Selection of indexes and materialized vs. knapsack.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9414",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics - Rudimentary Research to Topical Technology",title:"Advances in Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics",subtitle:"Rudimentary Research to Topical Technology",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book, Condensed Matter and Material Physics, incorporates the work of multiple authors to enhance the theoretical as well as experimental knowledge of materials. The investigation of crystalline solids is a growing need in the electronics industry. Micro and nano transistors require an in-depth understanding of semiconductors of different groups. Amorphous materials, on the other hand, as non-equilibrium materials are widely applied in sensors and other medical and industrial applications. Superconducting magnets, composite materials, lasers, and many more applications are integral parts of our daily lives. Superfluids, liquid crystals, and polymers are undergoing active research throughout the world. Hence profound information on the nature and application of various materials is in demand. This book bestows on the reader a deep knowledge of physics behind the concepts, perspectives, characteristic properties, and prospects. The book was constructed using 10 contributions from experts in diversified fields of condensed matter and material physics and its technology from over 15 research institutes across the globe.",isbn:"978-1-83880-555-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-554-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-327-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85564",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"advances-in-condensed-matter-and-materials-physics-rudimentary-research-to-topical-technology",numberOfPages:200,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"3aebac680de7d3af200eadd0a0b2f737",bookSignature:"Jagannathan Thirumalai and Sergey Ivanovich Pokutnyi",publishedDate:"May 6th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9414.jpg",numberOfDownloads:7024,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:15,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:24,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 2nd 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 8th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 7th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 25th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 25th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"99242",title:"Prof.",name:"Jagannathan",middleName:null,surname:"Thirumalai",slug:"jagannathan-thirumalai",fullName:"Jagannathan Thirumalai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99242/images/system/99242.png",biography:"Dr. J. Thirumalai received his Ph.D. from Alagappa University, Karaikudi in 2010. He was also awarded the Post-doctoral Fellowship from Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Republic of Korea, in 2013. He worked as Assistant Professor of Physics, B.S. Abdur Rahman University, Chennai, India (2011 to 2016). Currently, he is working as Senior Assistant Professor of Physics, Srinivasa Ramanujan Centre, SASTRA Deemed University, Kumbakonam (T.N.), India. His research interests focus on luminescence, self-assembled nanomaterials, and thin film opto-electronic devices. He has published more than 60 SCOPUS/ISI indexed papers and 11 book chapters, edited 4 books and member in several national and international societies like RSC, OSA, etc. Currently, he served as a principal investigator for a funded project towards the application of luminescence based thin film opto-electronic devices, funded by the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), India. As an expert in opto-electronics and nanotechnology area, he has been invited as external and internal examiners to MSc and PhD theses, invited to give talk in some forum, review papers for international and national journals.",institutionString:"SASTRA University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"10",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"100593",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanovich Pokutnyi",slug:"sergey-ivanovich-pokutnyi",fullName:"Sergey Ivanovich Pokutnyi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/100593/images/system/100593.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Chuіko Institute of Surface Chemistry",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"G. V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1169",title:"Condensed Matter Physics",slug:"nanotechnology-and-nanomaterials-material-science-condensed-matter-physics"}],chapters:[{id:"71674",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Testimony of Condensed Matter Physics - A Viewpoint on the Achievements and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92061",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-testimony-of-condensed-matter-physics-a-viewpoint-on-the-achievements-and-t",totalDownloads:496,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jagannathan Thirumalai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71674",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71674",authors:[{id:"99242",title:"Prof.",name:"Jagannathan",surname:"Thirumalai",slug:"jagannathan-thirumalai",fullName:"Jagannathan Thirumalai"}],corrections:null},{id:"70040",title:"Excitons in Two-Dimensional Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90042",slug:"excitons-in-two-dimensional-materials",totalDownloads:1469,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Because of the reduced dielectric screening and enhanced Coulomb interactions, two-dimensional (2D) materials like phosphorene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) exhibit strong excitonic effects, resulting in fascinating many-particle phenomena covering both intralayer and interlayer excitons. Their intrinsic band gaps and strong excitonic emissions allow the possibility to tune the inherent optical, electrical, and optoelectronic properties of 2D materials via a variety of external stimuli, making them potential candidates for novel optoelectronic applications. In this review, we summarize exciton physics and devices in 2D semiconductors and insulators, especially in phosphorene, TMDs, and their van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs). In the first part, we discuss the remarkably versatile excitonic landscape, including bright and dark excitons, trions, biexcitons, and interlayer excitons. In the second part, we examine common control methods to tune excitonic effects via electrical, magnetic, optical, and mechanical means. In the next stage, we provide recent advances on the optoelectronic device applications, such as electroluminescent devices, photovoltaic solar cells, and photodetectors. We conclude with a brief discussion on their potential to exploit vdWHs toward unique exciton physics and devices.",signatures:"Xiaoyang Zheng and Xian Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70040",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70040",authors:[{id:"304892",title:"Dr.",name:"Xian",surname:"Zhang",slug:"xian-zhang",fullName:"Xian Zhang"},{id:"309582",title:"Mr.",name:"Xiaoyang",surname:"Zheng",slug:"xiaoyang-zheng",fullName:"Xiaoyang Zheng"}],corrections:null},{id:"70135",title:"Recent Advancement on the Excitonic and Biexcitonic Properties of Low-Dimensional