\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8471",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Prediction of Maternal and Fetal Syndrome of Preeclampsia",title:"Prediction of Maternal and Fetal Syndrome of Preeclampsia",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The clinical syndrome of preeclampsia is due to vasospasm, endothelial dysfunction, and altered red cell zeta potential. It is a culmination of multiple etiologies and pathophysiologies modified by epigenetics and the human immune system. Since the etiology and pathogenesis of preeclampsia are segregated and multifactorial, there is no single clinical, biophysical, or biochemical marker that can predict all types of this condition. This book provides a set of tentative specific prediction markers that can be used to identify different subtypes of preeclampsia, classify pathogenesis, categorize treatment, and identify early signs of complications.",isbn:"978-1-78984-723-9",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-722-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-257-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78845",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"prediction-of-maternal-and-fetal-syndrome-of-preeclampsia",numberOfPages:154,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"327257ae2f4783050d327cd524bf2a3e",bookSignature:"Nidhi Sharma",publishedDate:"October 2nd 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8471.jpg",numberOfDownloads:7515,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:8,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 12th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 24th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 22nd 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 13th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 12th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"220214",title:"Prof.",name:"Nidhi",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"nidhi-sharma",fullName:"Nidhi Sharma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220214/images/system/220214.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nidhi Sharma received a MBBS and MS from Banaras Hindu University,\nVaranasi, India. She is a fellow of the Indian College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, fellow of assisted reproductive techniques, and Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Saveetha University, India. Dr. Sharma has 80 indexed publications and has authored several chapters in textbooks. She received her PhD in Obstetrics and Gynecology from Saveetha University, India, and Diploma in IVF and Reproductive Medicine from UKSH Universitätsklilikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Dr. Sharma has been a member of the teaching faculty of MBBS, MS, and PhD for 15 years. She is course coordinator and academic supervisor of BSc in Reproductive Biology, MSc in Clinical Embryology, Fellowship in Reproductive Medicine, and PhD in Reproductive Medicine at Saveetha University.",institutionString:"Saveetha University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Saveetha University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1067",title:"Maternal-Fetal Medicine",slug:"maternal-fetal-medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"67060",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Multiple Etiologies of Preeclampsia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86177",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-multiple-etiologies-of-preeclampsia",totalDownloads:973,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Nidhi Sharma",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67060",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67060",authors:[{id:"220214",title:"Prof.",name:"Nidhi",surname:"Sharma",slug:"nidhi-sharma",fullName:"Nidhi Sharma"}],corrections:null},{id:"66726",title:"Risk Factor and Biomarker of Preeclampsia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85173",slug:"risk-factor-and-biomarker-of-preeclampsia",totalDownloads:1087,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Preeclampsia is a multisystem progressive disorder characterized by new onset of hypertension and proteinuria or hypertension and significant end-organ dysfunction with or without proteinuria after 20 weeks of pregnancy. Recently, it has been shown that early preeclampsia is associated with abnormalities in oxygen sensing since early preeclampsia; the placenta is unable to regulate hypoxia-inducible factor 1- (HIF1-) alpha levels. The risk factors that are involved in the development of preeclampsia are also the symptoms of the metabolic syndrome and glucose metabolism disorders such as diabetes mellitus as well as insulin resistance, increased body mass index (>35 kg/m2), and elevated diastolic blood pressure > 80 mm Hg. Further risk factors are positive family history of preeclampsia, multiple pregnancy, pregnant women over 40 years, preexisting renal disease, and clotting disorders. All biophysical and biochemical markers are shown to be used for prediction of preeclampsia. Meanwhile, it has been obvious that a single examined marker might not have the conclusion to accurately predict subsequent preeclamptic risk. Consequently, it seems to be convincing to apply history, biophysical, and several biochemical parameters to conclude the best possible detection rate.",signatures:"Makmur Sitepu and Jusuf Rachmadsyah",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66726",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66726",authors:[{id:"289701",title:"Dr.",name:"Makmur",surname:"Sitepu",slug:"makmur-sitepu",fullName:"Makmur Sitepu"}],corrections:null},{id:"67699",title:"Placental Adaptation to Hypoxia as a Predictive Marker for Preeclampsia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86612",slug:"placental-adaptation-to-hypoxia-as-a-predictive-marker-for-preeclampsia",totalDownloads:812,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The ability of the placenta to interact with surrounding microenvironment of hypoxia can serve as a predictive marker for the development of preeclampsia. Lessons can be studied from highlands inhabitants and their ability to survive extreme conditions of hypobaric hypoxia. Many candidate genes loci that are associated with adaptation to high altitude hypoxia and healthy exercise are also associated with adaptation to hypoxia in normal pregnancy. This can pave the way to a new approach based on the concept of evolution and adaptation stating that “genes can undergo a process of natural selection for the fittest adaptive variants, so as to reach a state of adaptation to the scarce microenvironments.” Accordingly, the degree of adaptation in candidate genes and their polymorphisms can serve as predictive markers for the development of preeclampsia. This can be seen in the high degree of concordance between gene expression and the lesions seen in the placenta and other remote organs in the different subtypes of preeclampsia. To conclude, “adaptive or less adaptive” can be the genetic result that answers the question of disease prediction, recurrence, and possible complications.",signatures:"Sarah I.Y. Ahmed",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67699",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67699",authors:[{id:"288236",title:"Mrs.",name:"Sarah",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"sarah-ahmed",fullName:"Sarah Ahmed"}],corrections:null},{id:"66548",title:"Clinical, Biochemical, and Biophysical Markers of Angiogenesis in Preeclampsia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85732",slug:"clinical-biochemical-and-biophysical-markers-of-angiogenesis-in-preeclampsia",totalDownloads:1075,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Preeclampsia/eclampsia is described as a pregnancy-specific systemic disorder of unknown etiology and is a potentially life-threatening disease with symptoms related to a general vascular endothelial cell activation and dysfunction. Preeclampsia can be defined as a new onset of hypertension (>140/90 mmHg) after gestational week 20 together with significant proteinuria (300 mg/24 h). Preeclampsia has a complex pathophysiology, the primary cause likely being abnormal placentation. Angiogenic factors and biophysical markers may be combined for predicting preeclampsia. Various high-throughput techniques have evolved, thus allowing us simultaneous examination of thousands of genes (genomics), gene transcripts (transcriptomics), proteins (proteomics), metabolites (metabolomics), protein interaction (interactomics), and chromatin modifications (epigenomics) in single experiments, and the results suggest that the use of transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic profiles may be predictive for preeclampsia.",signatures:"Osredkar Joško and Kumer Kristina",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66548",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66548",authors:[{id:"66896",title:"Prof.",name:"Joško",surname:"Osredkar",slug:"josko-osredkar",fullName:"Joško Osredkar"},{id:"285525",title:"Mrs.",name:"Kristina",surname:"Kumer",slug:"kristina-kumer",fullName:"Kristina Kumer"}],corrections:null},{id:"67006",title:"Autophagy in Preeclampsia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85592",slug:"autophagy-in-preeclampsia",totalDownloads:993,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Autophagy may be involved in gestation complicated by preeclampsia (PE) due to the presence of placental lesions caused by hypoxia at fetomaternal interphase. Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway, removing protein aggregates and organelles damaged and thereby maintaining cell integrity. In preeclampsia, deficient myometrial penetration by extravillous cytotrophoblast occurs during the first trimester of pregnancy, leading to placental insufficiency. Several placental functions, like nutrient and oxygen input to the fetus during pregnancy, might benefit or even rely on autophagy and related material recycling within the cell. Deficiency in autophagy mechanism has been correlated to inflammatory responses. Autophagy is regulated during placentation and appears to be a possible factor in the development of preeclampsia. In this chapter, we intend to discuss evidence on autophagy pathway in pregnancy and the crosstalk between autophagy and inflammation in preeclampsia.",signatures:"Priscila Rezeck Nunes, Leandro Gustavo de Oliveira, Mariana Romão Veiga and Maria Terezinha Serrão Peraçoli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67006",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67006",authors:[{id:"284904",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Priscila",surname:"Nunes",slug:"priscila-nunes",fullName:"Priscila Nunes"},{id:"285186",title:"Prof.",name:"Leandro",surname:"Oliveira",slug:"leandro-oliveira",fullName:"Leandro Oliveira"},{id:"285187",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Terezinha",surname:"Peraçoli",slug:"maria-terezinha-peracoli",fullName:"Maria Terezinha Peraçoli"},{id:"285188",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariana",surname:"Romão-Veiga",slug:"mariana-romao-veiga",fullName:"Mariana Romão-Veiga"}],corrections:null},{id:"66761",title:"Alteration in Zeta Potential of Erythrocytes in Preeclampsia Patients",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85952",slug:"alteration-in-zeta-potential-of-erythrocytes-in-preeclampsia-patients",totalDownloads:723,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Erythrocyte is one of the earliest and extensively analyzed blood cells in blood physiological and clinical studies. The erythrocyte membrane is negatively charged and sialic acid residues are responsible for most of the negative charge at the cell surface. This negative charge on the red blood cells (RBC) surface is believed to prevent RBC aggregation. This charge varies in different disease condition which can be determined by zeta potential (ZP) values. The present study deals with alteration in zeta potential of erythrocytes in preeclampsia patients. The mean erythrocytic ZP of control pregnant women taken during third trimester was found to be 21.64 ± 0.3122 mV whereas; when erythrocytic ZP of preeclampsia patients was measured it was found to be 15.13 ± 0.1393 mV which was significantly less than that of control pregnant volunteers. Alteration in zeta potential value was accompanied by endothelial damage which is able to mechanically deform and hemolyze erythrocytes as they pass through the capillaries. It was also observed from determination of lipid peroxidation of erythrocytes, that there is formation of higher concentration of malondialdehyde within the erythrocytes of preeclampsia patients. The data suggest that, in preeclampsia there is excessive accumulation of oxidative stress which causes injury to vascular endothelial cells by generation of lipid peroxides and detachment of sialic acid residues. As a result there is alteration in the net negative surface charge on RBCs extracellular membrane which leads to alteration in zeta potential value. Thus it can be concluded that zeta potential value of erythrocytes can act as a screening test to anticipate pregnancies at high risk for this complication.",signatures:"Megha N. Karemore and Jasmine G. Avari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66761",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66761",authors:[{id:"287832",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Megha",surname:"Karemore",slug:"megha-karemore",fullName:"Megha Karemore"}],corrections:null},{id:"66647",title:"Biochemical Dysregulation of Pre-Eclampsia and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85843",slug:"biochemical-dysregulation-of-pre-eclampsia-and-gestational-diabetes-mellitus",totalDownloads:992,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Emerging evidence indicates that among the various pregnancy complications, pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) seem to have, at least in part, shared underlying ethiologies. Apart from sharing numerous risk factors, it has been shown that the rate of pre-eclampsia is influenced by the presence and severity of GDM, with hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance and the biochemical changes this brings about (angiogenic imbalance, oxidative stress and inflammation), playing some role in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction leading to the development of pre-eclampsia. However, so far the biochemical mechanisms underlying and linking these two conditions is still not properly understood. The altered physiological parameters, dysregulation of potential protein biomarkers and DNA-related changes (mutations, methylations, miRNAs) will be combined in this review to explore possible underlying mechanisms.",signatures:"Maria Portelli and Byron Baron",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66647",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66647",authors:[{id:"100140",title:"Dr.",name:"Byron",surname:"Baron",slug:"byron-baron",fullName:"Byron Baron"},{id:"287861",title:"Ms.",name:"Maria",surname:"Portelli",slug:"maria-portelli",fullName:"Maria Portelli"}],corrections:null},{id:"67595",title:"Adolescence and Preeclampsia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86147",slug:"adolescence-and-preeclampsia",totalDownloads:861,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Adolescent pregnancy is defined as that which occurs in a woman between 10 and 19 years of age. Approximately 10% of all women aged 15–19 become pregnant. It is estimated that 11% of births worldwide occur in this population. In teenage population, preeclampsia has a prevalence twice as high as that in adult population. Adolescent population is exposed to different maternal-fetal adverse outcomes such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and gestational diabetes mellitus, associated with the outcomes of preeclampsia like seizures, pulmonary edema, defects in coagulation, liver or kidney failure, and death. The risk of adverse outcome remained increased in adolescent compared to young adult mothers (20–24 years). That is why it’s important to know the approach of preeclampsia in adolescent pregnancy. We will describe the principal chance in the adolescent pregnancy, related risk factors, major complications for mother and fetus, and management and late complication for both.",signatures:"Sergio Rosales-Ortiz, Olivia Sánchez Rodríguez, Mario Borbolla-Ramos and Karen D. García-Pérez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67595",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67595",authors:[{id:"288704",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",surname:"Rosales-Ortiz",slug:"sergio-rosales-ortiz",fullName:"Sergio Rosales-Ortiz"},{id:"290681",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",surname:"Borbolla-Ramos",slug:"mario-borbolla-ramos",fullName:"Mario Borbolla-Ramos"},{id:"291830",title:"Dr.",name:"Olivia",surname:"Sanchez-Rodriguez",slug:"olivia-sanchez-rodriguez",fullName:"Olivia Sanchez-Rodriguez"},{id:"291831",title:"Dr.",name:"Karen D",surname:"Garcia-Perez",slug:"karen-d-garcia-perez",fullName:"Karen D Garcia-Perez"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7725",title:"Innovations In Assisted Reproduction Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"24289d13780a3e4215f5a085923990f7",slug:"innovations-in-assisted-reproduction-technology",bookSignature:"Nidhi Sharma, Sudakshina Chakrabarti, Yona Barak and Adrian Ellenbogen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7725.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220214",title:"Prof.",name:"Nidhi",surname:"Sharma",slug:"nidhi-sharma",fullName:"Nidhi Sharma"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"776",title:"Preterm Birth",subtitle:"Mother and Child",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4e5369103770cdbf61058ad75e2e63bb",slug:"preterm-birth-mother-and-child",bookSignature:"John C. 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Cancer considers the first cause of death globally and it is accounting for about 10 million deaths in 2020 [1]. It has bad impact on physical and social life. Patients with cancer may experience one symptom or more at one time. Those with advanced disease that characterized by breathlessness and metastatic cancer may have on average about 14 symptoms [2], including symptoms of cancer itself and the side effect of cancer therapies [3].
Non-curative therapy creates a multidisciplinary effort for patients whose disease is unresponsive to indicated treatment curative intent, so its purpose is life-enhancing and prolonging. Those patients will go through progressive disease, that makes patients suffer from restlessness as a result of their illness, strategies of treatment, which negatively affect their treatment and the recovering handle, so, it is fundamental to control and reduce such suffering, which makes them need a shift in the objective of medical care. Despite the fact, that life-prolonging treatment can provide prolonged disease control with the present armamentarium of treatment modalities, side effects such as pain, anxiety, depression, fatigue, dyspnea, diarrhea, loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting, often reduce the patient’s quality of life [4, 5, 6, 7, 8].
In order to prevent/palliate these negative impacts of the outcomes of the disease and to enhance quality of life of patients and their families, the urgency for palliative care as the main goal in providing therapy and care for patients who face problems of life-threatening diseases. Palliative care can relieve of the patient’s suffering by early identification, evaluation and treatment of physical, psychological, and social problems that include request for hastened death, assistance with making decision or care planning, patient demand for referral, spinal cord compression, delirium, brain, or leptomeningeal metastases [9, 10, 11, 12, 13].
