81920",title:"Rethinking an Approach for Sustainable Globalization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105141",signatures:"Parakram Pyakurel",slug:"rethinking-an-approach-for-sustainable-globalization",totalDownloads:29,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81428",title:"Observatory of Sustainable Development in Postgraduate Study Programs in Baja California",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104641",signatures:"Rodolfo Martinez-Gutierrez, Maria Marcela Solis-Quinteros, Maria Esther Ibarra-Estrada and Angel Ernesto Jimenez-Bernardino",slug:"observatory-of-sustainable-development-in-postgraduate-study-programs-in-baja-california",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10897",title:"Food Systems Resilience",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",slug:"food-systems-resilience",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros, Daniel S. Tevera, Luís F. Goulao and Lucas D. Tivana",hash:"ae9dd92f53433e4607f1db188dc649b4",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Food Systems Resilience",editors:[{id:"171036",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana I.",middleName:null,surname:"Ribeiro-Barros",slug:"ana-i.-ribeiro-barros",fullName:"Ana I. Ribeiro-Barros",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171036/images/system/171036.jpg",institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"University of Lisbon",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:{title:"Biomedical Engineering",id:"7"},selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/31363",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"31363"},fullPath:"/chapters/31363",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()