\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9324",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Dynamical Systems Theory",title:"Dynamical Systems Theory",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The quest to ensure perfect dynamical properties and the control of different systems is currently the goal of numerous research all over the world. The aim of this book is to provide the reader with a selection of methods in the field of mathematical modeling, simulation, and control of different dynamical systems. The chapters in this book focus on recent developments and current perspectives in this important and interesting area of mechanical engineering. We hope that readers will be attracted by the topics covered in the content, which are aimed at increasing their academic knowledge with competences related to selected new mathematical theoretical approaches and original numerical tools related to a few problems in dynamical systems theory.",isbn:"978-1-83880-230-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-229-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-457-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83328",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"dynamical-systems-theory",numberOfPages:184,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"413cbcf9c048bb251eca1b5e32bbc640",bookSignature:"Jan Awrejcewicz and Dariusz Grzelczyk",publishedDate:"March 25th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9324.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6206,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:6,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 2nd 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 4th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 3rd 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 22nd 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 21st 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"68338",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Awrejcewicz",slug:"jan-awrejcewicz",fullName:"Jan Awrejcewicz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/68338/images/system/68338.jpeg",biography:"Full Professor, Head of the Department of Automation, Biomechanics and Mechatronics of Lodz University of Technology (Poland). Multiple doctor honoris causa, recipient of the Humboldt Award, member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Author/co-author of over 780 journal and conference papers and 50 monographs. Editor of 28 books and 36 journal special issues. Principal investigator of numerous research grants. Member of Editorial Boards of 88 Journals (17 with IF). Organizer and Head of 14 International Conferences 'Dynamical Systems – Theory and Applications” (Lodz, 1992-2017) and 3 International Conferences 'Mechatronics: Ideas for Industrial Applications' (Warsaw, 2012; Lodz, 2014; Gdansk, 2015). His scientific interests cover mathematics, mechanics, biomechanics, automation, physics, and computer-oriented sciences, with the main focus on nonlinear processes.",institutionString:"Lodz University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"6",institution:{name:"Lodz University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"299336",title:"Dr.",name:"Dariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Grzelczyk",slug:"dariusz-grzelczyk",fullName:"Dariusz Grzelczyk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/299336/images/8409_n.jpg",biography:"Assistant Professor, employee at the Department of Automation, Biomechanics and Mechatronics at the Lodz University of Technology (Poland). Member of the Section of Dynamics of Systems of the Polish Academy of Sciences and member of the Polish Society of Biomechanics. Co-author of 32 journal papers, 13 book chapters and 54 abstracts or conference papers. Co-editor of 3 Special Issues (2 in journals with IF) and reviewer of over 70 research articles. Investigator of 8 research grants. Member of the Organizing Committee of 8 International Conferences held in Lodz (Poland), participant of 38 International Conferences. Co-supervisor of 3 finalized and 1 ongoing PhD theses and supervisor of 17 Master/Bachelor theses. His research interest cover mechanics, biomechanics, automation, robotics, mechatronics, physics and computer-oriented sciences.",institutionString:"Lodz University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Lodz University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"966",title:"Dynamical Systems Theory",slug:"dynamical-systems-theory"}],chapters:[{id:"68758",title:"Coupled Mathieu Equations: γ-Hamiltonian and μ-Symplectic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88635",slug:"coupled-mathieu-equations-em-em-hamiltonian-and-em-em-symplectic",totalDownloads:642,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Several theoretical studies deal with the stability transition curves of coupled and damped Mathieu equations utilizing numerical and asymptotic methods. In this contribution, we exploit the fact that symplectic maps describe the dynamics of Hamiltonian systems. Starting with a Hamiltonian system, a particular dissipation is introduced, which allows the extension of Hamiltonian and symplectic matrices to more general \n\nγ\n\n-Hamiltonian and \n\nμ\n\n-symplectic matrices. A proof is given that the state transition matrix of any \n\nγ\n\n-Hamiltonian system is \n\nμ\n\n-symplectic. Combined with Floquet theory, the symmetry of the Floquet multipliers with respect to a \n\nμ\n\n-circle, which is different from the unit circle, is highlighted. An attempt is made for generalizing the particular dissipation to a more general form. The methodology is applied for calculation of the stability transition curves of an example system of two coupled and damped Mathieu equations.",signatures:"Miguel Ramírez Barrios, Joaquín Collado and Fadi Dohnal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68758",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68758",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69020",title:"Partial Entropy and Bundle-Like Entropy for Topological Dynamical Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89021",slug:"partial-entropy-and-bundle-like-entropy-for-topological-dynamical-systems",totalDownloads:704,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Entropy is an important notion for understanding the complexity of dynamical systems. Several important entropy-like invariants based on the preimage structure for noninvertible maps have been defined and studied by some authors. In this chapter, following the idea of Hurley, we first further study the relationship among the topological entropy, pseudo-orbit, and preimage entropies for topological dynamical systems from the view of localization. Secondly, two entropy-like invariants, which are called the partial entropy and bundle-like entropy, for nonautonomous discrete dynamical systems are introduced. A relationship between the topological entropy and such two entropies is established.",signatures:"Kesong Yan and Fanping Zeng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69020",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69020",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"68762",title:"Determination of Stresses in Composite Plates with Holes and Cracks Based on Singular Integral Equations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87718",slug:"determination-of-stresses-in-composite-plates-with-holes-and-cracks-based-on-singular-integral-equat",totalDownloads:751,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The problems of determination of stresses at crack in bounded plates with holes of different shapes under the action of concentrated forces or distributed forces at its boundary are considered. The study is performed by the singular integral equation method. They were determined based on the established interdependences between the Lekhnitskii potentials and the stress and strain. The numerical method for solving integral equations is developed based on the quadrature method for the systems of holes and cracks. The eigen solutions of the problem were taken into account in this method. The research of stresses at cracks in samples which are used in experimental studies of crack fracture resistance was performed.",signatures:"Olesia Maksymovych and Adam Podhorecki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68762",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68762",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69906",title:"A New Computerized Boundary Element Model for Three-Temperature Nonlinear Generalized Thermoelastic Stresses in Anisotropic Circular Cylindrical Plate Structures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90053",slug:"a-new-computerized-boundary-element-model-for-three-temperature-nonlinear-generalized-thermoelastic-",totalDownloads:653,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we propose a new theory called nonlinear generalized thermoelasticity involving three temperatures. Because of strong nonlinearity of the proposed theory, therefore, it is much more difficult to develop analytical solution for solving problems related with the proposed theory. So, we propose a new computerized boundary element model for the solution of such problems and obtaining the three-temperature nonlinear generalized thermoelastic stresses in anisotropic circular cylindrical plate structures problems which are related with the proposed theory, where we used two-dimensional three temperature nonlinear radiative heat conduction equations coupled with electron, ion and phonon temperatures. The numerical results of the current study show the temperatures effects on the thermal stresses. Also, these numerical results demonstrate the validity