Semiconductors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90147",slug:"recent-advancement-on-the-excitonic-and-biexcitonic-properties-of-low-dimensional-semiconductors",totalDownloads:575,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Knowing excitonic and biexcitonic properties of low-dimensional semiconductors systems is extremely important for the discovery of new physical effects and for the development of novel optoelectronics applications. This review work furnishes an interdisciplinary analysis of the fundamental features of excitons and biexcitons in two-dimensional semiconductor structures, one-dimensional semiconductor structures, and zero-dimensional (0D) semiconductor structures. There is a focus on spectral and dynamical properties of excitons and biexcitons in quantum dots (QDs). A study of the recent advances in the field is given, emphasizing the latest theoretical results and latest experimental methods for probing exciton and biexciton dynamics. This review presents an outlook on future applications of engineered multiexcitonic states including the photovoltaics, lasing, and the utilization of QDs in quantum technologies.",signatures:"Anca Armășelu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70135",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70135",authors:[{id:"189080",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",surname:"Armăşelu",slug:"anca-armaselu",fullName:"Anca Armăşelu"}],corrections:null},{id:"70844",title:"Study of Morphological, Electrical and Optical behaviour of Amorphous Chalcogenide Semiconductor",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90512",slug:"study-of-morphological-electrical-and-optical-behaviour-of-amorphous-chalcogenide-semiconductor",totalDownloads:630,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Amorphous chalcogenide semiconductor plays a key role in search for novel functional materials with excellent optical and electrical properties. The science of chalcogenide semiconductor (CS) show broad spectrum of soluble alloy and a wider band gap device that access the optimal energy bandgap. The electronic properties of these alloys can be tuned by controlling the proportion of (S, Se, Te). The chalcogenide semiconducting (CS) alloys are promising candidates because of low band gap (1.0–1.6 eV) and high extinction coefficient in the visible region of solar spectrum. The band structure of amorphous semiconductor governed the transport properties and evaluates various factors such as Tauc gap, defect states, mobility edges. In the extended and localized state of amorphous semiconductor an electron goes various transition, absorption/emission, transport which is due to drift and diffusion under DC electric fields. CS, including sulfides, selenides, and tellurides, have been broadly utilized in variety of energy conversion and storage devices for example, solar cells, fuel cells, light-emitting diodes, IR detector, Li/Na-ion batteries, supercapacitors, thermoelectric devices, etc. Here, we report various morphological electrical, structural, and optical properties of InSeS thin films prepared by Melt Quenching thermal evaporation technique.",signatures:"Mohsin Ganaie and Mohammad Zulfequar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70844",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70844",authors:[{id:"314155",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsin",surname:"Ganaie",slug:"mohsin-ganaie",fullName:"Mohsin Ganaie"}],corrections:null},{id:"69491",title:"Superconducting Josephson-Based Metamaterials for Quantum-Limited Parametric Amplification: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89305",slug:"superconducting-josephson-based-metamaterials-for-quantum-limited-parametric-amplification-a-review",totalDownloads:542,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the last few years, several groups have proposed and developed their own platforms demonstrating quantum-limited linear parametric amplification, with evident applications in quantum information and computation, electrical and optical metrology, radio astronomy, and basic physics concerning axion detection. Here, we propose a short review on the physics behind parametric amplification via metamaterials composed by coplanar waveguides embedding several Josephson junctions. We present and compare different schemes that exploit the nonlinearity of the Josephson current-phase relation to mix the so-called signal, idler, and pump tones. The chapter then presents and compares three different theoretical models, developed in the last few years, to predict the dynamics of these nonlinear systems in the particular case of a 4-wave mixing process and under the degenerate undepleted pump assumption. We will demonstrate that, under the same assumption, all the results are comparable in terms of amplification of the output fields.",signatures:"Luca Fasolo, Angelo Greco and Emanuele Enrico",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69491",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69491",authors:[{id:"34841",title:"Dr.",name:"Emanuele",surname:"Enrico",slug:"emanuele-enrico",fullName:"Emanuele Enrico"},{id:"308346",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",surname:"Fasolo",slug:"luca-fasolo",fullName:"Luca Fasolo"},{id:"308347",title:"Dr.",name:"Angelo",surname:"Greco",slug:"angelo-greco",fullName:"Angelo Greco"}],corrections:null},{id:"69888",title:"Mini Review: Recent Green Advances on the Preparation of V2O5, ZnO, and NiO Nanosheets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88765",slug:"mini-review-recent-green-advances-on-the-preparation-of-v-sub-2-sub-o-sub-5-sub-zno-and-nio-nanoshee",totalDownloads:613,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The past decade has seen a surge in the development of research on nanomaterial in the area of mixed metal oxides to fabricate ultrathin films, also known as nanosheets. In this review, different fabrication techniques of metal oxide nanosheets, such as vanadium, nickel, and zinc oxide, are presented. The chapter has also highlighted different ways of how to create smaller, affordable, lighter, and faster devices using vanadium, nickel, and zinc oxides. A detailed description of the synthesis and characterization using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) for various shapes of nanomaterials is discussed in detail including factors that influence the orientation of nanosheets.",signatures:"Daniel Likius, Ateeq Rahman, Elise Shilongo and Veikko Uahengo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69888",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69888",authors:[{id:"245292",title:"Dr.",name:"Likius Shipwiisho",surname:"Daniel",slug:"likius-shipwiisho-daniel",fullName:"Likius Shipwiisho Daniel"},{id:"245293",title:"Dr.",name:"Veikko",surname:"Uahengo",slug:"veikko-uahengo",fullName:"Veikko Uahengo"},{id:"245294",title:"Prof.",name:"Ateeq",surname:"Rahman",slug:"ateeq-rahman",fullName:"Ateeq Rahman"},{id:"270463",title:"Ms.",name:"Elise",surname:"Shilongo",slug:"elise-shilongo",fullName:"Elise Shilongo"}],corrections:null},{id:"68995",title:"Applications of Graphene Modified by Self-Assembled Monolayers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88738",slug:"applications-of-graphene-modified-by-self-assembled-monolayers",totalDownloads:973,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are well-oriented molecular structures that are formed by the adsorption of an active site of a surfactant onto a substrate’s surface. Aromatic