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Ltd., Atsugi, Japan, Researcher/Senior Researcher, Researches on Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Quantum Information, Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Devices. \nApril, 2012 – March 2014: University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, Senior Researcher, Researches on Quantum Information Processing Devices. \nApril, 2014 – now: Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu, China, Professor, Researches on Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Devices. \nJune, 2015 – now: University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu, China, Professor, Researches on Nanoscaled Semiconductors and Quantum Information Processing Devices.\n \nAchievements\nSystematically studied the property of porous silicon materials and verified their mechanism; found green and ultraviolet luminescence, and clarified the multiple luminescence mechanisms of nanocrystalline-silicon embedded in SiO2, which is valuable to silicon-based optoelectronic integration; realized enhanced hole mobility in amorphous silicon, verified the existence of deep trap states in amorphous selenium, providing ways to improve amorphous optoelectronic materials. \nDiscovered lateral coupling between self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) and their tuning effect to 2D electron gas; illustrated and deeply explained the metal-insulator transition in 2D ordered QD arrays, all of which are worth in optoelectronic application of semiconductor QDs. \nDeveloped Sb-free technique to double the InAs/GaAs QD density and suppress the atomic interdiffusion, helped producing 1.3 um QD lasers, which won Japanese national prizes and had been merchandized; developed 1.06 um quantum-well lasers, which have been used to produce pure-green lasers robust against high temperature. \nFound a way to access buried QDs by scanning tunneling microscope; achieved a way to prepare diluted QDs by post-annealing and clarified its mechanisms; invented a technique to control the size and site of QDs by atomic-force microscopy lithography, and an apparatus to detect single electron spin states by optically-detected magnetic resonance; designed a few types of micropillar cavities applicable to realize 1.55 um highly-efficient, even coherent (strongly coupled) InAs/InP QD single photon sources; produced fiber-integrated photon-entangled sources, all of which are very useful to the applications of QDs in quantum information processing. \nDeveloped focal-plane single-photon avalanche detectors, providing central devices for 3D laser detecting and ranging system; explored antimonide middle- and long-wavelength infrared detectors and the surface plasmon enhancement effect in such detectors; advanced the acetone-sensing function of Eu-doped SnO2 nano-belt; found Nickle Phosphide serving as a good catalyst in hydrogen-producing. 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These areas are classified as saline (60%), sodic (26%), and saline-sodic soils (14%). Areas suffering from salinity are mostly in the Middle East, Australia, North Africa, and Eurasia. However, 20 to 50 percent of irrigated soils in arid or semi-arid climates are salt-affected [1]. A report produced by Cotton 2040 emphasized that cotton affected by heat stress and drought will reach 40% and 50%, respectively by 2040 [2]. Although heat stress is a problem along with drought [3], cotton-growing face many stress factors such as drought (Figure 1B), high temperature (Figure 2C), salinity (Figure 1A), alkalinity (Figure 1C), and heavy metal contamination, which are seen together in the same ecology. A single stressor can play a predominant or protective role depending on stress resources [4]. The long-term effect of climatic change resulted in higher pH values with drought, unfavorable soil organic C, total N and P, and available N [5], and soil salinity due to increasing the sea level [6].
Cotton plants under saline soil (A), stunted cotton plants under drought conditions (B), and cotton plants under alkali soil (C).
A picture of a plastic tunnel under heat stress at 11.00 am–17.00 pm (A), non-affected plants by heat stress (B), and aborted/shed bolls affected by heat stress (C).
Cotton’s response to stress is different at plant growth and development stages. Germination and seedling growth are adversely affected by high salinity and low temperature at the early stages in cotton (
This review presents the physiological mechanism of stress tolerance and principles of genotype improvement, both classically and by genetic engineering in cotton. Also, it discussed the effects of agronomic management such as seed and foliar treatments to alleviate drought, salt and heat stress.
The stress-induced protein breakdown and amino acid synthesis caused the accumulation of amino acids in cells under abiotic stress conditions. The overall accumulation of amino acids has two different symptoms: cell damage and the beneficial effect of specific amino acids such as proline during stress acclimation [17, 18]. Drought, salinity, and heavy metals caused an increase in the accumulation of proline in resistant plants. Although proline was not synthesized in tobacco exposed to heat stress [19], the combination of heat and drought stress [20], and drought stress [21] induced an increase in the proline content of some cotton cultivars. In contrast with this finding, genotypic differences were non-significant for proline content under drought conditions [22].
