More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
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Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
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“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
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Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
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We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
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Simba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
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IntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
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Since the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
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More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\n
Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n
“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\n
Additionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\n
We are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
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\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10403",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Numerical Simulations",title:"Recent Advances in Numerical Simulations",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"A numerical simulation is a computing calculation following a program that develops a mathematical model for a physical, social, economic, or biological system. Numerical simulations are required for analyzing and studying the behavior of systems whose mathematical models are very complex, as in the case of nonlinear systems. Capturing the resulting uncertainty of models based on uncertain parameters and constraints in confidence intervals (1-D), or more generally (>1-D) confidence regions, is very common for expressing to which degree the computed result is believed to be consistent with possible values of the targeted observable. This book examines the different methods used in numerical simulations, including adaptive and stochastic methods as well as finite element analysis research. This work is accompanied by studies of confidence regions, often utilized to express the credibility of such calculations and simulations.",isbn:"978-1-83968-169-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-168-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-315-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91589",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"recent-advances-in-numerical-simulations",numberOfPages:290,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"d74c4bc8f3f49c49eb2e80810d938611",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes and Jan Peter Hessling",publishedDate:"September 22nd 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10403.jpg",numberOfDownloads:3414,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:2,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 13th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 11th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 9th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 30th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 29th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92918/images/system/92918.png",biography:"Dr. Francisco Bulnes, Ph.D., is IINAMEI Director, Mathematics Research Centre, Mexico. He is a member of various international committees of science and serves as a reviewer and editor for British and American journals of mathematics and physics. He is head of the Research Department, GI-TESCHA. He has published more than 100 papers and several books in mathematics and physics. Dr. Bulnes has many theories, theorems, and math objects to his credit. He has received various honors and awards from universities as well as governmental and non-governmental organizations. He received the Doctor Honoris Causa in Education Philosophy and is a Peace Ambassador for ODAEE in Frankfurt, Germany. He is also a distinguished member of the Czech Republic Mathematics Society (JCFM). He obtained two post-doctorates in Mathematics in Cuba and Russia. His research interests include electronics, microelectronics, and spintronics.",institutionString:"Investigación Internacional Avanzada en Matemáticas e Ingeniería (IINAMEI)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"14",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"7",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"20815",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Hessling",slug:"jan-peter-hessling",fullName:"Jan Peter Hessling",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/20815/images/system/20815.jpg",biography:"Jan Peter Hessling earned a Ph.D. in Theoretical Physics from Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1996, and an MSc in Physics from the University of Massachusetts, USA, in 1991. Since then, he has been devoted to novel mathematical and statistical concepts, recently focusing on modeling uncertainty and digital filtering. Dr. Hessling is the original proposer of Deterministic Sampling for uncertainty quantification and Dynamic Metrology for the analysis of dynamic measurements utilizing custom digital filtering. He has authored four book chapters for InTechOpen and about twenty journal articles. Since 2016, these concepts are further developed in the privately held company Kapernicus AB, which is dedicated to applied mathematical R&D, offering statistical model sampling (SavvySampler®) and digital filtering of road surfaces (RoadNotes®) worldwide.",institutionString:"Independent scientist",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"599",title:"Computer Simulation",slug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing-computer-simulation"}],chapters:[{id:"75127",title:"Femtosecond Laser Pulses: Generation, Measurement and Propagation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95978",slug:"femtosecond-laser-pulses-generation-measurement-and-propagation",totalDownloads:257,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this contribution some basic properties of femtosecond laser pulse are summarized. In sections 2.1–2.5 the generation of femtosecond laser pulses via mode locking is described in simple physical terms. In section 2.6 we deal with measurement of ultrashort laser pulses. The characterization of ultrashort pulses with respect to amplitude and phase is therefore based on optical correlation techniques that make of the short pulse itself. In section 3 we start with the linear properties of ultrashort light pulses. However, due to the large bandwidth, the linear dispersion is responsible for dramatic effects. To describe and manage such dispersion effects a mathematical description of an ultrashort laser pulse is given first before we continue with methods how to change the temporal shape via the frequency domain. The chapter ends with a paragraph of the wavelet representation of an ultrashort laser pulse.",signatures:"Mounir Khelladi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75127",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75127",authors:[{id:"342055",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mounir",surname:"Khelladi",slug:"mounir-khelladi",fullName:"Mounir Khelladi"}],corrections:null},{id:"75857",title:"Numerical Simulations of Detections, Experiments and Magnetic Field Hall Effect Analysis to Field Torsion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96779",slug:"numerical-simulations-of-detections-experiments-and-magnetic-field-hall-effect-analysis-to-field-tor",totalDownloads:209,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Field torsion models are considered from the experiments realized in electronic-dynamical devices and magnetic censoring of a Hall Effect sensor to detect torsion under electrical restricted conditions and space geometry. In this last point, are obtained 2D and 3D-models of torsion energy, which enclose the field theory concepts related with torsion, and open several possibilities of re-interpretations that can be useful in technological applications in the future. Likewise, are considered some measurements that evidence the torsion as field observable. Through geometrical models obtained from theorems and other results are demonstrated the conjectures required to understanding of torsion, as a geometrical and physics invariant most important in the deep study of the Universe. Also, applications in astrophysics and cosmology of these geometrical models are obtained to show Universe phenomena understudy of torsion.",signatures:"Francisco Bulnes, Juan Carlos García-Limón, Víctor Sánchez-Suárez and Luis Alfredo Ortiz-Dumas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75857",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75857",authors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],corrections:null},{id:"76600",title:"A Monotonic Method of Split Particles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97044",slug:"a-monotonic-method-of-split-particles",totalDownloads:140,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The problem of correct calculation of the motion of a multicomponent (multimaterial) medium is the most serious problem