Modified Glasgow coma scale for infants and children.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8440",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Nanoemulsions - Properties, Fabrications and Applications",title:"Nanoemulsions",subtitle:"Properties, Fabrications and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Fluidics, an increasingly examined topic in nanoscience and nanotechnology is often discussed with regard to the handling of fluid flow, material processing, and material synthesis in innovative devices ranging from the macroscale to the nanoscale. Nanoemulsions - Properties, Fabrications and Applications reviews key concepts in nanoscale fluid mechanics, its corresponding properties, as well as the latest trends in nanofluidics applications. With attention to the fundamentals as well as advanced applications of fluidics, this book imparts a solid knowledge base and develops skill for future problem-solving and system analysis. This is a vital resource for upper-level engineering students who want to expand their potential career opportunities and familiarize themselves with an increasingly important field.",isbn:"978-1-78984-176-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-175-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-939-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78812",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"nanoemulsions-properties-fabrications-and-applications",numberOfPages:136,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"d753b932aeea0109c1ab04d6745d4941",bookSignature:"Kai Seng Koh and Voon Loong Wong",publishedDate:"September 11th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8440.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8287,numberOfWosCitations:24,numberOfCrossrefCitations:23,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:47,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:94,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 17th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 8th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 7th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 25th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 26th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"222878",title:"Dr.",name:"Kai Seng",middleName:null,surname:"Koh",slug:"kai-seng-koh",fullName:"Kai Seng Koh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/222878/images/system/222878.png",biography:"Kai Seng, KOH is an assistant professor in Chemical Engineering from Heriot-Watt University Malaysia. He has a broad range of academic as well as industry interests including microscale fluid dynamics, multiphase flow, MEMS device packaging of design and fabrication, energetic material synthesis and characterization, and life science application using the technology of droplet microfluidic. Dr. Koh currently resides in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia with his family and travels to different countries for research inspiration is his main hobby.",institutionString:"Heriot-Watt University Campus",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Heriot-Watt University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"224066",title:"Dr.",name:"Voon Loong",middleName:null,surname:"Wong",slug:"voon-loong-wong",fullName:"Voon Loong Wong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224066/images/system/224066.png",biography:"Dr. Wong Voon Loong obtained his Bachelor Degree of Chemical Engineering with First Class Honours (Book Prize Winner) from Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman in 2010. He continued his studies at the University of Nottingham and graduated with a PhD Degree in Chemical Engineering in 2015. Wong Voon Loong’s research focuses on multiphase flow and transport phenomena in microfluidic systems. Currently, he is also involved as a key team member of research projects in the field of solar photovoltaic, particles synthesis for wastewater treatment and drug delivery system. He\ncurrently serves as an Assistant Professor at Heriot Watt University\nMalaysia Campus.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"508",title:"Nanochemistry",slug:"chemistry-physical-chemistry-nanochemistry"}],chapters:[{id:"67779",title:"Introductory Chapter: From Microemulsions to Nanoemulsions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87104",slug:"introductory-chapter-from-microemulsions-to-nanoemulsions",totalDownloads:1042,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Koh Kai Seng and Wong Voon Loong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67779",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67779",authors:[{id:"222878",title:"Dr.",name:"Kai Seng",surname:"Koh",slug:"kai-seng-koh",fullName:"Kai Seng Koh"},{id:"224066",title:"Dr.",name:"Voon Loong",surname:"Wong",slug:"voon-loong-wong",fullName:"Voon Loong Wong"}],corrections:null},{id:"65648",title:"In vitro Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84369",slug:"-em-in-vitro-em-antimicrobial-activity-evaluation-of-metal-oxide-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:1726,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:23,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In recent years, infectious diseases, specifically those that are caused by pathogens, have seen a dramatic proliferation due to resistance to multiple antibiotics, opening the colony by opportunistic pathogens. Nanotechnology and tissue engineering have been applied in the development of new antimicrobial therapies, capable of fighting opportunistic infections. In the medical field, research on antimicrobial properties of metal oxide nanoparticles have emerged to find new antimicrobial agents as an alternative against resistant bacteria. The metal oxides, particularly those formed by transition metals are compounds with electronic properties, and most magnetic phenomena involve this type of oxides. Nanoparticles-based metal oxide properties such as shape, size, roughness, zeta potential and their large surface area, make oxides ideal candidates to interact with bacteria and able to have an antimicrobial effectiveness. The aim of this chapter is to offer an updated panorama about the relationships between the use of metal oxide nanoparticles in the medical field, with an emphasis on their role as antimicrobial agents and the properties that influence their antimicrobial response. In addition, the mechanism of nano-antimicrobial action is described and the importance of using in vitro test methods, adopted by leading international regulatory agencies, that can be used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the metal oxide nanoparticles.",signatures:"Alejandro L. Vega-Jiménez, América R. Vázquez-Olmos, Enrique Acosta-Gío and Marco Antonio Álvarez-Pérez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65648",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65648",authors:[{id:"272164",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",surname:"Vega-Jiménez",slug:"alejandro-vega-jimenez",fullName:"Alejandro Vega-Jiménez"},{id:"273073",title:"Dr.",name:"América",surname:"Vázquez-Olmos",slug:"america-vazquez-olmos",fullName:"América Vázquez-Olmos"},{id:"273075",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",surname:"Acosta-Gío",slug:"enrique-acosta-gio",fullName:"Enrique Acosta-Gío"},{id:"273078",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Alvarez-Pérez",slug:"marco-antonio-alvarez-perez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez"}],corrections:null},{id:"67020",title:"Nanoformulated Delivery Systems of Essential Nutraceuticals and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86170",slug:"nanoformulated-delivery-systems-of-essential-nutraceuticals-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:995,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Malnutrition and poor diet constitute the number one driver of the global burden of disease. Undernutrition is responsible for up to 50% of all deaths in children under the age of 5. In South Africa, 25% of the country’s children suffer from undernutrition. This increases the risk of child mortality as well as contracting infectious diseases. It also affects the physical and intellectual development of the children. The greatest drawback in malnutrition is the deficiency of essential nutraceuticals involved in important biological functions. Innovative technologies such as nanoformulated products are needed for food and agriculture in order to enhance the children’s health. The evaluation and application of various nanoformulated delivery systems will be explored for improving the stability and bioavailability of essential nutraceuticals for consumers.",signatures:"Lebogang Katata-Seru, Bathabile Ramalapa and Lesego Tshweu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67020",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67020",authors:[{id:"275575",title:"Prof.",name:"Lebogang",surname:"Katata-Seru",slug:"lebogang-katata-seru",fullName:"Lebogang Katata-Seru"},{id:"300636",title:"Dr.",name:"Bathabile",surname:"Ramalapa",slug:"bathabile-ramalapa",fullName:"Bathabile Ramalapa"},{id:"300637",title:"Mr.",name:"Lesego",surname:"Tshweu",slug:"lesego-tshweu",fullName:"Lesego Tshweu"}],corrections:null},{id:"65728",title:"Development of Nano-Emulsions of Essential Citrus Oil Stabilized with Mesquite Gum",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84157",slug:"development-of-nano-emulsions-of-essential-citrus-oil-stabilized-with-mesquite-gum",totalDownloads:1172,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The use of nano-emulsions has great advantages over conventional macro-emulsions since the small droplet size allows to expand the options of applications