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 50% of the countries in the world are making efforts to provide treatment and palliative care for cancer patients. At the same time, many countries do not have a cancer control program [14]. Approximated cancer patients require more than one-quarter of global palliative care need [15]. Lack of enough communication enhance stress, decrease patient satisfaction, and decrease strictly following medical instructions, so adequate collection of data at a palliative care service enhance quality of patient care [16, 17, 18]. Early appearance of palliative care enhances quality of life, decreases therapeutic cost, and superior survival time. But, to provide convenient care to cancer patients, it is necessary to refer them to health services timely [19].
The core focus of palliative care also improves the care quality for the health care system [20, 21]. Besides improving physical symptoms, it will reduce emergency visits and reduces hospital admissions. For patients who have not taken palliative care at all or who came late to palliative care are more probably to receive invasive treatments, such as chemotherapy, and increase risk of death from treatment complications. Starting the palliative care at the time of diagnosis provides an adjuvant partnership for the treatment team and as the disease develops, the need for palliative care increases. That’s why it is suggested that palliative care be started in the first 8 weeks after the onset of the disease and the American Society of Oncology Guidelines also suggested that palliative care be initiated at the onset of cancer for some patients [22, 23, 24, 25].
That’s can improve all phases of the disease, it makes better decisions in the end-of-life care and potentially decreases health-care expenditures [26], and can generate consequential savings for the health system by decreasing hospitalization and interventions [27].
Lung cancer is considered as the main cause of cancer death among both men and women in the world [28]. The survival rate is estimated not more than 5-year [29] and the average survival patients who do not take any anti-neoplastic treatment is about 7 months, according to a meta-analysis of over 5000 patients [30]. The main reasons of death from lung cancer included complications of metastases, tumor burden, infection, thromboembolism, pulmonary hemorrhage, and diffuse alveolar damage. The final common attributor for most of these complications is respiratory failure. Both survivals, quality of life and symptoms are commonly worse for patients with end stage of the disease. Symptoms related to lung cancer can include pain, anorexia/cachexia, dyspnea, nausea, fatigue, confusion/delirium, and depression [31].
As pain is generally part of the reasons behind the suffering in these patients, beside psychological distress. Opioids are chief support that provides effective analgesia in cancer pain, such as morphine, which considered as is the most used opioid for moderate to severe pain. It can be used rectally or transdermally in patients who cannot take it orally [32]. Low-dose corticosteroids are also recommended for relieving pain from liver metastases, bony metastases, or neuropathic pain [33]. Anticonvulsants such as phenytoin, carbamazepine, and clonazepam are also helpful in treating that pain. Tricyclic antidepressants increase the effects of opioids and have analgesic properties [34].
Other symptoms that can develop from locally advanced NSCLC or lung cancer metastases are dyspnea and cough, these symptoms are disease-related complications, such as malignant effusions and airway obstruction. Therapeutic procedures with palliative aide can be helpful, such as pericardiocentesis with a pericardial drain/window, thoracentesis, or placement of pleural drain [35]. Other strategies for resolving airway obstruction include laser therapy, bronchoscopy, stent placement (endobronchial or vascular), or photodynamic therapy [36].
Morphine is usually used drug while recommendation of codeine or dihydrocodeine may be considered in dyspnea with lower intensity [37, 38]. Other opioids, including fentanyl and oxycodone, have been studied in this management, opioid mechanism of action is conveyed via opioid receptors of the cardio-respiratory system [39]. Benzodiazepines are also utilized as an adjunct, or as an alternative, to opioids for treating dyspnea which considered as a second or third choice in cases where morphine and non-pharmacological methods are not enough to control dyspnea [40]. Anticholinergic drugs such as hyoscyamine, scopolamine, atropine, and glycopyrrolate can be described to decrease excessive secretions [41, 42].
In 47–86% of lung cancer patients, cough is one of the most common symptoms of lung cancer. Pharmacotherapy includes administration of antitussive drugs and opioids. Oral corticosteroids that are taken for 14 days may resolve coughing result from direct infiltration of the bronchus by the tumor. As consequences of cough, gastro-intestinal reflux may occur; which may resolve with metoclopramide or domperidone. Dihydrocodeine, codeine also can be prescribed as antitussive opioid, codeine is usually in complex preparations with paracetamol. Constipation on the other hand is a complication of systematic administration of opioid, therefore prophylactic administration of laxatives is essential. Morphine or other strong opioids such as methadone are recommended for severe cough with pain in the chest, co-administration of more than one opioid is not appropriate. Mucolytic agents such as bromhexine and acetylcysteine that can be taken orally or by inhalation, but have limited use [43, 44].
Hemoptysis is a symptom that appears in about 20% of lung cancer patients. Pulmonary hemorrhage, which usually leads to death, is noticed in 3% of patients. The reasons behind hemoptysis include bronchiectasis, trauma after bronchoscopy, anticoagulation therapy, pulmonary embolism, fistulas, and others. Tranexamic acid and medications that support hemostasis such as vitamin K and antitussives are drugs that inhibit fibrinolysis that is used in adjunctive therapy at the end stage of disease. Also in the mentioned stage of disease mitigation procedures are used such as an appropriate position to forbid choking, taking anti-anxiety drugs (diazepam, midazolam) and using bed linen in dark colors [37, 43] in case of superior vena cava syndrome. The most seen symptoms include swelling of the face and congestion, upper chest and shoulders, shortness of breath, hoarseness, fainting on standing at the slope, dizziness, headache, and extension veins in the neck and the chest wall, corticosteroids such as dexamethasone are used as palliative treatment. Also, the use of heparin because of risk of thrombosis SVCS in the superior vena cava is reasonable [43, 45, 46].
Nutrition and appetite stimulants advising can be considered for patients with critical appetite and weight loss. Low-dose corticosteroids for appetite stimulation are unclear, but the benefit of it is often related to its antiemetic effect. Medications such as stimulants, antidepressants, steroids, and erythropoietin-stimulating agents have been assessed for treating fatigue but without definite evidence of benefit. The intervention studied for enhancing fatigue is exercise and physical activity [47, 48, 49].
Generally, it is called as the silent killer and it is the dominant gynecological cancer worldwide. Long-term survival of more than 5 years for those with advanced disease is realized in approximately 25% of patients [50, 51, 52]. Ovarian cancer’s early-stage signs and symptoms are usually vague and similar to other genitourinary or gastrointestinal illnesses. The recurrence is about 70% of ovarian cancer patients. Nearly all of the parenteral cytotoxic drugs indicated for recurrent ovarian cancer have massive side effects that decrease the therapeutic benefit and consequently patients’ acceptance of therapy. The less toxic alternative is altretamine which works to enhance the outcome of these patients.
Altretamine is an oral alkylating activity drug that has been prescribed for advanced ovarian carcinoma, it is prescribed for patients with recurrent ovarian cancer or who had undergone surgery and failed one or more chemotherapy regimen. It works as palliation for those with recurrent disease or as a maintenance drug to enhance and increase progression-free survival for these patients. Most benefit of altretamine is the decrease of physical and psychological discomfort came with the parenteral therapies and its oral use decreases the need for hospitalization [53, 54].
Besides altretamine, palliative therapy is used to minimize the symptoms of ovarian cancer. Women with ovarian cancer can have
Another symptom is intestinal tract
At the beginning of ovarian cancer, pain can be easily ignored, hard to diagnose, or missed with other conditions. But, later in advance stage of ovarian cancer, it may cause a lot of pain and discomfort in the abdominal parts of your body. Over-the-counter (OTC) pain medications such as acetaminophen or anti-inflammatory pain relievers ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil). If your pain isn’t controlled by OTC medications, an opioid indicated in such cases, can help minimize stronger pain such as morphine, fentanyl patch, hydromorphone, and methadone. Also find an alternative therapy to decrease abdominal pain, for example, massage, try: acupuncture, relaxation techniques, such as guided imagery, meditation, and chiropractic treatment.