for Lagrangian–Eulerian and Eulerian techniques, especially in multicomponent cells in the vicinity of interfaces. There are two main approaches to solving the advection equation for a multicomponent medium. The first approach is based on the identification of interfaces and determining their position at each time step by the concentration field. In this case, the interface can be explicitly distinguished or reconstructed by the concentration field. The latter algorithm is the basis of widely used methods such as VOF. The second approach involves the use of the particle or marker method. In this case, the material fluxes of substances are determined by the particles with which certain masses of substances bind. Both approaches have their own advantages and drawbacks. The advantages of the particle method consist in the Lagrangian representation of particles and the possibility of” drawbacks. The main disadvantage of the particle method is the strong non-monotonicity of the solution caused by the discrete transfer of mass and mass-related quantities from cell to cell. This paper describes a particle method that is free of this drawback. Monotonization of the particle method is performed by spliting the particles so that the volume of matter flowing out of the cell corresponds to the volume calculated according to standard schemes of Lagrangian–Eulerian and Eulerian methods. In order not to generate an infinite chain of spliting, further split particles are re-united when certain conditions are met. The method is developed for modeling 2D and 3D gas-dynamic flows with accompanying processes, in which it is necessary to preserve the history of the process at Lagrangian points.",signatures:"Yury Yanilkin, Vladimir Shmelev and Vadim Kolobyanin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76600",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76600",authors:[{id:"181004",title:"Prof.",name:"Yury",surname:"Yanilkin",slug:"yury-yanilkin",fullName:"Yury Yanilkin"},{id:"347790",title:"Dr.",name:"Vadim",surname:"Kolobyanin",slug:"vadim-kolobyanin",fullName:"Vadim Kolobyanin"},{id:"347791",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Shmelev",slug:"vladimir-shmelev",fullName:"Vladimir Shmelev"}],corrections:null},{id:"76170",title:"Numerical Simulation Modelling of Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Double-Skin Facades",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97171",slug:"numerical-simulation-modelling-of-building-integrated-photovoltaic-double-skin-facades",totalDownloads:284,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) replaces building envelope materials and provides electric power generator, which has aroused great interest for those in the fields of energy conservation and building design. Double-skin façade (DSF) has attracted significant attention over the last three decades due to its bi-layer structure, which improves thermal and acoustic insulation and therefore increases the energy efficiency and thermal comfort of buildings. It is hypothesised that the integration of BIPV and DSF (BIPV-DSF) would help buildings in reducing energy consumption and improving indoor thermal comfort concurrently. However, the prototype of the BIPV-DSF has not been well explored. Thus, the investigations of the BIPV-DSF are worthwhile. Numerical simulation is a cost and time effective measure for the design and analysis of buildings. This chapter spells out a comprehensive method of numerical simulation modelling of the novel BIPV-DSF system in buildings, which is carried out by using a graphically based design tool – TRNSYS and its plugins. TRNSYS has been validated and widely used in both the BIPV and building related research activities, which are capable in analysing the effects of BIPV-DSF on building performance such as energy consumption and indoor thermal condition.",signatures:"Siliang Yang, Francesco Fiorito, Deo Prasad and Alistair Sproul",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76170",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76170",authors:[{id:"343273",title:null,name:"Siliang",surname:"Yang",slug:"siliang-yang",fullName:"Siliang Yang"}],corrections:null},{id:"77110",title:"Parameter Dependencies of a Biomechanical Cervical Spine FSU - The Process of Finding Optimal Model Parameters by Sensitivity Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98211",slug:"parameter-dependencies-of-a-biomechanical-cervical-spine-fsu-the-process-of-finding-optimal-model-pa",totalDownloads:241,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The knowledge about the impact of structure-specific parameters on the biomechanical behavior of a computer model has an essential meaning for the realistic modeling and system improving. Especially the biomechanical parameters of the intervertebral discs, the ligamentous structures and the facet joints are seen in the literature as significant components of a spine model, which define the quality of the model. Therefore, it is important to understand how the variations of input parameters for these components affect the entire model and its individual structures. Sensitivity analysis can be used to gain the required knowledge about the correlation of the input and output variables in a complex spinal model. The present study analyses the influence of the biomechanical parameters of the intervertebral disc using different sensitivity analysis methods to optimize the spine model parameters. The analysis is performed with a multi-body simulation model of the cervical functional spinal unit C6-C7.",signatures:"Sabine Bauer and Ivanna Kramer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77110",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77110",authors:[{id:"180120",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabine",surname:"Bauer",slug:"sabine-bauer",fullName:"Sabine Bauer"},{id:"343297",title:"MSc.",name:"Ivanna",surname:"Kramer",slug:"ivanna-kramer",fullName:"Ivanna Kramer"}],corrections:null},{id:"77022",title:"A Numerical Simulator Based on Finite Element Method for Diffusion-Advection-Reaction Equation in High Contrast Domains",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98291",slug:"a-numerical-simulator-based-on-finite-element-method-for-diffusion-advection-reaction-equation-in-hi",totalDownloads:187,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Implementation of finite element method (FEM) needs special cares, particularly for essential boundary conditions that have an important effect on symmetry and number of unknowns in the linear systems. Moreover, avoiding numerical integration and using (off-line) calculated element integrals decrease the computational cost significantly. In this chapter we briefly present theoretical topics of FEM. Instead we focus on what is important (and how) to carefully implement FEM for equations that can be the core of a numerical simulator for a diffusion–advection-reaction problem. We consider general 2D and 3D domains, high contrast and heterogeneous diffusion coefficients and generalize the method to nonlinear parabolic equations. Although we use Matlab codes to simplify the explanation of the proposed method, we have implemented it in C++ to reveal the efficiency and examples are presented to admit it.",signatures:"Hani Akbari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77022",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77022",authors:[{id:"341891",title:"Dr.",name:"Hani",surname:"Akbari",slug:"hani-akbari",fullName:"Hani Akbari"}],corrections:null},{id:"75801",title:"A Modified Spectral Relaxation Method for Some Emden-Fowler Equations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96611",slug:"a-modified-spectral-relaxation-method-for-some-emden-fowler-equations",totalDownloads:198,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we present a modified version of the spectral relaxation method for solving singular initial value problems for some Emden-Fowler equations. This study was motivated by the several applications that these equations have in Science. The first step of the method of solution makes use of linearisation to solve the model problem on a small subinterval of the problem domain. This subinterval contains a singularity at the initial instant. The first step is combined with using the spectral relaxation method to recursively solve the model problem on the rest of the problem domain. We make use of examples to demonstrate that the method is reliable, accurate and computationally efficient. The numerical solutions that are obtained in this chapter are in good agreement with other solutions in the literature.",signatures:"Gerald Tendayi Marewo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75801",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75801",authors:[{id:"185293",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerald Tendayi",surname:"Marewo",slug:"gerald-tendayi-marewo",fullName:"Gerald Tendayi Marewo"}],corrections:null},{id:"77307",title:"Numerical Modeling of Soil Water Flow and Nitrogen Dynamics in a Tomato Field Irrigated with Municipal Wastewater",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98487",slug:"numerical-modeling-of-soil-water-flow-and-nitrogen-dynamics-in-a-tomato-field-irrigated-with-municip",totalDownloads:185,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Because of