besides presenting a greater surface area. This chapter focuses on the formulation of nano-emulsions of citrus essential oils in water, stabilized with a natural gum (mesquite gum), using a high pressure microfluidic homogenizer to obtain appropriate physicochemical characteristics and kinetic stability. When establishing the general conditions of the methods for obtaining nano-emulsions by high pressure homogenization, several formulations presented stability and size corresponding to nano-emulsions, and these were monitored during 4 months in order to study their stability as a function of time. Taking into account the results of size and stability, the best nano-emulsion obtained had a composition of Persian lemon oil (9.86%), mesquite gum (4.93%) Tween 80 (4.89%), Span 20 (1.45%), and deionized water (78.86%) with an average droplet size of 40 nm. In addition, the antibacterial activity studies also showed that this formulation had the best performance against common bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The analysis of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) shows that it is possible to prevent the growth of these particular bacteria using 6.25% of the best nano-emulsion formulations.",signatures:"Maira Berenice Moreno-Trejo, Arturo Adrián Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Ángela Suarez-Jacobo and Margarita Sánchez-Domínguez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65728",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65728",authors:[{id:"93593",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarita",surname:"Sanchez-Dominguez",slug:"margarita-sanchez-dominguez",fullName:"Margarita Sanchez-Dominguez"},{id:"284208",title:"Dr.",name:"Maira B.",surname:"Moreno-Trejo",slug:"maira-b.-moreno-trejo",fullName:"Maira B. Moreno-Trejo"},{id:"284211",title:"Dr.",name:"Angela",surname:"Suarez-Jacobo",slug:"angela-suarez-jacobo",fullName:"Angela Suarez-Jacobo"},{id:"290287",title:"Dr.",name:"Arturo A.",surname:"Rodríguez-Rodríguez",slug:"arturo-a.-rodriguez-rodriguez",fullName:"Arturo A. Rodríguez-Rodríguez"}],corrections:null},{id:"66445",title:"An Update on Nanoemulsions Using Nanosized Liquid in Liquid Colloidal Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84442",slug:"an-update-on-nanoemulsions-using-nanosized-liquid-in-liquid-colloidal-systems",totalDownloads:1408,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nanoemulsions, kinetically stable and thermodynamically unstable colloidal liquid-in-liquid dispersions with droplet sizes in the order of 20–500 nm mainly consist of oil, surfactants, co surfactants and an aqueous phase. There are various methods for the fabrication of Nano-emulsions which can be divided based on the energy required—High energy emulsification methods and Low energy emulsification methods. High energy emulsification includes methods like Ultra sonication, high pressure homogenization using either microfluidizers or high-pressure homogenizers. Low energy emulsification has drawn attention since they are soft, nondestructive and cause no damage to encapsulated molecules and includes methods like phase inversion temperature, solvent displacement, phase inversion composition method. Nanoemulsions are best suited for drug delivery systems because of their lipophilic nature, optical clarity and surface area. Owing to their nature to prevent flocculation and inherent creaming, nanoemulsions find an important place in the cosmetic industry also. This chapter provides an insight into the use of nanogels, emulsion based wet wipes and PEG free nanoemulsions in cosmetics. In the food industry, nanoemulsions are utilized for the production of functional foods. Some of the patented nanoemulsions and their commercial applications have also been mentioned.",signatures:"Praveen Kumar Gupta, Nividha Bhandari, Hardik N. Shah, Vartika Khanchandani, R. Keerthana, Vidhyavathy Nagarajan and Lingayya Hiremath",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66445",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66445",authors:[{id:"271775",title:"Dr.",name:"Praveen Kumar",surname:"Gupta",slug:"praveen-kumar-gupta",fullName:"Praveen Kumar Gupta"},{id:"288900",title:"Ms.",name:"Nividha",surname:"Bhandari",slug:"nividha-bhandari",fullName:"Nividha Bhandari"},{id:"288901",title:"Mr.",name:"Hardik",surname:"N Shah",slug:"hardik-n-shah",fullName:"Hardik N Shah"},{id:"288902",title:"Ms.",name:"Vartika",surname:"Khanchandani",slug:"vartika-khanchandani",fullName:"Vartika Khanchandani"},{id:"288903",title:"Ms.",name:"Keerthana",surname:"R",slug:"keerthana-r",fullName:"Keerthana R"},{id:"288904",title:"Ms.",name:"Vidhyavathy",surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"vidhyavathy-nagarajan",fullName:"Vidhyavathy Nagarajan"},{id:"288954",title:"Dr.",name:"Lingayya",surname:"Hiremath",slug:"lingayya-hiremath",fullName:"Lingayya Hiremath"}],corrections:null},{id:"66762",title:"Importance of Surface Energy in Nanoemulsion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84201",slug:"importance-of-surface-energy-in-nanoemulsion",totalDownloads:1119,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The emerging prospects of nanoscience and nanotechnology have an enormous promise to revolutionize various aspects of human life. In this context, the application of nanoemulsion stands at the vanguard of introducing newer dimensions to the way we see the everyday world. Naturally, the preparation and stability of nanoemulsion demand a precise understanding of the underlying forces of interaction toward achieving a greater control over their functionality and regulating them. The stability of nanoemulsion is primarily governed by the conjugate and complex interplay of van der Waals forces and steric interactions. The present chapter will be dedicated to the discussion of the regulatory roles of these forces in dictating the stability of nanoemulsion with particular emphasis on the origin of these fundamental forces from a molecular-level viewpoint.",signatures:"Kaustav Bhattacharjee",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66762",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66762",authors:[{id:"280003",title:"Dr.",name:"Kaustav",surname:"Bhattacharjee",slug:"kaustav-bhattacharjee",fullName:"Kaustav Bhattacharjee"}],corrections:null},{id:"65520",title:"Synthesis, Properties, and Characterization of Field’s Alloy Nanoparticles and Its Slurry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84224",slug:"synthesis-properties-and-characterization-of-field-s-alloy-nanoparticles-and-its-slurry",totalDownloads:830,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter describes a facile one-step method developed for the synthesis of Field’s alloy nanoparticles using a nanoemulsification technique and their dispersed them in a base fluid to make slurry. The composition, size, morphology, and thermal properties of as-prepared nanoparticles were characterized by XRF, TEM and, DSC, respectively. The slurry with Field’s alloy nanoparticles exhibited good thermal properties and stability. Meanwhile, an experimental study was performed to investigate the jet impingement of HFE7100 fluid with nanosized metallic (Field’s alloy) phase change materials (nano-PCM). Surface modification was used to stabilize the slurry of the nano-PCM in HFE7100 fluid and make the slurry stable for over 1 month. The Field’s alloy nano-PCM absorbed heat during a phase change process from solid to liquid phase coupled with HFE7100 evaporation process. The effects of mass fraction of Field’s alloy nano-PCM on the pressure drop and heat transfer performances of the slurry were investigated through a heat transfer loop test. 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Escobar Barrios, José R. Rangel Méndez, Nancy V. Pérez Aguilar, Guillermo Andrade Espinosa and José L. 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Cabanelas",slug:"juan-c.-cabanelas"}]},{id:"36179",title:"Use of FTIR Analysis to Control the Self-Healing Functionality of Epoxy Resins",slug:"use-of-ft-ir-analysis-to-control-the-self-healing-functionality-of-epoxy-resins",signatures:"Liberata Guadagno and Marialuigia Raimondo",authors:[{id:"106836",title:"Prof.",name:"Liberata",middleName:null,surname:"Guadagno",fullName:"Liberata Guadagno",slug:"liberata-guadagno"}]},{id:"36180",title:"Infrared Analysis of Electrostatic Layer-By-Layer Polymer Membranes Having Characteristics of Heavy Metal Ion Desalination",slug:"infrared-analysis-of-electrostatic-layer-by-layer-polymer-membranes-having-characteristics-of-heavy",signatures:"Weimin Zhou, Huitan Fu and Takaomi Kobayashi",authors:[{id:"110384",title:"Dr.",name:"Takaomi",middleName:null,surname:"Kobayashi",fullName:"Takaomi Kobayashi",slug:"takaomi-kobayashi"}]},{id:"36181",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy as a Tool to Monitor Radiation Curing",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-as-a-tool-to-monitor-radiation-curing",signatures:"Marco Sangermano, Patrick Meier and Spiros Tzavalas",authors:[{id:"112286",title:"Dr.",name:"Spiros",middleName:null,surname:"Tzavalas",fullName:"Spiros Tzavalas",slug:"spiros-tzavalas"},{id:"114382",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Sangermano",fullName:"Marco Sangermano",slug:"marco-sangermano"},{id:"114384",title:"Dr",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Meier",fullName:"Patrick Meier",slug:"patrick-meier"}]},{id:"36182",title:"Characterization of Compositional Gradient Structure of Polymeric Materials by FTIR Technology",slug:"characterization-of-compositional-gradient-structure-of-polymeric-materials-by-ft-ir-technology",signatures:"Alata Hexig and Bayar Hexig",authors:[{id:"20867",title:"Dr.",name:"Bayar",middleName:null,surname:"Hexig",fullName:"Bayar Hexig",slug:"bayar-hexig"},{id:"111986",title:"Dr.",name:"Alata",middleName:null,surname:"Hexig",fullName:"Alata Hexig",slug:"alata-hexig"}]},{id:"36183",title:"Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy - Useful Analytical Tool for Non-Destructive Analysis",slug:"fourier-trasform-infrared-spectroscopy-useful-analytical-tool-for-non-destructive-analysis",signatures:"Simona-Carmen Litescu, Eugenia D. Teodor, Georgiana-Ileana Truica, Andreia Tache and Gabriel-Lucian Radu",authors:[{id:"24425",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Litescu",fullName:"Simona Carmen Litescu",slug:"simona-carmen-litescu"},{id:"24429",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriel-Lucian",middleName:null,surname:"Radu",fullName:"Gabriel-Lucian Radu",slug:"gabriel-lucian-radu"},{id:"108318",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenia D.",middleName:null,surname:"Teodor",fullName:"Eugenia D. Teodor",slug:"eugenia-d.