Applications of reversed-phase hydrophilic stationary phases.
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9566",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Bioethics in Medicine and Society",title:"Bioethics in Medicine and Society",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Bioethics is the application of ethics to the broad field of medicine, including the ethics of patient care, research, and public health. In this book, prominent authors from around the globe discuss the complexities of bioethics as they apply to our current world. Topics range from the philosophical bioethics of the evolution of thinking about marriage from a religious standpoint to the bioethics of radiation protection to value-based medicine and cancer screening for breast cancer. Bioethics in Medicine and Society is wide-ranging, with additional chapters on the ethics of geoengineering, complementary and alternative medicine, and end-of-life ethical dilemmas. Readers with find that the field of bioethics has broad implications throughout society from our most intimate interpersonal relationships to policies being implemented on a global scale.",isbn:"978-1-83881-178-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-177-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-179-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87361",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"bioethics-in-medicine-and-society",numberOfPages:368,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"16f1f01dc302bf4f0042445f11965fa1",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston and Sujoy Ray",publishedDate:"May 19th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9566.jpg",numberOfDownloads:10352,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:11,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:14,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 28th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 18th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 17th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 5th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 4th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217926/images/system/217926.jpg",biography:"Thomas F. Heston, MD, is a clinical associate professor at the Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA. After graduating from St. Louis University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, Dr. Heston went on to do his internship at Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA, then completed residencies in nuclear medicine and family medicine. He subsequently completed a fellowship in molecular imaging at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, and served on the Hopkins faculty as an adjunct assistant professor. He has served as the chair of the Ethics Committee at Deaconess Medical Center, Spokane, Washington.",institutionString:"Washington State University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"5",institution:{name:"Washington State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"226527",title:"Dr.",name:"Sujoy",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"sujoy-ray",fullName:"Sujoy Ray",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226527/images/system/226527.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sujoy Ray holds an MBBS and MD in Psychiatry. He is also a member of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, England. He is currently an assistant professor at IQ City Medical College, India. Dr. Ray has published many articles and reviews. He has been involved in screening trials and providing clinical answers based on evidence about psychiatry. He has regularly participated in medical education programs and various workshops related to psychiatry and research methodology. Dr. Ray held presentations at national and international conferences during his undergraduate and residency days. His topics of interest include mood disorders, schizophrenia, delirium, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.",institutionString:"IQ City Medical College Hospital, India",position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"167",title:"Bioethics",slug:"medicine-bioethics"}],chapters:[{id:"74036",title:"The Quality of Life in the Light of Immanence and Its Sacrality in the Light of Transcendence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93584",slug:"the-quality-of-life-in-the-light-of-immanence-and-its-sacrality-in-the-light-of-transcendence",totalDownloads:530,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"One of the biggest current issues of European society is the dramatic decrease of the natality rate in most countries. Comparing these low natality rates and the increased mortality rates, we can conclude that in a not too distant future, the European demographic fund will differ greatly from the current one. In this context, the biotechnological industry is looking for a way to extend life for as long as possible. The paper analyses the way in which the two categories – people who want to extend their life and people who want to bring it to an end – report to the transcendental relationship. The questions for which an answer is sought are: Can we, in the light of immanence, reach the truth? Which are the answers of medicine, bioethics, and theology?",signatures:"Ungureanu Mihail Adeodatus and Vasile Astărăstoae",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74036",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74036",authors:[{id:"323203",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Ungureanu",surname:"Mihail Adeodatus",slug:"ungureanu-mihail-adeodatus",fullName:"Ungureanu Mihail Adeodatus"},{id:"327593",title:"Prof.",name:"Astărăstoae",surname:"Vasile",slug:"astarastoae-vasile",fullName:"Astărăstoae Vasile"}],corrections:null},{id:"73554",title:"The Results Are Positive for Both Sides in the Great Majority of Cases When Organ Donor Families and Their Recipients Decide to Communicate with Each Other, US Experience in Tens of Thousands of Cases Shows",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93544",slug:"the-results-are-positive-for-both-sides-in-the-great-majority-of-cases-when-organ-donor-families-and",totalDownloads:352,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Many countries restrict the ability of organ donor families and their recipients to communicate with each other; many make it virtually impossible. These restrictions were made for the best of reasons, mainly because of fears that one side or the other might suffer psychological damage. In the United States, however, for more than 25 years, communication has been strongly encouraged if both parties want it and under conditions set by their medical advisers. In literally tens of thousands of cases, a great majority of those contacts, which can range from the exchange of anonymous letters to face-to-face meetings, have proved to be therapeutic for both sides and significant problems have been very rare. Indeed, it is the families who are kept apart who may suffer most. The author is an American journalist, whose seven-year old son was shot on a family vacation in Italy whose organs and corneas were donated there. He and his wife have met all seven recipients and everyone, he says, has benefited.",signatures:"Reg Green",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73554",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73554",authors:[{id:"322379",title:"Mr.",name:"Reg",surname:"Green",slug:"reg-green",fullName:"Reg Green"}],corrections:null},{id:"73282",title:"End-of-Life Ethical Dilemmas",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93616",slug:"end-of-life-ethical-dilemmas",totalDownloads:312,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Although known and debated since ancient Greece and Rome, the end-of-life ethical dilemmas are increasingly exposed to disputes and controversies. The main reason is the technoscientific progress that has been progressively increasing the life expectancy but not, in the same measure, the quality of life. The process of death, that can be lengthened or shortened by technical procedures, is in the forefront of the end-of-life ethical dilemmas. The meditations and opinions about these questions are sometimes based on misconceptions. A broad and inclusive analysis should consider, among others, a historical review of these topics and point out how various sectors of the society observe and scrutinize these plights. An analysis, about any controversy, is not conscientious if it does not point out a solution or at least a proposition to mitigate the disputes. It is in this context that, in the lack of biomarkers that can predict with accuracy the end-of-life, I recommend in this essay, the living will and other advanced health care directives, as a reasonable solution to lighten to a certain extent the ethical dilemmas of end-of-life.",signatures:"J. Filipe Monteiro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73282",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73282",authors:[{id:"323163",title:"M.D.",name:"J. Filipe",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"j.-filipe-monteiro",fullName:"J. Filipe Monteiro"}],corrections:null},{id:"73899",title:"The Psychological Impact on Families of Departed Patients with Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94388",slug:"the-psychological-impact-on-families-of-departed-patients-with-infectious-diseases",totalDownloads:282,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Looking back into history, infectious diseases played an important role in human history being responsible, in terms of pathologies, for more deaths than any other disease. Considering that infectious diseases have a high rate of transmissibility, with an acute debut and sometimes with a fast evolution to exitus, the impact of the news on families of the departed patient diagnosed with an infectious disease can come as a shock. Processing the unexpected death of a family member needs not only the implication of the physician but also the counseling of a specialized psychologist which can help the families through all stages of loss and grief.",signatures:"Doina-Carmen Manciuc, Georgiana Alexandra Lacatusu, Cristina Vasilescu and Maria Alexandra Largu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73899",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73899",authors:[{id:"31214",title:"Dr.",name:"Doina-Carmen",surname:"Manciuc",slug:"doina-carmen-manciuc",fullName:"Doina-Carmen Manciuc"},{id:"49014",title:"Ms.",name:"Maria Alexandra",surname:"Largu",slug:"maria-alexandra-largu",fullName:"Maria Alexandra Largu"},{id:"332594",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgiana Alexandra",surname:"Lacatusu",slug:"georgiana-alexandra-lacatusu",fullName:"Georgiana Alexandra Lacatusu"},{id:"336610",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Vasilescu",slug:"cristina-vasilescu",fullName:"Cristina Vasilescu"}],corrections:null},{id:"73705",title:"Innovation and Research in Cardiac Surgery: Bioethical Aspects",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94160",slug:"innovation-and-research-in-cardiac-surgery-bioethical-aspects",totalDownloads:229,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Significant advancements have been made in Cardiac surgery during the last decades, thanks to technological evolution. The enormous progress achieved has led to a relevant improvement in terms of surgical results, and at the same time, new ethical dilemmas have been addressed. Until the 90’s ethics in cardiac surgery mainly concerned significant moral problems caused by the introduction of extremely innovative techniques. However, today’s ethical issue focuses essentially on the doctor-patient relationship, other aspects of doctor’s practice concern relevant ethical perspectives. Ethics affects today the activity of the surgeon and the doctor in general. It is possible to distinguish clinical ethics, an ethics of health policies, and scientific research ethics. In the following chapter, we try to analyze the main ethical aspects concerning the application of cardiac surgical procedures.",signatures:"Andrea Montalto and Francesco Musumeci",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73705",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73705",authors:[{id:"222866",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",surname:"Montalto",slug:"andrea-montalto",fullName:"Andrea