SAMs were used to modify anode/hole transport layer interface in order to achieve preferable barrier alignment and charge carrier injection from anode to an organic-based thin film material. Other functions of SAMs include current blocking layers or moisture penetration blocking layers, dipolar surface layers for enhanced charge injection, and modification of work function of a material such as graphene acting as a spacer to physically separate and electrically decouple it from the substrate. Additionally, SAM modification of graphene leads to its electronic passivation at layers’ edges, elimination of defects, and enhanced adhesion and stability. The surface modification with molecules capable of forming SAM is a fast, simple, low-cost, and effective technique for the development of novel materials especially for the production of electronic devices. The ability to modify its properties by SAM technique has opened up a wide range of applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices.",signatures:"Gulsum Ersu, Yenal Gokpek, Mustafa Can, Ceylan Zafer and Serafettin Demic",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68995",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68995",authors:[{id:"176024",title:"Dr.",name:"Mustafa",surname:"Can",slug:"mustafa-can",fullName:"Mustafa Can"},{id:"193591",title:"Prof.",name:"Serafettin",surname:"Demic",slug:"serafettin-demic",fullName:"Serafettin Demic"},{id:"280559",title:"MSc.",name:"Gulsum",surname:"Ersu",slug:"gulsum-ersu",fullName:"Gulsum Ersu"},{id:"280560",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Yenal",surname:"Gokpek",slug:"yenal-gokpek",fullName:"Yenal Gokpek"},{id:"280563",title:"Prof.",name:"Ceylan",surname:"Zafer",slug:"ceylan-zafer",fullName:"Ceylan Zafer"}],corrections:null},{id:"68955",title:"Indenter Shape Dependent Dislocation Actives and Stress Distributions of Single Crystal Nickel during Nanoindentation: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89111",slug:"indenter-shape-dependent-dislocation-actives-and-stress-distributions-of-single-crystal-nickel-durin",totalDownloads:558,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The influences of indenter shape on dislocation actives and stress distributions during nanoindentation were studied by using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The load-displacement curves, indentation-induced stress fields, and dislocation activities were analyzed by using rectangular, spherical, and Berkovich indenters on single crystal nickel. For the rectangular and spherical indenters, the load-displacement curves have a linear dependence, but the elastic stage produced by the spherical indenter does not last longer than that produced by the rectangular indenter. For a Berkovich indenter, there is almost no linear elastic regime, and an amorphous region appears directly below the indenter tip, which is related to the extremely singular stress field around the indenter tip. In three indenters cases, the prismatic dislocation loops are observed on the {111} planes, and there is a sudden increase in stress near the indenter for the Berkovich indenter. The stress distributions are smooth with no sudden irregularities at low-indentation depths; and the stress increases and a sudden irregularity appears with the increasing indentation depths for the rectangular and spherical indenters. Moreover, the rectangular indenter has the most complex dislocation activities and the spherical indenter is next, while very few dislocations occur in the Berkovich indenter case.",signatures:"Wen-Ping Wu, Yun-Li Li and Zhennan Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68955",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68955",authors:[{id:"306378",title:"Prof.",name:"Wen-Ping",surname:"Wu",slug:"wen-ping-wu",fullName:"Wen-Ping Wu"}],corrections:null},{id:"71013",title:"G-Jitter Effects on Chaotic Convection in a Rotating Fluid Layer",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90846",slug:"g-jitter-effects-on-chaotic-convection-in-a-rotating-fluid-layer",totalDownloads:742,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The effect of gravity modulation and rotation on chaotic convection is investigated. A system of differential equation like Lorenz model has been obtained using the Galerkin-truncated Fourier series approximation. The nonlinear nature of the problem, i.e., chaotic convection, is investigated in a rotating fluid layer in the presence of g-jitter. The NDSolve Mathematica 2017 is employed to obtain the numerical solutions of Lorenz system of equations. It is found that there is a proportional relation between Taylor number and the scaled Rayleigh number R in the presence of modulation. This means that chaotic convection can be delayed (for increasing value of R) or advanced with suitable adjustments of Taylor number and amplitude and frequency of gravity modulation. Further, heat transfer results are obtained in terms of finite amplitude. Finally, we conclude that the transition from steady convection to chaos depends on the values of Taylor number and g-jitter parameter.",signatures:"Palle Kiran",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71013",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71013",authors:[{id:"228281",title:"Dr.",name:"P",surname:"Kiran",slug:"p-kiran",fullName:"P Kiran"}],corrections:null},{id:"69681",title:"A Compact Source of Terahertz Radiation Based on an Open Corrugated Waveguide",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89692",slug:"a-compact-source-of-terahertz-radiation-based-on-an-open-corrugated-waveguide",totalDownloads:428,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We show that it is possible to produce terahertz wave generation in an open waveguide, which includes a multilayer dielectric plate. The plate consists of two dielectric layers with a corrugated interface. Near the interface, there is a thin semiconductor layer (quantum well), which is an electron-conducting channel. The generation and amplification of terahertz waves occur due to the efficient energy exchange between electrons, drifting in the quantum well, and the electromagnetic wave of the waveguide. We calculate the inhomogeneous electric fields induced near the corrugated dielectric interface by electric field of fundamental mode in the open waveguide. We formulate hydrodynamic equations and obtain analytical solutions for density waves of electrons interacting with the inhomogeneous electric field of the corrugation. According to numerical estimates, for a structure with a plate of quartz and sapphire layers and silicon-conducting channel, it is possible to generate electromagnetic waves with an output power of 25 mW at a frequency of 1 THz.",signatures:"Ljudmila Shchurova and Vladimir Namiot",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69681",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69681",authors:[{id:"305864",title:"Dr.",name:"Ljudmila",surname:"Shchurova",slug:"ljudmila-shchurova",fullName:"Ljudmila Shchurova"},{id:"309712",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Namiot",slug:"vladimir-namiot",fullName:"Vladimir Namiot"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5348",title:"Luminescence",subtitle:"An Outlook on the Phenomena and their 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All this data collected by the sensors will be recorded in a database which is in turn queried by client applications, such as the supervisor, the security agent, or a third-party application.