Ovarian cancer can expand and affect the urinary system. Its tumor can block the ureters that prevent the urine from reaching the bladder, which results in swelling, pain, and kidney damage if don’t treat. To relieve this pressure and pain, a special tube may utilize to drain the urine during cancer treatment. The tube can be placed inside the body to excrete urine from the kidney into the bladder, or outside of the body to excrete urine directly from the kidney.
Bloating and swelling can be seen at any stage of ovarian cancer. OTC remedies may not decrease this discomfort; octreotide may decrease these symptoms. Additionally, decreasing secondary bloating by staying away from carbonated beverages, processed foods, and gas-producing foods such as cabbage, beans, and broccoli [58, 59, 60, 61].
The skeletal system is the third most known site for cancer metastases, particularly in end stages of the disease. The presence of bone metastases leads to poorer diagnosis, decrease of survival and is usually associated with several complications, including spinal cord compression, severe bone pain, pathological fracture, and hypercalcemia, etc. [62, 63, 64, 65]. Nearly 60–84% of patients with late cancer experiences varying level of bone pain. Bon pain affects millions of patients worldwide, and approximately 450,000 patients in the USA alone annually [66, 67]. Generally, pain varies in severity depending on the stage of the disease. Most patients at the beginning of the disease experience infrequent dull aches, but as the disease advanced, pain becomes constant and increase in severity [68, 69].
Analgesic medications involve pain management with analgesics (non-opioid and opioid), adjuvants (corticosteroids, anticonvulsants), and bone-targeted therapies (NGF inhibitors; osteoclast inhibitors, such as denosumab and bisphosphonates). Radiotherapy (RT) is also used to reduce analgesic need, enhance the quality of life (QoL), also keep or improve skeletal function by minimizing the risk of metastatic spinal cord compression (mSCC) or pathological fractures [70].
Bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals emitting-particles such as [223Ra] radium-dichloride at the top have been prescribed for bone-pain palliation. Beside [223Ra] a number of long-established and novel bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals are prescribed for bone-pain palliation, including [89Sr] strontium-dichloride, [153Sm] samarium, [186Re] rhenium, [188Re] rhenium, [177Lu] lutetium, and [166Ho] holmium labeled [71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76]. the control of painful bone metastases is still a challenging problem. Bone-pain palliation with radiopharmaceuticals emitting-particles been utilized for decades, demonstrate an acceptable result. [223Ra] Radium shows higher advantages impact on survival over other radiopharmaceuticals; at the same time, still the expensive [223Ra] radium is not generally available [77].
Pancreatic cancer is the twelfth most common cancer in the world and the seventh leading cause of cancer death. It has a poor survival rate, it mortality rate about 4.0% of all cancer deaths [78, 79, 80]. Now a day surgical resection is the only choice for treatment, however, only 20% of pancreatic cancer is surgically removable at the time of diagnosis [81, 82, 83]. The maximum survival rates are 22–26 months in patients who are undergoing surgical resection and taking adjuvant therapy resect able to improve survival [84, 85, 86, 87] latest studies evaluating the effect of neoadjuvant therapy on highly picked patients with resect able disease have led to median survival life about 44 months in patients with R0 resection, node-negative disease [88, 89, 90].
Choledochojejunostomy or Roux-en-Y hepatico was surgical palliation that was most commonly done. But its performance fell out of favor as a result of a high probability of cystic duct, gastric outlet, or duodenal obstruction by the tumor over time, as well as the likelihood of bile reflux into the stomach. The placing of endoscopic biliary stents throughout endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the favorite method for palliation of obstructive jaundice in patients with metastatic or unresectable pancreatic cancer. Development in endoscopic technology results in successful stent placement in more than 90% of patients during ERCP with the same efficacy, but less mortality and morbidity in comparison with surgical palliation with biliary-enteric bypass. After all, studies still present the majority of patients who are stented have an enhancement in quality of life, even with higher rates of recurrence [91, 92, 93]. Prophylactic gastrojejunostomy was associated with a diminished incidence of late GOO (gastric outlet obstruction). It was also indicated in patients with unresectable periampullary cancer that undergo exploratory laparotomy [94, 95, 96].
Treatment of gastric outlet obstruction can be done endoscopically, with placing of large self-expanding stents which are successful in 92–100% of cases permitting patients to take back oral intake in 24 hours in 73–93% of patients. Even though patients can control their own drink liquids and salivary secretions, stent obstruction usually occurs with solid food [91, 93].
Pancreatic cancer patients have one of the highest frequencies of pulmonary embolism (PE) or deep venous thrombosis (DVT) with incidence rates between 17 and 57%. Anticoagulation drugs with low-molecular-weight heparin or a direct oral anticoagulant are useful in patients who develop a VTE. Many studies estimate this risk, showing a 10–25% risk of VTE, with minimization to 5–10% with thromboprophylaxis but no effect on survival. Treatment includes treatment with low weight molecular heparin (LWMH), unfractionated heparin, or oral anticoagulation [97].
Patients may experience oral side effects as a result of disease or medications. Anti-cancer medications have acute and long-term adverse effects on healthy tissue. The epithelium of the oral mucosa can be affected by most therapeutic agents that may cause xerostomia, mucositis, and taste alterations [98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105].
Beside this side effect, patients in the end stage of the disease, perhaps as a result of their weakness, oral symptoms are one of their highest sources of discomfort. Symptoms involve oral candidiasis, angular cheilitis, oral pain, mucositis, denture stomatitis, dysphagia, ulceration, taste disorders, oral infection, halitosis, and dry mouth, which is the most familiar oral symptom. The causes behind oral problems are several, such as general weakness from disease or its medications; previous cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy; dehydration; and the decrease the ability of water or food intake; their physical condition may decay because of oral symptoms, which lead to inability of food intake and dehydration [106, 107, 108, 109].
At the beginning of oral care, a facial massage of the masseter muscle and salivary glands. An oral moisture jelly and moisture spray were utilized for enhancing mucosal moisture and for protecting the mucosa. Also, a soft dental brush was used to remove plaque and debris on the teeth. Then, oral foam sticks were utilized for mucosa cleansing [110].
Palliative treatment for squamous cell carcinoma treatment included mono-chemotherapy with the administration of cetuximab. The side effects of cetuximab are manageable. The common reactions are mostly cutaneous, with the appearance of acne, dryness, itching, and peeling on the skin [111]. Corticosteroids such as prednisone are usually administrated with the cetuximab treatment to minimize the previously mentioned adverse effects. Nonetheless, the repeated use of this medication may cause other disturbances, such as osteoporosis [112].
Cancer pain may result from direct invasion cell of cancer into the nerve or bone tissue in the end stages of oral cancer and its management is critical issue [113]. Opioid analgesics are usually prescribed for controlling oral cancer-related pain. In spite of high dosages of opioids are prescribed, high level of cancer pain is usually poorly controlled. Switching is often necessary due to different side effects or tolerance of opioids. Methadone has been widely prescribed to manage oral pain because of its exclusive properties (e.g., long duration of action strong, high bioavailability, and analgesic effect) [114].
Xerostomia is one of common adverse effects of radiation therapy on salivary glands. Radiation exposure may change saliva volume, consistency, and its pH. The inadequate saliva can decrease the quality of life as the patient cannot carry forward with his routine diet, which came with difficulty in swallowing and dysguesia that can lead to nutrition deficiency. Several managements are utilized to decrease xerostomia such as water-soluble lubricants that must be applied thinly over the oral mucosal surfaces to lubricate the oral tissues. Mouth rinses that contain alcohol should not be used in such cases as they will increase mouth dryness.