Montalto"},{id:"292737",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",surname:"Musumeci",slug:"francesco-musumeci",fullName:"Francesco Musumeci"}],corrections:null},{id:"73577",title:"Ethical Concerns Regarding Breast Cancer Screening",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94159",slug:"ethical-concerns-regarding-breast-cancer-screening",totalDownloads:476,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The incidence and mortality of breast cancer are rising in the whole world in the past few decades, adding up to a total of around two million new cases and 620,000 deaths in 2018. Unlike what occurs in developed countries, most of the cases diagnosed in the developing world are already in advanced stages and also in women younger than 50 years old. As most screening programs suggest annual mammograms starting at the age of 50, we can infer that a considerable portion of the new breast cancer cases is missed with this strategy. Here, we will propose the adoption of an alternative hierarchical patient flow, with the creation of a diagnostic fast track with referral to timely treatment, promoting better resources reallocation favoring the least advantaged strata of the population, which is not only ethically acceptable but also a way of promoting social justice.",signatures:"Rodrigo Goncalves, Maria Carolina Formigoni, José Maria Soares, Edmund Chada Baracat and José Roberto Filassi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73577",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73577",authors:[{id:"34088",title:"Dr.",name:"José Maria",surname:"Soares",slug:"jose-maria-soares",fullName:"José Maria Soares"},{id:"263327",title:"Prof.",name:"Edmund",surname:"Chada Baracat",slug:"edmund-chada-baracat",fullName:"Edmund Chada Baracat"},{id:"323161",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",surname:"Goncalves",slug:"rodrigo-goncalves",fullName:"Rodrigo Goncalves"},{id:"330856",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Carolina",surname:"Formigoni",slug:"maria-carolina-formigoni",fullName:"Maria Carolina Formigoni"},{id:"330857",title:"Prof.",name:"José Roberto",surname:"Filassi",slug:"jose-roberto-filassi",fullName:"José Roberto Filassi"}],corrections:null},{id:"72653",title:"Ethical Evaluation of Clinical Research on Complementary and Alternative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93094",slug:"ethical-evaluation-of-clinical-research-on-complementary-and-alternative-medicine",totalDownloads:376,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Traditional medicine (TM) as well as complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practices have been used more frequently; since modern medicine has gravitated toward a dehumanistic situation due to the extensive workload of healthcare professionals and thus lack of time given to each patient and mistrust of patients due to some side effects of latest treatment options, in addition to TM and CAM practices having been more affordable, accessible, most often noninvasive, and seen as a hope during terminal periods of some diseases. In order to ensure TM and CAM complying with the standards as other healthcare services, it is necessary to address and evaluate scientific and ethical issues for these clinical researches as well. On the other hand, so far, the ethical side of TM and CAM has not been discussed in detail. Issues such as misleading information, informed consent, publications, patient-physician relationship, and confidentiality should be discussed within the framework of ethics. Ethical issues on CAM and TM research can be sorted as patient’s autonomy and consent, principle of justice, patient-physician relationship, use of public resources, and health insurances. This chapter aims at evaluating CAM and TM research according to fundamental ethics principles, as well as discussing legislations on CAM and TM research in Turkey.",signatures:"Omur Sayligil",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72653",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72653",authors:[{id:"179771",title:"Prof.",name:"Omur",surname:"Sayligil",slug:"omur-sayligil",fullName:"Omur Sayligil"}],corrections:null},{id:"71886",title:"Evaluation of the Research Protocol by Ethical Committee",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92265",slug:"evaluation-of-the-research-protocol-by-ethical-committee",totalDownloads:554,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nowadays, the submission of a research project to an ethical committee and its approval is mandatory. However, researchers often overlook this obligation, because they are too engaged in the design and the process of construction of the study, because of the common tight deadlines, and many times because some devaluation of the role of the committee. Based on our experience of 10 years working in an ethical committee, we propose a way to get close researchers and evaluators, respecting their own aims but bringing them together as partners in the investigation process, protecting patients’ values, at the same time that makes it possible to implement strategies to answer to the research question and to create useful knowledge. Our aim is to smoothen the way researchers look to the ethical committee and, at the same time, to make them understand what really is at stake. Ethics should be a commitment for all and not an obligation.",signatures:"Paulo Santos, Pedro Teixeira, Helena Beça and Alberto Hespanhol",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71886",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71886",authors:[{id:"316658",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",surname:"Santos",slug:"paulo-santos",fullName:"Paulo Santos"},{id:"316660",title:"Prof.",name:"Alberto",surname:"Hespanhol",slug:"alberto-hespanhol",fullName:"Alberto Hespanhol"},{id:"316944",title:"Prof.",name:"Pedro",surname:"Teixeira",slug:"pedro-teixeira",fullName:"Pedro Teixeira"},{id:"316945",title:"Dr.",name:"Helena",surname:"Beça",slug:"helena-beca",fullName:"Helena Beça"}],corrections:null},{id:"75086",title:"Ethics in Laboratory Medicine: An Overview of Considerations for Ethical Issues",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96122",slug:"ethics-in-laboratory-medicine-an-overview-of-considerations-for-ethical-issues",totalDownloads:936,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Several ethical issues exist within the diagnostic medical laboratory. The major ethical challenges such as; consent, confidentiality, codes of conduct, conflict of interest, lab utilisation, proficiency, and direct access testing are some times more prevalent in resource-limited settings. Presently, decisions regarding diagnosis and patient’s treatment are commonly taken on the basis of outcomes and interpretations of laboratory test results. Therefore, ethics plays a significant role in laboratory medicine. Apart from the lab results, laboratory staff is another important aspect of the laboratory. Hence, it is highly recommended that knowledge of ethics helps to protect confidence; operational integrity, capability, impartiality, and safety of the staff. Many countries and their professional societies have developed policies and guidance material with regard to ethical issues in the area of laboratory medicine. The organizations specially; International of federation of clinical chemistry (IFCC), American Association of Clinical Chemistry (AACC) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) have defined ethical recommendations for clinical laboratories. They are, in general, outlined the responsibilities of laboratory professionals towards their profession, the patient, and the society. However, implication of ethical standards and guidelines are vary between different cultures, geographies, and according to available resources. In this chapter, we have mentioned the ethical consideration of IFCC, AACC and ISO 15189:2012 with regard to laboratory medicine and also addressed the various ethical issues that arises day to day in laboratory medicine in the current scenario.",signatures:"Neerja Aggarwal, Pawan Kumar Kare and Sudip Kumar Datta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75086",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75086",authors:[{id:"215119",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawan Kumar",surname:"Kare",slug:"pawan-kumar-kare",fullName:"Pawan Kumar Kare"},{id:"336295",title:"Dr.",name:"Neerja",surname:"Aggarwal",slug:"neerja-aggarwal",fullName:"Neerja Aggarwal"},{id:"346649",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudip",surname:"Kumar Datta",slug:"sudip-kumar-datta",fullName:"Sudip Kumar Datta"}],corrections:null},{id:"72899",title:"Biomedical Ethics and Communicative Maxims: Case Studies in Outpatient Health",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93233",slug:"biomedical-ethics-and-communicative-maxims-case-studies-in-outpatient-health",totalDownloads:374,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Effectual and ethical healthcare communication is essential in medicine. Health communication not only includes taking medical histories and communicating diagnoses with patients, but its scope is also far broader. In light of recent research that suggests the importance of communication in health, this case study argues more ethical and communicative oversight that may be merited. This case study examines orthonyms associated with dental clinics. The orthonym, or proper noun, as a form of healthcare communication is a communicative practice influencing outpatient health. This communicative entity was selected as it is previously unstudied and adequately narrow so as to be analyzed without tangent. This chapter endorses the amalgamation of communicative maxims and bioethical principles as a backbone for effective and ethical healthcare communication. A framework uniting these maxims and principles is provided.",signatures:"Jonathan Comyn de Rothewelle",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72899",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72899",authors:[{id:"303863",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"De Rothewelle",slug:"jonathan-de-rothewelle",fullName:"Jonathan De Rothewelle"}],corrections:null},{id:"72792",title:"Parkinsonism and Potential of Mucuna Beans",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92855",slug:"parkinsonism-and-potential-of-mucuna-beans",totalDownloads:625,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Parkinson’s is a neurodegenerative disease, which is common all over the world. Various aspect like damages of reactive oxygen species, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation-facilitated cell damages are included in the etiology of disease. Good-balanced nutrition is an important part involved in the body health maintenance and reduction in the risk of chronic diseases. Genus Mucuna falls under family Fabaceae, containing high contents of L-DOPA (commonly used as an anti-Parkinson drug). Plant-based medicines are the superfluous source of polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, antioxidants (ROS and RNS), terpenoids, isoflavonoids, and other biologically active phytochemicals. All these molecules have health beneficial effects with superlative pharmaceutical values. The existing chapter summaries to determine the influence of different nutritional, anti-nutritional, and medicinal potential of the Mucuna species present in India and its significance in the management of Parkinson’s disease (Shaking Palsy) as well as other medicinal values. It also covers various treatment models used in studying the Parkinson’s disease like Drosophila melanogaster, zebrafish, mice, rat, and humans. This chapter also focuses light on the neurosurgical treatments used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. This study concluded that the use of Mucuna seeds for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease is the best choice besides chemical drugs and other therapies.",signatures:"Suresh S. Suryawanshi, Prajakta P. Kamble, Vishwas A. Bapat and Jyoti P. Jadhav",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72792",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72792",authors:[{id:"307840",title:"Dr.",name:"Prajakta P.",surname:"Kamble",slug:"prajakta-p.-kamble",fullName:"Prajakta P. Kamble"},{id:"308178",title:"Dr.",name:"Suresh S.",surname:"Suryawanshi",slug:"suresh-s.