-teodor"},{id:"108323",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgiana-Ileana",middleName:null,surname:"Badea",fullName:"Georgiana-Ileana Badea",slug:"georgiana-ileana-badea"},{id:"136337",title:"Ms.",name:"Andreia",middleName:null,surname:"Tache",fullName:"Andreia Tache",slug:"andreia-tache"}]},{id:"36184",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy in the Analysis of Building and Construction Materials",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-cementitious-materials",signatures:"Lucia Fernández-Carrasco, D. Torrens-Martín, L.M. Morales and Sagrario Martínez-Ramírez",authors:[{id:"107401",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucia J",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández",fullName:"Lucia J Fernández",slug:"lucia-j-fernandez"}]},{id:"36185",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy Techniques in the Characterization of SOFC Functional Ceramics",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-techniques-in-the-characterization-of-sofc-functional-ceramics",signatures:"Daniel A. Macedo, Moisés R. Cesário, Graziele L. Souza, Beatriz Cela, Carlos A. Paskocimas, Antonio E. Martinelli, Dulce M. A. Melo and Rubens M. Nascimento",authors:[{id:"102015",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Macedo",fullName:"Daniel Macedo",slug:"daniel-macedo"},{id:"112309",title:"MSc",name:"Moisés",middleName:"Romolos",surname:"Cesário",fullName:"Moisés Cesário",slug:"moises-cesario"},{id:"112310",title:"Ms.",name:"Graziele",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",fullName:"Graziele Souza",slug:"graziele-souza"},{id:"112311",title:"MSc.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Cela",fullName:"Beatriz Cela",slug:"beatriz-cela"},{id:"112312",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Paskocimas",fullName:"Carlos Paskocimas",slug:"carlos-paskocimas"},{id:"112314",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Martinelli",fullName:"Antonio Martinelli",slug:"antonio-martinelli"},{id:"112315",title:"Prof.",name:"Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Melo",fullName:"Dulce Melo",slug:"dulce-melo"},{id:"112316",title:"Dr.",name:"Rubens",middleName:"Maribondo Do",surname:"Nascimento",fullName:"Rubens Nascimento",slug:"rubens-nascimento"}]},{id:"36186",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy of Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-of-functionalized-magnetic-nanoparticles",signatures:"Perla E. García Casillas, Claudia A. Rodriguez Gonzalez and Carlos A. Martínez Pérez",authors:[{id:"104636",title:"Dr.",name:"Perla E.",middleName:null,surname:"García Casillas",fullName:"Perla E. García Casillas",slug:"perla-e.-garcia-casillas"},{id:"112440",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos A.",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Pérez",fullName:"Carlos A. Martínez Pérez",slug:"carlos-a.-martinez-perez"},{id:"112441",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia A.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez Gonzalez",fullName:"Claudia A. Rodriguez Gonzalez",slug:"claudia-a.-rodriguez-gonzalez"}]},{id:"36187",title:"Determination of Adsorption Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Gas Phase FTIR Spectroscopy Flow Analysis",slug:"determination-of-adsorption-characteristics-of-volatile-organic-compounds-using-gas-phase-ftir-spect",signatures:"Tarik Chafik",authors:[{id:"107310",title:"Prof.",name:"Tarik",middleName:null,surname:"Chafik",fullName:"Tarik Chafik",slug:"tarik-chafik"}]},{id:"36188",title:"Identification of Rocket Motor Characteristics from Infrared Emission Spectra",slug:"identification-of-rocket-motor-characteristics-from-infrared-emission-spectra",signatures:"N. Hamp, J.H. Knoetze, C. Aldrich and C. Marais",authors:[{id:"112229",title:"Prof.",name:"Chris",middleName:null,surname:"Aldrich",fullName:"Chris Aldrich",slug:"chris-aldrich"},{id:"112232",title:"Prof.",name:"Hansie",middleName:null,surname:"Knoetze",fullName:"Hansie Knoetze",slug:"hansie-knoetze"},{id:"135327",title:"Ms.",name:"Corne",middleName:null,surname:"Marais",fullName:"Corne Marais",slug:"corne-marais"}]},{id:"36189",title:"Optical Technologies for Determination of Pesticide Residue",slug:"optical-technology-for-determination-of-pesticide-residue",signatures:"Yankun Peng, Yongyu Li and Jingjing Chen",authors:[{id:"113343",title:"Prof.",name:"Yankun",middleName:null,surname:"Peng",fullName:"Yankun Peng",slug:"yankun-peng"},{id:"116636",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongyu",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Yongyu Li",slug:"yongyu-li"},{id:"116637",title:"Dr.",name:"Jingjing",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Jingjing Chen",slug:"jingjing-chen"}]},{id:"36190",title:"High Resolution Far Infrared Spectra of the Semiconductor Alloys Obtained Using the Synchrotron Radiation as Source",slug:"high-resolution-spectra-of-semiconductor-s-alloys-obtained-using-the-far-infrared-synchrotron-radi",signatures:"E.M. Sheregii",authors:[{id:"102655",title:"Prof.",name:"Eugen",middleName:null,surname:"Sheregii",fullName:"Eugen Sheregii",slug:"eugen-sheregii"}]},{id:"36191",title:"Effective Reaction Monitoring of Intermediates by ATR-IR Spectroscopy Utilizing Fibre Optic Probes",slug:"effective-reaction-monitoring-of-intermediates-by-atr-ir-spectroscopy-utilizing-fibre-optic-probes",signatures:"Daniel Lumpi and Christian Braunshier",authors:[{id:"109019",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Braunshier",fullName:"Christian Braunshier",slug:"christian-braunshier"},{id:"111798",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Lumpi",fullName:"Daniel Lumpi",slug:"daniel-lumpi"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1387",title:"Reverse Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f87643af49fef069017d4c31295ee52",slug:"reverse-engineering-recent-advances-and-applications",bookSignature:"Alexandru C. Telea",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1387.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108150",title:"Dr.",name:"A.C.",surname:"Telea",slug:"a.c.-telea",fullName:"A.C. Telea"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7646",title:"Scientometrics Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86bbdd04d7e80be14283d44969d1cc32",slug:"scientometrics-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Suad Kunosic and Enver Zerem",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7646.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88678",title:"Prof.",name:"Suad",surname:"Kunosic",slug:"suad-kunosic",fullName:"Suad Kunosic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"1387",title:"Reverse Engineering",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f87643af49fef069017d4c31295ee52",slug:"reverse-engineering-recent-advances-and-applications",bookSignature:"Alexandru C. Telea",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1387.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108150",title:"Dr.",name:"A.C.",surname:"Telea",slug:"a.c.-telea",fullName:"A.C. Telea"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"65525",title:"Poisoning in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83573",slug:"poisoning-in-the-pediatric-intensive-care-unit",body:'Poisoning is a relatively common medical emergency worldwide and raises particular problems of diagnosis and treatment especially in children, regardless of the path the toxic enters the body (ingestion, inhalation, injection, or skin absorption). This age group is the most vulnerable population with the highest risk of accidental intoxications that can be partially prevented [1]. It is a common cause of presentation in the ED and the PICU. Early identification of the clinical characteristics of patients with acute intoxication and rapid initiation of therapy in these services can help reduce the mortality of intoxicated patients [2, 3]. These departments have the ability to continuously monitor vital parameters, use the most advanced medical technology and the most appropriate treatment. Usually, admission to PICU is by ED or by transfer from another hospital [4]. Often, a poisoned patient will be brought into intensive care not for treatment, but for continuous surveillance and monitoring in order to minimize mortality. On the other hand, care in these units has a very high cost. It is therefore recommended that the admission of poisoning cases in intensive care should take into account the efficient use of resources without compromising patient care [5]. The percentage of children with acute poisoning in PICU ranges from 8% [6] to 11.7% [2]. In the United States in 2014, 2336 intoxicated patients admitted to intensive care units needed ventilatory support, 509 received vasopressors, and 127 needed hemodialysis [4].