water scarcity, reduction of annual rainfall and the use of wastewater in agriculture, there is a need for research to evaluate the potential impacts of using such sources on hydraulic soil properties and groundwater quality. Nitrate loss from the area under cultivation and regular use of fertilizer and wastewater is a major reason for non-point source contamination on agricultural lands. Numerical model, Hydrus-1D used to simulate soil nitrate in soil cultivated with tomato-crop during the growing period, in North-East Iran. A randomized completely blocked design with five irrigation treatments with different sources of nitrogen was applied. Comparison between simulated and measured soil moisture content shows that the model can follow the temporal variation of soil water content. However, some over estimation of the measured data was observed during the simulation period. To evaluate the Hydrus model performance with respect to nitrogen transport and transformations, the simulated nitrogen concentrations (NH4-N and NO3-N) are compared for different treatments at different depths of soil profile, (7.5, 22.5, 37.5, 52.5 and 120 cm from soil surface). It takes about 4 days to convert 90% of urea into ammonium and it takes about 70 days to convert 90% of ammonium into nitrate. However, urea concentrations decreased with time between irrigations as a result of hydrolysis. As expected, at 3.73 days, the urea was concentrated near the surface, immediately after fertigation. Ammonium remained concentrated in the immediate in the top soil at all times for all treatments. There was only slight movement, because of soil adsorption and subsequent fast nitrification and/or root uptake. In contrast to ammonium, nitrate moved continuously downwards during the 28-day simulation period, as nitrate is not adsorbed, whereas denitrification was assumed negligible. Leaching percentages were smaller for nitrate wastewater compared to nitrate- fertilizer, and manure. Base on simulation results treated municipal wastewater by an aerated lagoon can be used as a valuable source of irrigation without causing contamination of groundwater.",signatures:"Ali Erfani Agah",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77307",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77307",authors:[{id:"191059",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali Erfani",surname:"Agah",slug:"ali-erfani-agah",fullName:"Ali Erfani Agah"}],corrections:null},{id:"75421",title:"Determination of Values Range of Physical Quantities and Existence Parameters of Normal Spherical Detonation by the Method of Numerical Simulation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96285",slug:"determination-of-values-range-of-physical-quantities-and-existence-parameters-of-normal-spherical-de",totalDownloads:240,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Using elements of the theory of classical detonation and previously obtained relations for spherical waves, the author tried to establish the range of admissible values of temperature, Mach numbers, and specific hydrogen content in the gas mixture of the possible existence of normal spherical detonation. The work took into account the critical values of the parameters associated with the kinetics of the chemical reaction at the front of the blast wave and the parameters that determine the intensity of the shock transition (minimum and maximum Mach number) for a given reacting medium. Using the example of the interaction of hydrogen and oxygen in a hydrogen-oxygen mixture, it was possible to graphically determine the range of values of the main physical quantities and parameters - the critical temperature, the detonation temperature of the quiescent medium, and the specific hydrogen content in the mixture required for spherical detonation. Mathematical modeling of the process was carried out at a fixed value of the pressure of the gaseous medium.",signatures:"Myron Polatayko",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75421",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75421",authors:[{id:"264900",title:"Mr.",name:"Myron",surname:"Polatayko",slug:"myron-polatayko",fullName:"Myron Polatayko"}],corrections:null},{id:"73036",title:"On Statistical Assessments of Racial/Ethnic Inequalities in Cigarette Purchase Price among Daily Smokers in the United States: Non-Hispanic Whites Pay Least",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93380",slug:"on-statistical-assessments-of-racial-ethnic-inequalities-in-cigarette-purchase-price-among-daily-smo",totalDownloads:272,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We discuss statistical methods suitable for comparing multiple populations versus one reference population and consider two common problems: (1) detecting all significant mean differences and (2) demonstrating that all mean differences are significant. Discussed methods include the Bonferroni approach (both problems), Min test (problem 2), and Strassburger-Bretz-Hochberg (SBH) confidence interval for estimating the smallest mean difference (problem 2). They illustrate the methods using the pooled 2010–2015 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS) data on the cigarette purchase price (per pack) reported by adult daily smokers (n = 34,728). The goal was to show that among seven considered racial/ethnic groups of daily smokers, non-Hispanic (NH) Whites paid least for cigarettes (on average). We used the design-based multiple linear regression to derive the estimates and raw p-values. The Min test supported the study goal. Likewise, SBH lower 95% confidence interval bound was $0.08, indicating that the other racial/ethnic groups of daily smokers paid at least eight cents more for a pack of cigarettes (on average) than did non-Hispanic Whites. However, Bonferroni method (that was originally proposed for problem 1) failed to support the study goal. The study highlights the importance of choosing the right statistical method for a given problem.",signatures:"Julia N. Soulakova and Trung Ha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73036",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73036",authors:[{id:"326641",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Julia N.",surname:"Soulakova",slug:"julia-n.-soulakova",fullName:"Julia N. Soulakova"},{id:"326645",title:"Dr.",name:"Trung",surname:"Ha",slug:"trung-ha",fullName:"Trung Ha"}],corrections:null},{id:"74426",title:"Intensive Computational Method Applied for Assessing Specialty Coffees by Trained and Untrained Consumers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95234",slug:"intensive-computational-method-applied-for-assessing-specialty-coffees-by-trained-and-untrained-cons",totalDownloads:317,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The sensory analysis of coffees assumes that a sensory panel is formed by tasters trained according to the recommendations of the American Specialty Coffee Association. However, the choice that routinely determines the preference of a coffee is made through experimentation with consumers, in which, for the most part, they have no specific ability in relation to sensory characteristics. Considering that untrained consumers or those with basic knowledge regarding the quality of specialty coffees have little ability to discriminate between different sensory attributes, it is reasonable to admit the highest score given by a taster. Given this fact, probabilistic studies considering appropriate probability distributions are necessary. To access the uncertainty inherent in the notes given by the tasters, resampling methods such as Monte Carlo’s can be considered and when there is no knowledge about the distribution of a given statistic, p-Bootstrap confidence intervals become a viable alternative. This text will bring considerations about the use of the non-parametric resampling method by Bootstrap with application in sensory analysis, using probability distributions related to the maximum scores of tasters and accessing the most frequent region (mode) through computational resampling methods.",signatures:"Gilberto Rodrigues Liska, Luiz Alberto Beijo, Marcelo Ângelo Cirillo, Flávio Meira Borém and Fortunato Silva de Menezes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74426",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74426",authors:[{id:"326912",title:"Dr.",name:"Gilberto",surname:"Liska",slug:"gilberto-liska",fullName:"Gilberto Liska"},{id:"337973",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz Alberto",surname:"Beijo",slug:"luiz-alberto-beijo",fullName:"Luiz Alberto Beijo"},{id:"337974",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo Ângelo",surname:"Cirillo",slug:"marcelo-angelo-cirillo",fullName:"Marcelo Ângelo Cirillo"},{id:"337976",title:"Dr.",name:"Flávio Meira",surname:"Borém",slug:"flavio-meira-borem",fullName:"Flávio Meira Borém"},{id:"337977",title:"Dr.",name:"Fortunato Silva De",surname:"Menezes",slug:"fortunato-silva-de-menezes",fullName:"Fortunato Silva De Menezes"}],corrections:null},{id:"74188",title:"The Periodic Restricted EXPAR(1) Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94078",slug:"the-periodic-restricted-expar-1-model",totalDownloads:275,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we discuss the nonlinear periodic restricted EXPAR(1) model. The parameters are estimated by the quasi maximum likelihood (QML) method and we give their asymptotic properties which lead to the construction of confidence intervals of the parameters. Then we consider the problem of testing the nullity of coefficients by using the standard Likelihood Ratio (LR) test, simulation studies are given to assess the performance of this QML and LR test.",signatures:"Mouna Merzougui",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74188",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74188",authors:[{id:"326078",title:"Dr.",name:"Mouna",surname:"Merzougui",slug:"mouna-merzougui",fullName:"Mouna Merzougui"}],corrections:null},{id:"77644",title:"Severe Testing and Characterization of Change Points in Climate Time Series",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98364",slug:"severe-testing-and-characterization-of-change-points-in-climate-time-series",totalDownloads:128,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This paper applies misspecification (M-S) testing to the detection of abrupt changes in climate regimes as part of undertaking severe testing of climate shifts versus trends. Severe testing, proposed by Mayo and Spanos, provides severity criteria for evaluating statistical inference using probative criteria, requiring tests that would find any flaws present. Applying M-S testing increases the severity of hypothesis testing. We utilize a systematic approach, based on well-founded principles that combines the development of probative criteria with error statistical testing. Given the widespread acceptance of trend-like change in climate, especially temperature, tests that produce counter-examples need proper specification. Reasoning about abrupt shifts embedded within a complex times series requires detection methods sensitive to level changes, accurate in timing, and tolerant of simultaneous changes of trend, variance, autocorrelation, and red-drift, given that many of these measures may shift together. Our preference is to analyse the raw data to avoid pre-emptive assumptions and test the results for robustness. We use a simple detection method, based on the Maronna-Yohai (MY) test, then re-assess nominated shift-points using tests with varied null hypotheses guided by M-S testing. 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Their closed fuel cycle can support long-term nuclear power development as part of the world’s future energy mix and decrease the burden of nuclear waste. In addition to current fast reactors construction projects, several countries are engaged in intense R&D and innovation programs for the development of innovative, or Generation IV, fast reactor concepts. Within this framework, NINE is very actively participating in various Coordinated Research Projects (CRPs) organized by the IAEA, aimed at improving Member States’ fast reactor analytical simulation capabilities and international qualification through code-to-code comparison, as well as experimental validation on mock-up experiment results of codes currently employed in the field of fast reactors. The first CRP was focused on the benchmark analysis of Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II) Shutdown Heat Removal Test (SHRT-17), protected loss-of-flow transient, which ended in the 2017 with the publication of the IAEA-TECDOC-1819. In the framework of this project, the NINE Validation Process– developed in the framework of NEMM (NINE Evaluation Model Methodology) – has been proposed and adopted by most of the organizations to support the interpretation of the results calculated by the CRP participants and the understanding of the reasons for differences between the participants’ simulation results and the experimental data. A second project regards the CRP focused on benchmark analysis of one of the unprotected passive safety demonstration tests performed at the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF), the Loss of Flow Without Scram (LOFWOS) Test #13, started in 2018. A detailed nodalization has been developed by NINE following its nodalization techniques and the NINE validation procedure has been adopted to validate the Simulation Model (SM) against the experimental data of the selected test. The third activity deals with the neutronics benchmark of China Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR) Start-Up Tests, a CRP proposed by the China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) launched in 2018 the main objective of which is to improve the understanding of the start-up of a SFR and to validate the fast reactor analysis computer codes against CEFR experimental data. A series of start-up tests have been analyzed in this benchmark and NINE also proposed and organized a further work package focused on the sensitivity and uncertainty analysis of the first criticality test. The present chapter intends to summarize the results achieved using the codes currently employed in the field of fast reactor in the framework of international projects and benchmarks in which NINE was involved and emphasize how the application of developed procedures allows to validate the SM results and validate the computer codes against experimental data.",signatures:"Domenico De Luca, Simone Di Pasquale, Marco Cherubini, Alessandro Petruzzi and Gianni Bruna",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76773",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76773",authors:[{id:"14024",title:"Dr.",name:"Giovanni",surname:"Bruna",slug:"giovanni-bruna",fullName:"Giovanni Bruna"},{id:"346291",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Domenico",surname:"De Luca",slug:"domenico-de-luca",fullName:"Domenico De Luca"},{id:"354262",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",surname:"Petruzzi",slug:"alessandro-petruzzi",fullName:"Alessandro Petruzzi"},{id:"354264",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",surname:"Cherubini",slug:"marco-cherubini",fullName:"Marco Cherubini"},{id:"354265",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",surname:"Di Pasquale",slug:"simone-di-pasquale",fullName:"Simone Di Pasquale"}],corrections:null},{id:"75766",title:"On the Determination of Molar Heat Capacity of Transition Elements: From the Absolute Zero to the Melting Point",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96880",slug:"on-the-determination-of-molar-heat-capacity-of-transition-elements-from-the-absolute-zero-to-the-mel",totalDownloads:259,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Molar specific heat is one of the most important thermophysical properties to determine the sensible heat, heat of transformation, enthalpy, entropy, thermal conductivity, and many other physical properties present in several fields of physics, chemistry, materials science, metallurgy, and engineering. 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His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. 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1. Introduction
Failing to acquire an age-appropriate reading level could be due to many reasons; as low intelligence score, lack of proper education or proper home environment, lack of motivation, or presence of sensory deficit. These factors lead to the development of a ‘poor reader’, but even in the absence of any of the previous causes, learning to read could be laborious, baffling, frustrating, and highly unsuccessful. This is due to a specific reading difficulty, termed dyslexia, which was classified by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–5) as a form of neurodevelopmental disorder. Many definitions were presented to describe developmental dyslexia. A simple definition was given by Snowling et al. [1], who described dyslexia as a difficulty in learning to decode (read aloud) and to spell. The International Dyslexia Association characterized dyslexia by difficulties in accurate and/or fluent word recognition together with poor decoding and spelling abilities.
2. Body
2.1 Dyslexia as a language disorder
Dyslexia is coherently language-based. Why? If we cannot speak, we cannot read. Oral language has to come first, then written language could be converted by reading to an oral form. As Shaywitz and Shaywitz [2] put it, the printed characters have no meaning on their own, they have to refer to speech sounds. Unless this phonetic code happens, the written symbols are just a bunch of lines, circles, and dots. Historically, when this perplexing disorder was identified it was termed ‘word blindness’. Adolf Kussmaul used this term [3] to describe stroke patients who selectively lost their ability to read. Later in the 19th century, Pringle Morgan introduced the term ‘congenital word blindness’, to describe the condition of a boy who found it impossible to learn to read in spite of typical level of intelligence [4]. This concept continued into the mid-twentieth century, with dyslexia still being identified as a hereditary deficit affecting the visual processing of words, and leaving oral and non-verbal intelligence intact [5]. As visual identification of written symbols is only the first step in the story of reading, with the second step related to converting them to oral symbols; the focus shifted to consider dyslexia as a language disorder. Language of dyslexics was later characterized by failure to acquire proper phonological skills [6]. This led to the emergence of the widely accredited phonological theory of dyslexia.