-suryawanshi",fullName:"Suresh S. Suryawanshi"},{id:"317797",title:"Prof.",name:"Viawas A.",surname:"Bapat",slug:"viawas-a.-bapat",fullName:"Viawas A. Bapat"},{id:"317798",title:"Prof.",name:"Jyoti P.",surname:"Jadhav",slug:"jyoti-p.-jadhav",fullName:"Jyoti P. Jadhav"}],corrections:null},{id:"73395",title:"Ethical Values in Radiation Protection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93786",slug:"ethical-values-in-radiation-protection",totalDownloads:368,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The subject of bioethics probably first began appearing in radiation protection terminology when the reference was being made to the survivors of the atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This chapter, therefore, referring to the history of radiation protection since X-ray and radium radiation sources, addresses the nightmare of atomic bombs based on a review of original data and endeavors to determine what the role of ethics is in the radiation protection system as applied to our daily lives constituent to these horrific events. Somatic effects, as differentiated from genetic effects, or late somatic effects are discussed, and an introduction to stochastic effects is also made. It should be noted that a linear no-threshold (LNT) model has been widely applied to radiation protection systems in its pragmatism to be applied to regulatory authorities. However, the radiation detriment below 50 mSv/y is not clearly explained so far. Even though it is only a model, some countries couple LNT with stochastic effects, believing that “lesser is better” as far as radiation exposure is concerned, with criteria reaching as low as tens of micro Sieverts/year, which is equivalent to one two-hundredth of the average exposure received from nature in our living environment.",signatures:"Hiromichi Fumoto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73395",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73395",authors:[{id:"322527",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hiromichi",surname:"Fumoto",slug:"hiromichi-fumoto",fullName:"Hiromichi Fumoto"}],corrections:null},{id:"75717",title:"Medical Act and Negligence: Ethical Concerns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94762",slug:"medical-act-and-negligence-ethical-concerns",totalDownloads:322,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"To all doctors, Medical ethics must be in support of every medical action. Nowadays, ethics in medicine is an elective topic in college curricula, and therefore, unknown, forgotten or poorly learned in detriment of patient care and their wellbeing. Medical care lacking in ethics generates mistakes derived from lack of skill, negligence or recklessness. These are exacerbated by the lack of training and/or overconfidence, which at first glance can appear to be commonplace and even normal, and thus, resulting in medical malpractice. We must return to humanistic medicine. Combat medical mercantilism at the cost of the patients, and recover the social position that medicine has held with the utmost respect for centuries.",signatures:"Julio Cesar Ballesteros Del Olmo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75717",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75717",authors:[{id:"325004",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio César",surname:"Ballesteros Del Olmo",slug:"julio-cesar-ballesteros-del-olmo",fullName:"Julio César Ballesteros Del Olmo"}],corrections:null},{id:"72954",title:"Value-Based Healthcare",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93378",slug:"value-based-healthcare",totalDownloads:832,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Value-based healthcare is a new health-care model in which what is important is value to the patient. Value is a broad term, but in essence, it is the best outcome for the patient per dollar spent. To provide value to the patient, the medical practice should be centered around conditions and care cycles and the results must be measured. We now know that the model we have right now, the fee-for-service model, is not linked to quality of the patient. All around the world, many hospitals and clinics are making the transition to this value-based model. To provide the best for the patient, we must have the best medical evidence to follow. In the following chapter, we will cover a few aspects of value-based healthcare, its reimbursement model, the integrated practice units, and the information technology necessary to implement it.",signatures:"Patrick Rech Ramos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72954",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72954",authors:[{id:"321359",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",surname:"Rech Ramos",slug:"patrick-rech-ramos",fullName:"Patrick Rech Ramos"}],corrections:null},{id:"73482",title:"Bioethical Implications and Major Infrastructure Works",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93410",slug:"bioethical-implications-and-major-infrastructure-works",totalDownloads:220,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Brazilian oil refineries’ environmental licensing process has been criticized for lack of healthcare aspects. Therefore, this paper aims to identify elements of bioethics that contribute to healthcare in this process. Based on an integrative review of scientific literature and on the deconstructive method proposed by Derrida, the relevance and legitimacy of bioethics to justify the relationship between morality and the consequences for individuals’, populations’, and ecosystems’ health is justified. We conclude that bioethics may contribute as a theoretical and practical tool to solve conflicts by describing existing struggles and moral dilemmas, through processes of criticism and justification and the establishment of morally acceptable measures for the protection of humans and environmental health.",signatures:"José Marcos da Silva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73482",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73482",authors:[{id:"207486",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Marcos Da",surname:"Silva",slug:"jose-marcos-da-silva",fullName:"Jose Marcos Da Silva"}],corrections:null},{id:"75128",title:"Climate Change: A Forced Choice Ethical Paradigm",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95486",slug:"climate-change-a-forced-choice-ethical-paradigm",totalDownloads:360,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Notwithstanding the political debates in the media, climate change presents a unique set of ethical challenges faced by all the planet’s inhabitants. To understand the current challenges facing humanity, it is important to retrace the evolution of human society as this underlies the ethical foundations that internalize a group’s beliefs and norms. Humans have modified the environment on a global scale that is unsustainable that has resulted in climate change-a disease process with dire implications. Understanding the root causes of a disease process is the best means of devising a treatment plan. Climate change solutions must be syntonic with a biopsychosocial model that addresses culture and belief systems. The six main ethical theories-utilitarianism, egoism, deontology, virtue, divine command, and relativism all have their inherent flaws. Beauchamp and Childress concatenated these constructs into the four main bioethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, non-malfeasance, and justice. Of these, autonomy is least applicable to climate change as decisions made by a subgroup of one species will have an impact on all terrestrial lifeforms both present and future. Humanity must accept the reality of climate change and effect solutions based on these four principles. Failure to act will lead to catastrophic climate changes that may lead to the sixth mass extinction. Effective climate change solutions must embrace an integrative approach by supporting leaders who will embrace science and will advocate for universal human rights.",signatures:"Daniel Londyn Menkes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75128",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75128",authors:[{id:"323245",title:"M.D.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Menkes",slug:"daniel-menkes",fullName:"Daniel Menkes"}],corrections:null},{id:"74203",title:"The Ethical Desirability of Geoengineering: Challenges to Justice",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94889",slug:"the-ethical-desirability-of-geoengineering-challenges-to-justice",totalDownloads:314,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Geoengineering or climate engineering is defined as a deliberate and intentional intervention into the earth system to combat dangerous climate change. Solar Radiation Management (SRM) and Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) are two dominant approaches in geoengineering. From an ethical point of view, both these approaches pose serious challenges to justice from the intergenerational, distributive and procedural point of view. Intergenerational equity and the risk-transfer to future generations suggest major challenges to justice in geoengineering. Abdicating our responsibility is a form of injustice to future generations. Unequal distribution of cost and benefits and benefits and harms is a major challenge to distributive justice in SRM. Paying compensation to those harmed by SRM is presented as a way out of ethical deliberations. But there are serious challenges with regard to compensation for SRM, such as, who ought to pay the compensation, who are the beneficiaries and how much to pay. Participation across vulnerable sections alongside indigenous people and their central involvement remains a concern of procedural justice. Food justice is at stake as the adverse impact of SRM on agriculture and food production is considered to be a major challenge.",signatures:"Augustine Pamplany",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74203",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74203",authors:[{id:"228437",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine",surname:"Pampalny",slug:"augustine-pampalny",fullName:"Augustine Pampalny"}],corrections:null},{id:"75548",title:"Ethical Considerations for Global Pediatric Cardiac Surgical Assistance Programs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96599",slug:"ethical-considerations-for-global-pediatric-cardiac-surgical-assistance-programs",totalDownloads:274,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Global health initiatives have expanded over the last 25 years and are no longer based solely on improving public health issues like clean water and childhood vaccination programs. Global healthcare assistance has grown into programs that provide specialty services and education today. Cardiovascular diseases are causing more deaths today in low and middle-income countries today as infectious diseases cease to be the number one cause of mortality in many of these countries. Growth in cardiovascular assistance has been substantial during the last 25 years and especially in the area of pediatric cardiac care. We discuss the ethical issues that can be found when visitors assist countries with different cultural values. The success of program development depends on navigating the ethical issues such that all stakeholders are satisfied with the project and the end result. The foundation of program development should be based upon medical ethics that are sensitive to cultural differences so that a capable sustainable program is developed upon completion.",signatures:"William M. Novick",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75548",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75548",authors:[{id:"246692",title:"Dr.",name:"William",surname:"Novick",slug:"william-novick",fullName:"William Novick"}],corrections:null},{id:"73910",title:"Internet of Things and Distributed Denial of Service as Risk Factors in Information Security",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94516",slug:"internet-of-things-and-distributed-denial-of-service-as-risk-factors-in-information-security",totalDownloads:442,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Society is increasingly dependent on technology and an example of this is the constant monitoring of large cities, which has become common and the future trend is for it to increase based on what happened with the COVID-19 pandemic. This monitoring brings with it a series of problems