There are several studies that attempt to establish criteria for admission to intensive care in patients based on severity scores (APACHE II/III, PRISM II/III, SAPS II, Glasgow etc.). These included patients with various medical and surgical conditions, but few can be validated using such scoring systems in poisoned patients [7, 8, 9]. Until more specific poisoning factors are established, it is thought that experience and proper clinical judgment can predict which patients will receive intensive care. The presence of certain abnormal symptoms or abnormal test results may require monitoring and/or treatment in PICU regardless of the suspected toxic. This approach is more consistent with the principle of “treating the patient and not the poison” [5]. It should be kept in mind that an initially asymptomatic poisoned patient may worsen later. Poisoned children and adolescents should be directed to the nearest intensive care unit that has pediatric critical care practitioners and equipment appropriate to pediatric age.
Acute respiratory failure characterized by one or more of the following [4]:
Need for ventilatory support or emergency tracheostomy.
Marked respiratory compromise as indicated by:
FR <20 or >60 for children <1 year and <12 or >60 for children >1 year.
SpO2 <92% when O2 is administrated by mask or tracheostomy.
PaO2 <80 mm Hg at 100% O2 administrated by mask.
Rapidly progressive deterioration in respiratory status.
Respiratory acidosis with PaCO2 > 60 mmHg and pH < 7.25.
Airway obstruction, apnea, anaphylaxis.
Hemodynamic instability or circulatory insufficiency characterized by one or more of the following:
Shock as indicated by capillary refill time >4 s, distal or proximal nonpalpable pulse, systolic TA < lower age limit or TA < mean 50 mmHg (<40 mmHg in newborn), metabolic acidosis with < pH 7.25, base deficit >10 or serum bicarbonate <10 mEq/l, need for invasive hemodynamic monitoring.
Cardiac instability and arrhythmia, necessity of continuous perfusion or vasoactive substances, ECG ischemic changes, congestive heart failure, and vascular volume instability.
Neurological instability manifested by one or more of the following:
Neurological damage with one or more of the following: Glasgow score <10, severe irritability, hallucinations, and change of posture.
Intracranial bleeding, increased intracranial pressure, seizures, or delirium.
Severe metabolic disorders: serum Na <125 mmol/l or >160 mmol/l, serum K <3 mmol/l or >6.5 mmol/l, glucose <30 mg/dl or >400 mg/dl, ionic calcium <0.8 mEq/l, base deficit >−10.
Other patients at risk of organ failure or system failure.
Toxic exposed patients in which none of the above are present but:
Within a few hours, one of the above criteria is expected.
Suicide patient that cannot be monitored in other unit care.
The main concern in the management of a patient with acute intoxication in PICU is the support of the vital functions. The general measures in a poisoned patient do not differ significantly from those required in a patient admitted to PICU with similar symptoms and a comparable level of severity but with pathology [4]. These critically intoxicated patients should be rapidly recognized by the clinician and evaluated for appropriate therapy. Continuous follow-up of vital functions, neurological status, blood volume, and heart rate makes possible early detection of poisoning worsening signs requiring rapid intervention to prevent complications [5]. Advanced medical technology in PICU offers a number of invasive and noninvasive options that can trigger an early warning of rapid deterioration or provide feedback about the response to treatment. For example, monitoring hemodynamic parameters are valuable for managing poisoned patients with hypotension, volume depletion, or respiratory failure from acute lung injury (ALI). Most importantly, clinicians need to recognize that no monitoring device improves clinical outcome unless is completed by a treatment.
Some antidotes and specific therapies are initiated in ED and continued in PICU, which is the most appropriate place to administer or continue treatment. In addition to conventional therapies, PICU’s medical practitioners also know how to deal with situations that do not look like treatment protocols. For example, high doses of atropine, like hundreds of milligrams, can be used to treat organophosphate insecticides [5, 10]. Sometimes the antidote has less effect than the toxin. For example, opioid-intoxicated coma patients responding to naloxone are rapidly recovering. But these patients should be closely monitored for rejoining their coma, and in this situation, the antidote should be repeated. A surveillance period of at least 2 h after the last dose of naloxone is required to assert that the risk of recurrence of toxicity has passed [11].
Pulse oximetry is the recommended method to detect the presence of hypoxemia and to guide the administration of oxygen. Gasometry is a more accurate method for highlighting hypoxemia [4].
Acute respiratory failure is a common condition for children with various intoxications to come into the PICU. Respiratory failure occurs due to central hypoventilation, central nervous system depression, by the poisoning of central nervous system depressants (barbiturates, opiates, alcohol, and tranquilizers), intoxication with organophosphate compounds, alkaloids, and atropine. Respiratory muscular paralysis is another mechanism encountered in hemlock poisoning (
As for the diagnosis of acute toxic respiratory insufficiency, in the initial phase, the signs and symptoms of background intoxication are highlighted. Once the respiratory failure has occurred, its symptoms, which are generally circumscribed to the pathophysiological mechanisms involved, become evident. In acute respiratory failure (ARF) from CNS disorders, consciousness status can be abolished and respiratory movements diminished in amplitude and frequency. The symptoms of ARF by affecting the resilient muscles are dominated by generalized muscular asthenia and dyspnea, and in the ARF by pulmonary damage, the tachypnea is more common. The clinical signs associated with hypercapnia and hypoxia in comatose patients are psychomotor agitation, dyspnea, and cyanosis [4]. However, the severity of cyanosis does not adequately reflect the severity of respiratory insufficiency. Increased intracranial pressure due to cerebral vasodilatation may result in cerebral edema, causing headache, obtundation, and even coma.
Blood gas analysis may reveal respiratory acidosis (pH < 7.35 and PaCO2 > 45 mmHg), which can be partially compensated by lowering the alkaline reserve and, in the absence of oxygen therapy, decreasing PaCO₂. A serious form of acute respiratory failure is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) manifested by bilateral pulmonary infiltration on radiography, PaO2/FiO2 ratio (partial oxygen pressure in arterial blood/oxygen fraction in the inspired air) below 200 mmHg and hemodynamic parameters within normal limits [12].