Salivary stimulation agents should be advised, like vitamin C and citric acids, sugar free topical agents malic acid that used topically can stimulate saliva, though, their low pH enhances demineralization of teeth. Salivary stimulation agent proves to be beneficial for the xerostomia patient and should be taken before eating to enhance swallowing. The two most common pharmacologic medications prescribed to stimulate salivary secretion are cholinergic agonists such as cevimiline and pilocarpine, treatment continues for 12 weeks of uninterrupted therapy is recommended. These drugs are contraindicated in patients with narrow-angle glaucoma, acute iritis, and asthmatic patient [115, 116].
Bethanechol chloride cholinergic agonist that its works in contrast to acetylcholine, bethanechol has more prolonged effects as a result of resistant to destruction by cholinesterase. Its mechanism of action is similar to pilocarpine, stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. It acts more specifically on the muscarinic receptors, not acting on α/β-adrenergic receptors, as pilocarpine does [117]. These medications work as systemic stimulants of salivary gland acting on the parasympathetic nervous system. The response to enhance salivation is depending on the residual number of functional acinar cells [118].
Herbal medicines were also found to enhance salivary function and to decrease the severity of mouth dryness in cancer patients [119]. In spite of several RCTs of acupuncture as a management for dry mouth have been stated to date, its cumulative evidence for its effectiveness has not been systematically estimatted [120]. An organic thiophosphate is amifostine that can protect cells from radiation distruction by scavenging oxygen-derived free radicals. The prescription of amifostine is very controversial because of its toxicity, cost, and compromised tumor control, in spite of all previous disadvantages, it is considered the only drug approved by FDA for xerostomia result from radioprotection [121]. The prophylactic use of systemic sialogogues for radiation-induced xerostomia is widely reported in the literature [122].
Chemotherapy and radiotherapy for oral cancer can change or reduce taste function as a result of the outer surface of taste cells and microvilli and damage that leads to limitation in food intake and weight loss as consequences. Taste loss is generally temporary and returns gradually to normal levels within 1 year after taking radiotherapy but sometimes it may last for 5 years [123]. High incidence of non-Candida albicans infection has been estimated in patients with end stage of cancer. The untreated colonized Candida can lead to disseminated disease that can end with morbidity and mortality. Fluconazole is considered as one of the first-line medications prescribed for management of oral candidiasis in cancer patients. Amphotericin B and newer drugs like echinocandins are also used for invasive Candida infections [124, 125].
Taste is very important for life; it manages food intake and provides pleasure feeling from eating. The taste regulates digestion, absorption, and storage of nutrient perception by activation neuronal pathways [126]. Alteration or taste dysfunction (dysgeusia) may decrease the quality of life by affecting and psychological well-being, appetite, and body weight. Several factors can affect taste perception, such as lesions in the oral mucosa, medication, prolonged exposure to radiation and chemotherapy, smoking, nutrition, chronic hepatitis, aging, renal impairment, and disorder in hormonal secretions [127] Zinc supplements can be useful for patients receiving chemotherapy. Zinc protected the cancer patients from taste alteration [128] other form, a zinc containing polaprezinc that can also protect against taste disorder [129]. Amifostine, protect salivary gland normal tissues from damage by chemotherapy and radiation [130] thus leading to improvement of xerostomia that may cause taste alterations [131].
Osteoradionecrosis is a complication result from radiation therapy to the head and neck that results in bone death, its side effect includes neuropathic pain [132]. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy companied surgery can be used in the management of osteoradionecrosis, HBO enhances tissue oxygenation through control of infection, angiogenesis, predominantly through stimulate bacterial killing fungi, macrophages, and production of bactericidal free radicals [133, 134]. Other treatment modalities—Ultrasound has reported to stimulate tissue regeneration by enhancing blood flow in chronically ischemic muscles, protein synthesis and cure of ischaemic varicose ulcers. Pentoxifylline and calcitonin also have been used successfully to treat ORN [135].
Antiemetics such as selective serotonin type 3 receptor (5HT3) antagonists (e.g., ondansetron, granisetron), neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists (e.g., fosaprepitant, aprepitant), and synthetic cannabinoids (e.g., nabilone) are licensed for use in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) [136]. In response to oral cancer treatment there may be changes in patients including their ability to swallow, speech, taste deprivation of sleep or metabolic disorders, and alterations in appearance. These changes can be emotionally harmful to the patient. This required psychiatric interventions in such patients.
Cancer of head and neck is the sixth most common cancer, the overall survival rate is 5-year that has ranged from 40 to 65%, affected by several factors such as co-morbidities and advanced-stage disease presentation [137, 138].
Incurable end-stage head and neck cancer lead to upsetting symptoms such as pain, bleeding, swallowing, and breathing difficulty. Patients may try to stay active and self-caring while trying to adapt to these symptoms. Surgery can decrease primary tumor bulk, decrease pain and bleeding, enhance swallowing, nutrition and airway, many evidence is available to estimate the surgical benefit in such cases. Also, an endovascular technique, involving embolization and vessel stenting, can help by controlling bleeding symptoms result from major vascular erosion. However, benzodiazepines are rapid-acting sedatives that reduce the flow of blood with direct pressure that administrated when patient succumbs rapidly in case of acute hemorrhage from carotid “blow-out.” Whilst success may achieve with swift surgical intervention, continuous verbal support to the patient is a key to control and decrease anxiety. Besides benzodiazepines, use of bisphosphonates aid pain control of bone pain.
Pain is very familiar symptom that affects patients at any stage of cancer. It can be immediate or persistent lifelong. Analgesic use is the preferred one based on the WHO. Choice of formulation depends on patient conditions, if he can swallow. Persist vomiting has a nasogastric or gastrostomy tube. In case of somatic pain, oral morphine is the first choice strong opioid such as Oramorph™ solution or Sevredol™ tablet (e.g., MST Continus™) or capsules (e.g., Zomorph™) and suspension (e.g., MST suspension™) or opened capsules (e.g., Zomorph™).
In case of continuous vomiting, subcutaneous (SC) infusion of morphine or diamorphine can be prescribed such as diamorphine, transdermal preparations of fentanyl. Alternatively, new formulations of sublingual, buccal, or intranasal fentanyl may have a role in specific situations. Oxycodone may act as an alternative to morphine when there is intolerance, specifically dysphoria, the injected form of hydromorphone is useful. Liquid form of methadone in can be very useful, because of its rapidity in onset and long acting.
Neuropathic pain is a very common feature of the disease and also can result from treatment, specially radiation. Some medications can be referred to as adjuvants such as a tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline), anticonvulsants (gabapentin and pregabalin). Gabapentin in some cases opened and administered via the gastrostomy tube. Also carbamazepine, sodium valproate also can be used. Clonazepam is sometimes useful. Methadone and ketamine are useful, but only in specific settings. In case of visceral pain, if the pain is poorly sensitive to opioids, adjuvants should be administrated early, for example, pain due to nerve compression or metastatic disease in the liver cab is controlled with dexamethasone (4–8 mg daily). Interventional pain techniques may be very useful when systemic treatments fail or in case the patient is intolerant of the significant doses of analgesics combination.
In case of mucosal pain topical agents can be used such as chlorhexidine, sulcralfate, benzydamine, steroids, and topical local anaesthetics such as lignocaine. High number of patients who are enterally fed suffer from nausea and vomiting, so there is usually a need for injectable anti-emetics—continuous infusions, subcutaneous (SC), or boluses. Enteral feeding has its own challenge; prokinetic drugs like metoclopramide or domperidone may be utilized to establish the best function.