at the information security level at different levels or levels. Based on this fact, it addresses how the Internet of Things (IoT) can be subject to potential distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks and the danger it poses to society. In this sense, other types of vulnerabilities are exposed, such as crypto hacking, advanced persistent threats (APT) and ransomware, which use artificial intelligence to improve their attack techniques. This poses a potential risk to society from cybersecurity regarding the use and manipulation of information, either by governments, the military and organized criminal groups, de facto violating human rights.",signatures:"Jairo Eduardo Márquez Díaz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73910",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73910",authors:[{id:"322517",title:"Dr.",name:"Jairo Eduardo",surname:"Márquez Díaz",slug:"jairo-eduardo-marquez-diaz",fullName:"Jairo Eduardo Márquez Díaz"}],corrections:null},{id:"74618",title:"Evolution of Catholic Marriage Morality in the Twentieth Century from a Baby-Making Contract to a Love-Making Covenant - Part I: Era of John Paul II",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95316",slug:"evolution-of-catholic-marriage-morality-in-the-twentieth-century-from-a-baby-making-contract-to-a-1",totalDownloads:240,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"For nearly a century Catholic Church teaching on Sexuality evolved greatly. Changes in science and the teaching of other Christian churches begged for a fresh start. John Paul II, elected pope in 1978, attempted to update that teaching by providing new background arguments, without changing any of the strictures in the foreground. John Paul II insisted on necessity of total love, allowing for no exceptions. He claimed that divorce was impossible because the spouses retained no control over their marriage promises. Homosexual activity was judged to be morally deficient. Likewise the recent arrival of reproductive technology was largely condemned for breaking the sexual unity of the spouses. But fertile sexual activity was newly appreciated as the important activity of spouses cooperating with the creative activity of God. In the twenty-first century the Church’s official teachings continues to be reformed, but their relevance is widely questioned as social norms continue to drastically change.",signatures:"Edward Collins Vacek S.J.",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74618",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74618",authors:[{id:"324886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward",surname:"Collins Vacek S.J.",slug:"edward-collins-vacek-s.j.",fullName:"Edward Collins Vacek S.J."}],corrections:null},{id:"74571",title:"Medical Ethics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95382",slug:"medical-ethics",totalDownloads:356,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Medical ethics is very important at this time of medicine due to the covid-19 pandemic which has caused a lot of mortality and morbidity world wide. Medical is important in guiding clinicians and other healthcare workers not to cause harm while caring out their duties. There are various aspects of medical ethics such as negligence, do not cause harm, beneficent and others. Not practicing medical ethics has caused some physicians to face litigation by their patients and clients and also face medical disciplinary boards. Some have even been suspended from medical practice for a number of months or years or even have their names struck off from the register of the licensing board of their country.",signatures:"Dabota Yvonne Buowari and Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74571",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74571",authors:[{id:"151696",title:"Dr.",name:"Dabota Yvonne",surname:"Buowari",slug:"dabota-yvonne-buowari",fullName:"Dabota Yvonne Buowari"},{id:"276207",title:"Dr.",name:"Kehinde Kazeem",surname:"Kanmodi",slug:"kehinde-kazeem-kanmodi",fullName:"Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi"}],corrections:null},{id:"74252",title:"The New Challenges for Medical Ethics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94833",slug:"the-new-challenges-for-medical-ethics",totalDownloads:683,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The evolution of medicine confronts healthcare professionals with new ethical challenges. Elements such as professional secrecy, patient benefit, justice in the distribution of resources are put in crisis by the evolution of medical procedures. Today, doctors must make life-and-death decisions about many patients. As the resources are not enough for all patients, the ‘first-come, first-served’ criterion crumbles under the weight of the overwhelming demand for treatment. Consequently, they can no longer make treatment decisions based only on proportionality and clinical appropriateness criteria. They must take into account the availability of resources and prioritise patients with ‘the longer life expectancy’. This amounts to saying ‘the weakest will die’ … with the doctors’ consent. While the guidelines issued by scientific societies may well protect doctors from lawsuits, the choice of who to treat and who to let die is left to the conscience of the individual doctor; and it is a choice sharply clashing with the Hippocratic oath and with professional and personal ethics. This and others are a real ethical problem.",signatures:"Liliana Lorettu, Jocelyn Aubut and Rosagemma Ciliberti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74252",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74252",authors:[{id:"203859",title:"Prof.",name:"Liliana",surname:"Lorettu",slug:"liliana-lorettu",fullName:"Liliana Lorettu"},{id:"335904",title:"Dr.",name:"Jocelyn",surname:"Aubut",slug:"jocelyn-aubut",fullName:"Jocelyn Aubut"},{id:"335905",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosagemma",surname:"Ciliberti",slug:"rosagemma-ciliberti",fullName:"Rosagemma Ciliberti"}],corrections:null},{id:"73284",title:"Plato in Contemporary Medical Ethics: Holism and Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93889",slug:"plato-in-contemporary-medical-ethics-holism-and-care",totalDownloads:431,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"There is a gap of twenty-four centuries between us and the Greek philosopher Plato. But what he had to say about illness, healing and the human being can be unexpectedly relevant in contemporary medical ethics. We argue that the contemporary principles of autonomy and beneficence can be revisited by means of platonic philosophy. We present an old and consistent idea of care which includes the empowerment of people in choosing the good by means of a virtuous character. We connect this idea to the contemporary notion of autonomy. We also show how a holistic approach was present for a long time in our cultural history. We argue that, despite its almost definitive loss, holism can and should be present in revisiting the principle of beneficence. For both holism and care, we provide samples of philosophical history. We conclude that an autonomous choice should be revisited as a wise choice and that medical beneficence should be reconsidered as holistic.",signatures:"Tudor-Ștefan Rotaru",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73284",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73284",authors:[{id:"323441",title:"Dr.",name:"Tudor-Ștefan",surname:"Rotaru",slug:"tudor-stefan-rotaru",fullName:"Tudor-Ștefan Rotaru"}],corrections:null},{id:"74551",title:"Evolution of Catholic Marriage Morality in the Twentieth Century from a Baby-Making Contract to a Love-Making Covenant - Part II: Code of Cannon Law to Vatican II",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95101",slug:"evolution-of-catholic-marriage-morality-in-the-twentieth-century-from-a-baby-making-contract-to-a-lo",totalDownloads:464,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Sexual ethics in the West has been evolving, in practice and in theory, over the last century. The official Catholic Church teaching was challenged by many Christian churches and by the changing culture of the West. The Vatican insisted that no change could be made in its timeless truths. Nevertheless, each challenge required ever more sophisticated and convoluted arguments. The impetus for change came through the Western shift from seeing sexual activity as a procreative act toward viewing it as a way for husbands and wives (and gradually also any consenting adult) to express and deepen love. The Second Vatican Council accepted this new view, but subsequently the official teaching became more strict, insisting that both procreation and marital love-making must be present. The teaching of Pope Paul VI prohibiting contraception was the proverbial straw that broke the camel’s back for many Catholics. They abandoned the official teaching, recognizing that it was the new personalist view itself that complicated the meaning of marriage. Subsequently, the Canon Law tried reestablish the validity of loveless sex in marriage–the dominant view through the centuries. That move was rejected.",signatures:"Edward Collins Vacek S.J.",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74551",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74551",authors:[{id:"324886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward",surname:"Collins Vacek S.J.",slug:"edward-collins-vacek-s.j.",fullName:"Edward Collins Vacek S.J."}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6653",title:"eHealth",subtitle:"Making Health Care Smarter",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c65db68c389c911ae57b1181b3e0db07",slug:"ehealth-making-health-care-smarter",bookSignature:"Thomas F. 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Sclerosis",slug:"new-insights-into-systemic-sclerosis",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Michal Tomcik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8269.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193284",title:"Dr.",name:"Michal",middleName:null,surname:"Tomcik",slug:"michal-tomcik",fullName:"Michal Tomcik"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null}},chapter:{id:"66966",slug:"sexual-dysfunction-in-patients-with-systemic-sclerosis",signatures:"Barbora Heřmánková",dateSubmitted:"July 16th 2018",dateReviewed:"April 5th 2019",datePrePublished:"May 3rd 2019",datePublished:"September 18th 2019",book:{id:"8269",title:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Insights into Systemic Sclerosis",slug:"new-insights-into-systemic-sclerosis",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",bookSignature:"Michal 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The development of liquid chromatography is one of the most active areas of research in separation science, with applications in various fields, such as drug analysis, medicinal chemistry, agriculture, food chemistry, and bioanalysis. This study aims to determine the optimal working conditions for the effective and selective separation of chemical compounds. In the research process, the choice of optimal chromatography conditions is of prime importance, including the determination of a suitable liquid chromatography mode and the investigation of mobile phase characteristics (pH, type of organic modifier, mobile phase additive, etc.) [1].
Chromatographic retention processes can be divided into many types, such as normal-phase, reversed-phase, ion-exchange, hydrophobic interaction, hydrophilic interaction, and metal coordination chromatography. These chromatographic methods are known as single-mode chromatography because the retention of solutes in these chromatograms is dependent on a single-retention mechanism. For instance, in reversed-phase chromatography, problems may be encountered during the analysis of highly polar (or charged) compounds. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) is designed for the analysis of polar compounds; however, it is still affected by a range of challenges, such as low solubility in highly organic media, the amount of organic solvents used, the sample matrix that affects retention, and the retention extent of hydrophobic analytes that can be controlled. Ion-exchange chromatography can be used for charged molecules, but not for neutral analytes. Therefore, mixed-mode chromatography (MMC) can be utilized to resolve some of the problems associated with each of the other mechanisms [2].