The first approach to stress resilience is to restrict ethylene synthesis, which triggers the abscission of leaves and all reproductive organs under stress conditions [23]. Boll retention and yield increased by application of ethylene inhibitors such as aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) or by downregulation of genes responsible for ethylene synthesis [24]. Abscisic acid (ABA), another growth-inhibitory hormone, is an important regulator of abiotic stress tolerance. The main function of ABA is to stimulate stomatal closure and gene expression to respond to the drought, salinity, and excessive temperature in the adaptive mechanism of plants [25, 26]. Under stress conditions, plants can alter their metabolism such as the synthesis of compatible solutes. In cell metabolism, the different unfavorable conditions increased the concentration of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) through enhanced activity of enzymes involved in GABA biosynthesis [27]. Under alkali stress conditions, the accumulation of GABA and putrescine in young and old leaves of cotton increased [28]. Polyamines such as putrescine, spermidine, and spermine have a protective role against salinity, drought and heat stress, and putrescine and spermine could be evaluated as selection criteria for stress-tolerant genotype breeding in cotton [29]. Exogenously applied polyamines increased the stress tolerance and yield under drought and salinity stress conditions in cotton [30, 31].
The osmoprotectant solutes such as glycine betaine (GB) are evaluated in three different ways. Firstly, the increase in GB under stress conditions is analyzed as biochemical. Secondly, the selection of the plants with high GB levels is used for improving the stress-tolerant cotton genotypes in conventional breeding and genetic engineering. Thirdly, the success of seed treatment with GB and foliar application of GB were examined in stress conditions. The accumulation of GB increased in transgenic crops, whereas foliar application of GB or seed dressed are common applications in plants where a certain amount of synthesis is insufficient [32, 33]. Generally localized in the chloroplast, GB has an important role in protecting photosystem II, stabilizing membranes, and alleviating ROS (reactive oxygen species) damage [34] and chilling damage [35], enhancing tolerance to lead (Pb) [36]. Cottonseed coating with GB enhanced seed cotton yield by approximately 20% [37]. Also, combined foliar application with GB and salicylic acid (SA) increased the tolerance to salt stress due to an increase in the leaf gas exchange with positively correlated stomatal properties and stimulate antioxidant enzyme activity in cotton seedlings [38, 39].
On the cell basis, heat stress firstly induced structural changes in chloroplast protein [40] and plasma membrane [41, 42], and these changes stimulated cell elongation, expansion, and differentiation. ROS, as a signaling molecule, induced excessive MDA (malondialdehyde) synthesis by increasing lipid peroxidation, and membrane structure disintegrated under heat stress conditions [43, 44, 45]. Also, molecular chaperones and heat shock proteins (HSP) accumulate to protect the membrane integrity by the expression of the sHSP coding gene in leaves under drought and heat stress conditions [46]. Heat stress caused the accumulation of specific isoforms of activase in cotton leaves [47, 48]. Although the efficiency of Rubisco activase decreased under heat stress, an enzyme can develop an alternative function by relocating on a thylakoid membrane [49], and this contributes to the acclimation of photosynthesis during high temperatures in cotton [50]. In addition, the synthesis of phytohormones such as SA and jasmonic acid (JA) to respond to heat stress is enhanced by ROS and Ca2+ [51]. The association between heat stress and plant nutrition demonstrated that the fertilization containing some macro and microelements such as K, Zn, and B could be used to alleviate the harmful effects of higher temperatures. These elements play an important role in chlorophyll synthesis and delay senescence in cotton [52, 53]. Zn spray eliminates the adverse effects of heat stress in cotton [54].
The reproductive period is synchronized with many processes in cotton. Although square retention is less affected by heat stress [55], sexual reproduction is defined as both sensitive to high temperature and thermotolerant during flowering – boll retention depending on the time, length, and severity of stress in cotton [56, 57, 58]. Heat stress during this period adversely affected the development of both sexual organs and caused flower abnormalities such as small flower, elongated stigmas (Figure 3A and B) [55], gametophyte, pollen germination, and pollen tube growth [59, 60]. Abiotic stress limited fertilization by preventing pollen tube development [61]. The tapetum, the innermost layer of somatic cells in anther lobes, is responsible for microsporogenesis and secretion of enzymes for the release of microspores from tetrads [62]. Programmed cell death (PCD) induced tapetal degeneration by heat stress, resulting in male sterility [63]. The regulation of tapetal PCD and anther dehiscence were controlled by the GhCKI gene (
Elongated stigma affected by heat stress (A), and normal flower structure (B).