and accuracy of our proposed model.",signatures:"Mohamed Abdelsabour Fahmy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69906",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69906",authors:[{id:"233766",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Abdelsabour",surname:"Fahmy",slug:"mohamed-abdelsabour-fahmy",fullName:"Mohamed Abdelsabour Fahmy"}],corrections:null},{id:"67928",title:"Distinctive Characteristics of Cosserat Plate Free Vibrations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87044",slug:"distinctive-characteristics-of-cosserat-plate-free-vibrations",totalDownloads:644,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we present the theoretical analysis of the distinctive characteristics of Cosserat plate vibrations. This analysis is based on the dynamic model of the Cosserat plates, which we developed as an extension of the Reissner plate theory. Primarily, we describe the validation of the model, which is based on the comparison with three-dimensional exact solutions. We present the results of the computer simulations, which allow us to identify different characteristics of the plate vibrations. Particularly, we illustrate and discuss the detection and the classification of the additional high resonance frequencies of a plate depending on the shape and orientation of microelements incorporated into the Cosserat plates.",signatures:"Lev Steinberg and Roman Kvasov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67928",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67928",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"70236",title:"On the Controlling of Multi-Legged Walking Robots on Stable and Unstable Ground",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90208",slug:"on-the-controlling-of-multi-legged-walking-robots-on-stable-and-unstable-ground",totalDownloads:536,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we developed and investigated numerically a general kinematic model of a multi-legged hybrid robot equipped with a crab-like and/or mammal-like legs. To drive the robot’s limbs, a novel generator of gait was employed and tested. The simulation model developed in Mathematica is suitable for virtual study and visualization of the locomotion process. In contrast to our previous papers, in this study we focused especially on precise control of the position of the robot during walking in different directions. In our study we were able to simultaneously control all six spatial degrees of freedom of the robot’s body, as well as all the robot’s legs. Therefore, the investigated robot can be considered and used as a fully controlled walking Stewart platform. What is more, the used algorithm can also be successfully employed to coordinate and control all limbs of the robot on unstable or vibrating ground. As an example, it can be used to stabilize spatial position of the robot when the supporting ground becomes vibrating or unstable, and it will keep the robot stable and prevent it from falling over. Eventually, the developed simulation algorithms can be relatively simply adopted to control real constructions of different multi-legged robots.",signatures:"Dariusz Grzelczyk and Jan Awrejcewicz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70236",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70236",authors:[{id:"68338",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",surname:"Awrejcewicz",slug:"jan-awrejcewicz",fullName:"Jan Awrejcewicz"},{id:"299336",title:"Dr.",name:"Dariusz",surname:"Grzelczyk",slug:"dariusz-grzelczyk",fullName:"Dariusz Grzelczyk"}],corrections:null},{id:"70218",title:"On Dynamics and Invariant Sets in Predator-Prey Maps",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89572",slug:"on-dynamics-and-invariant-sets-in-predator-prey-maps",totalDownloads:869,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"A multitude of physical, chemical, or biological systems evolving in discrete time can be modelled and studied using difference equations (or iterative maps). Here we discuss local and global dynamics for a predator-prey two-dimensional map. The system displays an enormous richness of dynamics including extinctions, co-extinctions, and both ordered and chaotic coexistence. Interestingly, for some regions we have found the so-called hyperchaos, here given by two positive Lyapunov exponents. An important feature of biological dynamical systems, especially in discrete time, is to know where the dynamics lives and asymptotically remains within the phase space, that is, which is the invariant set and how it evolves under parameter changes. We found that the invariant set for the predator-prey map is very sensitive to parameters, involving the presence of escaping regions for which the orbits go out of the domain of the system (the species overcome the carrying capacity) and then go to extinction in a very fast manner. This theoretical finding suggests a potential dynamical fragility by which unexpected and sharp extinctions may take place.",signatures:"Blai Vidiella, J. Tomás Lázaro, Lluís Alsedà and Josep Sardanyés",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70218",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70218",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"68868",title:"Using Dynamic Analysis to Adjust the Rheological Model of Three Parameters to the Eurocode Creep Criteria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88665",slug:"using-dynamic-analysis-to-adjust-the-rheological-model-of-three-parameters-to-the-eurocode-creep-cri",totalDownloads:697,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A dynamic analysis of vibration for considering a three-parameter rheological model to fit the same results as predicted for creep by the Eurocode (EN 1992) criteria is performed based on the adjustment of its parameters. The use of a rheological model of three parameters as a valid alternative for real problems brings a huge facility for mathematical implementation and manipulation due the simplicity of the solution. For adjustment of the elastics and the viscous parameters, a numerical simulation to calculate the fundamental frequency of an actual reinforcement concrete pole is carried out in comparison with the standard Eurocode criteria. In this determination, the geometry variation, a concentrated force present at the free end of the structural element, and the self-weight of the structure are considered. The physical nonlinearity of the concrete due to the cracks is also considered by reducing of the flexural stiffness, and its viscoelastic behavior is included in the calculation through a temporal modulus of elasticity. In the analysis, the ground was modeled as a set of distributed springs along the foundation length. The frequency over time is then analytically calculated as the critical buckling load for different instants after the structure to be loaded.",signatures:"Alexandre de Macêdo Wahrhaftig",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68868",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68868",authors:[{id:"224580",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexandre de Macêdo",surname:"Wahrhaftig",slug:"alexandre-de-macedo-wahrhaftig",fullName:"Alexandre de Macêdo Wahrhaftig"}],corrections:null},{id:"71213",title:"Dynamic Modelling by Bond Graph Approach of Convective Drying Phenomena",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91276",slug:"dynamic-modelling-by-bond-graph-approach-of-convective-drying-phenomena",totalDownloads:714,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Drying operations play an important role in food industries. They are often the last operation of the process of manufacturing a product, with a strong influence on the final quality. The processes are numerous and depend on the type and amount of product to be dried and water to be evaporated, the desired final quality, or the desired functionality for the dried product. In this chapter, we present a modeling study of heat transfer during drying a moist agricultural product placed in a hot air flow in a tunnel dryer with partial solar heating. The bond graph approach has been used for system modeling, and it is an object-oriented graphical approach based on an energetic description between subsystems. Some drying tests have been carried out on tomatoes and the experimental results are compared with the theoretical results for the validation of the developed model.",signatures:"Hatem Oueslati, Salah Ben Mabrouk and Abdelkader Mami",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71213",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71213",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2508",title:"Nonlinearity, Bifurcation and Chaos",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cce4e2af0e23321e7072373518985b63",slug:"nonlinearity-bifurcation-and-chaos-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Jan Awrejcewicz and Peter Hagedorn",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2508.