Mixed-mode chromatography (MMC) separates solutes by using a stationary phase that involves in the separation two or more types of interactions. Compared to single-mode chromatography, mixed-mode chromatography can simultaneously act on different functional groups of the solute, such as hydrophobic and ionic groups [3]. Mixed-mode chromatography is not a new technique. Many chromatographic matrices are based on rigid supports, such as cellulose, agarose, polyacrylamide, or silica gel, which are modified to produce specific functionalities on their surfaces. If the solute is a substance with numerous functional groups, such as amino acids, nucleic acids, peptides, and proteins, which are commonly found in biological samples, mixed-mode chromatography will exhibit a distinct behavior as opposed to that of single-mode chromatography [4].
Recently, MMC has been receiving increasing attention as an alternative or complementary tool to traditional chromatography (reversed phase, ion exchange, and normal phase) in pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical applications because of its efficient selectivity and adequate retention of a variety of compounds—particularly polar and charged molecules. To achieve better solute retention characteristics, selectivity, and separation capabilities, mixed-mode stationary phases must be designed and synthesized based on the specific structural characteristics of different compounds. Additionally, the diversity of the mixed-mode stationary phase depends on the diversity of the analyte structure and its properties. It is expected that the applications of mixed-mode chromatography will increase in the future and serve as a power resolution for the separation and purification of biological substances.
In MMCs, stationary phases have been prepared using several types of stationary phases involving different mechanisms. According to the study design, mixed-mode stationary phases can be divided into four categories [2, 3].
Types of mixed-mode stationary phases classified by chemistry designs [
Polar compounds, such as biologically active molecules, natural products, and drug metabolites containing several functional groups, tend to be weakly retained in the reversed phase, resulting in poor separation. With the combination of hydrophobic and ion-exchange mechanisms in the mixed-mode stationary phases, the selectivity and retention of both the hydrophobic and polar compounds are improved [4]. In addition, it is the most popular ligand in MMC and is mainly used for the separation of peptides, nucleotides, basic drugs, and their metabolites. The ligands consist of a hydrophobic part (alkyl chains or aromatic hydrocarbons) and an ionic part embedded in the end, middle, or vicinity of the hydrophobic part. Depending on the structure of the ionic part, four ion-exchange modes can be classified: quaternary amines are used as strong cation-exchange groups (SCX); primary, secondary, or tertiary amines are used as weak cation-exchange groups (WCX); sulfonic acids are used as strong anion-exchange groups (SAX); and carboxyl groups are used as weak anion-exchange groups (WAX) (Figure 2) [6]. The retention mechanism of this mixed-mode phase was based on the formation of a divalent complex involving hydrophobic and oppositely charged analytes. Moreover, repulsive ionic interactions with identically charged functional groups also affect analyte retention in mixed-mode stationary phases. Thus, separation can be optimized by adjusting the mobile phase parameters, such as pH, ionic strength (including the concentration of buffers and modifiers), and solvent strength [4]. For example, the C18/SAX column shows strong retention of acidic compounds due to electrostatic attraction under basic conditions. In addition, the retention values increase with increasing alkyl chain length of the analytes. Elution can be achieved using acidic conditions with high percentages of organic solvents, and/or high ionic strength to make neutral the acidic compounds and weaken the hydrophobic interactions. In contrast, the RP/SCX and RP/WCX columns can effectively retain base compounds, such as peptides and alkaloids, under acidic conditions. If a mobile phase with a neutral pH and a low ionic strength is used, the retention of these compounds is strongly influenced by hydrophobic interactions [7].
Structures of some RP-IEX mixed-mode stationary phases: (a) RP-WCX, (b) RP-SCX, (c) RP-SAX, and (d) RP-WAX [
In the field of mixed-mode reversed-phase/ion-exchange stationary phase, mixed-mode RP/AX based on ethylene-bridged hybrid (BEH) organic/inorganic particles was recently developed, named Atlantis BEH C18 AX. The intermediate C18 surface concentration (1.6 μmol/m2) together with tertiary alkylamine groups) makes BEH C18 AX compatible with highly aqueous mobile phases. The BEH particles used for the BEH C18 AX stationary phase have an average pore diameter of 95 Å that increases retention, stemming from the 46% higher surface area. Furthermore, hydrophilic anion-exchange group of them create positive surface charge, which show stronger retention of negatively charged compounds in a wider pH range while using with buffers of pH 3.0–6.9 in the survey. The extended upper pH limit of BEH C18 AX allows it to be used with a wider range of mobile phase pH values. For samples containing ionizable analytes, mobile phase pH has been demonstrated to be a key variable to use in optimizing RP separations [8, 9].
RP-HILIC mixed-mode stationary phases have shown advantages in the separation of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds, especially proteins. This combination is equivalent to combining the HILIC properties with the reversed-phase properties to analyze complicated compounds and matrices with a wide range of polarities in a single run. The ligands are composed of hydrophobic and polar groups. The hydrophobic parts can be alkyl or aromatic groups, and the hydrophilic parts can be charged or neutral functional groups, such as diol, amide, cyano, and ionic groups (Figure 3) [10]. For compounds with hydrophilic and polar parts, ligands containing nonpolar and polar groups can interact separately with their corresponding nonpolar and polar groups. Therefore, it is possible to improve analyte retention and separation selectivity through multivalent effects, including hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions. In recent years, many mixed-mode stationary phases have been synthesized and applied to the analysis of surfactants, peptides, nucleotides, and proteins (Table 1).
Structures of some RP-HILIC mixed-mode stationary phases with (a) diol, (b) amide, and (c) amine polar groups [
Hydrophobic part | Hydrophilic part | Application | References |
---|---|---|---|
Alkyl chain | Glycol terminus groups | Nonionic ethoxylated surfactants: of alkylphenol ethoxylates and fatty alcohol ethoxylates | [11] |
Alkyl chain | Amide groups | Nucleosides and phenolic compounds | [12] |
Alkyl chain of L-lysine | Terminal amine group of L-lysine | Aniline compounds (aniline, 2-nitroaniline, 4-aminophenol, 1-amino-2-methylbenzene, and 2,4-dinitroaniline) | [13] |
Alkyl chain of small peptide | Amine and amide groups of small peptide Boc-Phe-Aib-Phe | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, steroids (hydrophobic compounds), nucleosides (hydrophilic compounds) | [14] |
β-Hydroxyl fatty acid | Surfactin, a peptide loop including seven amino acids | Chiral separation | [15] |
Applications of reversed-phase hydrophilic stationary phases.
The combination of hydrophilic and ion-exchange groups presented strong advantages for analyzing charged polar compounds. The multivalent effects of these mixed-mode phases provide unique selectivity, higher retention efficiency, and a wider range of application than any single-mode phase for peptide analysis [16]. The main application of this combination is the separation of proteins and peptides. In this mode, the retention mechanism of polar compounds depends on the percentage of an organic solvent (such as acetonitrile (ACN)) in the mobile phase. If a mobile phase has a low percentage of the organic solvent, the analyte retention is dominated by ion-exchange mechanisms. An increase in the percentage of acetonitrile promoted more hydrophilic interactions than ionic ones. At a high concentration of acetonitrile, the electrostatic interactions decreased significantly, whereas the hydrophilic interactions dominated the analyte retention. Bo et al. prepared a HILIC-IEX phase with adjustable selectivity to separate nucleosides and β-agonists, which were synthesized by controlling the mixture ratio of the two functional monomers [17]. In addition, the use of ionic liquids to develop HILIC-IEX stationary phases can provide an environment for multiple interactions, such as electrostatic, dipole-dipole, and π-π interactions, and hydrogen bonding. Quiao et al. developed a new HILIC-SAX phase by using glucaminium-based ionic liquids to separate nucleosides [18]. According to studies reported by Mant et al. [16], the hydrophilic cation-exchange column (HILIC-CEX) has a higher separation efficiency than the RP-LC for peptide analysis, and the highly charged peptides are best resolved by this column [16]. Hartmann et al. [19] separated amphipathic α-helical peptides using a HILIC-CEX column and an RP-LC column. Both columns presented an adequate efficiency but displayed different selectivities. With the HILIC-CEX column, the temperature had a stronger influence on the separation of peptide columns than that with the RP-LC column. The results showed that both the resolution and retention of peptides in the HILIC-CEX phase significantly improved with increasing temperature [19].
The mobile phase used in mixed-mode chromatography usually involves a polar organic solvent, water, or a buffer. The following four properties of the solvent have significant effects on the retention and separation of analytes: solvent viscosity, dielectric constant, dipole moment, and surface tension. Solvent viscosity affects the chromatography process in various ways, especially when gradient conditions are used. Firstly, an increase in the viscosity of the mobile phase is the prime reason for an increase in the backpressure. Moreover, the column efficiency is influenced by the viscosity of the mobile phase. For example, a mixed solution of methanol and water has a higher viscosity than pure methanol. As a result, it reduces the diffusion coefficient of the solutes and exhibits a slow mass transfer, leading to a reduction in the column efficiency [23]. The dielectric constant (ε) and dipole moment (μ) characterize the polar nature of the solvent. A solvent with a higher ε value is usually considered a weaker eluent in reversed-phase chromatography, whereas the dipole moment is related to solvent polarity and has important effects on the interactions between the analytes and the ligands in hydrophilic chromatography. Finally, the surface tension of a solvent can affect analyte separation. A mobile phase with higher surface tension can lead to stronger analyte retention. In addition, the UV wavelength cutoff of the solvent must also be considered when a UV-Vis detector is used to measure the concentration of the analytes [24].