Constipation develops in 50% of cancer patients as a result of decreased physical activity, dehydration, hypercalcemia, hypothyroidism, and some kind of medications, specially opioids and anticholinergic drugs. Laxatives can be stated once opioid medication is initiated. Laxative agents include bisacodyl, senna, lactulose, magnesium hydroxide, docusate, movicol, laxido. If constipation develops it can lead to nausea and vomiting and in the severe situations pseudo-obstruction. If rectal examination reveals hard stool, then the use of suppositories and enemas can be helpful.
Benzodiazepines are the main treatment of anxiety. Such as diazepam, lorazepam, and midazolam. However, the limiting point is developing tolerance very fast; so they are useful only for short-term control of episodes of anxiety.
Delirium is a neuropsychiatric condition that is may increase incidence of morbidity and mortality in patients with end stage disease, which profoundly impacts the patients, their families, and their caregivers [139]. As a cause of confusion can result from number of organic causes such as metabolic disturbance, respiratory failure, infection, dehydration, urinary retention, constipation, brain metastases, and other causes. Common causes are administered drugs specially opioids.
Usually, delirium is controlled with haloperidol or levomepromazine where sedation is required for managing paranoia. In some conditions, like irreversible agitation or delirium in end stage patients, benzodiazepines and antipsychotics are required to administered together using a syringe driver secretions [9]. The most common used antipsychotic drugs in delirium patients are phenothiazines (e.g., chlorpromazine), butyrophenones (e.g., haloperidol), second-generation antipsychotics (e.g., olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, and ziprasidone), and third-generation antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole). In spite of little supporting data, there is no approved medication for delirium, antipsychotics are widely used but still the role of antipsychotics remains uncertain [140, 141, 142, 143, 144]. Excess secretions at the end stage of cancer are treated using anticholinergic medication to support this end-of-life phase. Also, there are three widely used antimuscarinic drugs that can be prescribed for excess secretion which include hyoscine hydrobomide, hyoscine butylbromide, and glycopyrronium [9].
Colorectal cancer is the third most common malignant disease about 1.85 million of new cases a year around the world and nearly 10.2% of total [145]. Surgical resection may consider as good palliation of symptoms and prevent harmful complications consequences [146].
Bladder cancer is the ninth most common malignancy in the world [147]. The 5-year survival for bladder cancer is 76.9%, however, metastatic disease 5-year survival rate is only 5.5% [148]. It is mainly seen in elderly people [149]. Bladder cancer can cause persistent and disabling pain in patients [150] pelvic pain is one of the major end-of-life complications in people suffering from bladder cancer [151]. The pain control in some cases was adequate with fentanyl patches [152] bleeding can also arise from the bladder cancer, or as a result of radiation or cyclophosphamide, infection can also worsen bleeding. Patients with severe haematuria can be treated with palliative TURBT, tranexamic acid, palliative radiotherapy, embolisation, palliative chemotherapy, and urinary diversion [153].
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide and the most common cause of cancer death in women. About 23% of the 1.1 million female with cancers newly diagnosed every year. And about one-fifth will survive for 5 years; American Cancer Society estimated that breast cancer is the second only to lung cancer as a cause of cancer death in women [154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159].
In general, the major causes of cancer-related pain in breast cancer women are bone metastases [160, 161]. Opioid analgesic medications can be submitted for patients with strong pain, in the case of neuropathic patient, patients may get benefit by combined analgesic with an agent with special efficacy for this mechanism of pain like tricyclic, SNRI, and/or an anticonvulsant. Radiotherapy may be also important in case of bone metastases for patients with poorly controlled pain [161, 162, 163].
Patients with breast cancer usually suffer from breathlessness; there are many causes of dyspnea and for its management, non-pharmacological and pharmacological approaches can be used [39]. Sitting the patient in upright position, use of bedside relaxation techniques, and accelerating air flow over the face using a fan or open window, are all helpful. Also, large symptomatic pericardial or pleural effusions should be drained. Oxygen supplementation can decrease dyspnea for patients with hypoxemia. Opioids are also approved for symptomatic therapy for dyspnea at the end stage of the disease [164].
Fatigue is the most common cause of distress to the patients. Restoration of energy strategies involved taking adequate nutrition and rest, decreasing stress can be done by several techniques like meditation or relaxation. Physical exercise proved to be useful in many clinical trials [165]. Fatigue patient’s anemia with a hemoglobin of lower than 8 g/dL may require blood transfusion to maintain a hemoglobin level between 10 and 12 g/dL. Some studies mentioned that methylphenidate or modafanil can be useful for patient with fatigue symptoms but till now there are some limited data about its benefits regarding fatigue [166]. Steroids may have a role in short-term control or decease of fatigue for a patient who needs to be in his optimal alertness for an important family event or special occasion, but there is no benefit in long-term fatigue management [164].
Patient having cancer can be depressed experience, its incidence lower than anxiety. Although, it can be underreported by patients [167, 168]. Depression in cancer patients usually needs combining antidepressant medications, supportive psychotherapy, and cognitive-behavioral techniques [169]. Antidepressant is the main management for cancer patients with severe depressive symptoms that should be accompanied by psychotherapy by a professional therapist. That include selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (e.g., fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, citalopram, and fluvoxamine), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (e.g., venlaflaxine), and the serotonin-2 antagonists’/serotonin reuptake inhibitors, nefazodone and trazodone, and psychostimulants (e.g., methylphenidate) [170].
However, home palliative care enhances care and rehabilitation, its practiced by the interdisciplinary team help the patient to stay at home, in familiar environment, where relaxation and comfort not founded in the environment of the hospital. Necessary equipment is brought home to conduct therapy, such as an infusion pump. From time to time, qualified medical personnel should visit the patients allow efficient communications with patients and their families, manage the therapy, checking bedsores, and explain proceedings in the case of unexpected health hazards. For patients who cannot be medically managed at home, staying in inpatient care units for control or alleviate the symptoms is not adequate or sufficient [171].
This study summarized different kinds of palliative therapies for different types of cancer that improves the wellbeing of patients with life-limiting condition. It supports their families by identification patient needs, correct assessment and use of therapeutics for control health-related concerns such as management of physical issues (reliving patient from pain) and dealing with psychosocial, emotional state. Early palliative care prolongs life by decreasing morbidity and improved quality of life by using different strategies which include medication, surgical, nutrition, and home palliative care. It also reduces the load, strain of hospital related stresses and unnecessary hospital visits, in addition to decreasing hospital and health care cost.