2.2 The phonological theory of dyslexia
This phonological theory of developmental dyslexia postulates that dyslexia emerges due to poor ability of the child to perceive the word as divided into individual phonemes. These phonemes are the ones that need to be matched with their visual counterparts, which are the letters, during reading. This auditory ability of proper perception of phonemes in the same order is known as ‘phonemic awareness’. A broader term is ‘phonological awareness’, as phonemes integrate together to form syllables, each having a characteristic onset and rhyme, then words, and finally sentences. The phonemic awareness can preferably be assessed by getting children to repeat pseudo-words. These are sequences of sounds with no meaning, which the child has to memorize and repeat. Successful development of phonological awareness is considered a strong predictor of later linguistic and reading competence [7].
There is, however, more to phonological deficits in dyslexia than the phonological awareness skill. On a wider phonological scale, dyslexia is also widely thought to be underlaid by a deficit in phonological processing ability [8]. Phonological processing includes phonological awareness, phonological working memory, and phonological retrieval. This only goes to explain that despite intense treatment, some aspects of dyslexia persist into adulthood, as poor spelling [9].
2.3 Phonological sequencing errors in dyslexia
The nature of phonological defects occurring with dyslexia could be evident when the phonological processes in their oral language are analyzed. Peter et al. [10] studied the phonological processes in oral language of adult dyslexics compared to an age-matched control group, with the aim of exploring whether sequential errors were more prevalent than substitution errors. The phonological errors were more evident in nonword repetitions, which is a short-term memory task. They were classified as either errors of phoneme sequence (assimilation, migration, metathesis, deletion, and insertion) or errors of phoneme identity (substitution), with a focus on the type of assimilation used. Assimilatory processes could be either anticipatory or perseverative assimilation. Anticipatory assimilation is the commonly expected form of assimilation and constitutes about 75% of assimilation errors in typical development [11]. It is a regressive form of assimilation where a speech sound becomes similar to another speech sound in the word, anticipated to be spoken after it. The presence of anticipatory assimilation indicates an active motor plan, as the motor plan for the entire word is thought to be set at the onset of the word [12]. The prevalence of perseverative assimilation, on the other hand, implies an underspecified motor plan and a weak representation of the sequence of sounds in short-term memory.
The whole phonological errors were significantly higher in the dyslexia group compared to a control group, with a special prevalence of sequencing errors in the dyslexia group compared to substitution errors, pointing to a core deficit in processing sequential information. The assimilation was the commonest form of sequencing errors, being more perseverative than anticipatory. There was, in addition, a high percentage of deletions and insertions in the language of the dyslexic group. The same phenomena are interestingly noted in spelling defects in the written language of dyslexics. The dyslexic group was also slower in rapid syllable repetition (diadochokinesis) compared to the control group; a fact also documented by Malek et al. [13].
There is a system of serial order processing or sequentiality related to verbal short-term memory. A defect in this system in dyslexia was pin-pointed by Martinez-Perez [14, 15]. Failure in proper development of phonological awareness may be the cause of the defect in phonological short-term memory, which psychologists term difficulty in creating fine, individualized, well-segmented phonological representations. This short-term memory defect in serial ordering of information in dyslexia is recently gaining attention and psychologists are investigating the presence of selective impairment in it, beyond the verbal domain. This also affects transition of serial information from short- to long-term memory [16, 17].
Adults and children with dyslexia also have sequencing errors in repeating real words, compared to typical adults and children. The words are retrieved from long-term memory rather than from short-term memory, then passed through the phonological component assembly, buffer, motor planning and programming, and motor execution stages. It is theorized that adults with dyslexia have an inaccurately stored phonemic representation of multisyllabic real words in their long-term memory, or encounter difficulty in retrieving this stored information (at the level of motor planning and programming). Evidence for motor planning and programing deficits has been proved by many studies [18, 19]. Research has shown that dyslexics make more errors on phonologically complex stimuli than other typical controls [18].
Common occurrence of unexpected phonological errors in the language of the child in the pre-literacy stage is likely to fall under the diagnostic umbrella of specific language impairment (SLI). At that time developmental dyslexia cannot be yet identified. It is reported that both conditions could be comorbid [20]. Developmental dyslexia could also coexist with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [21] and childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) [10].
2.4 Morphological defects in dyslexia
Considering that the reading problem in dyslexics is mainly related to a phonological processing disorder, that is reflected on the decoding procedure in reading; is a very simple way to look at it. This is only the beginning of the story of this puzzling dilemma, as reading is not just ‘decoding.’ The mode of reading is different between beginners and experienced readers. Beginners depend on ‘decoding’; they serially correspond each grapheme to the corresponding phoneme then blend the phonemes in the correct order to form the intended word. Here comes the importance of the correct serial order or sequentiality. Experienced readers, on the other hand, read through ‘direct access’; they read automatically as most words have been decoded before multiple times and have been integrated in their long-term memory. This allows them to read fast and with ease, focusing on the meaning of what they are reading. Reading, after all, aims at comprehension.
Visual identification of morphemes of the word also takes place during the process of reading development. Studies on typical adult readers indicate that morphological processing is involved in reading [22]. In a word like ‘dreamer’, the target morpheme ‘dream’ and the bound morpheme ‘er’ should be identified with speed and accuracy. There is a sensitivity to morphological structure during visual word recognition. Morphological knowledge contributes to a broad range of literacy skills—reading acquisition, writing acquisition, word recognition, reading accuracy and reading comprehension. Studies of morphology and reading have revealed that dyslexic children and adults score lower than chronologically age-matched controls on morphological tasks, are less sensitive to the internal structure of words, and have difficulty breaking words up into morphological segments. The morphological relationship between stem and pattern with its inflected forms has not been mastered by them [23].
2.5 Early language development and dyslexia
Individuals with dyslexia may also show language problems that extend to vocabulary and grammatical development. In fact, research has shown that the existence of deficits in oral language beyond the phonological component may place children at a higher risk for dyslexia. Authors of the present review, however, believe that all associated language problems probably stem from phonology; the basic units of sounds that are arranged to form syllables, and morphemes. The basic units of language are perceived disarrayed, and the child suffers in forming larger units as morphemes and words.
A study by Scarborough [24] followed the progress of children at high risk of dyslexia because of having one dyslexic parent, at ages of 2–7 years, before they went to school. When the children were 7 and their reading skills could be assessed, it was possible to compare retrospectively the pre-school data of children who became dyslexic with children who did not develop reading difficulties. An important difference between the groups was in their early language skills. Although the dyslexic children used as large a range of vocabulary as their non-dyslexic counterparts at 2.5 years, they made more speech errors and their use of syntax was more limited. At 3 years, the dyslexic children had more difficulty with object naming and at 5, their difficulties in phonological awareness started to become apparent. Their emerging literacy skills were also poorer; they were less familiar with the letters of the alphabet and less competent at matching pictures with print. Scarborough’s data are compatible with the phonological deficit theory, but also suggest that the phonological problems, at least of familial dyslexics, may be less specific than is usually supposed, since language skills outside the phonological domain were also affected.