In RP-IEX mixed-mode chromatography, polar organic solvents (such as methanol, acetonitrile, ethanol, and tetrahydrofuran) were used as strong eluotropic components. Furthermore, organic solvents can control the retention and elution of analytes in the chromatography process, thereby providing scope to increase the solubility of analytes in the mobile phase. An increase in the organic solvent concentration causes the polarity of the mobile phase to decrease, and the hydrophobic interactions between the analytes and the ligands decrease, resulting in a decrease in retention. According to the eluotropic strength, the order of solvents is water < methanol < acetonitrile < propanol < isopropanol < tetrahydrofuran [23]. The most commonly used polar organic solvents are methanol and acetonitrile (ACN). To analyze peptides and proteins, acetonitrile is preferred over methanol because the mixed solution of acetonitrile and water has a low viscosity, leading to excellent mass transfer.
A binary mixture of organic solvents and buffers is commonly used in HILIC-IEX chromatography. An increase in the organic solvent concentration can reduce the polarity of the mobile phase, leading to a strengthening of the hydrophilic interaction between the analytes and the ligands. In contrast, decreasing the organic solvent concentration can weaken the hydrophilic interactions, facilitate ionic interactions, and lead to compound elution. Thus, the organic solvent acts as a polarity modifier. One of the most commonly used solvents is acetonitrile [4]. As acetonitrile is an aprotic solvent that does not possess a hydrogen bond donor capacity, it cannot compete with the analytes for the ligands. If the mobile phase has a high level of acetonitrile, analytes can be adsorbed to the stationary phases through polar interactions, and they can be resorbed by reducing the acetonitrile content. Therefore, in the HILIC-IEX mixed-mode, acetonitrile has an important effect on the retention and separation of analytes. At high acetonitrile levels (up to 90%, v/v), the hydrophilic interactions may dominate the electrostatic interactions, and this may become the main factor affecting analyte retention.
Furthermore, to elute proteins that are strongly bound to the mixed-mode stationary phase and are significantly affected by hydrophobic interactions, reducing the polarity of the mobile phase by increasing the organic solvent content can be used as a severe elution method instead of reducing the salt concentration.
In mixed-mode chromatography, buffers are usually added to the mobile phase to either maintain the pH at an almost constant value or to adjust the pH value. Buffer systems can be selected depending on the required pH range. Buffer systems are classified into two categories according to their components.
The mobile phase pH can influence the charged properties of the analytes and the nature of the ligands; therefore, it can be used to promote the adsorption and elution of the target compounds [24]. Certain rules are applicable for selecting a suitable pH value for the mobile phase. Firstly, the ideal pH should be selected according to the pKa of the analytes and the ionic groups of the ligands. For example, a target compound with amine groups will be positively charged when the pH value is lower than its pKa, thus resulting in adsorption by cation-exchange ligands. Generally, for the adsorption process, the pH should be selected to charge the analytes and facilitate the electrostatic interactions between the analytes and the oppositely charged ligands. Therefore, the pH should be lower than the pKa of the analytes by approximately 1–2 pH units when the adsorption is carried out on a cation-exchange ligand, while the pH should be higher than the pKa of analytes by approximately 1–2 pH units on anion-exchange ligands. In contrast, for the elution process, the pH should be adjusted to weaken or disrupt the interaction between the target compounds and ligands by charge repulsion. Secondly, the pH of the mobile phase should be within the stability range of the stationary phase. Finally, for protein analysis, it is necessary to select a pH value at which the proteins are stable and retain their biological activity [4].
In mixed-mode chromatography involving ion-exchange mechanisms, the charged properties of weakly acidic and basic ligands can be significantly affected by the pH value. For example, if the mixed-mode stationary phase contains weakly basic groups when the pH of the mobile phase is higher than the pKa of the ligand, then the ligand is neutrally charged and its hydrophobicity increases. Contrastingly, the ligand is positively charged and has a high hydrophilicity when the pH is lower than the pKa of the ligand. In the elution stage, pH gradient changes can be utilized to obtain a higher selectivity of the separation when the change in solvent polarity and the change in ionic strength produce no improvement in the separation efficiency. By changing the pH, the analytes and the ligands can have the same charge; therefore, the analytes can be eluted by charge repulsion. For example, in the experiment of Hostein et al. [25], α-Lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin A, and trypsin inhibitor with pIs (protein’s isoelectric point) of 4.5, 5.1, and 4.5, respectively, were separated by using a linear pH gradient from pH 3.8 to 8.0 (0.05 pH units/min) on the multimodal cation exchanger Capto MMC. When the pH value of the mobile phase was higher than that of the pIs, these proteins were negatively charged, as with the ligands, and eluted by electrostatic repulsion. The farther the pH value is from the pIs, the more negatively charged these proteins are, leading to their stronger hydrophilicity. It was observed that a shallower gradient (0.05 pH units/min to 0.01 pH units/min) reduces the sharpness of the peaks but improves the protein resolution.
In MMCs, salts are usually added to the mobile phase to adjust their ionic strength. Sodium chloride is usually used in the ion-exchange mode, whereas salts with higher solubility in organic solvents (such as sodium perchlorate and ammonium perchlorate) are preferred in the hydrophilic mode. In the hydrophobic mode, salts are classified into two categories: salting-out and salting-in. Salting-out salts, such as sodium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, and potassium sulfate, can be used to stabilize proteins and promote hydrophobic interactions between the proteins and the ligands. In contrast, salting-in salts, such as calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, and zinc nitrate, can increase the solubility of the proteins in water and promote protein denaturation and unfolding [26].
The ionic strength of the mobile phase has a significant effect on the retention and the elution of analytes in both the ion-exchange and the hydrophobic modes. In the mixed-mode chromatography involving ion-exchange mechanisms, because an increase in the ionic strength can suppress the electrostatic interaction between the analytes and the charged groups of the ligand, it may result in the weakening of analyte binding on the ligands, thereby leading to a decrease in the analyte retention or elution [24]. Moreover, in the hydrophobic mode, the increase in the ionic strength of the mobile phase can cause the analytes to strengthen their binding to the hydrophobic parts of the ligands, leading to an increase in the analyte retention. Hydrophobic mixed-mode stationary phases are typically used for protein separation. In this mode, the proteins are adsorbed at high salting-out salt concentrations and eluted at low salt concentrations. Therefore, reducing the salt concentration in the mobile phase can be used in the elution mode [4].
For protein separation, proteins can be eluted with ease by changing the pH or by reducing the polarity or the ionic strength of the mobile phase. However, when the proteins are firmly bound to the ligand, the recovery and the biological activity of the protein can decrease during the elution step. Therefore, additives are usually added to the mobile phase to reduce its polarity, resulting in the weakening of protein binding to the hydrophobic parts of ligands, and leading to an enhanced protein recovery. Some of the commonly used additives and their functions are listed in Table 2.
Additive | Function | Mechanism | References |
---|---|---|---|
Magnesium chloride | Improving recovery and maintaining biological activity of proteins | Promoting protein dissolution | [27] |
Ethylene glycol | Reducing hydrophobic interactions | Causing a slight increase in electrostatic interactions | [28] |
Glycerol | Stabilizing proteins | Inhibiting protein unfolding Interacting with hydrophobic surface regions of proteins | [29] |
Urea | Affecting to hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions Causing a slight decrease in electrostatic interactions | Interacting with the polar side chain and backbone of proteins Changing the solvation of proteins | [30] |
Arginine | Reducing hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding | Interaction with the polar side chain and aromatic moieties of proteins | [31] |
Caprylic acid | Causing a large decline in the retention of proteins | Binding to the region which is also the binding site of proteins to mixed-mode ligands | [32] |
Commonly used additives in mixed-mode chromatography process.
A mixed-mode column with a stationary phase of 50% hydrophobic C18 phase and 50% strong cation exchanger allows for a simultaneous detection of the ionic and hydrophobic analytes [33]. Acetaminophen and its related impurities, which ionize based on the mobile phase pH, are often separated for drug examination using ion-pair chromatography, which is a technique for organic charged compounds. Despite its numerous advantages, the corrosive effect of a large number of counterions on the stationary phase of the column is a practical drawback of the ion-pair chromatography. As a result, the mixed-mode stationary phases can overcome the limitations of ion-pair chromatography, allowing for the simultaneous separation of ionic and neutral organic molecules without practical constraints [34]. Furthermore, because of the lack of UV chromophores in most drugs, refractive index (RI) and evaporative light-scattering detection (ELSD) detectors have been utilized. However, these approaches are insensitive or have compatibility issues with gradient elution. Recently, charged aerosol detection (CAD) has been developed as a new type of detector for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) applications. CAD is a universal detection technique for nonvolatile and semi-volatile substances with higher sensitivity and reproducibility than other types of detectors. It is highly convenient in usage as it eliminates the necessity for parameter optimization [35]. Table 3 shows the combinations of MMC and CAD detectors, as well as the applications of various types of MMCs for drugs and impurities. Therefore, it is also a viable analytical tool for concurrently determining a wide range of drugs, pharmaceuticals, and their related compounds in a particular procedure [33].