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Due to rapid depletion of agricultural areas and soil quality by means of ever-increasing population and an excessive addition of chemical fertilizers, a rehabilitated attention is a need of the hour to maintain sustainable approaches in agricultural crop production. Biochar is the solid, carbon-rich material obtained by pyrolysis using different biomasses. It has been widely documented in previous studies that, the crop growth and yield can be increased by using biochar. This chapter exclusively summarizes the properties of biochar, its interaction with soil microflora, and its role in plant growth promotion when added to the soil.",book:{id:"7305",slug:"biochar-an-imperative-amendment-for-soil-and-the-environment",title:"Biochar",fullTitle:"Biochar - An Imperative Amendment for Soil and the Environment"},signatures:"Jyoti Rawat, Jyoti Saxena and Pankaj Sanwal",authors:null},{id:"46355",doi:"10.5772/57469",title:"Phytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Metals and Metalloids at Mining Areas: Potential of Native Flora",slug:"phytoremediation-of-soils-contaminated-with-metals-and-metalloids-at-mining-areas-potential-of-nativ",totalDownloads:8550,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:86,abstract:null,book:{id:"3854",slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination",fullTitle:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination"},signatures:"Paulo J.C. Favas, João Pratas, Mayank Varun, Rohan D’Souza and\nManoj S. Paul",authors:[{id:"169746",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Favas",slug:"paulo-favas",fullName:"Paulo Favas"},{id:"169747",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoj",middleName:"Stephen",surname:"Paul",slug:"manoj-paul",fullName:"Manoj Paul"},{id:"169952",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao",middleName:null,surname:"Pratas",slug:"joao-pratas",fullName:"Joao Pratas"},{id:"169953",title:"Dr.",name:"Mayank",middleName:null,surname:"Varun",slug:"mayank-varun",fullName:"Mayank Varun"},{id:"169954",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohan",middleName:null,surname:"D'Souza",slug:"rohan-d'souza",fullName:"Rohan D'Souza"}]},{id:"61845",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77987",title:"Montmorillonite: An Introduction to Properties and Utilization",slug:"montmorillonite-an-introduction-to-properties-and-utilization",totalDownloads:5469,totalCrossrefCites:43,totalDimensionsCites:76,abstract:"Clay mineral is an important material available in nature. With an increasing understanding of clay structure, montmorillonite is realized viable for an enhanced performance in a variety of materials and products in the areas of catalysis, food additive, antibacterial function, polymer, sorbent, etc. Significant development in the use and application of montmorillonite is seen in recent time. This chapter provides an overview of montmorillonite, structure, and properties and particularly discusses its recent utilization in important materials. Montmorillonite is introduced in terms of its natural sources, chemical structure, physical and chemical properties, and functional utilization. The important physical and chemical properties are summarized as particle and layered structure, molecular structure and cation exchange effect, barrier property, and water sorption. This is followed by the important functional utilizations of montmorillonite based on the effects of its chemical structure. The important functional utilization of montmorillonite includes food additive for health and stamina, for antibacterial activity against tooth and gum decay, as sorbent for nonionic, anionic, and cationic dyes, and the use as catalyst in organic synthesis. The environment concerns, to date, do not indicate the adversity for particles used as additive. Studies will be useful which are clearly based on any montmorillonite structure to describe environmental effects.",book:{id:"6561",slug:"current-topics-in-the-utilization-of-clay-in-industrial-and-medical-applications",title:"Current Topics in the Utilization of Clay in Industrial and Medical Applications",fullTitle:"Current Topics in the Utilization of Clay in Industrial and Medical Applications"},signatures:"Faheem Uddin",authors:[{id:"228107",title:"Prof.",name:"Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Uddin",slug:"faheem-uddin",fullName:"Faheem Uddin"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"46032",title:"Soil Contamination, Risk Assessment and Remediation",slug:"soil-contamination-risk-assessment-and-remediation",totalDownloads:13896,totalCrossrefCites:22,totalDimensionsCites:60,abstract:null,book:{id:"3854",slug:"environmental-risk-assessment-of-soil-contamination",title:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination",fullTitle:"Environmental Risk Assessment of Soil Contamination"},signatures:"Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf, Mohd. Jamil Maah and Ismail Yusoff",authors:[{id:"25185",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Aqeel",middleName:null,surname:"Ashraf",slug:"muhammad-aqeel-ashraf",fullName:"Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf"},{id:"101988",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail",middleName:null,surname:"Yusoff",slug:"ismail-yusoff",fullName:"Ismail Yusoff"},{id:"169931",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohd Jamil",middleName:null,surname:"Maah",slug:"mohd-jamil-maah",fullName:"Mohd Jamil Maah"},{id:"169932",title:"Dr.",name:"Ng Tham",middleName:null,surname:"Fatt",slug:"ng-tham-fatt",fullName:"Ng Tham Fatt"}]},{id:"71931",title:"Open Pit Mining",slug:"open-pit-mining",totalDownloads:1625,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Open pit mining method is one of the surface mining methods that has a traditional cone-shaped excavation and is usually employed to exploit a near-surface, nonselective and low-grade zones deposits. It often results in high productivity and requires large capital investments, low operating costs, and good safety conditions. The main topics that will be discussed in this chapter will include an introduction into the general features of open pit mining, ore body characteristics and configurations, stripping ratios and stripping overburden methods, mine elements and parameters, open pit operation cycle, pit slope angle, stability of mine slopes, types of highwall failures, mine closure and reclamation, and different variants of surface mining methods including opencast mining, mountainous mining, and artisan mining.",book:{id:"8620",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",title:"Mining Techniques",fullTitle:"Mining Techniques - Past, Present and Future"},signatures:"Awwad H. Altiti, Rami O. Alrawashdeh and Hani M. Alnawafleh",authors:[{id:"313182",title:"Prof.",name:"Rami",middleName:null,surname:"Alrawashdeh",slug:"rami-alrawashdeh",fullName:"Rami Alrawashdeh"},{id:"313522",title:"Dr.",name:"Awwad",middleName:null,surname:"Altiti",slug:"awwad-altiti",fullName:"Awwad Altiti"},{id:"313523",title:"Prof.",name:"Hani",middleName:null,surname:"Alnawafleh",slug:"hani-alnawafleh",fullName:"Hani Alnawafleh"}]},{id:"64027",title:"Stages of a Integrated Geothermal Project",slug:"stages-of-a-integrated-geothermal-project",totalDownloads:4341,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"A geothermal project constitutes two big stages: the exploration and the exploitation. Each one has a single task whose results allow defining the feasibility of a geothermal project, until achieving the construction and operation stage of the power generation plant. The first stage contains the area recognition, its limitation to the target, and elimination of external factors until defining a geothermal zone with characteristics to be commercially exploited. The main studies and analysis that can be applied during the exploration stage are listed, and the major indicator to continue with the project or suspend is the prefeasibility report. The major risks in the exploration stage are due to studies that are carried out on the surface; at this stage, the costs can be considered low. The main results of the exploration are the selection of sites to drill three or four initial wells. Each well provides a direct overview of the reservoir: depth, production thicknesses, thermodynamic parameters, and production characteristics. The drilling of three to four exploratory wells is recommended, as far as there is certainty of the feasibility of the project, and the development of the field begins with drilling of sufficient wells to feed the plant. In this stage, the cost increases, but the risks decrease.",book:{id:"7504",slug:"renewable-geothermal-energy-explorations",title:"Renewable Geothermal Energy Explorations",fullTitle:"Renewable Geothermal Energy Explorations"},signatures:"Alfonso Aragón-Aguilar, Georgina Izquierdo-Montalvo,\nDaniel Octavio Aragón-Gaspar and Denise N. Barreto-Rivera",authors:[{id:"258358",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Aragón-Aguilar",slug:"alfonso-aragon-aguilar",fullName:"Alfonso Aragón-Aguilar"}]},{id:"65070",title:"Biochar: A Sustainable Approach for Improving Plant Growth and Soil Properties",slug:"biochar-a-sustainable-approach-for-improving-plant-growth-and-soil-properties",totalDownloads:6893,totalCrossrefCites:55,totalDimensionsCites:92,abstract:"Soil is the most important source and an abode for many nutrients and microflora. Due to rapid depletion of agricultural areas and soil quality by means of ever-increasing population and an excessive addition of chemical fertilizers, a rehabilitated attention is a need of the hour to maintain sustainable approaches in agricultural crop production. Biochar is the solid, carbon-rich material obtained by pyrolysis using different biomasses. It has been widely documented in previous studies that, the crop growth and yield can be increased by using biochar. This chapter exclusively summarizes the properties of biochar, its interaction with soil microflora, and its role in plant growth promotion