Nation and Snowling [25] denoted that the severity of a child’s phonological processing deficit and the integrity of their other language processes predict how well they will learn to read. Another study was done for exploring the early language precursors of dyslexia in a longitudinal study from 4 to 8 years, of children at genetic risk by virtue of having a first degree affected relative [26]. It indicated that the children with significant reading impairment at 8 years, showed a pattern of oral speech and language delay in their pre-school period and poorly developed phonological awareness shortly after school entry. Interestingly, at an earlier stage of literacy development at the age of 6 years, both groups of high-risk children showed difficulty when compared to controls on tasks requiring the use of letter-sound relationships, namely in nonword reading and in phonetic spelling processes. This difficulty was noticed equally in those who did not go on to develop reading problems as well as to those who did. Likewise, Moll et al. [27] and Catts et al. [28] also showed that children with a family history of dyslexia were more likely to develop dyslexia themselves if they had preschool problems in vocabulary and/or syntax in addition to difficulties in phonology.
As was previously mentioned, phonemes are interwoven to form syllables and words. The problem of dyslexia that starts at the beginning with defective phonological awareness leads to impaired development of vocabulary. This is also reflected on reading. So, the pathway from a phonological disorder in order to reach dyslexia, has to accumulate other factors. These factors as summarized by Snowling and Melby-Levrag [29] were related to vocabulary size and language development, phonological awareness, and letter naming. Viersen [30] studied both word accuracy and word fluency and described two pathways to proper reading. The first, as noted by Caravolas et al. [31], has to do with the preliteracy skills in close association with phonological awareness, phonological skills, and word decoding. The second pathway is through continuous use of language, which fosters the linguistic competence and the reading comprehension, as implied by Storch and Whitehurst [32]. He concluded that word accuracy and fluency were related to three factors: letter knowledge, phonological awareness, and rapid automatized naming (RAN).
2.6 Dyslexia and the brain
Functional MRIs (fMRIs) have shown that processes related to understanding written language are related to many areas in the left hemisphere in the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. The areas that play the most significant role in reading reside in the left parietotemporal and the left occipitotemporal lobes. In readers without dyslexia, the temporal lobe is active in relation to phonological awareness and sound discrimination. The occipital lobe is active to recognize familiar words, while the frontal lobe is active to pronounce words. In readers with dyslexia, there is more activity in the frontal lobe as the child struggles to produce the word, and less activity in the parietal and occipital lobes. The parietal lobe is involved in word analysis and decoding, while the occipital lobe functions to automatically recognize the word for fluent reading [33].
Imaging studies have shown clearly that the phonological impairments in dyslexics are associated with significant abnormalities not only in cerebral connectivity, but also in cortical structure, particularly involving the left hemisphere language network. Researchers have found there is reduced gray matter volume in the left temporo-parietal cortex, middle frontal gyrus, superior occipital gyrus, and reduced regional white matter in bilateral parieto-occipital regions compared with controls matched for age and controls matched for reading-level [34]. The cerebellum was also implicated as some dyslexics struggle with tasks across many domains that are influenced by cerebellar functions, e.g., rapid pointing, and control of eye movements [35]. Recently, the role of the cerebellum in language and reading was established. It is involved in processing nonmotor sequential information including linguistic information [36]. The cerebellum also plays a significant role in infants during speech perception [37], in children and adults during tasks involving syntactic rules [38], and in children during reading tasks [39].
2.7 Persistence of dyslexia into adulthood
Many studies assessed the serial order learning in children and adults with typical and disordered reading ability and showed that immediate recall of serial order was found to be associated with early oral language learning [40]. The capacity for verbal and nonverbal serial order learning was associated with reading ability and phonological awareness [41]. Several studies showed that serial-order learning, both in the verbal and nonverbal modality, was deficient in adults with dyslexia [16, 17, 42]. Similarly, in a study investigating how type of presentation (i.e., simultaneous versus serial) affected recall of visual symbols in a sequence, Romani et al. [43] reported that the adults with dyslexia did not differ from the typical controls in the simultaneous condition but performed significantly worse in the sequential condition.
Transferring sequential information into long-term memory may be an underlying deficit in dyslexia. This deficit persists into adulthood in different modalities, and is evident at the level of the graphemes and the corresponding phonemes in words, leading to the disordered processing of written language characteristic of dyslexia. Although the main feature of spelling errors in dyslexia declines with age and schooling, words with irregular and unpredictable structure, which typical readers have mastered, continue to challenge individuals with dyslexia [44].
According to data revised in this chapter, Figure 1 summarizes factors that could entangle together to produce obstacles along the way of typical development towards literacy. Although visuospatial perception defects were identified in dyslexia and were formerly thought to be the only cause, phonological defects stem out either directly or indirectly to cast a shade on the majority of factors leading to developmental dyslexia.
Figure 1.
Landmarks along the road to dyslexia: This figure summarizes the defects that could underlie developmental dyslexia.
3. Conclusion
Several factors interact till reading comprehension is achieved. Letter knowledge is related to visual perception, which cannot be bypassed as a contributing factor. Phonological awareness is at the seat of the problem, as spoken language comes first. Exercises in phonological awareness have been actively integrated in pre-school activities. The focus on lifting up phonological awareness skills should be considered if there is family history of dyslexia. Avoiding language delay should be an important parental target, not only for verbal communication, but also for proper age-appropriate acquisition of reading skills.