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68338",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",surname:"Awrejcewicz",slug:"jan-awrejcewicz",fullName:"Jan 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Christophides",authors:[{id:"154007",title:"Dr.",name:"Mathilde",middleName:null,surname:"Gendrin",fullName:"Mathilde Gendrin",slug:"mathilde-gendrin"},{id:"154008",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:"K",surname:"Christophides",fullName:"George Christophides",slug:"george-christophides"}]},{id:"43829",title:"Bacterial Biodiversity in Midguts of Anopheles Mosquitoes, Malaria Vectors in Southeast Asia",slug:"bacterial-biodiversity-in-midguts-of-anopheles-mosquitoes-malaria-vectors-in-southeast-asia",signatures:"Sylvie Manguin, Chung Thuy Ngo, Krajana Tainchum, Waraporn\nJuntarajumnong, Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap, Anne-Laure\nMichon and Estelle Jumas-Bilak",authors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",middleName:null,surname:"Manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin"},{id:"75315",title:"Prof.",name:"Theeraphap",middleName:null,surname:"Chareonviriyaphap",fullName:"Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap",slug:"theeraphap-chareonviriyaphap"},{id:"88985",title:"Prof.",name:"Anne-Laure",middleName:null,surname:"Michon",fullName:"Anne-Laure Michon",slug:"anne-laure-michon"},{id:"88986",title:"Prof.",name:"Estelle",middleName:null,surname:"Jumas-Bilak",fullName:"Estelle Jumas-Bilak",slug:"estelle-jumas-bilak"},{id:"156016",title:"MSc.",name:"Chung Thuy",middleName:null,surname:"Ngo",fullName:"Chung Thuy Ngo",slug:"chung-thuy-ngo"},{id:"156018",title:"MSc.",name:"Krajana",middleName:null,surname:"Tainchum",fullName:"Krajana Tainchum",slug:"krajana-tainchum"},{id:"156019",title:"Dr.",name:"Waraporn",middleName:null,surname:"Juntarajumnong",fullName:"Waraporn Juntarajumnong",slug:"waraporn-juntarajumnong"}]},{id:"43899",title:"Distribution, Mechanisms, Impact and Management of Insecticide Resistance in Malaria Vectors: A Pragmatic Review",slug:"distribution-mechanisms-impact-and-management-of-insecticide-resistance-in-malaria-vectors-a-pragmat",signatures:"Vincent Corbel and Raphael N’Guessan",authors:[{id:"152666",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincent",middleName:null,surname:"Corbel",fullName:"Vincent Corbel",slug:"vincent-corbel"},{id:"169017",title:"Dr.",name:"Raphael",middleName:null,surname:"N'Guessan",fullName:"Raphael N'Guessan",slug:"raphael-n'guessan"}]},{id:"43851",title:"Perspectives on Barriers to Control of Anopheles Mosquitoes and Malaria",slug:"perspectives-on-barriers-to-control-of-anopheles-mosquitoes-and-malaria",signatures:"Donald R. Roberts, Richard Tren and Kimberly Hess",authors:[{id:"151439",title:"Prof.",name:"Donald",middleName:null,surname:"R. Roberts",fullName:"Donald R. Roberts",slug:"donald-r.-roberts"},{id:"151656",title:"Mr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Tren",fullName:"Richard Tren",slug:"richard-tren"},{id:"154152",title:"Ms.",name:"Kimberly",middleName:null,surname:"Hess",fullName:"Kimberly Hess",slug:"kimberly-hess"}]},{id:"43874",title:"Residual Transmission of Malaria: An Old Issue for New Approaches",slug:"residual-transmission-of-malaria-an-old-issue-for-new-approaches",signatures:"Lies Durnez and Marc Coosemans",authors:[{id:"152754",title:"Prof.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Coosemans",fullName:"Marc Coosemans",slug:"marc-coosemans"},{id:"169018",title:"Dr.",name:"Lies",middleName:null,surname:"Durnez",fullName:"Lies Durnez",slug:"lies-durnez"}]},{id:"44330",title:"Vector Control: Some New Paradigms and Approaches",slug:"vector-control-some-new-paradigms-and-approaches",signatures:"Claire Duchet, Richard Allan and Pierre Carnevale",authors:[{id:"151662",title:"Dr.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Carnevale",fullName:"Pierre Carnevale",slug:"pierre-carnevale"},{id:"169000",title:"Dr.",name:"Richard",middleName:null,surname:"Allan",fullName:"Richard Allan",slug:"richard-allan"},{id:"169008",title:"Dr.",name:"Claire",middleName:null,surname:"Duchet",fullName:"Claire Duchet",slug:"claire-duchet"}]},{id:"43870",title:"New Salivary Biomarkers of Human Exposure to Malaria Vector Bites",slug:"new-salivary-biomarkers-of-human-exposure-to-malaria-vector-bites",signatures:"Papa M. Drame, Anne Poinsignon, Alexandra Marie, Herbert\nNoukpo, Souleymane Doucoure, Sylvie Cornelie and Franck\nRemoue",authors:[{id:"151515",title:"Dr.",name:"Papa Makhtar",middleName:null,surname:"Drame",fullName:"Papa Makhtar Drame",slug:"papa-makhtar-drame"},{id:"151648",title:"Dr.",name:"Franck",middleName:null,surname:"Remoué",fullName:"Franck Remoué",slug:"franck-remoue"},{id:"154034",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",middleName:null,surname:"Poinsignon",fullName:"Anne Poinsignon",slug:"anne-poinsignon"},{id:"154035",title:"MSc.",name:"Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marie",fullName:"Alexandra Marie",slug:"alexandra-marie"},{id:"154037",title:"Dr.",name:"Souleymane",middleName:null,surname:"Doucoure",fullName:"Souleymane Doucoure",slug:"souleymane-doucoure"},{id:"154038",title:"MSc.",name:"Herbert",middleName:null,surname:"Noukpo",fullName:"Herbert Noukpo",slug:"herbert-noukpo"},{id:"154039",title:"Dr.",name:"Sylvie",middleName:null,surname:"Cornélie",fullName:"Sylvie Cornélie",slug:"sylvie-cornelie"}]},{id:"44149",title:"Transgenic Mosquitoes for Malaria Control: From the Bench to the Public Opinion Survey",slug:"transgenic-mosquitoes-for-malaria-control-from-the-bench-to-the-public-opinion-survey",signatures:"Christophe Boëte and Uli Beisel",authors:[{id:"98400",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:null,surname:"Boëte",fullName:"Christophe Boëte",slug:"christophe-boete"},{id:"167749",title:"Dr.",name:"Uli",middleName:null,surname:"Beisel",fullName:"Uli Beisel",slug:"uli-beisel"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6267",title:"Chagas Disease",subtitle:"Basic Investigations and Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"564a876f3d20c7740ede73057b5f6fa6",slug:"chagas-disease-basic-investigations-and-challenges",bookSignature:"Veeranoot Nissapatorn and Helieh S. Oz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6267.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"35419",title:"Dr.",name:"Veeranoot",surname:"Nissapatorn",slug:"veeranoot-nissapatorn",fullName:"Veeranoot Nissapatorn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8727",title:"Helminthiasis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4310c447926737005796ba986c60c3e5",slug:"helminthiasis",bookSignature:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8727.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"370",title:"Clinical Management of Complicated Urinary Tract Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ce2cc5815af55f1d0c364e8b3fd7cb53",slug:"clinical-management-of-complicated-urinary-tract-infection",bookSignature:"Ahmad Nikibakhsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/370.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62705",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad",surname:"Nikibakhsh",slug:"ahmad-nikibakhsh",fullName:"Ahmad Nikibakhsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1284",title:"Recent Translational Research in HIV/AIDS",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c44fa14093c39f3e12fbfa804438a29d",slug:"recent-translational-research-in-hiv-aids",bookSignature:"Yi-Wei Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1284.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36431",title:"Prof.",name:"Yi-Wei",surname:"Tang",slug:"yi-wei-tang",fullName:"Yi-Wei Tang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3411",title:"Parasitic Diseases",subtitle:"Schistosomiasis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5a4fe7deada207063ee693aa7c8dd696",slug:"parasitic-diseases-schistosomiasis",bookSignature:"Rashika El Ridi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3411.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63468",title:"Prof.",name:"Rashika",surname:"El Ridi",slug:"rashika-el-ridi",fullName:"Rashika El Ridi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"544",title:"Anemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6b166fa7f2a834360680a40d0f170dc3",slug:"anemia",bookSignature:"Donald S. Silverberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/544.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78753",title:"Dr.",name:"Donald",surname:"Silverberg",slug:"donald-silverberg",fullName:"Donald Silverberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"64404",title:"Phase-Shift Transmission Line Method for Permittivity Measurement and Its Potential in Sensor Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81790",slug:"phase-shift-transmission-line-method-for-permittivity-measurement-and-its-potential-in-sensor-applic",body:'\nThe measurement of dielectric properties of the materials found application in different fields, such as material science, absorber development, biomedical research, tissue engineering, wood industry, food quality control, etc. [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. A number of methods have been developed over a time for characterization of the dielectric properties of the materials such as time domain method [6, 7], capacitive method [3, 8], transmission line (TL) methods [3, 9, 10], resonant method [3, 9], etc. The selection of the appropriate method depends on the measured frequency range, expected values of permittivity, measurement accuracy, form of material (solid, powder, and liquid), sample shape and size, temperature, etc. [8, 11]. Moreover, depending on some important aspects, the measurement methods can be divided into contact or noncontact methods (depends on whether the sample is touched or not), destructive or nondestructive (depends on whether sample can be destroyed or not), narrowband and wideband (depends on frequency range), etc. Since each method has its own advantages and limitations, the selection of the appropriate one depends on a particular application, required accuracy, sample, and other factors. There are a number of commercially available holders, kits, and probes that operate on different principles and allow measurement of the dielectric constant of the material in different forms on different temperatures and frequency ranges [8, 11]. However, the most of them are designed to be connected with expensive instruments such as network analyzers, LCR meters, or impedance analyzers.