This database will be queried by complex queries which require resources.
To decrease the response time, it is necessary to use optimization techniques such as materialized views (MV), indexes, fragmentation, and the caching system. All these techniques are proven in the case of relational databases.
A view is a virtual table representing the result of a query on the basis. As the name suggests and unlike a standard view, in a materialized view the data is duplicated.
The index placed on a table will provide quick access to records, depending on the value of one or more fields. In addition, allows to simplify and accelerate the operations of search, sorting, joining or aggregation.
In this work, an approach proposed for the multiple selection of indexes and materialized views with the knapsack algorithm. The work presents an improvement of another approach based on the greedy algorithm. The rest of this work is organized like this: The first section deals with optimization techniques; the problem of multiple selection of indexes and materialized views will be presented in the second section. The contribution to the dynamic workload will be mentioned in Section 4. In Section 5, a discussion of our approach for the case where the database is dynamic will be described. Finally, a discussion on the experiment and the contribution will be discussed.
The use of optimization techniques is based on two approaches. The first is the sequential use of techniques such as indexes and fragmentations which have depleted physical structure, but the second is the simultaneous use of techniques which have similar physical structure such as materialized views and indexes.
In [1], authors proposed three approaches which are MVFirst, INDFirst and Joint enumeration. But the major drawback of this approach is the sequential and isolating use of these techniques, which does not make it possible to benefit from the advantage of the interactivity between these optimization structures.
The authors say that this last alternative is the best [2]. Bellatrech et al. [3] improve part of the multiple selection problem with storage space management.
The authors use two spies to manage the space shared between two structures, index and VM. If the optimal configuration needs more indexes, then the spy associated with the index will take up space from the VM spy and vice versa.
In [4] use the drop algorithm for the selection simulation of indexes and MV.
These works only deal with the case where the load of requests is static and does not change over time. In [5], authors proposed an approach to dynamically select materialized views. The approach is based on the PRQ predictor to predict the next request and materialize its corresponding views using the conditional probability. This approach uses a cost model based on cloud costs. This work shows a tremendous improvement in terms of cost, execution time, and processing, but the authors only used one optimization framework which is view materialized. Another dynamic approach called Dynamat refreshes the configuration of materialized views if their size exceeds the space allocated for it [6]. Several criteria are used, for example, delete rarely used views. A hybrid approach jointly exploits a static set of persistent views used by multiple request and maintenance sequences, and another dynamic set of aggregated and smaller sizes accessible and replaceable on the fly [7]. However, these approaches focus only on the refresh performance of materialized views and not on query workload. In addition, do not use other optimization structures. Karkad et al. [8] applied the buffer management and scheduling technique to three optimization structures (index, materialized views, and fragmentation). This approach requires caching, planning, and is not dynamic.
In our approach, the simultaneity between materialized and indexed views used to benefit from the interaction between these structures. In addition, a mathematical modulization of the problem has been proposed based on the backpack algorithm which proves their performance compared to the greedy algorithm used by N. Maiz et al. [5].
Simultaneous selection of indexes and materialized views is an NP-Hard type problem which gives several optimal solutions [9].
The Knapsack problem, also noted KP, is an optimization problem. Presents a situation which cannot support more than a certain weight, with all or part of a given set
On the other hand, the problem of selecting indexes and materialized views (PSIMV) consists in finding a set of indexes and materialized views constituting the final configuration to optimize the workload requests. This optimization can be in run time and storage space. The Workload requests, index and MV are presented as follows:
Minimize the cost of Workload, i.e.
The size of the configuration
The problem of selecting indexes and materialized views is adopted by the genetic algorithm. The starting population is the set of candidate indexes and MVs. The objective function to optimize is the cost of the workload. The next section shows the analogy between the problem of selecting indexes and materialized views and the knapsack algorithm.
In this work, we present the correspondence between the problem of the knapsack and that of the multiple selection of indexes and materialized views (Table 1).
Knapsack problem | Problem with selecting indexes and materialized views |
---|---|
Objects | The total set of Indexes and materialized views |
Weight | The point shows the size of each object and the required execution time. |
Profit | This is the profile to be won if these objects are used. Shows the gain in execution time and storage |
Size | The number of bits needed to store the objects that form the optimal solution |
Object set | The final configuration of indexes and materialized views |
Selection of indexes and materialized vs. knapsack.