Drugs | ||
---|---|---|
Compounds | Mechanisms | References |
Atovaquone, proguanil, and its two main metabolites | 50% C18 phase and 50% strong cation exchanger | [33] |
Naproxen sodium and adenine hydrochloride An undisclosed drug in hemifumarate salt form | Acclaim Trinity P1 stationary phase with CAD detector | [35] |
Imidazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyridazine, piperidine | Reversed-phase and ion-exchange characteristics | [36] |
Etidronate disodium [(1-hydroxyethylidene) bisphosphonate] | Primesep SB column (anion-exchange reverse phase column) with CAD detector | [37] |
Flurbiprofen, flufenamic acid, mefenamic acid, ibuprofen, loxoprofen, ketoprofen, carprofen, indoprofen sulindac | C18-DTT stationary phase (dithiothreitol silica (SiO2) A reversed-phase liquid chromatography/hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography | [38] |
metoprolol, salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, propranolol, betamethasone, imipramine, clotrimazole, thioridazine, indomethacin flurbiprofen | Two UHPLC mixed-mode hybrid CSH (charged surface hybrid) stationary phases modified by C18 or Phenyl group | [39] |
Impurity | |||
---|---|---|---|
Compounds | Impurity analysis | Mechanisms | References |
Acetaminophen (paracetamol) | 4-Nitrophenol, 4′-chloroacetanilide 4-Aminophenol P-Benzoquinone Hydroquinone | Octadecylsilane/strong cation exchanger (C18/SCX) | [34] |
L-Methionine | N-Acetyl-dl-methionine N-Acetyl-l-methionyl-l-methionine N-Acetyl-l-methionyl-d-methionine and its enantiomers L-Methionine-sulfoxide | Reversed phase/cation exchange | [40] |
Bispecific IgG | Homodimer Impurities | Mixed-mode size exclusion chromatography (mmSEC) | [41] |
Application of mixed-mode stationary phases in drugs and impurity.
A common target of pharmacokinetic studies is the development of a biological analysis method for simultaneous observation of a wide range of drugs in a biological matrix. The tandem usage of reversed-phase and ion-exchange chromatography in MMCs has shown favorable results on the retention of polar and nonpolar small molecules in a single run [42]. In addition, efficient retention and separation of the above compounds were obtained under common and MS-friendly RP conditions, reaching a high point of selectivity and sensitivity. Therefore, MMC tandem mass spectrometry has been commonly applied in metabolic analysis. For instance, the study by Roverso et al. [43] demonstrated the effective retention of selected highly polar metabolites, which was performed by using a mixed cationic-RP column, and simultaneously obtained an efficient separation in the analysis without ion pair and derivatization of 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB) and isobaric beta-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) [43]. The metabolomics applications are summarized in Table 4.
Metabolites | Matrices | Mechanisms | References |
---|---|---|---|
Cytarabine (ara-C) | Mouse plasma | Reversed phase/ion exchange | [42] |
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) Beta-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid (DAB) | Plasma and urine | Reversed phase/cation exchange | [43] |
S-Propargyl-cysteine (SPRC) | Rat plasma | Reversed phase/cation exchange | [44] |
Phosphorylated carbohydrates | — | Reversed phase/weak anion exchange, combine with a charged aerosol detector | [45] |
Metabolomics application of mixed-mode stationary phases.
In addition, combination of MMC with molecular imprinting technology is also improving recognition selectivity for protein BSA, which proved a potential combination of other chromatography modes and molecular imprinting technology [22].
For biopharmaceutical analysis, Capto and HEA HyperCel MMC ligands with multimodal functionality have been commercialized. Capto includes a carboxyl group that exhibits the characteristics of a phenyl group involved in hydrophobic interactions, and a weak cation exchanger. HEA HyperCel contains a hexyl group that is involved in hydrophobic interactions, and a protonable amine localized in the spacer arm. The application of this type of MMC has been demonstrated in the research by Sophie Maria et al. for mAb determination [46]. Meanwhile, tri-mixed-mode chromatography and another dual combination of MMC are also useful tools for biopharmaceutical analysis. The applications are listed in Table 5.
Compounds | Mechanisms | References |
---|---|---|
Recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) | Capto MMC resin | [46] |
Model drug product was made by mixing an IgG1 mAb (MW 145 kDa, pI 8.4) with seven excipients from different property categories: sodium and potassium (cation), chloride and succinate (anion), histidine (zwitterions), trehalose (hydrophilic neutral sugar), and PS80 (hydrophobic nonionic surfactant). | Combination of four different separation mechanisms (size exclusion, anion exchange, cation exchange, and reverse phase) | [47] |
Pembrolizumab (Anti-PD1 IgG4 wild type and S228P mutant) | Weak hydrophobic interactions and size exclusion | [48] |
Theophylline, gastrodin, tetrahydropalmatine, lycorine, berberine, sinomenine, and tetrandrine | C18-DTT stationary phase [A reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC)/hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)] | [42] |
Strong anion exchange and reversed phase | [49] | |
Amino acids (L-pyroglutamic Acid, L-valine, L-tyrosine, L-proline) Carbohydrates (D-glucose, D-sucrose, α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-βD-fructofuranosyl-(1 → 1)-α-D-galactopyranose, and D-stachyose) Succinic acid (Dan-Qi pair that make from Radix Salvia miltiorrhiza and Radix Panax notoginseng) | Directly coupled reversed-phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry | [50] |
Application of mixed-mode stationary phases in biopharmaceuticals and polar compounds in natural products.
Table 5 also illustrates the determination of polar compounds in natural products. Strong anion-exchange and reversed-phase mechanisms were analyzed in both the polar and more apolar ionic and nonionic compounds and have been used to determine Chinese herbal medicines that provide good retention for separation [49]. Thus, the combination of reversed phase and hydrophilic interactions is a common mechanism in this field because of its suitable characteristics for the detection of polar compounds, especially those of natural origin.
In this chapter, advanced applications of mixed-mode stationary phases are reviewed. By adjusting the ratio of organic matter and the mobile phase concentration, the reversed-phase, HILIC, and IEX modes can be successively used. In conclusion, RP-IEX, RP-HILIC, and HILIC-IEX are the most commonly preferred mixed-mode stationary phases.
We would like to express their hearty gratitude to Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy. We also thank all of our colleagues for their excellent assistance.
We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing.
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Physiological and biochemical changes followed by morphological changes during germination are strongly related to seedling survival rate and vegetative growth which consequently affect yield and quality. This study is aimed to focus on proceeding of the most vital metabolic processes namely reserve mobilization, phytohormonal regulation, glyoxylate cycle and respiration process under either stressful or non-stressful conditions that may be led to suggest and conduct the more successful experimental improvements. Seed imbibition triggered the activation of various metabolic processes such as synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes which resulted in hydrolysis of reserve food into simple available form for embryo uptake. Abiotic stresses potentially affect seed germination and seedling establishment through various factors, such as a reduction in water availability, changes in the mobilization of stored reserves, hormonal balance alteration and affecting the structural organization of proteins. Recent strategies for improving seed quality involved classical genetic, molecular biology and invigoration treatments known as priming treatments. H2O2 accumulation and associated oxidative damages together with a decline in antioxidant mechanisms can be regarded as a source of stress that may suppress germination. Seed priming was aimed primarily to control seed hydration by lowering external water potential, or shortening the hydration period.",book:{id:"6096",slug:"advances-in-seed-biology",title:"Seed Biology",fullTitle:"Advances in Seed Biology"},signatures:"Awatif S. Ali and Alaaeldin A. 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High titer of Tobamovirus species accumulates in reproductive organs leading to viral particles adsorbed to seed coat, which potentially establish a primary infectious source. Tobamovirus-contaminated seeds show very low virus transmission in grow-out experiments as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Interestingly, in situ immunofluorescence analysis of Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) reveals that the perisperm-endosperm envelope (PEE) is contaminated as well by the Tobamovirus. Indeed, chemical seed disinfection treatments that affect primarily the seed coat surface are efficient for several Tobamovirus species but apparently do not prevent seed transmission of CGMMV to occur. Tobamovirus infection of the seed internal layers, which rarely includes the embryo, may partially follow the direct invasion pathway of Potyviruses such as Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) to pea embryo.",book:{id:"6096",slug:"advances-in-seed-biology",title:"Seed Biology",fullTitle:"Advances in Seed Biology"},signatures:"Aviv Dombrovsky and Elisheva Smith",authors:[{id:"207747",title:"Dr.",name:"Aviv",middleName:null,surname:"Dombrovsky",slug:"aviv-dombrovsky",fullName:"Aviv Dombrovsky"}]},{id:"62227",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79006",title:"Cowpea: A Strategic Legume Species for Food Security and Health",slug:"cowpea-a-strategic-legume-species-for-food-security-and-health",totalDownloads:3011,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"In this chapter, several characteristics of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), including nutritional and nutraceutical properties, and economic and social aspects of production were analysed with the objective to demonstrate that cowpea is a culture suitable for inclusion in food security programs. 