\nOne of the commonly used methods suitable for the material characterization in a wide frequency range, from around 10 MHz to 75 GHz, is the TL method. The TL method includes both measurements of the reflection and/or transmission characteristic [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. This method can be used for characterization of permittivity as well as permeability of hard solid materials with medium losses. High-loss materials can be also characterized using this method, if the sample is kept relatively thin. The TL holders are usually made of a coaxial, a waveguide, or a microstrip line section. However, the specific design of the holder or specific multilayered configurations can be used for characterization of powders, liquid, or gases. Usually, the method requires initial sample preparation to fit into the section of the TL, typically the waveguide or the coaxial line. For accurate permittivity measurement, the sample has to be exposed to the maximal electric field, and therefore the position of the sample is very important. A typical measurement configuration of this method consists of the TL section with a sample placed inside, a vector network analyzer (VNA) used to measure the two ports complex scattering parameters (S-parameters), and a software that converts the measured S-parameters to the complex permittivity or permeability. In addition, the TL method requires initial calibration with various terminations before the measurement.
\nThe measurement of the phase shift of the transmitted signal represents relatively fast and simple method for determination of the dielectric properties of the material. It is characterized by fast time response, and in comparison with other methods, it is less sensitive to the noise [10, 12]. Furthermore, this method allows characterization at a single frequency which simplifies the development of a supporting electronic, allows easy integration with sensor element, and allows realization of low-cost in-field sensing devices. Therefore, it found application in the realization of different types of sensors such as soil moisture sensors [13], microfluidic sensor for detention fluid mixture concentration [14], etc.
\nIn this chapter, the phase-shift method will be explained on the example of a microstrip line configuration, and the permittivity of the materials will be determined by measuring the phase shift of the transmitted signal. Theoretical background of the phase-shift method and mathematical equations for determination of real and imaginary part of complex permittivity based on the phase of the transmitted signal will be presented in Section 2. The unknown permittivity of material will be determined for several measurement configurations in Section 3. Potential of the phase-shift method will be demonstrated through several applications in the characterization of an unknown dielectric constant in multilayered structure, a soil moisture sensor, and sensor for determination of fluid properties in microfluidic channel. Advance techniques for increasing the sensitivity of the phase-shift measurement will be presented in Section 4, while the simple in-field detection device for determination of the permittivity based on the phase measurement will be presented in Section 5. The conclusions are given in Section 6.
\nPhase-shift method is based on the measurement of the phase shift of a sinusoidal signal that propagates along a transmission line.
\nPhase shift
where ω is the angular frequency, \n
In order to determine a phase velocity of electromagnetic wave, we will start with the expression for imaginary part of the complex propagation constant for lossy medium [15]:
\nwhere
Based on Eq. (3), it can be seen that phase velocity is dominantly influenced by permittivity, permeability and signal frequency, and then electrical conductivity.
\nThe main advantage of the phase-shift method lies on the fact that on the frequencies high enough, the influence of conductivity can be neglected:
\ntherefore, expression for velocity on high frequencies can be reduced to
\nwhere phase velocity is determined by permeability and permittivity only. This is especially important for soil moisture sensor which will be discussed later since most of the materials in the soil are diamagnetic or paramagnetic. If we assume that electromagnetic wave propagates through a nonmagnetic medium, that is, the magnetic permeability is equal to \n
where \n
Unlike the coaxial line or the waveguide, the microstrip structure is particularly interesting for a simple and low-cost fabrication of compact sensors based on dielectric permittivity change which can be easily integrated with supporting electronics. In this way, standard printed circuit board technology used for microstrip manufacturing offers fabrication of a complete solution of the sensor in a single substrate. Therefore, the concept of the phase-shift measurement will be explained on the example of microstrip line. In the microstrip, the influence of the change in permittivity is reflected in effective permittivity which is determined by permittivity of a medium above the microstrip line and permittivity of the dielectric substrate, Figure 1.
\nConfiguration of the microstrip line.
Effective permittivity of the microstrip line shown in Figure 1 can be expressed as
\nwhere \n
It can be seen that a variation in the permittivity of the medium causes a variation in effective permittivity that results in the change of the phase velocity. The change in the phase velocity changes the phase shift of the signal. It is evident that phase shift is determined by the value of the permittivity of the medium above the microstrip line. Therefore, the real part of dielectric constant of unknown medium can be detected with simple measurement of the phase shift of the transmitted signal.
\nThe range of the phase shift
This parameter needs to be adjusted to the supporting electronics that measure the phase shift. From Eq. (8) it can be seen that with appropriate choice of the operating frequency and the proper optimization of the geometrical parameters (mostly the length of the transmission line), the range of the phase shift can be optimized to the maximal measurable value.
\nAs stated above, the phase shift depends on the properties of the transmission line. Since the microstrip line can be characterized by inductance per unit length, \n
Combining Eqs. (1) and (9), phase shift of the signal propagating along microstrip line with length \n
while the phase-shift range is
\nThe capacitance can be written in the form of the vacuum capacitance\n
In addition, if we assume that the electromagnetic wave propagates through a nonmagnetic medium, the inductivity of the transmission line does not depend on the sample under test (\n
Based on Eq. (13), it can be concluded that the phase-shift range can be increased by performing the measurements on higher frequencies or by increasing the total microstrip line inductance or capacitance. Therefore, the phase-shift range can be optimized to the capabilities of the supporting electronics for measurement of the phase shift.
\nTo validate the proposed method for the characterization of the material properties in wider frequency range, we compare the results of the dielectric constant calculated using proposed method with a predetermined value of dielectric constant, Figure 2. For the comparison, the microstrip transmission line was used where the unknown medium was placed above the microstrip line and dielectric substrate, as shown in Figure 1. The calculated dielectric constant was extracted from the phase shift of the transited signal using described procedure. The proposed result reveals that the phase-shift detection method provides high accuracy with the relative errors lower than 0.5% for the real parts of the dielectric constant in the measured frequency range.
\nReal part of the dielectric constant calculated using the phase-shift method compared with the predetermined value.