The decrease in the photosynthetic capacity of cotton at a temperature above 32°C reduces the accumulation of sucrose [65]. The decrease in sucrose accumulation adversely affected the fiber quality by inhibiting cellulose synthesis in higher temperature conditions [66]. Hereby, sucrose transport from subtending leaf of boll to developing boll negatively affected, and boll number per plant and boll weight reduced [67]. Plant growth is mostly regulated by sucrose, which is a source of substrates’ energy production and biosynthesis by decomposing into hexoses. Furthermore, the plant responses are determined by ROS scavenging capacity and the signal pathway of sucrose [68]. In many crops, drought increased carbohydrate deprivation and ABA levels, whereas the ability of reproductive sinks to use sucrose and starch was reduced [69].
Auxin, an essential hormone, is very important for stress tolerance [70] and plays a role as a coordinator of plant growth and development [71]. The inhibition of auxin synthesis by overexpressing miR157 caused the sensitivity to heat stress and anther sterility in the reproductive period of cotton [72]. The auxin signaling pathway is controlled by the suppression of the sucrose synthase gene, and the antagonistic relationship between auxin and sucrose regulated plant growth and development [73, 74]. The favorable balance between auxin and sucrose is indispensable for the response of anther to heat stress [75].
Shedding is the formation of the abscission layer by natural or stress between sympodial or monopodial branches and reproductive organs such as square, flower, and boll in cotton (Figure 2B and C) [76]. The amount of hormones and regulation among hormone-controlled shedding, as auxin inhibits, and abscisic acid (ABA) promotes. Shedding is induced by increasing ABA and decreasing auxin under drought conditions [77]. In the reproductive period, failed fertilization caused by non-available pollen in higher temperatures resulted in flower shedding.
The physiological drought via osmotic stress and ion toxicity caused by Na+, Cl−, and SO42− are two major forms of damage. Although cotton is classified as moderately tolerant to salt stress (7.7 dS m−1), salinity caused a decrease in seed cotton yield [78], boll number per plant [79, 80, 81], and an increase in early maturity [82]. Seed germination and early seedling growth in cotton are the most sensitive stages [83]. Both forms of salt damage caused abnormal plant growth such as stunted root and shoot growth by reducing photosynthetic capacity (Figure 1A) [84]. The excessive salt accumulation under salinity caused cellular injury in transpiring leaves [85]. However, cotton was successfully cultivated as a monoculture crop in saline-alkali soil. Plant cells are affected by low amounts of available water, loss of membrane functions, and ionic toxicity under excess sodium (Na+). As with most abiotic stress, salinity contains an osmotic component, and cellular dehydration causes and disrupts the internal balance (homeostasis). The plant’s first reaction is to reduce the Na+ level in the cytosol by restricting influx, increasing efflux, and accumulating Na+ in the vacuole for maintaining the cell metabolism. Transporters such as antiporter, uniporter, and symporter localized in the membrane are responsible for reducing Na+ [86, 87, 88]. In a study conducted by [89], the Na+/H+ antiporter gene (GhSOS1) was detected in the plasma membrane of cotton (
Many researchers focused on a root-associated microorganism to alleviate salinity stress in cotton. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are capable of increasing P and Zn uptake and promoting leaf proline accumulation [92, 93] but it should be noted that
The increase in the tensile force of the xylem, due to drought, caused a greater probability of rupture in the water column and formation of gas emboli in the xylem [98], and embolism decreased carbon assimilation depending on the linkage between water and CO2 exchange. Furthermore, stomatal closure and decrease in the stomatal area take place [99], and desiccation of all plants is induced in the further process (Figure 1B) [100]. Thus, the most negative impacts occurred in photosynthetic capacity and transpiration rate [101]. The environmentally induced PCD (programmed cell death) occurred in response to drought, and PCD increased ROS accumulation, DNA fragmentation, organelle degeneration, and cytoplasm shrinkage [102]. The tylose formation and xylem inhabitation by wilt pathogens in water-limiting conditions may cause drought sensitivity to stress the susceptibility [103]. Primarily, MAPK (Mitogen-activated protein kinase), and secondly, ROS play an important role in intracellular signaling [104, 105].