Corticosteroids and antibiotics may be used for the prophylactic purposes. Corticosteroids have been used for many toxic inhalational injuries. The prophylactic treatment of patients with inhalation injury with antibiotics has a empirical support [14, 15]. Essential therapy aims to ensure adequate blood oxygenation. Ensuring the ventilatory support should be seen in dynamics. Thus, ventilatory support begins with the least invasive supportive methods and progresses to the most aggressive techniques; you must minimize risks such as pneumothorax [16]. Oxygen supplementation is indicated for patients with suspected or confirmed respiratory failure.
Approximately 10% of children admitted to the PICU for poisoning may require endotracheal intubation [6]. After the decision for mechanical ventilation has been made, the route needs to be selected. Some experts prefer oral intubation because it allows the use of a larger endotracheal tube—usually 8 mm or more in adults—than nasal intubation [17]. A wide range of equipment is necessary to allow for a wide range of patient size. A selection of both straight and curved blades should be available. Capnography should be available to assist the endotracheal tube placement in the airway.
The goal of mechanical ventilation is to provide a sufficient exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide and the metabolic needs of a patient to be accomplished with minimum adverse effects [4]. The purpose of mechanical ventilation is not always to achieve the normal blood gas concentration. Given the predisposition to hypoventilation and the risk of acute pulmonary edema, the mechanical ventilation of patients intoxicated with salicylates requires a lot of attention [18, 19]. High-frequency ventilation and ECMO should be considered to treat some severe intoxications, but there are limited reports on their use in pediatric toxicology [4, 20].
Noninvasive ventilation refers to providing the ventilation support without an invasive artificial path (intubation or tracheostomy probe). Patient selection is made taking into account noninvasive ventilation indications and contraindications as well as predictive factors of success or failure. Before starting noninvasive ventilation, a plan should be established to be applied if therapy fails. Noninvasive ventilation can be done with either portable CPAP or BiPAP devices that can also be used for home ventilation with either intensive ventilation or portable ventilation. One of the common causes of failure of noninvasive ventilation is the large air loss around to the ventilation mask [21].
These are often the most prevalent symptoms in accidental or voluntary poisonings. Acute voluntary poisonings often involve psychotropic drugs (anxiolytic-hypnotic, antidepressant, antipsychotic, etc.) or ethanol, whose central toxic target is the central nervous system. If the alteration of consciousness is a frequent complication of poisoning, mortality directly attributable to neurological impairment is small compared to other etiologies (traumatic, vascular, etc.). Alteration of consciousness is most often due to a functional and reversible nature. It results from an interaction with one or more essential neurotransmitters (gamma-acidobutyric acid, serotonin, dopamine, etc.). However, lesional damage remains possible in case of exposure to a toxicant that prevents oxygen cellular use (e.g., carbon monoxide), when late detection or cardiopulmonary resuscitation complications cause anoxic or ischemic brain injury and ultimately neurovascular lesions [4, 22].
This is one of the most common pediatric emergencies. Its most serious form, coma, is one of the most critical situations faced by a doctor. Child coma occurs on an immature and fragile brain. In all cases of coma under the age of 7 years (including accidental poisoning), there is a risk that child’s natural development achievements process will be compromised because the damage to the nervous system occurs during the full development process [23, 24]. The central nervous system (CNS), due to its rich lipid content and abundant vascularization is frequently the target organ for many toxic and nontoxic drugs. In intoxications, coma may occur due to direct toxic effects, metabolic abnormalities, or toxic-induced anoxia [25, 26].
The frequency of toxic coma varies in different studies, from 5% [26] to 28.9% [27]. In a recent prospective observational study, they accounted for 11.5% of all nontraumatic coma [28].
The toxic etiology of a coma must be raised in any patient who presents a severe deterioration of consciousness, without another obvious cause. In the absence of seizures, the patient often progresses to coma passing through the stages of lethargy, confusion, and stupor. A carefully conducted anamnesis, taken from the caregivers, can sometimes indicate a poisoning. The child’s age can provide important information. Small children are prone to accidental poisoning, and in this situation, questioning the caregivers about toxic substances found in the house may be useful. Adolescents tend to experience alcohol, psychoactive substances, or recreational drugs. In the absence of an obvious history, toxicological exams need to be conducted in serum and urine [29, 30].
The physical examination can also provide clues about a possible intoxication. Thus, a careful examination of the teguments may reveal signs of venous punctures suggesting a drug self-injection, including heroin. Sclero-tegumentary jaundice may be highlighted, suggesting a hepatic failure of a toxic cause that has evolved into a coma. Epistaxis may exist in snorting cocaine. The presence of head lesions should alert the doctor about the possibility of a possible simultaneous cranial trauma [31]. The vital signs are also important for orientation toward a toxic etiology. For example, benzodiazepines and opiates often cause respiratory depression. Amphetamines and cocaine can cause hypertension and tachyarrhythmias. Drugs that affect the autonomic nervous system may induce hyperthermia, vasoconstriction or vasodilatation, and heart rhythm disorders [32].
Neurological examination is very important for the diagnosis (Figure 1). Evaluation of the coma is important in unconscious patients (Table 1). The general characteristics of toxic coma are the absence of meningeal signs and neurological focal signs, unless hypoglycemia is involved. During neurological examination, the plantar, deep tendon reflex, and muscle tone must be examined. Depending on the changes found, one of the following three syndromes can be outlined: pyramidal, extrapyramidal, or myorelaxation, which may indicate the toxins involved in inducing coma.
Neurological examination of the patient with toxic coma [
Area assessed | Infant | Children | Score |
---|---|---|---|
Eyeopening | Open spontaneously | Open spontaneously | 4 |
Open in response to verbal stimuli | Open in response to verbal stimuli | 3 | |
Open in response to pain only | Open in response to pain only | 2 | |
No response | No response | 1 | |
Verbalresponse | Coos and babbles | Oriented, appropriate | 5 |
Verbal response | Confused | 4 | |
Cries in response to pain | Inappropriate words | 3 | |
Moans in response to pain | Incomprehensible words or nonspecific sounds | 2 | |
No response | No response | 1 | |
Motor response | Moves spontaneously and purposefully | Obeys commands | 6 |
Withdraws to touch | Localizes painful stimulus | 5 | |
Withdraws in response to pain | Withdraws in response to pain | 4 | |
Responds to pain with decorticate posturing (abnormal flexion) | Responds to pain with decorticate posturing (abnormal flexion) | 3 | |
Responds to pain with decerebrate posturing (abnormal extension) | Responds to pain with decerebrate posturing (abnormal extension) | 2 | |
No response | No response | 1 |
Modified Glasgow coma scale for infants and children.
Eye exams are essential for the toxic etiology. The type of coma associated with pupillary response may also suggest the toxin responsible for the coma appearance [33, 34, 35] (Figure 1). Periodic movement type “ping-pong” has been described in poisoning with monoamine oxidase inhibitors [34]. Hyperthermia is part of the anticholinergic syndrome; when associated with neurological disorders and toxic ingestion is not evident, then it is necessary to search for a
Useful investigations into a toxic coma are mainly in serum determinations and much less often in neuroimaging investigations. Any metabolic acidosis in a toxic coma requires further investigation. The presence of low anionic gap suggests lithium or bromine intoxication. Highlighting an osmolar gap usually indicates a poisoning with ethanol, isopropanol, methanol, or ethylene glycol. Pure respiratory acidosis is consistent with hypoventilation, possibly a sign of poisoning with hypnotic sedatives or opioids. Although urinary toxicological tests may sometimes be useful in a toxic coma, the results are often false positive or false negative [24, 25].
Dosage of serum concentrations of some drugs is of great help, if available. Other useful investigations are the dosage of serum cholinesterases and carboxyhemoglobin. Coma caused by tricyclic antidepressants poisoning may be accompanied by electrocardiographic abnormalities (dysrhythmia) and seizures [38].