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Based on the analyses performed, it is possible to infer that cowpea is a strategic culture for the promotion of food security and health of populations on all continents.",book:{id:"7337",slug:"legume-seed-nutraceutical-research",title:"Legume Seed Nutraceutical Research",fullTitle:"Legume Seed Nutraceutical Research"},signatures:"Alexandre Carneiro da Silva, Dyego da Costa Santos, Davair Lopes\nTeixeira Junior, Pedro Bento da Silva, Rosana Cavalcante dos Santos\nand Amauri Siviero",authors:null},{id:"62638",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78799",title:"Nutraceutical Properties of Legume Seeds and Their Impact on Human Health",slug:"nutraceutical-properties-of-legume-seeds-and-their-impact-on-human-health",totalDownloads:1624,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"Legume seeds known to produce richer quality of proteins than cereals provide nutritious food for people around the world. Legume seeds contain around 20–40% protein. Apart from protein, it is also composed of carbohydrates, fiber, amino acids, micronutrients including several vitamins and minerals. Legume seeds can be considered a potent nutraceutical as it provides beneficial effects on human health as well as it helps in the prevention or treatment of certain diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, digestive tract diseases, overweight, obesity, cancer, etc. Legume seeds also contain anti-nutritional compounds which may be toxic when consumed raw, but when processed and treated may play a positive role on human health. There are many more underutilized food legume seeds that may be a potential source of nutraceutical food. The main aim of this chapter is to describe the nutraceutical properties of legume seeds and their impact on human health.",book:{id:"7337",slug:"legume-seed-nutraceutical-research",title:"Legume Seed Nutraceutical Research",fullTitle:"Legume Seed Nutraceutical Research"},signatures:"Arindam Barman, Chinky M. Marak, Rituparna Mitra Barman and\nCheana S. Sangma",authors:null},{id:"57027",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70743",title:"Genetic Improvement of Oilseed Crops Using Modern Biotechnology",slug:"genetic-improvement-of-oilseed-crops-using-modern-biotechnology",totalDownloads:2427,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"In 2009, big challenges facing the agricultural sector in the twenty-first century were presented to the world. Human population growth, increased life expectancy, loss of biodiversity, climate change and accelerated land degradation are the main factors contributing to rethink agriculture system production. In that scenery, modern biotechnology has set a stage for the advancement of agricultural practices and it is clearly an important ally to apply a broad array of technologies and innovative systems where they are most needed, such as enhancing crop productivity, increasing yields, and ultimately ensuring food security. One of the biggest challenges is related to technify production systems, but with no doubt, developing genetic improvement toward getting an efficient and sustainable agriculture, generating new seed qualities (new traits), such as, among others, to upset fatty acids content in oilseed crops have been growing up significantly due to industry interest. In this study, a review about the main advances in genetic improvement of some oilseed crops, starting with omics to understand metabolic routes and to find out key genes in seed oil production, and also, getting in use of modern biotechnology to alter the production of fatty acids, and to face biotic challenges in oilseed crops is presented.",book:{id:"6096",slug:"advances-in-seed-biology",title:"Seed Biology",fullTitle:"Advances in Seed Biology"},signatures:"Diego Villanueva-Mejia and Javier Correa Alvarez",authors:[{id:"206827",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",middleName:"F.",surname:"Villanueva-Mejía",slug:"diego-villanueva-mejia",fullName:"Diego Villanueva-Mejía"},{id:"214479",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Correa Alvarez",slug:"javier-correa-alvarez",fullName:"Javier Correa Alvarez"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"56975",title:"Metabolic Processes During Seed Germination",slug:"metabolic-processes-during-seed-germination",totalDownloads:6169,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:63,abstract:"Seed germination is crucial stage in plant development and can be considered as a determinant for plant productivity. Physiological and biochemical changes followed by morphological changes during germination are strongly related to seedling survival rate and vegetative growth which consequently affect yield and quality. This study is aimed to focus on proceeding of the most vital metabolic processes namely reserve mobilization, phytohormonal regulation, glyoxylate cycle and respiration process under either stressful or non-stressful conditions that may be led to suggest and conduct the more successful experimental improvements. Seed imbibition triggered the activation of various metabolic processes such as synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes which resulted in hydrolysis of reserve food into simple available form for embryo uptake. Abiotic stresses potentially affect seed germination and seedling establishment through various factors, such as a reduction in water availability, changes in the mobilization of stored reserves, hormonal balance alteration and affecting the structural organization of proteins. Recent strategies for improving seed quality involved classical genetic, molecular biology and invigoration treatments known as priming treatments. H2O2 accumulation and associated oxidative damages together with a decline in antioxidant mechanisms can be regarded as a source of stress that may suppress germination. Seed priming was aimed primarily to control seed hydration by lowering external water potential, or shortening the hydration period.",book:{id:"6096",slug:"advances-in-seed-biology",title:"Seed Biology",fullTitle:"Advances in Seed Biology"},signatures:"Awatif S. Ali and Alaaeldin A. Elozeiri",authors:[{id:"207241",title:"Dr.",name:"Awatif",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"awatif-ali",fullName:"Awatif Ali"}]},{id:"57027",title:"Genetic Improvement of Oilseed Crops Using Modern Biotechnology",slug:"genetic-improvement-of-oilseed-crops-using-modern-biotechnology",totalDownloads:2423,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"In 2009, big challenges facing the agricultural sector in the twenty-first century were presented to the world. Human population growth, increased life expectancy, loss of biodiversity, climate change and accelerated land degradation are the main factors contributing to rethink agriculture system production. In that scenery, modern biotechnology has set a stage for the advancement of agricultural practices and it is clearly an important ally to apply a broad array of technologies and innovative systems where they are most needed, such as enhancing crop productivity, increasing yields, and ultimately ensuring food security. 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Cowpea is rich in diverse nutrients, highlighting high levels of protein. Cowpea also is rich in nutraceuticals compounds such as dietary fibre, antioxidants and polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols. Widely cultivated and consumed cowpea is the very important legume for the nutrition and health of millions of people in many countries. In addition to being nutritious and safe, cowpea has high relative productivity, production stability and high tolerance to environmental stresses such as drought. Cowpea also has economic viability, low environmental impact and contributes to the conservation of natural resources and the sustainability of production systems. Cowpea is a safe food, always available in most regions, low priced compared to other sources of protein. Based on the analyses performed, it is possible to infer that cowpea is a strategic culture for the promotion of food security and health of populations on all continents.",book:{id:"7337",slug:"legume-seed-nutraceutical-research",title:"Legume Seed Nutraceutical Research",fullTitle:"Legume Seed Nutraceutical Research"},signatures:"Alexandre Carneiro da Silva, Dyego da Costa Santos, Davair Lopes\nTeixeira Junior, Pedro Bento da Silva, Rosana Cavalcante dos Santos\nand Amauri Siviero",authors:null},{id:"56820",title:"Seed Dormancy",slug:"seed-dormancy",totalDownloads:3537,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Dormancy is when there is a lack of germination in seeds or tubers even though the required conditions (temperature, humidity, oxygen, and light) are provided. Dormancy is based on hard seed coat impermeability or the lack of supply and activity of enzymes (internal dormancy) necessary for germination. Dormancy is an important factor limiting production in many field crops. Several physical and chemical pretreatments are applied to the organic material (seeds/tubers) to overcome dormancy. Physical and physiological dormancy can be found together in some plants, and this makes it difficult to provide high-frequency, healthy seedling growth, since the formation of healthy seedlings from the organic material (seeds/tubers) sown is a prerequisite for plant production. This chapter will focus on the description of four different methods we have not seen reported elsewhere for overcoming dormancy.",book:{id:"6096",slug:"advances-in-seed-biology",title:"Seed Biology",fullTitle:"Advances in Seed Biology"},signatures:"Mustafa Yildiz, Ramazan Beyaz, Mehtap Gursoy, Murat Aycan,\nYusuf Koc and Mustafa Kayan",authors:[{id:"141637",title:"Prof.",name:"Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Yildiz",slug:"mustafa-yildiz",fullName:"Mustafa Yildiz"},{id:"188656",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Aycan",slug:"murat-aycan",fullName:"Murat Aycan"},{id:"203524",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramazan",middleName:null,surname:"Beyaz",slug:"ramazan-beyaz",fullName:"Ramazan Beyaz"},{id:"206401",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Koç",slug:"yusuf-koc",fullName:"Yusuf Koç"},{id:"210589",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehtap",middleName:null,surname:"Gursoy",slug:"mehtap-gursoy",fullName:"Mehtap Gursoy"},{id:"214514",title:"MSc.",name:"Mustafa",middleName:null,surname:"Kayan",slug:"mustafa-kayan",fullName:"Mustafa Kayan"}]},{id:"62638",title:"Nutraceutical Properties of Legume Seeds and Their Impact on Human Health",slug:"nutraceutical-properties-of-legume-seeds-and-their-impact-on-human-health",totalDownloads:1619,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"Legume seeds known to produce richer quality of proteins than cereals provide nutritious food for people around the world. 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He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/system/329795.png",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is an assistant professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow, India, where he obtained a Ph.D. in Pharmacology in 2020. He also obtained a BPharm and MPharm from the same university in 2013 and 2015, respectively. His area of research is the pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/natural products in liver cancer and cardiac diseases. He is a member of many professional bodies and has guided many MPharm and PharmD research projects. Dr. Siddiqui has many national and international publications and one German patent to his credit.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. from Integral University, Lucknow, India, with his work titled ‘Development and evaluation of silymarin nanoformulation for hepatic carcinoma’. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics, at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. He has been teaching PharmD, BPharm, and MPharm students and conducting research in the novel drug delivery domain. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than twenty-four original journal articles, two edited books, four book chapters, and several scientific articles to his credit. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. 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Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 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\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
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