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have an important role to alleviate drought stress by spreading on the soil and water transport by hyphae [107]. Similarly, PGPR coated phosphorus exhibited high performance due to the increasing stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic capacity, and yield of cotton under osmotic stress [108]. As a result of studies investigating the relationship between nutrients and drought, it was suggested that high N concentrations may decrease the effects of drought through nitrogen metabolism, proline synthesis antioxidant capacity, and osmotic regulation in cotton [109, 110]. However, K application has osmotic regulation due to increasing the osmoprotectant and regulates N metabolism [53, 111, 112] and photo-assimilation and translocation process [113] in drought-stressed cotton plants. Also, supplemental Zn alleviated the negative effects of drought stress by increasing antioxidant capacity and decreasing MDA content in cotton [112, 114]. The nanoparticles such as nano-TiO2 and nano-SiO2 could alleviate drought stress because their foliar applications increase photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant capacity, and proline content in cotton [115].
The combination of multiple stress factors and the identification of the model plant is complex at the physiological and genetic levels [116]. Growth chamber, greenhouse, and field studies were conducted by many researchers to screen the cotton genotypes in different stress studies. Stress tolerant genotypes can be bred through a selection of promising single plants under stress conditions followed by testing in either stress and non-stress conditions or selection under more optimum conditions for effective selection criteria [117]. Previous studies recommended the selection of cotton plants with higher seedling vigor, enhanced early root development, and lower root/shoot ratio for drought tolerance, pollen carrying a dominant heat-tolerance allele for heat stress, and salinity barrier for salt stress [118].
In stress-tolerant cotton breeding, genetic stock in strains with the D genome rather than those with the A genome should be considered. Transcriptomic analyses indicated that thick cuticles and a double layer palisade layer of D-genome species such as
The selection of plants with thick cuticle and waxy surfaces is important to reduce solar radiation in the breeding of heat tolerance [125]. The intense absorbency of cotton cultivars increased sensitivity to heat stress [126]. The most important cultural management is to arrange the sowing time to avoid the higher temperature in the reproductive period. However, planting cotton before the recommended time faced the problem of low temperature during the early growing stage. Therefore, breeding of high-temperature tolerant cotton varieties has been suggested as the best method [127].
A pre-screening of cotton germplasm and evaluation of hybrids by constructing a polythene tunnel at the reproductive stage is a very common method in cotton (Figure 2A) [128]. However, some researchers preferred delayed planting set of cotton plants to test genotypes in heat tolerance breeding [129, 130, 131, 132]. In addition, some researchers have used tetrazolium chloride for identifying heat tolerance in both vegetative tissues and pollen viability in cotton [133, 134, 135]. Various studies have emphasized the success of wild cotton species, their stacking progenitor alleles, and
In quantitative genetic studies about heritability and gene action for different selection criteria of heat stress, multigenic inheritance and both additive and non-additive gene action in controlling cellular membrane thermostability was found to be higher under heat stress conditions [140]. The results of the scaling test, which is an important biometrical analysis method, indicated the significant dominance, additive x dominance, and dominance x dominance referred to as non-additive gene action for relative cell injury under heat stress [141]. Similarly, non-additive gene actions were estimated for fiber quality characters and ginning out-turn in heat stress (~38–39°C) at peak flowering time under field conditions by arranged sowing time [142]. In contrast, high heritability associated with high genetic advance for hydrogen peroxide content, catalase activity, total soluble proteins, carotenoids, and chlorophyll contents were found to have significant additive gene action under heat stress conditions [143]. In conventionally breeding of drought and heat stress tolerance, it was emphasized that instead of single plant selection in the F2 generation, superior plants should be selected in further generations such as F4 [144, 145].
PEG 6000 (polyethylene glycol) is defined as a rapid and effective method to observe the response of cotton genotypes for selection in drought tolerance breeding [146, 147]. Drought-tolerant species are defined with low maximum transpiration and photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, specific leaf area, small leaf size high leaf longevity, root mass ratio, and small leaf size [148]. The higher chlorophyll stability and relative water content exhibited drought tolerance due to photosynthate, which results in higher biomass [149] and fiber quality [150]. Furthermore, the presence of late embryogenesis abundant proteins is important for drought tolerance of cotton [151]. The physiological characteristics used for drought tolerance should be combined with yield, yield attributes, and fiber quality parameters in the breeding of cotton varieties with high adaptability [152]. Drought responsive genes were classified as induced (stress-related, metabolism, transcription factor, proline, and cellular transport) and repressed (mainly comprising metabolism, cellular transport, and stress-related) [153]. Drought tolerance genes such as RD2 (rice drought-responsive), HAT22 (homeobox from
NaCl treatment at different doses is the most used method for screening cotton genotypes in order to determine suitable genotypes. Many researchers revealed significant variations in morphological, physiological, and biochemical characters under salinity stress [157, 158, 159]. The performance of genotypes, depending on genetic factors, compared with environmental factors and genotype x environment interactions, and high genetic gain by suitable selection increased the breeding success because of high additive effects under saline [160] and drought conditions [161]. On the other hand, non-additive gene actions were found significantly higher for chlorophyll content, K+/Na+ ratio and within boll yield components under saline conditions [144, 162]. At the same time, selection for K+, Na+, and K+/Na+ were recommended for salinity tolerance according to the results of factor analysis in cotton [163]. In addition, a reciprocal effect found in some studies indicated cytoplasmic and cytoplasmic x nuclear genes interaction for salinity tolerance breeding [160, 164]. Besides, the fact that genes with pleiotropic effects are effective for both salinity and drought indicated physiological characters are used in indirect selection can increase the success of multi-stress breeding [165, 166].