The main life threat in toxic coma is the alteration of respiratory function. Therefore, maintaining airway permeability and ensuring effective breathing are a priority, because providing the O2 requirement of the brain is essential. In any suspicion of hypoxia or CO intoxication, O2 should be administered [32]. Not every child in a toxic coma should be intubated. It is estimated that orotracheal intubation is required in about 20% of toxic coma. The main indications are coma with alteration of swallow reflexes, acute respiratory failure unresponsive to O2 administration, severe circulatory insufficiency or toxic comas associated with severe symptoms, refractory to pharmacological treatment (convulsions, hyperthermia) [33].
Glycemia should be measured as a matter of urgency, and if there is hypoglycemia, this must be quickly rectified. Activated charcoal gastrointestinal decontamination can sometimes provide benefits, if done early. Gastric lavage can be performed if the patient has the respiratory tract protected by endotracheal tube. If the toxic is adsorbed on the activated charcoal, it can be administered by nasogastric tube. There is a lot of attention needed when administered to non-intubated patients. Hemodynamic instability induced by toxic shock, which may be hypovolemic, distributive, or cardiogenic, requires vascular filling with saline or Ringer’s solution, injected quickly and possibly vasopressor medication. Any detected heart rhythm disorders and hypertension or hypotension need to be corrected. Simultaneously with the stabilization measures, the antidote will be administered according to the protocols in toxic-induced coma [25].
In comas of unknown etiology, the concept of “coma cocktail” containing dextrose, oxygen, naloxone, and thiamine (vitamin B1) was proposed. But indications and efficiency were controversial.
Currently, in toxic comas, precise indications for flumazenil and naloxone are used. Flumazenil acts by a competitive mechanism at the benzodiazepine receptor level, canceling the sedation effects of benzodiazepines within 1–2 min of administration. In the case of children, we start with a dose of 0.01 mg/kg intravenously, which can be repeated 1–2 min to a total dose of 0.05 mg/kg maximum 1 mg. It is effective in toxic-induced coma by zolpidem and zopiclone. If in a calm coma of undetermined etiology, there is no patient awakening after the administration of flumazenil referred to dose, the diagnosis of intoxication with benzodiazepines is infirmed [39]. Naloxone is a pure opioid antagonist, which acts by competitive antagonism at μ receptors to determine the reversibility of respiratory depression, hypotension, and miotic within 2 min. For children >3 years, the indicated dose is 0.01–0.1 mg/kg. If the desired effect is obtained, it may be repeated two times at an interval of 5 min; the dose may reach 10 mg. Regardless of the way of administration (intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, endotracheal intubation probe, or inhalation), the effect is similar. The lack of response within 15 min after administration requires looking for another coma cause [4, 5].
Extrarenal epuration may sometimes have indications in coma due to alcohol intoxications (ethylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol, and methanol), salicylates, theophylline, lithium, valproic acid, carbamazepine, or carbamates [40].
The prognosis of toxic coma is generally better than that of anoxic coma. For example, in sedative poisoning, mortality is below 1%. The following neurological signs provide a poor prognosis for recovery from toxic coma: absence of corneal reflexes after day 1, absence of eye opening response on day 3, loss of pupillary reflexes (up to 1 week), lack of oculovestibular response, abnormal skeletal muscle tonus, the absence of spontaneous eye movement, the isoelectric pathway on the electroencephalogram [25].
Some toxic may cause prolonged coma (>100 h) with intermittent agitation periods known as cyclic coma: barbiturates, carbamazepine, clonazepam, ethchlorvynol, glutethimide, meprobamate, olanzapine, quetiapine. Short-term memory alteration and postcoma amnesia are possible, secondary to neuron damage in the pyramidal system at the hippocampus level in CO intoxication [25, 38].
Convulsions are common in situations when the toxic involved affects the central nervous system. In the context of poisoning, seizures are often a sign of severity [41]. From the clinical point of view, toxic-induced convulsions can occur with or without warning signs (e.g., aura) or mental state alteration. Most toxic-induced seizures are generalized, tonic–clonic (“grand mal”). Epileptic status is defined as a continuous convulsive activity lasting more than 30 min or more convulsive episodes between which consciousness is not completely regained [4, 5, 42]. Patients with preexisting epileptogenic focal conditions may experience focal seizures [42].
Table 2 presents the etiology of toxic seizures.
Class | Example(s) | Class | Example(s) |
---|---|---|---|
Pharmaceuticals | Nonpharmaceuticals | ||
Analgesics | Meperidine/normeperidine, propoxyphene, pentazocine, salicylate, tramadol | Alcohols | Methanol, ethanol (withdrawal) |
Anesthetics | Local anesthetics | Antiseptic/preservatives | Ethylene oxide, phenol |
Anticonvulsants | Carbamazepine | Biologic toxins | |
Antidepressants | Tricyclic (amitriptilina/ nortriptyline), amoxapine, bupropion, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (citalopram), venlafaxine | Marine animals, mushrooms, plants | Domoic acid [shellfish (blue mussels)], monomethylhydrazine ( |
Antihistamines | Diphenhydramine, doxylamine, tripelennamine | Gases (naturally and/or anthropogenically occurring) | Carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, cyanide |
Antimicrobials | Antibacterials (selected penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones), antimalarials (chloroquine), tuberculostatics (isoniazid) | Metals/organometallics | Alkyl mercurials (dimethylmercury), arsenic, lead, thallium, tetraethyl lead, organotins (trimethyltin) |
Antineoplastics | Alkylating agents (busulfan, chlorambucil) | Metal hydrides | Pentaborane, phosphine |
Antipsychotics | Clozapine, loxapine | Pesticides | |
Antiasthmatic | Theophylline | Fungicides/herbicides | Dinitrophenol, diquat, glufosinate |
Cardiovascular drug | Propranolol, quinidine | Insecticides | Organochlorines (DDT, lindane), organophosphates (parathion), pyrethroids (type II), sulfuryl fluoride, alkylhalides (methyl bromide) |
Cholinergics | Pilocarpine, bethanechol | Molluscicides | Metaldehyde |
Muscle relaxants | Baclofen, orphenadrine | Rodenticides | Strychnine, zinc, or aluminum phosphide |
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug | Mefenamic acid, phenylbutazone | ||
Psychostimulant/anorectics | Amphetamine, caffeine, cocaine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, synthetic cannabinoids | ||
Vitamins/supplements | Vitamin A, ferrous sulfate |
Proconvulsant agents (adapted after Hanson [44]).
Seizure control in PICU is a fundamental problem in the management of a poisoned child. Convulsions associated with toxic ingestion are sometimes difficult to control, being recurrent or persistent leading to status epileptics. This is associated with an increase in oxygen in the brain level. The imbalance between supply and demand can lead to cerebral ischemia. That is why an aggressive management of toxic seizures is critical to preventing brain damage. The first priority in managing seizure crises is to provide airway permeability and oxygen therapy to ensure delivery of oxygen to the brain. Evaluation and correction of electrolyte disturbances and hypoglycemia should also be promptly performed [4, 43]. The first therapeutic line for toxic-induced convulsions is represented by benzodiazepines (diazepam, lorazepam, or midazolam). Lorazepam and diazepam exhibit a similar clinical response time (until termination of seizure activity) [41, 42]. However, after treatment with lorazepam, the rate of seizure recurrence appears to be lower [44]. Also, according to some studies, lorazepam has been shown to have a longer duration of action of the anticonvulsant effect (12–24 h vs. 15–30 min) and is therefore the preferred choice of some clinicians [42]. The preferred route of administration of benzodiazepines is intravenous. Table 3 lists the doses of benzodiazepines that can be used in toxic-induced convulsions in children and adolescents.
Benzodiazepine | Pediatric dose |
---|---|
Lorazepam | 0.05–0.1 mg/kg iv (maximum 4 mg/dose). It can be repeated at 10–15 min if necessary. Maximum dose: 8 mg/12 h |
Diazepam | <5 years: 0.2–0.5 mg/kg iv every 2–5 min up to a maximum total dose of 5 mg. >5 years: 1–2 mg iv every 2–5 min up to a maximum total dose of 10 mg. |
Midazolam | >2 months: 0.15 mg/kg iv bolus, followed by a continuous infusion of 1 μg/kg/min, titrating the dose every 5 min until seizure control. Mean dose: 2–3 μg/kg/min. |
Posology of benzodiazepines in seizures in childhood (adapted after Blais and Dubé [41]).