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The problem at the level of phonological representations causes a range of typical symptoms which include problems of verbal short-term memory, non-word repetitions, phonological learning of new verbal information, word retrieval, and rapid naming. 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Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Body",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Dyslexia as a language disorder",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 The phonological theory of dyslexia",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Phonological sequencing errors in dyslexia",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"2.4 Morphological defects in dyslexia",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"2.5 Early language development and dyslexia",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"2.6 Dyslexia and the brain",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"2.7 Persistence of dyslexia into adulthood",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10",title:"3. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Snowling, M. J., Hayiou-Thomas, M. E., Nash, H. M., & Hulme, C. (2020). Dyslexia and Developmental Language Disorder: comorbid disorders with distinct effects on reading comprehension. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(6), 672-680'},{id:"B2",body:'Shaywitz, S. E., & Shaywitz, B. A. (2003). Dyslexia (specific reading disability). 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Phonetic coding and reading in college students with and without learning disabilities. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 28(6), 342-352.7622966'},{id:"B19",body:'Catts HW (1989). Speech production deficits in developmental dyslexia. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 54(3), 422-428.2755103'},{id:"B20",body:'Bishop, D. V., & Snowling, M. J. (2004). Developmental dyslexia and specific language impairment: Same or different?. Psychological bulletin, 130(6), 858'},{id:"B21",body:'McGrath, L.M., Pennington, B.F., Shanahan, M.A., Santerre-Lemmon, L.E., Barnard, H.D., Willcutt, E.G., Defries, J.C., & Olson, R.K. (2011). A multiple deficit model of reading disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Searching for shared cognitive deficits. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02346.x'},{id:"B22",body:'Feldman, L. B., Rueckl, J., DiLiberto, K., Pastizzo, M., & Vellutino, F. R. (2002). Morphological analysis by child readers as revealed by the fragment completion task. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 9, 529-535'},{id:"B23",body:'Schiff, R., & Levie, R. (2017). Spelling and morphology in dyslexia: a developmental study across the school years. Dyslexia, 23(4), 324-344'},{id:"B24",body:'Scarborough, H. S. (1990). Very early language deficits in dyslexic children. Child development, 61(6), 1728-1743'},{id:"B25",body:'Nation, K., & Snowling, M. J. (1998). Individual differences in contextual facilitation: Evidence from dyslexia and poor reading comprehension. Child development, 69(4), 996-1011'},{id:"B26",body:'Gallagher, A., Frith, U., & Snowling, M. J. (2000). Precursors of literacy delay among children at genetic risk of dyslexia. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 41(2), 203-213'},{id:"B27",body:'Moll, K., Loff, A., & Snowling M. J. (2013). Cognitive endophenotypes of dyslexia. 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Psychological science, 23(6), 678-686'},{id:"B32",body:'Storch, S. A., & Whitehurst, G. J. (2002). Oral language and code-related precursors to reading: evidence from a longitudinal structural model. Developmental psychology, 38(6), 934'},{id:"B33",body:'Dehaene, S. (2009). Reading in the brain. New York'},{id:"B34",body:'Xia, Z., Hoeft, F., Zhang, L., & Shu, H. (2016). Neuroanatomical anomalies of dyslexia: Disambiguating the effects of disorder, performance, and maturation. Neuropsychologia, 81, 68-78'},{id:"B35",body:'Stoodley CJ , & Stein JF (2013). Cerebellar function in developmental dyslexia. Cerebellum, 12(2), 267-276.22851215'},{id:"B36",body:'Marien P, & Beaton A (2014). The enigmatic linguistic cerebellum: clinical relevance and unanswered questions on nonmotor speech and language deficits in cerebellar disorders. Cerebellum Ataxias, 1, 12.26331036'},{id:"B37",body:'Deniz Can D, Richards T, & Kuhl PK (2013). Early gray-matter and white-matter concentration in infancy predict later language skills: a whole brain voxel-based morphometry study. Brain and Language, 124(1), 34-44.23274797'},{id:"B38",body:'Koziol LF, Budding D , Andreasen N , D’Arrigo S , Bulgheroni S, Imamizu H, Ito M , Manto M, Marvel C, Parker K, Pezzulo G, Ramnani N, Riva D, Schmahmann J, Vandervert L, & Yamazaki T (2014). Consensus paper: the cerebellum’s role in movement and cognition. Cerebellum, 13(1), 151-177.23996631'},{id:"B39",body:'Feng X , Li L , Zhang M , Yang X , Tian M, Xie W, Lu Y, Liu L, Belanger NN, Meng X, & Ding G (2016). Dyslexic children show atypical cerebellar activation and cerebro-cerebellar functional connectivity in orthographic and phonological processing. Cerebellum'},{id:"B40",body:'Leclercq AL, & Majerus S (2010). Serial-order short-term memory predicts vocabulary development: evidence from a longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 46(2), 417-427.20210500'},{id:"B41",body:'Bogaerts L, Szmalec A, De Maeyer M, Page MP, & Duyck W (2016). The involvement of long-term serial-order memory in reading development: A longitudinal study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 145, 139-156.26835842'},{id:"B42",body:'Bogaerts L, Szmalec A, Hachmann WM, Page MP, & Duyck W (2015). Linking memory and language: Evidence for a serial-order learning impairment in dyslexia. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 43-44, 106-122.26164302'},{id:"B43",body:'Romani C, Tsouknida E, & Olson A (2015). Encoding order and developmental dyslexia: a family of skills predicting different orthographic components. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (Hove), 68(1), 99-128'},{id:"B44",body:'Bar-Kochva, I., & Amiel, M. (2015). The relations between reading and spelling: An examination of subtypes of reading disability. Annals of Dyslexia,1-16'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Aya Adel",address:null,affiliation:'
Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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So we also review the genetic influence on infection and risk of infertility.",signatures:"Wei Wu, Qiuqin Tang, Hao Gu, Yiqiu Chen, Yankai Xia, Jiahao Sha\nand Xinru Wang",authors:[{id:"178661",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Wu",fullName:"Wei Wu",slug:"wei-wu",email:"wwu@njmu.edu.cn"},{id:"184798",title:"Ms.",name:"Qiuqin",surname:"Tang",fullName:"Qiuqin Tang",slug:"qiuqin-tang",email:"t19871004@sina.com"},{id:"184799",title:"Mrs.",name:"Yiqiu",surname:"Chen",fullName:"Yiqiu Chen",slug:"yiqiu-chen",email:"yqchen2016@126.com"},{id:"184800",title:"Mr.",name:"Hao",surname:"Gu",fullName:"Hao Gu",slug:"hao-gu",email:"hgu2016@126.com"},{id:"184801",title:"Mr.",name:"Yankai",surname:"Xia",fullName:"Yankai Xia",slug:"yankai-xia",email:"ykxia126@126.com"},{id:"184802",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiahao",surname:"Sha",fullName:"Jiahao Sha",slug:"jiahao-sha",email:"jhsha126@126.com"},{id:"184803",title:"Prof.",name:"Xinru",surname:"Wang",fullName:"Xinru Wang",slug:"xinru-wang",email:"xrwang@njmu.edu.cn"}],book:{id:"5059",title:"Genital Infections and Infertility",slug:"genital-infections-and-infertility",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"178661",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Wu",slug:"wei-wu",fullName:"Wei Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178661/images/system/178661.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Wei Wu is an associate professor and associate department\nchair in the Department of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, China, where he received his Ph.D. in Toxicology in 2012.\nHe was a guest researcher at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) between 2017 and 2018. Dr.\nWu is a member of different national and international societies\nin the fields of human reproduction and toxicology and has\nreceived awards from many national societies for the originality and quality of his\nprojects. Dr. Wu has authored seventy-three peer-reviewed papers in international\njournals. He has edited four books and collaborated on ten others as well as seventeen patents and in the organization of three international conferences. He is a\nreviewer for ninety-eight journals.",institutionString:"Nanjing Medical University",institution:{name:"Nanjing Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"178856",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanusi",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"sanusi-ibrahim",fullName:"Sanusi Ibrahim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Maiduguri",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"179627",title:"Dr.",name:"Doblin",surname:"Sandai",slug:"doblin-sandai",fullName:"Doblin Sandai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/179627/images/system/179627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Doblin Sandai obtained his PhD in Molecular Medical Mycology at the Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland United Kingdom in 2011. He is the Associate Professor at Infectomics Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia Bertam, Penang, Malaysia. Currently, he is involved in teaching on undergraduate Medical Degree program and MMed & MSc for postgraduate Mixed Mode program. He is specialized in subjects such as Medical Microbiology, Fungus Infection Related to Organ and Tissue Transplantation, Biological Insults on Cells- Mycology, and Host Defenses in Oral Cavity. He also supervises postgraduate full research PhD and MSc candidates in research related to the molecular pathogenicity of Candida albicans, diagnostic testing of natural products and enhancing the resistant strains of Candida species to the anti-fungal drug treatment.",institutionString:"Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia",institution:{name:"Universiti Sains Malaysia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"180244",title:"Dr.",name:"Thana",surname:"Khawcharoenporn",slug:"thana-khawcharoenporn",fullName:"Thana Khawcharoenporn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Thammasat