In many studies about engineering abiotic stress-tolerant crops, genes responsible for multiple stress factors found to confer tolerance in different plants are defined [167]. Co-overexpressing of SUMO E3 ligase (OsSIZ) and Vacuolar H+− pyrophosphatase (AVP1) from Arabidopsis and vacuolar Na+/H+ antiporter genes performed significantly in increasing tolerance to multiple stressors such as drought, salinity, and higher temperature [168]. Overexpression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) from cotton GhMPK2 performed stress tolerance when induced by salt, ABA, and water scarcity [169]. Eight genes belonging to the GhHSP20 family are responsible for heat, drought, and salinity [170], and the expression of GHSP26 caused a significant increase in proteins under drought stress [171]. Similarly, it was verified that GhCIPK6a overexpressed cotton lines can reduce the negative effects of salinity, and the seeds of these lines exhibited higher water absorption capacity at the germination stage [172]. In another study, JAZ proteins were identified as inhibitors of JA, and overexpression of JAZ genes resulted in a higher performance to salt stress [173]. GaJAZ1 transgenic plants carrying genes transferred from
The nutrient relations of cotton plants were greatly affected by abiotic stress. The nitrogen, silicon, magnesium, and calcium uptake are limited under high temperatures, drought, and salinity. In addition, the architecture of cotton changed to capture the less mobile nutrients. Therefore, fertilization should be reconsidered under stress conditions. To reduce the negative effects of abiotic stress, the use of some osmoprotectant and hormones may be a solution. The sowing time and plant density should be rearranged especially for high temperatures and drought. Cluster-type cotton varieties suitable for High-Density Planting System (HDPS) should be developed. These varieties will also reduce the density of weeds and dry matter content that compete for available water under drought conditions.
The most effective way to overcome the adverse effects of multiple abiotic stress factors is to improve tolerant cultivars. The possible effects of drought, salinity, and high-temperature stress on physiological, morphological, and yield should be well resolved to mitigate stress and develop varieties. The crossing between standard cultivars and donor suitable parents is a basic stage for genetic variation in conventional breeding. Multiple stress factors are very complex and polygenic characters and are controlled by non-additive gene effects with low heritability. Therefore, bulk selection should be useful for traits with low heritability such as stress tolerance, and the selection of a single plant should be postponed to F4 or F5 generation. Drought and high temperature are effective stress factors from flowering and during the first boll formation period, whereas salinity is an important problem in the early development period. In areas where these conditions are created, indirect selection can be made in terms of physiological characteristics, whereas direct selection can be made for yield. The evaluation of genotypes to stress tolerance under the plastic tunnel at the reproductive stage and in saline and drought conditions is a more accurate approach compared to artificial conditions and delayed sowing date in cotton.
Genetic engineering studies are promising, but manipulation of a single gene does not seem to be sufficient as resistance to multiple stress conditions is controlled by multiple genes. However, future transgenic cultivar breeding may be a good approach for multiple stress tolerance. In both classical breeding and genetic engineering studies, tolerance to multiple stress factors should be pyramided with yield and fiber characteristics. The non-genetically CRISPR-Cas system could be evaluated for engineering multiple stress tolerance in future cotton cultivars for all cotton-growing regions.
It could be highlighted that temperature extremes and fluctuations in the cotton-growing season along with other stress appear to be major factors of future yield reductions.
Volkan Mehmet CINAR thanks the Higher Education Council of Turkey (YOK) for 100/2000 PhD scholarship.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Volkan Mehmet CINAR: Conceptualization, Literature survey, Writing – Review & Editing. Serife BALCI: Writing – Review & Editing. Aydın UNAY: Conceptualization, Literature survey, Writing – Review, Supervision.