Typically, the number of indexes and candidate VMs is greater since the input load is significant. The creation of all these indexes and MVs is not possible due to the constraint on the allocated storage space. To solve the problem, we use a cost model which allows us to keep only the most advantageous indexes and MVs. This model estimates the space in bytes occupied by indexes and VMs, the data access costs and the maintenance cost in terms of number of inputs and outputs.
Indexes and MVs are the objects in this optimization system. Cost of an object is the sum of storage size, access data cost both these indexes and MVs and maintenance cost.
The benefit provided by an
To add this object to the configuration list, we followed this equation
If
This query system can be static or dynamic. When the Workload and the data stored in the database are invariable in this case, it is a static system which will be discussed in Section 4. On other hand, if the Workload and the database are modifiable, then it is a dynamic system which will be discussed in Section 5.
A request load is the set of requests that have arrived and are waiting for their turn to be executed. This section will discuss the case where the database does not change, and the requests have arrived successively in random order. Bellatrach et al. [3] proposed a static approach that does not support the changing of Workload. Authors apply the greedy algorithm which does not necessarily provide an optimal solution. In [6], authors show that dynamic programming and more optimal than the Greedy algorithm.
The Knapsack algorithm is an example of dynamic algorithms used for optimization problems. In the proposed approach, Artificial Intelligence uses this algorithm only in the learning phase and afterwards a model will be created to predict the final solution and avoid the execution of this algorithm on each new request.
An optimal configuration is the set of materialized views and indexes which extend to the workload in a reasonable time with the minimum of resources.
The following algorithm takes as input the list of indexes and Materialized views to create an optimal configuration on condition that this configuration extends to the entire load of requests and does not exceed the authorized storage size.
S is the size of the disk space allocated to store MVs and indexes, it is fixed by administrator.
Objective function Profit () calculates for each index or MV. It is the difference in cost between the workload run time with or without this object (Index or MV). If this object improves the system, it will be added to the entire configuration. At the end of this algorithm, the final configuration is made up of a set of indexes and MVs which represent the optimal solution. This technique considers the similarity between the two optimization structures index and MV.
These iterations will be repeated until there is no improvement in the Profit () function, or until all indexes and VMs have been selected, or until the limit storage space is exceeded.
Changes at the database level or in the workload require a new configuration to revert to the new Workload. Then you must rebuild new indexes and VMs. This operation is very time consuming.
In Dynamat [8] the authors have removed the least used VMs to free space for new creations. In this approach the authors limit themselves to use only the MV optimization structure.
To solve this inconsistency problem, the authors find three strategies. The first one is that all views are updated regularly at each time interval [10]. The second one is that all views are updated at the end of each transaction [11] and the last strategy is that the changes are propagated in a delayed manner. I.e. a VM is updated only when it is used by a request.
Our approach combines the two structures (Index and Materialized views) to benefit from the structural affinity between these two optimization techniques.
In a real-time survival system, query processing is important. To ensure optimal validation of the solution after the change in workload and database, two artificial intelligence techniques are used.
The arrival of requests is random and varied depending on the context and in this case. On the other hand, the database can be modified during the execution of the queries. In this part we will study the two cases.
We used artificial intelligence to create materialized views for the dynamic processing of the workload and to make requests as visible as possible. With automatic learning, we proposed an algorithm that allows to search for the logical link between the query load and the optimal configuration, then and after the learning phase will predict the final solution (Minimum configuration).
We started with a remodeling phase. Each request is presented by a factor which presents the list of attributes used. on the other side a matrix which presents all the possible solutions which are prepared in advance.
The Workload
The workload can be presented in form of matrix as follow:
A final solution is a set of structures such as Index and MV that guarantees the response to the entire query load with minimal cost. Based on,
In order to verify if this materialized view
The maximum number of final solutions is
The final solutions are presented as follows
The references of the final solutions are stored in a vector
Figure 1 shows the three layers of our modeling and the steps to create candidate solutions. First step is the extraction of the attributes used in all the tables of the database
Final solutions tree.
Then the candidate solutions, which presents all the possible combinations of the VMs. The maximum number of solutions is
To apply the automatic learning, To apply machine learning, you have to start with the learning phase, this phase the algorithm will build a logical link between the attributes and the final solutions. The duration of this phase is set by the administrator (Figure 2).
Machine learning to create optimal solutions.
The algorithm is composed of two phases: The first phase is used for training. However, the second is used to predict materialized views.
Figure 3 shows the architecture of our approach. The system administrator sets the period for learning the model. If this phase is in progress, each time a new request arrives the system will use the knapsack algorithm to find the right configuration and at the same time prepare the neural network model. At the end of the learning phase the system will use this module provided in the first phase to predict a new optimal configuration for each arrival query.
Switching between the training phase and the prediction phase.
The final FS solution is the optimal configuration that extends to the workload with a reasonable execution time. With this approach, a logic established between the requests and the final solutions to avoid recalculating each time.
In this experiment uses a workload containing 5 queries numbered from 1 to 5 and a database of 4 attribute differences that make 15 materialized views and 32,768 final solutions (Table 2).