University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"180247",title:"Prof.",name:"Beverly",surname:"Sha",slug:"beverly-sha",fullName:"Beverly Sha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rush University Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"184798",title:"Ms.",name:"Qiuqin",surname:"Tang",slug:"qiuqin-tang",fullName:"Qiuqin Tang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/184798/images/13334_n.jpg",biography:"Qiuqin Tang is an attending doctor of The Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital). Her research interests include genetic and epigenetic risk factors of reproductive and developmental health. She has authored over 20 papers in international journals such as EBioMedicine, Clinical Epigenetics, Molecular Human Reproduction, Scientific Reports, and European Journal of Endocrinology. She has collaborated in four books and three patents. She is the Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Woman\\'s Reproductive Health, and editor of many other journals including Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, and Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics Forecast.",institutionString:"Nanjing Medical University",institution:{name:"Nanjing Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"184799",title:"Mrs.",name:"Yiqiu",surname:"Chen",slug:"yiqiu-chen",fullName:"Yiqiu Chen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nanjing Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"184801",title:"Mr.",name:"Yankai",surname:"Xia",slug:"yankai-xia",fullName:"Yankai Xia",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nanjing Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"184802",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiahao",surname:"Sha",slug:"jiahao-sha",fullName:"Jiahao Sha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nanjing Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"184803",title:"Prof.",name:"Xinru",surname:"Wang",slug:"xinru-wang",fullName:"Xinru Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nanjing Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding",title:"Open Access Funding",intro:"
IntechOpen’s Academic Editors and Authors have received funding for their work through many well-known funders, including: the European Commission, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers, National Institute of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), German Research Foundation (DFG), Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Australian Research Council (ARC).
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\\n\\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\\n\\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\\n
\\n\\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\\n\\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\\n\\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\n\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\n\n
\n\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\n\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\n
\n\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\n\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"417317",title:"Mrs.",name:"Chiedza",middleName:null,surname:"Elvina Mashiri",slug:"chiedza-elvina-mashiri",fullName:"Chiedza Elvina Mashiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"352140",title:"Dr.",name:"Edina",middleName:null,surname:"Chandiwana",slug:"edina-chandiwana",fullName:"Edina Chandiwana",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"342259",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Leonard",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"leonard-mushunje",fullName:"Leonard Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"347042",title:"Mr.",name:"Maxwell",middleName:null,surname:"Mashasha",slug:"maxwell-mashasha",fullName:"Maxwell Mashasha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"2941",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto J.",middleName:"Jorge",surname:"Rosales-Silva",slug:"alberto-j.-rosales-silva",fullName:"Alberto J. 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The research resented can consist of primary studies on various animal biology fields such as genetics, nutrition, behavior, welfare, and animal production, to name a few. 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Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 16th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},subseries:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Antibiotics, Biofilm, Antibiotic Resistance, Host-microbiota Relationship, Treatment, Diagnostic Tools",scope:"
\r\n\tThe era of antibiotics led us to the illusion that the problem of bacterial infection is over. However, bacterial flexibility and adaptation mechanisms allow them to survive and grow in extreme conditions. The best example is the formation of a sophisticated society of bacteria defined as a biofilm. Understanding the mechanism of bacterial biofilm formation has changed our perception of the development of bacterial infection but successfully eradicating biofilm remains a challenge. Considering the above, it is not surprising that bacteria remain a major public health threat despite the development of many groups of antibiotics. Additionally, increasing prevalence of acquired antibiotic resistance forces us to realize that we are far from controlling the development of bacterial infections. On the other hand, many infections are endogenous and result from an unbalanced relationship between the host and the microorganism. The increasing use of immunosuppressants, such as chemotherapy or organ transplantation, increases the incidence of patients highly susceptible to bacterial infections in the population.
\r\n
\r\n\tThis topic will focus on the current challenges and advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections. We will discuss the host-microbiota relationship, the treatment of chronic infections due to biofilm formation, and the development of new diagnostic tools to rapidly distinguish between colonization and probable infection.
",annualVolume:11399,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/3.jpg",editor:{id:"205604",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Jarzembowski",fullName:"Tomas Jarzembowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKriQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-16T11:01:31.jpg",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"484980",title:"Dr.",name:"Katarzyna",middleName:null,surname:"Garbacz",fullName:"Katarzyna Garbacz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003St8TAQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-07-07T09:45:16.jpg",institutionString:"Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland",institution:null},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"190041",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Gutierrez Fernandez",fullName:"Jose Gutierrez Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Granada",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"156556",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Mascellino",fullName:"Maria Teresa Mascellino",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/156556/images/system/156556.jpg",institutionString:"Sapienza University",institution:{name:"Sapienza University of Rome",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"164933",title:"Prof.",name:"Mónica Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Sousa Oleastro",fullName:"Mónica Alexandra Sousa Oleastro",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/164933/images/system/164933.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge",institution:{name:"National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",annualVolume:11400,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"302145",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Bongomin",fullName:"Felix Bongomin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302145/images/system/302145.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gulu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}},{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/45803/images/system/45803.jpg",institutionString:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institution:{name:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}]},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",annualVolume:11401,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"188881",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando José",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade-Narváez",fullName:"Fernando José Andrade-Narváez",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRIV7QAO/Profile_Picture_1628834308121",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Yucatán",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"269120",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",middleName:"K.",surname:"Tyagi",fullName:"Rajeev Tyagi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRaBqQAK/Profile_Picture_1644331884726",institutionString:"CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, India",institution:null},{id:"336849",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Izurieta",fullName:"Ricardo Izurieta",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/293169/images/system/293169.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Florida",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",annualVolume:11402,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"188219",title:"Prof.",name:"Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Shahid",fullName:"Imran Shahid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188219/images/system/188219.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Umm al-Qura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"214235",title:"Dr.",name:"Lynn",middleName:"S.",surname:"Zijenah",fullName:"Lynn Zijenah",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEJGQA4/Profile_Picture_1636699126852",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zimbabwe",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"178641",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel Ikwaras",middleName:null,surname:"Okware",fullName:"Samuel Ikwaras Okware",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178641/images/system/178641.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Uganda Christian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/30529",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"30529"},fullPath:"/chapters/30529",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()