From the previous analysis, we demonstrate how the real part of the complex permittivity can be determined from the phase shift of the transmitted signal. However, the imaginary part of the complex permittivity cannot be directly calculated from the phase shift. It can be estimated using Kramers-Kronig (K-K) relation [18, 19, 20, 21, 22].
\nThe real and imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant is correlated with K-K relation [18, 19, 20]. This relation is a direct consequence of the principle of causality [21]. K-K relation describes a fundamental correlation between the real and imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant and allows us to retrieve imaginary part of the dielectric constant from the measured real part or vice versa.
\nThe imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant can be calculated as
\nwhere
The imaginary part of the complex dielectric constants retrieved using K-K relation from the real part of the dielectric constant (Figure 2) measured by phase-shift method is shown in Figure 3. The calculated imaginary part shows a good agreement with the predetermined value of imaginary parts. However, the relative error is about 9% since the accuracy of Eq. (14) depends on the measured frequency range. It can be noted that the range from 0 to ∞ in the integral in Eq. (14) is not achievable in practice. Therefore, the limited range of frequencies affects the accuracy of the results and causes the error that can be observed in Figure 3.
\nImaginary part of the complex dielectric constant retrieved by K-K relation from real part of the dielectric constant measured by phase-shift method.
In a previous section, we presented how the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant of the conventional microstrip configuration can be determined using the phase-shift method based on the phase of the transmitted signal. The same method can be applied for nonhomogeneous substrate such as multilayered or heterogeneous substrate. In this section we will analyze different microstrip multilayered substrate configurations interesting for the realization of different sensor topologies. The phase-shift method will be used for the calculation of the effective dielectric constant and determination of the real part of dielectric constant of individual layers. Similarly, the imaginary part of the complex permittivity can be determined from real part using procedure described in Section 2.2.
\nIf we assume that the microstrip transmission line is realized on a multilayered substrate consisting of
where
where
where \n
If the parameters of several layers are unknown, the unknown values of the dielectric constants can be found by solving system of equations. This procedure requires several measurements with different sets of geometrical parameters, typically the length of the microstrip line. In that case, the number of the essential measurements required for the determination of all parameter depends on the number of the unknown materials.
\nBeside conventional microstrip line, next three examples present typical microstrip configurations commonly used in the sensor design. Therefore, the determination of the dielectric constant will be explained on bilayered, tri-layered, and the embedded substrate configurations. In the following section, the practical applications of the analyzed configurations will be demonstrated.
\nThe simplest case is a microstrip line realized on a bilayer substrate, shown in Figure 4, when the property of one layer is known (\n
Microstrip line on bilayered substrate.
The effective dielectric constant of the substrate combination bellow microstrip line (
where coefficients \n
The example of the calculated unknown dielectric constant in the bilayered configuration is shown in Figure 5. The preset values for the dielectric constants were set to constant value of \n
Calculated unknown dielectric constant in the bilayered substrate combination.
Another example presents tri-layered substrate where middle layer is the one with an unknown dielectric constant, Figure 6. The bottom and top layers have the same known dielectric contestants, while the middle one is with an unknown material and with known geometrical parameters. This geometrical configuration is typical for the realization of the sensor for the characterization of a fluid or gasses in which the reservoir is placed between two dielectrics bellow microstrip line [25, 26].
\nMicrostrip line on tri-layered substrate.
Using above-described procedure, the effective dielectric constant of the tri-layer substrate (\n
where coefficients \n
The example of the calculated unknown dielectric constant in tri-layered configuration is shown in Figure 7. The dielectric constants used for this configuration were set to constant values of \n
Calculated unknown dielectric constant in the tri-layered substrate configuration.
The third configuration in which the substrate with an unknown dielectric constant is embedded into the substrate with known properties and dimensions is shown in Figure 8. This configuration is particularly interesting for the microfluidic applications, for the characterization of the fluid inside the channel [21].
\nMicrostrip line on the substrate with embedded rectangular channel.
This configuration of the substrate can be observed as a tri-layered substrate in which the middle layer is composed of two materials with different dielectric constants, \n
where \n
The example of the calculated unknown dielectric constant in the embedded substrate configuration is shown in Figure 9. The preset values in this case were set to constant values of \n
Calculated unknown dielectric constant in substrate configuration with embedded channel.
From the previous examples, it can be seen that the phase-shift method has a potential for the characterization of the unknown dielectric materials in different configurations with a good accuracy, and therefore it presents good choice for the rapid characterization of material.
\nThis section summarized various innovative techniques that can be used for improvement of the sensitivity of phase-shift measurement in the microstrip architecture and their advantages over conventional design.
\nThe first technique is based on increasing the effective length of the transmission line, that is, increasing the inductance and capacitance of the microstrip line. However, this technique results in increased length and reduction in the compactness of the structure. To preserve compactness and satisfy the requirements for good performances, different shapes of the microstrip line have been recently used [28, 29, 30, 31]. Since the space-filling property of a fractal offers high potentials for miniaturization of microwave circuits [28, 29, 30, 31], the application of the fractal curves theoretically allows the design of infinite-length lines on finite substrate area. In that manner compact transmission line with improved phase response can be obtained using fractal curves. Based on that principle, we have designed a compact soil moisture sensor [28] that consists of two parallel fractal line segments, where each segment comprises two Hilbert fractal curves of the fourth order connected in serial, Figure 10a. The additional analyses confirm that the increase of the iteration of the Hilbert fractal curve increases the range of phase shift [32], but accordingly the insertion loss too. Therefore, in the proposed configuration, two transmission lines are connected in parallel to reduce insertion losses. When Hilbert fractal curves are connected in parallel, the range of the phase shift is approximately the same, but insertion losses are reduced. The Hilbert curve itself is realized with the line width and the spacing between the lines of 100 μm. The results of the proposed sensor placed in the medium with different values of the dielectric constants are shown in Figure 10. The range of the phase shift for this configuration at the frequency of 1.2 GHz is 66.64°, while the insertion loss in the worst case is 2.98 dB. The consequence of the line modification is 0.4 dB greater insertion loss comparing to the conventional microstrip line. Although the insertion loss in this case is larger, it is still within acceptable range of 3 dB. However, for the same line length, the range of the phase shift is increased for more than three times. Stated results show that the usage of Hilbert fractal curve leads to more compact sensor characterized by higher sensitivity.
\nSoil moisture sensor based on Hilbert fractal curve: (a) layout of the sensor, (b) fabricated sensor, (c) phase-shift response, and (d) insertion loss [
Another technique to increase the phase shift is based on an aperture in the ground plane, where the part of the ground plane, positioned under Hilbert curves of the sensor, shown in Figure 11, was removed. In this manner a certain passage for the lines of the electric field is made, so they can pass through it into the soil under the sensor and end up at the bottom side of the ground plane, Figure 11. In this manner, soil moisture has larger effect on the sensor characteristics. The results for the sensor with the aperture in the ground plane are presented in Figure 11. It can be seen that the range of the phase shift for the sensor with the aperture in the ground plane is 70.76° at the frequency of 1.2 GHz, and the insertion loss is 2.98 dB. Modification in ground plane improved the range of the phase shift for additional 6%, while insertion loss did not change. Quartz sand was used to validate the sensor performances, and the phase-shift measurements were performed for different moisture levels, at operating frequencies in the range of 500–2500 MHz [33, 34]. To investigate the influence of the conductivity, that is, of the soil type, on the calibration curves, the measurement procedure was repeated for the sand moisturized with water with two different salinities (conductivities): 29 and 70‰. If the operating frequency is sufficiently high, Eq. (4) will be satisfied. Therefore, the electrical conductivity can be neglected, and the expression for the phase velocity can be simplified to Eq. (5). In (Figure 12), fitted calibration curves (volumetric water content in the function of the phase shift) for the measurement performed at 500 and 2500 MHz are presented. A significant difference between the calibration curves is obtained at 500 MHz from differently treated samples. However, if the operating frequency is 2500 MHz, the phase shifts obtained from all three samples are almost identical. These results indicate that the Hilbert sensor with the aperture in the ground plane can be successfully used to measure soil moisture independently of the soil type (Figure 12).