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Extreme weather conditions and changes in humidity rates significantly affect the concrete compressive strength development. Concrete as one of the substantial material used in residential buildings and infrastructures is subjected to a massive strength change under extreme weather conditions. For understanding, the different concrete’s behavioral aspects, various commercial cement types under different temperatures, and humidity rates are investigated in this chapter. The experiments are aimed to investigate the concrete strength development over time when the material is cast at lower to mild temperatures and different humidity index rates. Results show that reducing the curing temperature more than 15° could result in 20% reduction in total compressive strength, while decreasing humidity rates by 50% leads to less than 10% drop in ultimate strength. To understand the strength developing process, maturity tests are conducted. It is shown that concrete is not able to reach to the expected ultimate strength if the temperature is significantly low regardless of curing time. The effect of temperature change during the curing process is more tangible on strength development compared to cement type and humidity rate values.",book:{id:"8757",slug:"compressive-strength-of-concrete",title:"Compressive Strength of Concrete",fullTitle:"Compressive Strength of Concrete"},signatures:"Alireza Farzampour",authors:null},{id:"51720",doi:"10.5772/64574",title:"Microstructure of Concrete",slug:"microstructure-of-concrete",totalDownloads:4840,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"Concrete is a composite material that consists of a binding medium and aggregate particles and can be formed in several types. It may be considered to consist of three phases: a cement paste, the aggregate, and the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between them. In addition to ordinary Portland cement, the essential components of the base of concrete are aggregates and water. For practical requirements, additives and admixtures can be added to these raw materials to improve some desirable characteristics. The following requirements should be considered in producing high performance concrete (HPC): (i) low water/cement (w/c) ratio; (ii) fine aggregate; (iii) large quantity of mineral additives, silica fume, and fly ash; (iv) high dosage of superplasticizer; and (v) high-pressure steam curing. The microstructure of high performance concrete (HPC) is more homogenous than that of normal concrete (NC) due to the physical and chemical contribution of the additives (silica fume and fly ash) as well as it is less porous due to reduced w/c ratio with the addition of a superplasticizer. Inclusion of additives (individually or in combination) helped in improving the strength and durability of concrete mixes due to the additional reduction in porosity of cement paste and an improved interface between it and the aggregate.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Ameer A. Hilal",authors:[{id:"180518",title:"Dr.",name:"Ameer",middleName:null,surname:"Hilal",slug:"ameer-hilal",fullName:"Ameer Hilal"}]},{id:"51861",doi:"10.5772/64779",title:"Concretes with Photocatalytic Activity",slug:"concretes-with-photocatalytic-activity",totalDownloads:2832,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"This chapter is a short review about the modified concretes with photocatalytic activity. In the beginning, the photocatalysis process is explained; the authors are focused on the mechanism of organic contamination and nitrogen oxide decomposition. Next the three main methods for concretes modification are presented: the first group is when the concrete is covered by thin layer of TiO2 materials, e.g., paints or TiO2 suspensions. The second group is the concretes with thick layer of photoactive concrete on the top. The third group constitutes concretes modified in mass with TiO2. The two main methods for photocatalytic activity of the modified concrete determination were shown: an air purification by a nitrogen oxide decomposition and the self-cleaning properties by dyes decomposition. Also in this chapter the mechanical properties of the modified concrete are presented. In the end, the examples of the buildings made of photocatalytic concretes are shown.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Magdalena Janus and Kamila Zając",authors:[{id:"180824",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Janus",slug:"magdalena-janus",fullName:"Magdalena Janus"}]},{id:"51409",doi:"10.5772/64386",title:"Application of Polypropylene Fibrillated Fibres for Reinforcement of Concrete and Cement Mortars",slug:"application-of-polypropylene-fibrillated-fibres-for-reinforcement-of-concrete-and-cement-mortars",totalDownloads:2423,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Polypropylene fibres have been applied for reinforcement of cement mortars and concrete for many years. The fibres restrict crack propagation and positively affect several concrete parameters. To improve the adhesion of polypropylene to cement matrix, geometrically deformed or modified fibres are commonly used. Good results are obtained by application of fibrillated fibres with the net-like structure obtained from the polypropylene types. The fibrillated polypropylene fibres were produced. The fibres were chopped to specified lengths and used for the reinforcement of concrete and cement mortars. The parameters of fresh concrete and mechanical parameters of reinforced concrete and mortar were determined. It was stated that the fibres do not affect the compressive strength of the reinforced concrete and mortar. The beneficial effect of fibres on the compressive strength of concrete is revealed after freezing and thawing cycles. The fibres influence the bending strength of the mortars. For mortars reinforced with fibrillated fibres a significant increase in the bending strength is observed. The increase in the bending strength results from enhanced interfacial adhesion and mechanical anchoring, which results from opening of the network structure and splitting of fibrillated fibres.