when added to the soil.",book:{id:"7305",slug:"biochar-an-imperative-amendment-for-soil-and-the-environment",title:"Biochar",fullTitle:"Biochar - An Imperative Amendment for Soil and the Environment"},signatures:"Jyoti Rawat, Jyoti Saxena and Pankaj Sanwal",authors:null},{id:"39170",title:"Study of Impacts of Global Warming on Climate Change: Rise in Sea Level and Disaster Frequency",slug:"study-of-impacts-of-global-warming-on-climate-change-rise-in-sea-level-and-disaster-frequency",totalDownloads:6659,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:32,abstract:null,book:{id:"2206",slug:"global-warming-impacts-and-future-perspective",title:"Global Warming",fullTitle:"Global Warming - Impacts and Future Perspective"},signatures:"Bharat Raj Singh and Onkar Singh",authors:[{id:"26093",title:"Dr.",name:"Bharat Raj",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"bharat-raj-singh",fullName:"Bharat Raj Singh"},{id:"118426",title:"Prof.",name:"Onkar",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"onkar-singh",fullName:"Onkar Singh"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"10",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82311",title:"Remediation of Soil Impacted by Heavy Metal Using Farm Yard Manure, Vermicompost, Biochar and Poultry Manure",slug:"remediation-of-soil-impacted-by-heavy-metal-using-farm-yard-manure-vermicompost-biochar-and-poultry-",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105536",abstract:"Soil contamination by organic and inorganic compounds is a universal concern nowadays. One such contamination is heavy metal exposure to the soil from different sources. The discharge of effluents from various factories in Punjab like tanning industries, leather industries, and electroplating industries generate a large volume of industrial effluents. These industrial units discharge their effluents directly or through the sewer into a water tributary (Buddha Nallah) and this water is being used for irrigating the crops. The heavy metals enter into the food chain thus contaminating all resources i.e. air, soil, food, and water. Preventive and remedial measures should be taken to reduce the effects of heavy metals from soil and plants. Organic soil amendments like FYM, Vermicomposting, Biochar, and poultry manure have been used to deactivate heavy metals by changing their forms from highly bioavailable forms to the much less bioavailable forms associated with organic matter (OM), metal oxides, or carbonates. These amendments have significant immobilizing effects on heavy metals because of the presence of humic acids which bind with a wide variety of metal(loid)s including Cd, Cr, Cu, and Pb.",book:{id:"10952",title:"Soil Science - Emerging Technologies, Global Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10952.jpg"},signatures:"Neeraj Rani and Mohkam-Singh"},{id:"82451",title:"An Emerging Global Understanding of Arsenic in Rice (Oryza sativa) and Agronomic Practices Supportive of Reducing Arsenic Accumulation",slug:"an-emerging-global-understanding-of-arsenic-in-rice-oryza-sativa-and-agronomic-practices-supportive-",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105500",abstract:"Arsenic uptake in rice (Oryza sativa) is recognized as a global health emergency, requiring the development of agronomic protocols to reduce human exposure to rice having elevated arsenic concentrations. Recent rice-arsenic investigations have centered around numerous agronomic approaches, including: (i) rice breeding and cultivar selection, (ii) altering irrigation water applications to reduce arsenic soil availability, (iii) application of soil amendments which either support arsenic adsorption on iron-plaque or provide antagonistic competition for root uptake, and (iv) phytoremediation. Given that rice cultivars vary in their arsenic accumulation capacity, this manuscript review concentrates on the influences of water management, soil amendments, and phytoremediation approaches on arsenic accumulation. Water management, whether alternating wetting and drying or furrow irrigation, provides the greatest potential to alleviate arsenic uptake in rice. Phytoremediation has great promise in the extraction of soil arsenic; however, the likelihood of multiple years of cultivating hyperaccumulating plants and their proper disposal is a serious limitation. Soil amendments have been soil applied to alter the soil chemistry to sequester arsenic or provide competitive antagonism towards arsenic root uptake; however, existing research efforts must be further field-evaluated and documented as producer-friendly protocols. The usage of soil amendments will require the development of agribusiness supply chains and educated extension personnel before farm-gate acceptance.",book:{id:"10952",title:"Soil Science - Emerging Technologies, Global Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10952.jpg"},signatures:"Michael Aide and Indi Braden"},{id:"82332",title:"Introductory Chapter: Access to Space, Access to the Moon: Two Sides of the Same Coin?",slug:"introductory-chapter-access-to-space-access-to-the-moon-two-sides-of-the-same-coin",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105175",abstract:null,book:{id:"10955",title:"Lunar Science - Habitat and Humans",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10955.jpg"},signatures:"Yann-Henri Chemin"},{id:"82329",title:"Bifacial Photovoltaic Technology: Recent Advancements, Simulation and Performance Measurement",slug:"bifacial-photovoltaic-technology-recent-advancements-simulation-and-performance-measurement",totalDownloads:10,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105152",abstract:"In this chapter, we introduce the physic principle and applications of bifacial PV technology. We present different bifacial PV cell and module technologies as well as investigate the advantages of using bifacial PV technology in the field. We describe the measurement and modeling of Albedo, which is one of the important factors for the energy yield of bifacial PV technology. For an accurate assessment of the performance ratio of bifacial PV strings, it is necessary to measure the albedo irradiance using an albedometer or the front- and rear-side plane of array (POA) irradiance. We also discuss the advanced techniques for the characterization of bifacial PV modules. By means of simulation, we give insight into what boundary conditions result in new bifacial technology gains and the influence of the mounting position of irradiance sensors. We executed several simulations by varying the sensor positions on the rear side of the PV modules, different places, different albedo numbers, mounting heights, different geographical locations with various tilts, seasons, and weather types. To validate the simulation results, we performed various experiments in the field under different conditions. The results prove that the bifacial gain is highly dependent on the mounting heights of PV modules, tilt angles, weather conditions, latitude, and location.",book:{id:"9862",title:"Solar Radiation - Measurements, Modeling and Forecasting for Photovoltaic Solar Energy Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9862.jpg"},signatures:"Mohammadreza Aghaei, Marc Korevaar, Pavel Babal and Hesan Ziar"},{id:"79973",title:"Impacts of Drought on Homestead Plant Diversity in Barind Tract of Bangladesh",slug:"impacts-of-drought-on-homestead-plant-diversity-in-barind-tract-of-bangladesh",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101885",abstract:"Homestead is a great place for household food access, diet, and nutrition. Drought affects homestead plant diversity and reduces production, availability, and diversity that lead toward less supply and consumption. Drought detains moisture and degrades the soil that supports plant growth. Homestead provides regular bread and income in the rural areas with an effective means for both economic and environmental well-being. People are getting a good amount of subsidiary income without any extra care and effort. In managing homestead land and drought, the household needs necessary technical and managerial training. In reducing drought effects to the homestead, action research needs to be carried out on available knowledge, effective practices, water management, and the adoption of local varieties and knowledge to develop effective homestead integration. Government initiatives, community engagement and not harming the environment, and efficient uses of water could be great solutions for the adverse effects of drought on the homestead plant diversity.",book:{id:"11131",title:"Drought - Impacts and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11131.jpg"},signatures:"Md. Shafiqul Islam"},{id:"81757",title:"Petroleum Geochemistry",slug:"petroleum-geochemistry",totalDownloads:18,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104709",abstract:"Petroleum geochemistry has entered its second period of growth. The first period, largely associated with conventional oil and gas, occurred in the 70s and 80s when the classic works on source rock characterization, biomarkers, depositional systems, and petroleum generation, including kinetics and basin modeling were the focus. The second period began slightly after the turn of the century as a consequence of the “unconventional resource” revolution and the interest in distressed resources developed, the focus turned to non-hydrocarbon contaminants, new interest in hydrocarbon expulsion and retention, identification of tight rock pay zones, and the development of organic porosity. This chapter will discuss source rock characterization and formation, petroleum generation, expulsion, and retention, correlation among hydrocarbon accumulations and to their source rock(s), and organic porosity.",book:{id:"11139",title:"Geochemistry and Mineral Resources",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11139.jpg"},signatures:"Mei Mei and Barry Katz"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:150},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. 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