\nSoil moisture sensor with the aperture in the ground plane: (a) cross section, (b) phase-shift response, and (c) insertion loss [
Volumetric water content for 500 MHz (dashed lines, upper abscissa) and 2500 MHz (full lines, lower abscissa) [
Third technique to improve sensitivity is based on a defected electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure, periodical structure realized as a pattern in the microstrip ground plane. A concept to improve microstrip sensor sensitivity based on the EBG structure was firstly proposed in [35], where it is demonstrated that the sensor sensitivity can be increased by reducing the wave group velocity of the propagating signal. Illustration of this technique is shown in Figure 13 in the realization of the 3D-printed microfluidic sensor for the determination of the characteristics of different fluids in the microfluidic channel [14]. The bottom layer of the sensor, shown in Figure 13c, represents the ground plane realized using defected EBG structure, periodical structure that consists of etched holes. The introduction of the uniform EBG structure in the ground plane forms a frequency region where propagation is forbidden, that is, bandgap in the transmission characteristic [36], while the defect in the EBG results in a resonance in the bandgap, which frequency is determined by the size of the defect. Introduction of the defected EBG structure improves phase shift of the microstrip line in comparison to the conventional microstrip line. Moreover, in comparison with a conventional microstrip line, the intensity of the electric field is stronger in the vicinity of the defect in the EBG [14]. Therefore, the changes of the dielectric constant of the liquid that flows in the channel will have the highest impact to the phase response. In the proposed configuration, the EBG structure is designed to provide bandgap between 5 and 9 GHz, while the defect in the EBG causes the resonance at 6 GHz. By introducing defected EBG structure, the phase change significantly increases, especially at the frequencies that are close to the bandgap edges and at the resonance in the bandgap, due to decrease in the wave phase velocity. From the transmission characteristic, Figure 14, it can be seen that the resonant frequency of the defect in the bandgap slightly shifts due to the change of the dielectric constant of the fluid in microchannel. The effect of the EBG structure is predominant at the frequency of 6 GHz where the wave phase velocity is minimal. The results show that the change of the fluid permittivity from 1 (air) to 81 (water) causes the phase-shift difference of 84°, Figure 14. Compared to the phase shift of the conventional microstrip line without EBG which is only 10.2° at 6 GHz, the proposed design shows eight times higher phase shift. Furthermore, the proposed sensor shows relatively high and almost linear dependence for the fluid materials with permittivity lower than 30. Therefore, the proposed sensor is characterized by relatively high sensitivity and linearity, which makes it a suitable candidate for monitoring small concentrations of a specific fluid in different mixtures. The potential application has been demonstrated in the realization of the microfluidic sensor for detection of toluene concentration in toluene-methanol mixture [14], Figure 15.
\nMicrofluidic EBG sensor: (a) top layer, (b) substrate with embedded channel, (c) bottom layer with defected EBG, (d) 3D view, (e) cross section, and (f) top and bottom side of the fabricated sensor [
Measured results of the microfluidic EBG sensor with different fluids inside the microfluidic channel: (a) transmission characteristic and (b) phase characteristic [
Measurement of the toluene concentration in toluene-methanol mixture: sensor measured response (dots) and the corresponding fitting curves (lines) [
The fourth technique is based on metamaterials and a left-handed (LH) transmission line approach [37, 38]. Metamaterials are artificial structures that can be designed to exhibit specific electromagnetic properties not commonly found in nature. Metamaterials with simultaneously negative permittivity and permeability, more commonly referred to as LH materials, have a propagation constant equal to zero at non-zero frequency [37]. Therefore, they can support electromagnetic waves with a group and phase velocities that are antiparallel, known as backward waves [39]. Consequently, energy will travel away from the source, while wave fronts travel backward toward the source. However, the ideal LH structure does not exist in the nature and can be formed as a combination of the LH section and conventional transmission line (RH). This structure known as a composite left-/right-handed (CLRH) transmission line can be formed using a capacitance in series with shunted inductance. In the case of CLRH due to the backward wave propagation, the phase “advance” occurs in the LH frequency range, while phase delay occurs in the RH frequency range [38]. This concept was used in the design of microfluidic sensor for the measurement of the characteristic of the fluid that flows in the microfluidic reservoir placed under CLRH transmission line. The conventional microstrip line in phase comparator was replaced with CRLH transmission line, Figure 16. Since the proposed line consists of one CRLH unit cell, it provides passband response at frequency of 1.9 GHz that is characterized with narrowband LH behavior. Therefore, the phase advance at Output 2 is obtained comparing to the signal that propagates true the conventional RH line (Output 1), Figure 17b. By changing the properties of the fluid that flows in the microfluidic channel, the central resonance of the LH band slightly shifts to the lower frequency, Figure 17a, while the slope of the phase characteristics intensely changes, Figure 17b. It can be mentioned that the level between two signals is lower than 8 dB in the worst case at 1.9 GHz; therefore the standard phase detector can be used for the phase-shift measurement. In the proposed configuration, the conventional RH line was used as a referent one, and therefore it was bent in the meander shape to provide maximal measurement phase-shift range at 1.9 GHz. The proposed sensor is characterized with maximal achievable sensitivity, good linearity, and design flexibility, since the maximum extent of the phase can be obtained for the arbitrary range of the dielectric constants by simple modification of the CLRH transmission line.
\nBlok diagram and layout of the CRLH sensor.
Response of the CLRH sensor: (a) transmission characteristic and (b) phase characteristic.
The phase-shift method, as it was stated above, is the simple method that can be used for the determination of the complex permittivity. Therefore, the expensive instrument for the determination of permittivity can be replaced with a simple detection circuit. The block diagram, and detailed electrical scheme for measurement of the phase shift at single operating frequency, is presented in Figure 18 together with the fabricated prototype realized in LTCC (low-temperature cofired ceramics) technology.
\nPhase-shift measurement device: (a) block diagram, (b) fabricated circuit, and (c) detail electronic circuit of the phase-shift measurement device [
Detection circuit consists of a microwave oscillator, a quadrature hybrid, a sensor element, and a phase detector functional blocks. The operating principle can be described in the following way: sinusoidal signal generated by source, that is, microwave oscillator, is divided by quadrature hybrid on measurement and referent signal. The measurement signal propagates along sensor element where phase shift occurs according to the dielectric properties of the surrounding medium. The signal from the sensor element is fed into the input of the phase detector which compares the phase of the measurement and the referent signal. The output of the phase detector is the voltage proportional to the phase shift of the input signals which can be related to the measured dielectric constant. Referent signal propagates through the phase-shifter module which has a purpose to provide the calibration of the sensor and to overcome deviations of the nominal properties of the materials and components used for sensor fabrication. In this way the repeatability of measurement of the different sensors will be secured.