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Jan Broda",authors:[{id:"104226",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Broda",slug:"jan-broda",fullName:"Jan Broda"}]},{id:"68188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88057",title:"Compressive Strength of Lightweight Concrete",slug:"compressive-strength-of-lightweight-concrete",totalDownloads:1713,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"This chapter has been prepared with the hope that its readers will become interested in lightweight concrete (LWC). Therefore, after a brief background of lightweight concrete, different types of LWC will be introduced and then LWC made of lightweight aggregates (LWA) will be specifically discussed. Compressive strength and density of LWC are the main points of interest in this chapter. In addition to conventional compression test, a nondestructive test (NDT) method will be used to assess the compressive strength of a variety of lightweight concrete mixes. A case study has been designed and conducted including an experimental program on the LWC made of expanded glass aggregate. The experimental program includes about 150 specimens, incorporating different unit weight for the entire specimens. In the end, it can be observed that the properties of LWC depend on the properties of the used LWA, and therefore for each specific type of lightweight aggregate, a brand new equation will be required for prediction of concrete compressive strength. The author hopes that the present chapter and the discussed case study on LWC would attract the attention of researchers to the importance of LWC in the future of construction industry.",book:{id:"8757",slug:"compressive-strength-of-concrete",title:"Compressive Strength of Concrete",fullTitle:"Compressive Strength of Concrete"},signatures:"Saman Hedjazi",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"51720",title:"Microstructure of Concrete",slug:"microstructure-of-concrete",totalDownloads:4841,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"Concrete is a composite material that consists of a binding medium and aggregate particles and can be formed in several types. It may be considered to consist of three phases: a cement paste, the aggregate, and the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between them. In addition to ordinary Portland cement, the essential components of the base of concrete are aggregates and water. For practical requirements, additives and admixtures can be added to these raw materials to improve some desirable characteristics. The following requirements should be considered in producing high performance concrete (HPC): (i) low water/cement (w/c) ratio; (ii) fine aggregate; (iii) large quantity of mineral additives, silica fume, and fly ash; (iv) high dosage of superplasticizer; and (v) high-pressure steam curing. The microstructure of high performance concrete (HPC) is more homogenous than that of normal concrete (NC) due to the physical and chemical contribution of the additives (silica fume and fly ash) as well as it is less porous due to reduced w/c ratio with the addition of a superplasticizer. Inclusion of additives (individually or in combination) helped in improving the strength and durability of concrete mixes due to the additional reduction in porosity of cement paste and an improved interface between it and the aggregate.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Ameer A. Hilal",authors:[{id:"180518",title:"Dr.",name:"Ameer",middleName:null,surname:"Hilal",slug:"ameer-hilal",fullName:"Ameer Hilal"}]},{id:"70930",title:"The Influence of Interfacial Transition Zone on Strength of Alkali-Activated Concrete",slug:"the-influence-of-interfacial-transition-zone-on-strength-of-alkali-activated-concrete",totalDownloads:900,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"A process of structure formation taking place in the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) “cement stone-aggregate” was studied on a variety of concretes made with artificial and real aggregates. The study of these processes in the case of artificial aggregate prepared from a mixture of clay loam and alkali-activated slag cement showed that not only active SiO2 and Na2O but also other substances of both cement and aggregate are involved in the formation of the ITZ. This results in the formation of alkaline and alkaline-alkali-earth aluminosilicate hydrates which strengthen the ITZ and improve strength and durability of the concrete. Thus, the alkali-silica reaction (ASR) transforms from a destructive one (negative effect) into a constructive one (positive effect). The study on the ITZ in the alkali-activated cement concretes made with real alkali-susceptible aggregates selected from crushed basalt rock, glassy waste product from basalt fiber production, crushed perlite rock, and expanded perlite suggested to make a conclusion on the possibility to prevent the destructive processes in the ITZ through the addition of the metakaolin additive into the cement composition in quantities of 5–10% by mass. These conclusions were supported by the long-term testing of strength of these concretes, by measuring the deformations “shrinkage-expansion” as well as the results of study on hardness of the ITZ.",book:{id:"8757",slug:"compressive-strength-of-concrete",title:"Compressive Strength of Concrete",fullTitle:"Compressive Strength of Concrete"},signatures:"Pavel Krivenko, Oleh Petropavlovskyi, Oleksandr Kovalchuk and Oleksandr