In the absence of response to benzodiazepines, phenobarbital or valproic acid may be effective for crises control. Phenytoin is less effective in the treatment of induced seizures [42]. If seizures do not stop at the referred medication, it is necessary to induce coma with sodium thiopental or propofol. To induce a coma, sodium thiopental is administered as a bolus of 3 mg/kg, which is repeated after 2 min, followed by maintenance with 1–15 mg/kg/h. For propofol, the dose is 1–5 mg/kg bolus (repeatable) followed by continuous infusion up to a maximum of 5 mg/kg/h [45]. A special category of seizure, which does not respond to traditional therapy, is that of isoniazid intoxication. In this case, the crises result from exhaustion of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and respond only to its administration [4]. In case of intoxication with isoniazid, the vitamin B6 posology is 1 gram per gram of ingested isoniazid (maximum 5 grams). This dose will be given slowly within 10 min, or until seizures cease. If the seizures stop during administration, the remaining dose will be given within the next 4 h. If the dose of isoniazid is unknown, 70 mg/kg iv (maximum 5 g) should be administered in the same manner. The initial dose may be repeated once seizures relapse. Pyridoxine is also anticonvulsant therapy of choice in intoxication with gyromitra mushrooms in the dose of 25 mg/kg iv in 10 min and can be repeated in case of seizure recurrence [41].
These are a serious complication of some poisoning, requiring prompt monitoring and treatment. Assessing a poisoned child at risk of cardiovascular disease requires a detailed physical exam. In addition to cardiac volume and output evaluation, a series of laboratory tests must be performed: blood gases, electrolyte dosing, blood sugar, transaminases, and azote retention tests. In some cases, the serum level of the toxic substance can also be determined, which helps to assess the severity of intoxication and to support the therapeutic decision. Additional care management such as blood pressure measurement, electrocardiography, and echocardiography can also be useful to guide therapy in case of a poisoning accompanied by cardiovascular instability. Identification of a certain toxic can simplify the treatment through specific intervention. If the poison is unknown, the initial resuscitation consists in administration of intravenous fluids to maintain a proper intravascular volume [4, 5]. Rapid administration of 20 ml/kg bolus isotonic fluids, usually crystalloid (normal saline or Ringer’s lactate) over 10–15 min, is used to restore intravascular volume. Additional fluid bolus may be required depending on the reassessment of intravascular volume [46]. However, the intravascular volume should be corrected cautiously, because too vigorous expansion may lead to fluid retention, liver enlargement, signs of pulmonary edema, jugular vein distension, or cardiomegaly, without improvement of vital signs and tissue perfusion. Positively inotropic agents are required in such patients. The cardiovascular disorders, which are present at the time, determine which inotropic agents and vasopressor drugs to choose.
Arrhythmia is a frequent complication in cardiovascular drug poisoning. Dysrhythmia may occur by direct affecting of the electrical conduction system of the heart, by changing the electrical membrane potential across the myocardial cell, or by indirect disturbance of the electrical conduction system through the nervous system or due to electrolytic and metabolic disorders, which affect the electrical activity of the heart.
Bradyarrhythmias occur due to some toxic substances, which decrease the central nervous system influx or the chronotropic activity of the conduction system. Agents that can induce bradyarrhythmias are tricyclic antidepressants, α2-adrenergic agonists, β-adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers, cholinomimetics, digoxin, sedative hypnotics, organophosphorus and carbamates, plants containing cardiac glycosides, opioids, cocaine, organophosphorus, and carbamates [47].
Bradyarrhythmia due to ingestion of unknown toxic substance is managed with supportive treatment. Atropine or positive inotropic agents, such as epinephrine, are used to correct bradyarrhythmia. When the toxic agent is known, the aim of the therapy is to antagonize the toxic effects (e.g., calcium chloride is used to treat calcium channel blockers intoxication). Literature data showed that in poisoning with β-blocker, calcium channel blocker, and tricyclic antidepressant, glucagon may be used, given its positive inotropic and chronotropic effects. Glucagon dose in children is 0.03–0.15 mg/kg in 1–2 min bolus, followed by 0.07 mg/kg/h infusion or by repeated boluses in 5–10 min, as needed [48]. Other therapies that may be used in severe β-blocker and calcium channel blocker poisoning are hyperinsulinemia—euglycemia (HIE) and intravenous fat emulsion (IFE) [49]. In bradycardia mediated by vagal reflex, atropine is the treatment of choice. For unresponsive sinus bradycardia, as well as for junctional or ventricular bradyarrhythmias, isoproterenol may be used. Specific therapy should also be used (calcium in calcium channel blockers intoxication; digoxin antibodies in digoxin poisoning). Sodium bicarbonate is beneficial in tricyclic antidepressant poisoning. Concomitant correction of electrolyte disturbances, hypoxia, and acidosis is mandatory because they may contribute to failure of pacing stimulus to depolarize cardiac cells [47]. In severe cases of bradyarrhythmia or heart block unresponsive to pharmacological therapy, direct transthoracic pacing may be necessary.
Tachyarrhythmias are common in poisonings. They are classified as wide-complex and narrow-complex rhythm (Tables 4 and 5).
Poisoning-induced narrow-complex tachyarrhythmias.
Antiarrhythmics (type Ia, Ic, III), antihistamines, arsenic, cardiac glycosides, cyclic antidepressants, carbamazepine, chloral hydrate |
Poisoning-induced wide-complex tachyarrhythmias.
Electrocardiogram (ECG) in narrow-complex tachyarrhythmias shows sinus tachycardia or supraventricular tachycardia (normal conduction).
Specific therapies include antidotes depending on xenobiotic. Treatment imposes corrections of hypotension, hypoxia, or electrolyte abnormalities and administration of esmolol or other short-acting beta-blocker for intractable tachycardia in the absence of hypotension or other signs of myocardial depression [4, 47].
ECG in wide-complex tachyarrhythmias may show ventricular tachycardia (VT) monomorphic or polymorphic, ventricular fibrillation (VF), ECG signs preceding VF/VT, supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, prominent R wave lead AVR, rightward deviation of QRS axis, and QT prolongation [47].
Correction of possible hydroelectrolytic and acido-basic imbalance is required in treatment of toxic ventricular tachycardia. In monomorphic ventricular tachycardia, if the patient’s condition is stable and there is no hemodynamic instability, chemical cardioversion with amiodarone 5 mg/kg iv, or procainamide 15 mg/kg iv or lidocaine 1 mg/kg bolus is first attempted. In wide QRS complex tachycardias, adenosine is not useful. If the chemical cardioversion has results, the drug will be administered by continuous intravenous infusion to avoid relapses. The IV infusion time will be decided along with the pediatric cardiologist. If the chemical cardioversion is ineffective, synchronized biphasic electrical cardioversion with 0.5–1 J/kg is needed [47, 50]. In polymorphic ventricular tachycardia with hemodynamic instability, the treatment is based on electrical cardioversion associated with magnesium. If magnesium sulfate is ineffective or bradyarrhythmias occur, isoproterenol IV may be useful. Hypokalemia can exacerbate ventricular tachycardia, and therefore, potassium supplementation is required even in patients with normal potassium at the time of determination.
Bidirectional ventricular tachycardia is a hallmark of severe digitalis toxicity, and immediate specific antidote treatment with FAB antibodies must be started. This type of ventricular tachycardia may occur in aconite poisoning too [51, 52].