09:21:00 | Q5 | Q5 | 4523 | 25,531 |
09:22:00 | Q4 | Q5Q4 | 2660 | 18,747 |
09:23:00 | Q3 | Q5Q4Q3 | 29,366 | 21,896 |
09:24:00 | Q4 | Q5Q4Q3 | 16,468 | 24,525 |
09:25:00 | Q5 | Q5Q4Q3 | 29,845 | 5103 |
09:26:00 | Q2 | Q5Q4Q3Q2 | 3280 | 23,163 |
… | … | … | … | … |
09:42:00 | Q4 | Q5Q4Q3Q2Q1 | 23,181 | 23,181 |
09:43:00 | Q4 | Q5Q4Q3Q2Q1 | 20,649 | 20,649 |
09:44:00 | Q1 | Q5Q4Q3Q2Q1 | 8366 | 8366 |
09:45:00 | Q5 | Q5Q4Q3Q2Q1 | 21,667 | 21,667 |
09:46:00 | Q2 | Q5Q4Q3Q2Q1 | 4942 | 4942 |
09:47:00 | Q4 | Q5Q4Q3Q2Q1 | 11,120 | 11,120 |
Dataset final solution.
Between 09:21 am and 9:47 am the requests arrive randomly. At the start the Workload contains only the query Q5 and for this workload the final solution is 4523 on the other hand the predicted final solution is 25,531 which is our predicted solution is different from the real solution.
To test the approach, an implementation of the algorithm was carried out with Python 3 on a laptop computer equipped with a Windows 10 operating system, 64 bits and 8 GB of RAM. The experimental results are discussed in the following figure.
First, each query is executed with the greedy algorithm to see the final solution as shown by the blue dots in Figure 4. In the second step our algorithm will be compared with the first to see if possible, to predict the final solution (orange curve) without wasting the time to recalculate the configuration each time a request arrives.
Final solution vs. predicted final solution.
This figure clearly shows that after a learning phase, the algorithm manages to predict the final solution and consequently a great gain in the execution time and the resources used.
This section discusses the case where the database is dynamic, during the execution of the queries, an update on the data is in progress. Updating all optimization structures is very expensive, so it is a good idea to update only the affected optimization structures.
For this, two binary tables are proposed and stored in the database (Table 3). The Matrix IT[i, t] stores the link between the indexes and the tables of the database. If index number 3 is used by table number 5, then IT[3, 5] = 1 otherwise equal to 0. Likewise, for the Matrix VT[v, t] which presents the materialized views linked to the tables. For example, if the materialized view number 5 (MV5) is linked with Table 4 then VT[5,4] = 1 otherwise equal to 0.
T1 | T1 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | |
I1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
I2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
I3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
I4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
I5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Matrix IT.
T1 | T1 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | |
v1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
v2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
v3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
v4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
v5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Matrix VT.
To understand, here is the following example: either Table T1 used by the indexes I1, I2, I4 and MVs V2, V4. Table T3 used by indexes I2, I4 and MVs V1, V4, so each time the database is updated, it is wise to modify only the structure concerned (index or MV). Each time the database tables are updated, a trigger searches for the index or Materialize view affected by this change. More details below (Figure 5).
Algorithm of the dynamic approach.
The trigger is an integrated solution in all DBMS. It is a program that launches a series of tasks with each change in the database. It identifies the objects to be modified in the configuration. At each update operation (insertion, update, or deletion) the trigger does the same operation on the object concerned (Index or MV). For example, if a new row is inserted in the Table Ti, the trigger inserts the same row in the index and the VM linked by the table Ti. After each iteration, if the size of the configuration exceeds S or if the solution has become non-optimal, Algorithm 1 must be restarted.
This architecture guarantees that all the indexes and MVs form the optimal configuration even after updating the Workload.
Algorithm 2 is still running, the
In this work, a similarity between the problem of selecting indexes and materialized views with the Knapsack algorithm was proposed. The contributions are: The first level, the use of the backpack algorithm to present this problem as well as a mathematical modeling, then the use of machine learning to reduce the execution time of the workload. For this, two tables were used to ensure that the optimal configuration remains reliable even after updating the database. To validate this approach, an algorithm developed in python.
this work is the result of two works published as part of a Tunisian-South African research project (Grant Numbers: 113340, 120106) funded by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research and the National Research Foundation of South Africa presented by Prof Qing-Guo WANG.