\nThe phase-shift measurement electrical circuit is detailly presented in Figure 18c, indicating abovementioned functional blocks of the circuit, Figure 18a. The oscillator is realized by the voltage-controlled oscillator MAX2751 (8), which is adjusted by the referent voltage (9) and the voltage divider (10) to operating frequency of 2.2 GHz. The signal from the oscillator is divided into measurement and referent signals using commercially available quadrature coupler circuit HY22-73 (2). The phase-shifter module allows control of the phase shift and enables fine-tuning of the difference in the phase between the measurement and referent signals. The phase shift can be achieved by varying the control voltage (11) that affects the capacitance of the varactor diodes (12 and 13). The change in capacitance affects the signals (14) and (15) which superimpose with the input referent signal (3) through the quadrature coupler (16) and in this way changes the phase of the resultant signal at the output of the module (17). The measurement of the phase shift between the measurement and referent signal is done using a phase detector module implemented with the integrated circuit AD8302 Analogue Devices (18). The phase detector circuit is set to the phase difference measurement mode according to the manufacturer’s recommendation. Integrated circuit AD8302 on its output (21) gives a voltage signal that is proportional to the phase difference of the signal on its inputs (19) and (20).
\nThe accuracy of the designed phase-shift measurement device was experimentally verified by comparing the results of the measurement of the phase shift of the signal, induced by phase-shift circuit (functional block (7), Figure 18c), in the range from 0 to 90° with the results of the measurement obtained using vector network analyzer (VNA). The results of the comparison are shown in Figure 19. It can be seen that the results agree well and the relative error in respect of the full-scale output is 5.56% which confirms performance of the designed phase-shift circuit.
\nComparisons between VNA and designed phase-shift measurement circuit.
Additional module for different sensor topologies can be designed to provide a conversion of the measured voltage to the corresponding value of the dielectric constant.
\nIn this chapter dielectric characterization technique based on the phase-shift method has been presented. It has been shown that both the real and imaginary part of a complex permittivity can be calculated solely by using the phase shift of the transmitted signal. The exact formulas for the calculation of the unknown dielectric properties in the microstrip and multilayered substrate configurations such as bilayered, tri-layered, and embedded configurations were presented.
\nTo enhance sensitivity of sensors that operate on phase-shift principle, various techniques for increasing the phase-shift range have been presented. The first technique uses space-filling property of Hilbert fractal curve to increase the phase-shift range and yet preserve the compactness of the structure. The technique that increases sensitivity of the sensor by introducing an aperture in the ground layer has been presented on the example of the soil moisture sensor. The third technique based on EBG effect has been illustrated on the example of 3D-printed microfluidic sensor for detection of toluene concentration in toluene-methanol mixture. Metamaterial and CRLH transmission line approach is used as the technique in the realization of microfluidic sensor with a maximum extent of the phase-shift range.
\nIn the end a simple in-field detection circuit for determination of permittivity based on the phase-shift measurement on single operating frequency has been described. With the help of described concepts, a complete set of tools has been introduced which enables the design and optimization of the phase-shift-based sensors.
\nThis result is part of a project that has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the grant agreement No. 664387.
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Segmentation is a section of image processing for the separation or segregation of information from the required target region of the image. There are different techniques used for segmentation of pixels of interest from the image. Active contour is one of the active models in segmentation techniques, which makes use of the energy constraints and forces in the image for separation of region of interest. Active contour defines a separate boundary or curvature for the regions of target object for segmentation. The contour depends on various constraints based on which they are classified into different types such as gradient vector flow, balloon and geometric models. Active contour models are used in various image processing applications specifically in medical image processing. In medical imaging, active contours are used in segmentation of regions from different medical images such as brain CT images, MRI images of different organs, cardiac images and different images of regions in the human body. Active contours can also be used in motion tracking and stereo tracking. Thus, the active contour segmentation is used for the separation of pixels of interest for different image processing.",book:{id:"6692",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis"},signatures:"R.J. Hemalatha, T.R. Thamizhvani, A. Josephin Arockia Dhivya,\nJosline Elsa Joseph, Bincy Babu and R. 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There are millions of imaging procedures done every week worldwide. Medical imaging is developing rapidly due to developments in image processing techniques including image recognition, analysis, and enhancement. Image processing increases the percentage and amount of detected tissues. This chapter presents the application of both simple and sophisticated image analysis techniques in the medical imaging field. This chapter also summarizes how to exemplify image interpretation challenges using different image processing algorithms such as k-means, ROI-based segmentation, and watershed techniques.",book:{id:"8125",slug:"medical-imaging-principles-and-applications",title:"Medical Imaging",fullTitle:"Medical Imaging - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Yousif Mohamed Y. Abdallah and Tariq Alqahtani",authors:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah"},{id:"294009",title:"Dr.",name:"Tariq",middleName:null,surname:"Alqahtani",slug:"tariq-alqahtani",fullName:"Tariq Alqahtani"}]},{id:"69182",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89200",title:"The Application of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Neuropathic Pain",slug:"the-application-of-functional-magnetic-resonance-imaging-in-neuropathic-pain",totalDownloads:904,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In the past, neuropathic pain has been lacking in ideal imaging research methods, which not only limits our research on the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain but also seriously affects the prognosis of treatments. With the rapid development of fMRI technology, more and more scholars have begun to use fMRI technology in the study of neuropathic pain in recent years. This provides a new idea for revealing the underlining mechanisms of neuropathic pain and improving the clinical treatment concepts. In this chapter, we summarized the recent studies of fMRI in neuropathic pain so that readers can better understand the research status and future research directions.",book:{id:"8125",slug:"medical-imaging-principles-and-applications",title:"Medical Imaging",fullTitle:"Medical Imaging - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Zhi Dou and Liqiang Yang",authors:[{id:"302075",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zhi",middleName:null,surname:"Dou",slug:"zhi-dou",fullName:"Zhi Dou"},{id:"310181",title:"Dr.",name:"Liqiang",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"liqiang-yang",fullName:"Liqiang Yang"}]},{id:"60152",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75202",title:"Abnormal Tissue Zone Detection and Average Active Stress Estimation in Patients with LV Dysfunction",slug:"abnormal-tissue-zone-detection-and-average-active-stress-estimation-in-patients-with-lv-dysfunction",totalDownloads:966,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Detection of regional ventricular dysfunction is a challenging problem. This study presents an efficient method based on ultrasound (US) imaging and finite element (FE) analysis, for detecting akinetic and dyskinetic regions in the left ventricle (LV). The underlying hypothesis is that the contraction of a healthy LV is approximately homogeneous. Therefore, any deviations between the image-based measured deformation and a homogeneous contraction FE model should correspond to a pathological region. The method was first successfully applied to synthetic data simulating an acute ischemia; it demonstrated that the pathological areas were revealed with a higher contrast than those observed directly in the deformation maps. The technique was then applied to a cohort of eight left bundle branch block (LBBB) patients. For this group, the heterogeneities were significantly less pronounced than those revealed for the synthetic cases but the method was still able to identify the abnormal regions of the LV. This study indicated