Gelevera",authors:null},{id:"68188",title:"Compressive Strength of Lightweight Concrete",slug:"compressive-strength-of-lightweight-concrete",totalDownloads:1713,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"This chapter has been prepared with the hope that its readers will become interested in lightweight concrete (LWC). Therefore, after a brief background of lightweight concrete, different types of LWC will be introduced and then LWC made of lightweight aggregates (LWA) will be specifically discussed. Compressive strength and density of LWC are the main points of interest in this chapter. In addition to conventional compression test, a nondestructive test (NDT) method will be used to assess the compressive strength of a variety of lightweight concrete mixes. A case study has been designed and conducted including an experimental program on the LWC made of expanded glass aggregate. The experimental program includes about 150 specimens, incorporating different unit weight for the entire specimens. In the end, it can be observed that the properties of LWC depend on the properties of the used LWA, and therefore for each specific type of lightweight aggregate, a brand new equation will be required for prediction of concrete compressive strength. The author hopes that the present chapter and the discussed case study on LWC would attract the attention of researchers to the importance of LWC in the future of construction industry.",book:{id:"8757",slug:"compressive-strength-of-concrete",title:"Compressive Strength of Concrete",fullTitle:"Compressive Strength of Concrete"},signatures:"Saman Hedjazi",authors:null},{id:"51409",title:"Application of Polypropylene Fibrillated Fibres for Reinforcement of Concrete and Cement Mortars",slug:"application-of-polypropylene-fibrillated-fibres-for-reinforcement-of-concrete-and-cement-mortars",totalDownloads:2423,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Polypropylene fibres have been applied for reinforcement of cement mortars and concrete for many years. The fibres restrict crack propagation and positively affect several concrete parameters. To improve the adhesion of polypropylene to cement matrix, geometrically deformed or modified fibres are commonly used. Good results are obtained by application of fibrillated fibres with the net-like structure obtained from the polypropylene types. The fibrillated polypropylene fibres were produced. The fibres were chopped to specified lengths and used for the reinforcement of concrete and cement mortars. The parameters of fresh concrete and mechanical parameters of reinforced concrete and mortar were determined. It was stated that the fibres do not affect the compressive strength of the reinforced concrete and mortar. The beneficial effect of fibres on the compressive strength of concrete is revealed after freezing and thawing cycles. The fibres influence the bending strength of the mortars. For mortars reinforced with fibrillated fibres a significant increase in the bending strength is observed. The increase in the bending strength results from enhanced interfacial adhesion and mechanical anchoring, which results from opening of the network structure and splitting of fibrillated fibres.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Jan Broda",authors:[{id:"104226",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Broda",slug:"jan-broda",fullName:"Jan Broda"}]},{id:"51780",title:"High-Performance Concrete and Fiber-Reinforced High- Performance Concrete under Fatigue Efforts",slug:"high-performance-concrete-and-fiber-reinforced-high-performance-concrete-under-fatigue-efforts",totalDownloads:2321,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Fatigue is the process of mechanical degradation of a material, which leads to its collapse. Repeated load applications with a maximum value lower than the one that provokes the static failure of the material, causes internal damage in the material that, progressively, reduces its mechanical capacity until it finally collapses. The increasingly widespread use of high-strength concretes permits the construction of more lightweight structures. This implies that the variable loads (which are the causes of fatigue) represent an ever larger percentage of the total load. In consequence, fatigue is an increasingly important factor in concrete structures. In some cases, it even begins to be the dimensioning load of the structure. In addition, the presence of fibers within the concrete modifies the fatigue response of the concrete. In this chapter, the classic theory of fatigue is presented in detail and the most recent developments in the study of concrete fatigue are discussed.",book:{id:"5214",slug:"high-performance-concrete-technology-and-applications",title:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications",fullTitle:"High Performance Concrete Technology and Applications"},signatures:"Miguel A. Vicente, Jesús Mínguez, José A. Martínez and Dorys C.\nGonzález",authors:[{id:"181643",title:"Prof.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Vicente",slug:"miguel-vicente",fullName:"Miguel Vicente"},{id:"182032",title:"Prof.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"Minguez",slug:"jesus-minguez",fullName:"Jesus Minguez"},{id:"182033",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez",slug:"jose-antonio-martinez",fullName:"Jose Antonio Martinez"},{id:"182034",title:"Prof.",name:"Dorys",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez",slug:"dorys-gonzalez",fullName:"Dorys Gonzalez"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1348",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:28,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/30981",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"30981"},fullPath:"/chapters/30981",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()