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After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Contreras",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1592.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35182",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos M.",middleName:null,surname:"Contreras",slug:"carlos-m.-contreras",fullName:"Carlos M. Contreras"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:2,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"54565",doi:"10.5772/67828",title:"The Role of the Amygdala in Regulating the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis",slug:"the-role-of-the-amygdala-in-regulating-the-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis",totalDownloads:3573,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"We investigated the regulatory role of the amygdala upon the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as measured by median eminence corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) content and serum levels of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone. Our findings showed that (1) lesions of the central amygdala inhibited the HPA axis responses to a variety of stressful stimuli. (2) Depletion of norepinephrine or serotonin in the amygdala and hypothalamus and local injections of norepinephrine and serotonin receptor antagonists into the central amygdala inhibited the HPA axis responses to neural stress. Norepinephrine and serotonin agonists injected into the amygdala caused an increase in HPA axis activity. The activation of the amygdala facilitated the in vivo release of serotonin from the paraventricular nucleus following electrical stimulation of the brainstem raphe nuclei. (3) Electrical stimulation of the amygdala impaired the glucocorticoid negative feedback action following neural stressful stimuli probably via a decrease in hippocampal corticosteroid receptors.",book:{id:"5485",slug:"the-amygdala-where-emotions-shape-perception-learning-and-memories",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - Where Emotions Shape Perception, Learning and Memories"},signatures:"Joseph Weidenfeld and Haim Ovadia",authors:[{id:"190851",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Haim",middleName:null,surname:"Ovadia",slug:"haim-ovadia",fullName:"Haim Ovadia"},{id:"192823",title:"Prof.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Weidenfeld",slug:"joseph-weidenfeld",fullName:"Joseph Weidenfeld"}]},{id:"32399",doi:"10.5772/36092",title:"Brain Energy Metabolism in Health and Disease",slug:"brain-energy-metabolism-in-health-and-disease",totalDownloads:9165,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"1592",slug:"neuroscience-dealing-with-frontiers",title:"Neuroscience",fullTitle:"Neuroscience - Dealing With Frontiers"},signatures:"Felipe A. Beltrán, Aníbal I. Acuña, María Paz Miró and Maite A. Castro",authors:[{id:"107041",title:"Dr.",name:"Maite A",middleName:null,surname:"Castro",slug:"maite-a-castro",fullName:"Maite A Castro"},{id:"109692",title:"Mr.",name:"Felipe A",middleName:null,surname:"Beltran",slug:"felipe-a-beltran",fullName:"Felipe A Beltran"},{id:"109695",title:"Mr.",name:"Aníbal",middleName:"I.",surname:"Acuña",slug:"anibal-acuna",fullName:"Aníbal Acuña"},{id:"109696",title:"Ms.",name:"Maria Paz",middleName:null,surname:"Miro",slug:"maria-paz-miro",fullName:"Maria Paz Miro"}]},{id:"32393",doi:"10.5772/34852",title:"The Neurochemical Anatomy of Trigeminal Primary Afferent Neurons",slug:"the-neurochemical-anatomy-of-trigeminal-primary-afferent-neurons",totalDownloads:4742,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"1592",slug:"neuroscience-dealing-with-frontiers",title:"Neuroscience",fullTitle:"Neuroscience - Dealing With Frontiers"},signatures:"Nikolai E. Lazarov",authors:[{id:"101891",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolai",middleName:null,surname:"Lazarov",slug:"nikolai-lazarov",fullName:"Nikolai Lazarov"}]},{id:"55211",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68618",title:"The Amygdala and Anxiety",slug:"the-amygdala-and-anxiety",totalDownloads:3017,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The amygdala has a central role in anxiety responses to stressful and arousing situations. Pharmacological and lesion studies of the basolateral, central, and medial subdivisions of the amygdala have shown that their activation induces anxiogenic effects, while their inactivation produces anxiolytic effects. Many neurotransmitters and stress mediators acting at these amygdalar nuclei can modulate the behavioral expression of anxiety. These mediators may be released from different brain regions in response to different types of stressors. The amygdala is in close relationship with several brain regions within the brain circuitry that orchestrates the expression of anxiety. Recent developments in optogenetics have begun to unveil details on how these areas interact.",book:{id:"5485",slug:"the-amygdala-where-emotions-shape-perception-learning-and-memories",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - Where Emotions Shape Perception, Learning and Memories"},signatures:"Sergio Linsambarth, Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro, Daisy Quintana-\nDonoso, Sebastian Rojas and Jimmy Stehberg",authors:[{id:"144923",title:"Dr.",name:"Jimmy",middleName:null,surname:"Stehberg",slug:"jimmy-stehberg",fullName:"Jimmy Stehberg"},{id:"194182",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Moraga-Amaro",slug:"rodrigo-moraga-amaro",fullName:"Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro"},{id:"194183",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Linsambarth",slug:"sergio-linsambarth",fullName:"Sergio Linsambarth"}]},{id:"54301",doi:"10.5772/67585",title:"Revisiting the Role of the Amygdala in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder",slug:"revisiting-the-role-of-the-amygdala-in-posttraumatic-stress-disorder",totalDownloads:2193,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Over the past 20 years, the reactivity of amygdala to emotive stimuli has been explored by emerging neuroimaging techniques in an effort to understand the role of amygdala in the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A fear neurocircuitry model, whereby the amygdala is hyperactive due to poor top-down control from the anterior cingulate and ventromedial prefrontal cortices, has been supported by numerous experimental studies and meta-analyses. However, this model has not always been upheld by experimental data and clinical observations. In particular, many neuroimaging studies find that the amygdala fails to activate in response to negative stimuli in individuals with PTSD. Several technical and design issues may explain disparate results regarding amygdala reactivity in PTSD. However, biological and symptom-based factors emerge as possible mediators of amygdala function in PTSD, leading to the conclusion that symptoms of emotional disengagement and dissociation are associated with amygdala hyporeactivity, and symptoms of hypervigilance/hyperarousal and