the potential clinical utility of the method by its simplicity in a patient-specific context and its ability to quickly identify various heterogeneities in LV function. Further studies are required to determine the model accuracy in other pathologies and to investigate its robustness to noise and image artifacts.",book:{id:"6692",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis"},signatures:"Sareh Behdadfar, Laurent Navarro, Joakim Sundnes, Molly\nMaleckar, Hans Henrik Odland and Stephane Avril",authors:[{id:"53776",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurent",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro",slug:"laurent-navarro",fullName:"Laurent Navarro"},{id:"233287",title:"Prof.",name:"Stephane",middleName:null,surname:"Avril",slug:"stephane-avril",fullName:"Stephane Avril"},{id:"243118",title:"Dr.",name:"Sareh",middleName:null,surname:"Behdadfar",slug:"sareh-behdadfar",fullName:"Sareh Behdadfar"},{id:"243119",title:"Dr.",name:"Mary M",middleName:null,surname:"Maleckar",slug:"mary-m-maleckar",fullName:"Mary M Maleckar"},{id:"243120",title:"Dr.",name:"Hans Henrik",middleName:null,surname:"Odland",slug:"hans-henrik-odland",fullName:"Hans Henrik Odland"},{id:"243121",title:"Prof.",name:"Joakim",middleName:null,surname:"Sundnes",slug:"joakim-sundnes",fullName:"Joakim Sundnes"}]},{id:"60741",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76428",title:"Image Segmentation",slug:"image-segmentation",totalDownloads:1246,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Image segmentation is one of the important and useful techniques in medical image processing. As the image segmentation technique results robust and high degree of accuracy, it is very much useful for the analysis of different image modalities, such as computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the medical field. CT imaging gives more importance than MRI because of its wider availability, inexpensive and sensitiveness. In most cases, CT offers information needed to make decisions during urgent situations.",book:{id:"6692",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis"},signatures:"Kumaravel Subramaniam Tamilselvan and Govindasamy\nMurugesan",authors:[{id:"232687",title:"Dr.",name:"K.S",middleName:null,surname:"Tamilselvan",slug:"k.s-tamilselvan",fullName:"K.S Tamilselvan"},{id:"245153",title:"Dr.",name:"G",middleName:null,surname:"Murugesan",slug:"g-murugesan",fullName:"G Murugesan"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"67331",title:"Research in Medical Imaging Using Image Processing Techniques",slug:"research-in-medical-imaging-using-image-processing-techniques",totalDownloads:4302,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Medical imaging is the procedure used to attain images of the body parts for medical uses in order to identify or study diseases. There are millions of imaging procedures done every week worldwide. Medical imaging is developing rapidly due to developments in image processing techniques including image recognition, analysis, and enhancement. Image processing increases the percentage and amount of detected tissues. This chapter presents the application of both simple and sophisticated image analysis techniques in the medical imaging field. This chapter also summarizes how to exemplify image interpretation challenges using different image processing algorithms such as k-means, ROI-based segmentation, and watershed techniques.",book:{id:"8125",slug:"medical-imaging-principles-and-applications",title:"Medical Imaging",fullTitle:"Medical Imaging - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Yousif Mohamed Y. Abdallah and Tariq Alqahtani",authors:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah"},{id:"294009",title:"Dr.",name:"Tariq",middleName:null,surname:"Alqahtani",slug:"tariq-alqahtani",fullName:"Tariq Alqahtani"}]},{id:"65933",title:"The Ionizing Radiation Interaction with Matter, the X-ray Computed Tomography Imaging, the Nuclear Medicine SPECT, PET and PET-CT Tomography Imaging",slug:"the-ionizing-radiation-interaction-with-matter-the-x-ray-computed-tomography-imaging-the-nuclear-med",totalDownloads:1005,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The mechanism of the ionizing radiation interaction with matter is described for heavy charged particles, electrons and photons. Those effects causing energy loss of the radiation with sequential effects of absorption or attenuation are presented. The features of some characteristic detector systems with the relative electronics and the data acquisition system (DAQ) are presented. Those detectors are related with the medical imaging sensor systems. The characteristics of the medical imaging process of the X-ray and nuclear imaging with SPECT, PET and the combination of PET-CT are presented. The computed X-ray tomography, called CT, and the nuclear medicine tomography are presented, implementing the most of the previous parts, as they are defined in PET and SPECT imaging plus the combination of PET with CT the PET-CT.",book:{id:"8125",slug:"medical-imaging-principles-and-applications",title:"Medical Imaging",fullTitle:"Medical Imaging - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Evangelos Gazis",authors:[{id:"281707",title:"Prof.",name:"Evangelos",middleName:null,surname:"Gazis",slug:"evangelos-gazis",fullName:"Evangelos Gazis"}]},{id:"68830",title:"PET-CT Principles and Applications in Lung Cancer Management",slug:"pet-ct-principles-and-applications-in-lung-cancer-management",totalDownloads:1084,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Lung cancer is the most common malignant cancer throughout the world; the positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) combines both the metabolism information from PET and anatomy details from CT, which is the state of the art. This manuscript introduced the PET-CT and applications in lung cancer diagnosing, staging, and treatment. Several aspects including clinical features, classification, grading and pathology of the lung cancer, principles of PET-CT, and evaluation of diagnosing and treatment had been covered. Detailed demonstration of each cancer subtype, staging criteria, and classification was described. The content will benefit the clinical doctors as well as radiologists.",book:{id:"8125",slug:"medical-imaging-principles-and-applications",title:"Medical Imaging",fullTitle:"Medical Imaging - Principles and Applications"},signatures:"Long Chen, Hua Sun and Yunchao Huang",authors:[{id:"278386",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Long",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"long-chen",fullName:"Long Chen"},{id:"280160",title:"Prof.",name:"Yunchao",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",slug:"yunchao-huang",fullName:"Yunchao Huang"},{id:"280161",title:"Prof.",name:"Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",slug:"hua-sun",fullName:"Hua Sun"}]},{id:"64352",title:"Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy",slug:"endoscopic-dacryocystorhinostomy-1",totalDownloads:5890,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Epiphora, or abnormal tearing, occurs because of the blockage in the lacrimal drainage system, which impairs normal tearing channeling into the nose. It is essential that with proper history and examination including syringing and probing, a correct diagnosis is made. Syringing and probing are performed only in congenital and acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO). Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) is a procedure performed for the treatment of tearing (epiphora) due to blockage of the nasolacrimal drainage system. Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (E-DCR) using telescopes has gained a lot of momentum among otolaryngologists, since the outcomes are comparable to the external approach. Advances in surgical technique and a better understanding of the anatomy have resulted in improvements in outcomes. The anatomy of the lacrimal system will be discussed in detail including the surgical indications and techniques of DCR. The advantages, results, and complications of surgery will be highlighted.",book:{id:"7255",slug:"endoscopy-novel-techniques-and-recent-advancements",title:"Endoscopy",fullTitle:"Endoscopy - Novel Techniques and Recent Advancements"},signatures:"Balwant Singh Gendeh",authors:[{id:"67669",title:null,name:"Balwant Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Gendeh",slug:"balwant-singh-gendeh",fullName:"Balwant Singh Gendeh"}]},{id:"59741",title:"Active Contour Based Segmentation Techniques for Medical Image Analysis",slug:"active-contour-based-segmentation-techniques-for-medical-image-analysis",totalDownloads:3445,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:42,abstract:"Image processing is a technique which is used to derive information from the images. Segmentation is a section of image processing for the separation or segregation of information from the required target region of the image. There are different techniques used for segmentation of pixels of interest from the image. 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Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:249,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. 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This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. 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