problems with fear conditioning and extinction are reflected by amygdala hyperactivity. Therefore, treatment of PTSD should take into account the nature of amygdala dysfunction in the individual to optimize treatment outcomes.",book:{id:"5485",slug:"the-amygdala-where-emotions-shape-perception-learning-and-memories",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - Where Emotions Shape Perception, Learning and Memories"},signatures:"Gina L. Forster, Raluca M. Simons and Lee A. Baugh",authors:[{id:"145620",title:"Dr.",name:"Gina",middleName:null,surname:"Forster",slug:"gina-forster",fullName:"Gina Forster"},{id:"195109",title:"Dr.",name:"Raluca",middleName:null,surname:"Simons",slug:"raluca-simons",fullName:"Raluca Simons"},{id:"195110",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Baugh",slug:"lee-baugh",fullName:"Lee Baugh"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"54675",title:"The Key Role of the Amygdala in Stress",slug:"the-key-role-of-the-amygdala-in-stress",totalDownloads:2959,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Several data highlighted that stress exposure is strongly associated with several psychiatric disorders. The amygdala, an area of the brain that contributes to emotional processing, has a pivotal role in psychiatric disorders and it has been demonstrated to be highly responsive to stressful events. Here we will review evidences indicating how the amygdala changes its functionality following exposure to stress and how this contributes to the onset of anxiety disorders.",book:{id:"5485",slug:"the-amygdala-where-emotions-shape-perception-learning-and-memories",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - Where Emotions Shape Perception, Learning and Memories"},signatures:"Diego Andolina and Antonella Borreca",authors:[{id:"190318",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"Andolina",slug:"diego-andolina",fullName:"Diego Andolina"},{id:"192832",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Borreca",slug:"antonella-borreca",fullName:"Antonella Borreca"}]},{id:"55211",title:"The Amygdala and Anxiety",slug:"the-amygdala-and-anxiety",totalDownloads:3015,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The amygdala has a central role in anxiety responses to stressful and arousing situations. Pharmacological and lesion studies of the basolateral, central, and medial subdivisions of the amygdala have shown that their activation induces anxiogenic effects, while their inactivation produces anxiolytic effects. Many neurotransmitters and stress mediators acting at these amygdalar nuclei can modulate the behavioral expression of anxiety. These mediators may be released from different brain regions in response to different types of stressors. The amygdala is in close relationship with several brain regions within the brain circuitry that orchestrates the expression of anxiety. Recent developments in optogenetics have begun to unveil details on how these areas interact.",book:{id:"5485",slug:"the-amygdala-where-emotions-shape-perception-learning-and-memories",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - Where Emotions Shape Perception, Learning and Memories"},signatures:"Sergio Linsambarth, Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro, Daisy Quintana-\nDonoso, Sebastian Rojas and Jimmy Stehberg",authors:[{id:"144923",title:"Dr.",name:"Jimmy",middleName:null,surname:"Stehberg",slug:"jimmy-stehberg",fullName:"Jimmy Stehberg"},{id:"194182",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Moraga-Amaro",slug:"rodrigo-moraga-amaro",fullName:"Rodrigo Moraga-Amaro"},{id:"194183",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Linsambarth",slug:"sergio-linsambarth",fullName:"Sergio Linsambarth"}]},{id:"32387",title:"The Mystery of P2X7 Ionotropic Receptor: From a Small Conductance Channel to a Large Conductance Channel",slug:"the-mystery-of-p2x7-receptor-from-a-small-channel-to-a-big-pore",totalDownloads:2440,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"1592",slug:"neuroscience-dealing-with-frontiers",title:"Neuroscience",fullTitle:"Neuroscience - Dealing With Frontiers"},signatures:"R.X. Faria, L.G.B. Ferreira and L.A. Alves",authors:[{id:"76663",title:"Prof.",name:"Luiz A.",middleName:null,surname:"Alves",slug:"luiz-a.-alves",fullName:"Luiz A. Alves"},{id:"76674",title:"Mr.",name:"Leonardo",middleName:null,surname:"Braga",slug:"leonardo-braga",fullName:"Leonardo Braga"},{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria"}]},{id:"32399",title:"Brain Energy Metabolism in Health and Disease",slug:"brain-energy-metabolism-in-health-and-disease",totalDownloads:9163,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"1592",slug:"neuroscience-dealing-with-frontiers",title:"Neuroscience",fullTitle:"Neuroscience - Dealing With Frontiers"},signatures:"Felipe A. Beltrán, Aníbal I. Acuña, María Paz Miró and Maite A. Castro",authors:[{id:"107041",title:"Dr.",name:"Maite A",middleName:null,surname:"Castro",slug:"maite-a-castro",fullName:"Maite A Castro"},{id:"109692",title:"Mr.",name:"Felipe A",middleName:null,surname:"Beltran",slug:"felipe-a-beltran",fullName:"Felipe A Beltran"},{id:"109695",title:"Mr.",name:"Aníbal",middleName:"I.",surname:"Acuña",slug:"anibal-acuna",fullName:"Aníbal Acuña"},{id:"109696",title:"Ms.",name:"Maria Paz",middleName:null,surname:"Miro",slug:"maria-paz-miro",fullName:"Maria Paz Miro"}]},{id:"54509",title:"The Contribution of the Amygdala to Reward-Related Learning and Extinction",slug:"the-contribution-of-the-amygdala-to-reward-related-learning-and-extinction",totalDownloads:1758,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"There has been substantial research into the role of the amygdala in fear conditioning and extinction of conditioned fear. The role of the amygdala in appetitive conditioning is relatively less explored. Here, we will review research into the role of the amygdala in reward‐related learning. Research to date suggests that the basolateral and central amygdala are responsible for learning about distinct aspects of a reinforcing event. For example, the basolateral amygdala is essential for distinguishing and choosing between specific rewards based on the specific‐sensory properties of those rewards as well as updating the relative value of specific rewarding events. In contrast, the central amygdala is involved in encoding reinforcement more generally and for regulating motivational influences on responding. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",issn:null,scope:"\r\n\tEducation and Human Development is an interdisciplinary research area that aims to shed light on topics related to both learning and development. This Series is intended for researchers, practitioners, and students who are interested in understanding more about these fields and their applications.
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He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. 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She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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