Torsades de pointes (TdP) is a specific type of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia exhibiting a characteristic morphology on the electrocardiogram, in which the QRS complexes “twist” around the isoelectric line. This is a major toxin-induced arrhythmia, which may degenerate into ventricular fibrillation and sudden death [53, 54]. In this situation, the corrections of electrolyte disorders, bradycardia, acidosis, low blood pressure, and hypoxia are needed. If poisoning involves a drug with Na+ channel blocking properties (e.g., tricyclic antiarrhythmic drugs, cocaine, class IA and IC antiarrhythmic drugs, or antipsychotic drugs), sodium bicarbonate may be used to reduce the degree of sodium channel blockade by increasing extracellular sodium [55]. The treatment of choice in torsade de pointes is magnesium sulfate. The pediatric dose is 25–50 mg/kg iv. If a poisoned patient does not respond to the abovementioned therapeutic measures, intravenous lipid emulsion therapy should be considered if the drug has lipophilic properties. A last therapeutic alternative is arteriovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) [47, 55].
The Extracorporeal Treatments in Poisoning (EXTRIP) Workgroup is a group of international experts spanning disciplines of nephrology, toxicology, pediatrics, emergency medicine, critical care, and clinical pharmacologists that has been reviewing the evidence in the literature and provide recommendations for the use of extracorporeal treatments in poisonings. To date, EXTRIP has published systematic reviews on the role of extracorporeal treatment (ECTR) for poisoning from acetaminophen, barbiturates, carbamazepine, digoxin, lithium, metformin, methanol, salicylates, thallium, theophylline, tricyclic antidepressants, and valproic acid [56]. Waste treatment methods are numerous, and techniques and/or equipment continuously evolve. It mainly involves hemodialysis, hemoperfusion, hemofiltration, and albumin dialysis [57].
Hemodialysis is the technique of removing toxins from the blood using a diffusion gradient through a semipermeable membrane. To be dialyzable, poisons must meet the following conditions: hydrosolubility, low molecular weight, apparent low volume of distribution, low protein binding, and low endogenous clearance [5]. It may be necessary in the following situations: severe poisoning with salicylates, accompanied by important mental disorders, in some phenobarbital intoxications, ethylene glycol, lithium, and theophylline [4, 6].
Possible complications of hemodialysis are hypotension, hypoxemia, bleeding, embolism, and cardiac rhythm disorders [4].
The hemoperfusion column can be considered as an extracorporeal clearance organ, increasing the overall clearance of the body. Its efficacy is superior to hemodialysis or hemofiltration. It has been proposed in serious poisonings with theophylline, carbamazepine, and cardiotoxic (membrane stabilizers, inhibitors calculation, and meprobamate) that do not quickly respond well to symptomatic treatment led. Its indication should be taken into account very early and in intoxications with some toxic lesions such as colchicine or paraquat [57]. Complications of hemoperfusion can be thrombocytopenia (30%), leukopenia (10%), hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, reduction of fibrinogen, and hypothermia. The future lies in hemoperfusion devices coated with drug-specific antibodies or the antidote of the toxin instead of activated charcoal [58].
Hemofiltration and hemodiafiltration have similar properties as hemodialysis regarding the distribution volume and protein-binding percentage. Water-like substances move out of the plasma through the membrane, and this fluid is replaced with isotonic fluids. The rate of removal of the toxin is influenced by the degree of protein binding and the ultrafiltration (UF) and the sieving coefficient, which is the ability of the solute to cross a membrane by convection. Although this makes high-efficiency convective techniques suitable for poisoning, reports of their use in poisoned patients remain limited due to their higher technical requirements and lesser availability [58, 59].
The most developed and most commonly used hepatic dialysis systems are the molecular adsorbent recirculation (MARS) and fractional plasma separation and absorption (Prometheus).
MARS is a hemodialysis technique that combines the selective removal of albumin-bound toxins with the removal of water-soluble toxins. The MARS system uses a 20% human albumin solution as a dialyzate and a semipermeable membrane as a dialyzer.
The albumin acquires an increased ability to bind toxins through contact with membrane’s polymers. Through the membrane, the patient’s blood comes into contact with the albumin solution, and the albumin-related toxins cross the membrane and enter the dialyzate, the transfer being made in the sense of the existing concentration gradient between the blood compartment and the albumin solution. After detoxification, the albumin solution is recirculated, coming into contact with the patient’s blood again [60, 61, 62]. Several small randomized controlled trials and case control studies in adults showed significant improvement, both in morbidity and mortality, in patients treated with MARS. However, there are little data on the use of MARS in the children [63].
It consists of a bloodstream where two filters perform a purification of water-soluble toxins and then a fractional separation of plasma, so that cellular components and macromolecules are separated by albumin and by low-molecular-weight solvents. Then, the autologous albumin solution crosses a neutral resin filter, which has an increased affinity for bile acids, aromatic amino acids, and phenols, and also an anion exchange resin filter that removes unconjugated bilirubin [64, 65, 66].
These techniques were initially used in hepatology. Subsequently, they were also used for the treatment of acute poisonings with or without liver failure, especially the MARS technique. The aim is to remove albumin-related toxic substances. There are several reports regarding the use of these purification techniques in high liver toxicity mushrooms poisoning as
ECMO is a special technique for maintaining pulmonary and cardiac function through an extracorporeal circulation pump. The purpose of this method is to provide a good oxygenation support and remove the excess of CO₂. It is an exceptional therapy proposed for serious poisonings, especially those that are complicated with respiratory distress syndrome or cardiogenic shock refractor on conventional therapy [68]. ECMO is difficult and should only be done in experienced centers as it carries significant risks. It is a method that requires systemic anticoagulation. The main possible complications are bleeding, systemic infection, and thromboembolic accidents [4, 68]. If the ECMO indication has been established, this therapy should be initiated as soon as possible, before irreversible cerebral or visceral anoxic lesions [68, 69].
Despite the best efforts of the care team, it is not possible to save every child with poisoning. Particularly, in cases where there was significant hypoxic–ischemic central nervous system injury, patient may progress to brain death [70]. Because poisoning is not a sign of organ donation, these patients can be a potential donor source [71]. Toxicological risk assessment should be rigorously conducted in the sense that the transmission of intoxication to the recipient should be avoided. Some toxic substances accumulate in the liver, heart, or lung and could theoretically be released from these grafts after transplantation. These risks, however, should not be exaggerated. They can be diminished by knowledge of kinetics and toxics in target organs. Taking risks is more important for heart or kidney transplantation, organs that are more susceptible to anoxic-ischemic damage [4, 5, 6]. Since severe depression of the central nervous system induced by some toxic can mimic brain death, it is important to allow sufficient time, depending on the pharmacology of the toxic substance, until the plasma concentration decreases to an acceptable level. To declare cerebral death, the following are necessary [4, 72, 73]:
clinical criteria: deep, dormant coma, absence of brain stem reflexes, absence of spontaneous breathing;
biological criteria:
mandatory: flat track on the EEG, apnea test, atropine test;
optional: cerebral angiography (stroke), transcranial echo-Doppler, scintigraphy, etc.
The conditions for declaring brain death vary according to the country’s legislation. Basically, the patient’s examination should be performed by two physicians: neurologist or neurosurgeon and anesthetist. In children, the intervals between examinations must be 24 h for the child aged 2 months to 1 year and at least 12 h over 1 year [74].
Complications of poisonings during childhood may enforce hospitalization to PICU and may contribute to lowering the survival rate. Supporting vital functions is the main objective of the management of a poisoned patient admitted in PICU.
None.
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González and Darci Odloak",authors:[{id:"19550",title:"Dr.",name:"Darci",middleName:null,surname:"Odloak",slug:"darci-odloak",fullName:"Darci Odloak"}]},{id:"68631",title:"Nonlinear Dynamics of Asynchronous Electric Drive: Engineering Interpretation and Correction Techniques",slug:"nonlinear-dynamics-of-asynchronous-electric-drive-engineering-interpretation-and-correction-techniqu",totalDownloads:724,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The results of theoretical and practical research studies most widely used in the industry of variable frequency drives (VFD) are presented in this manuscript. Such objects are characterized by dynamic nonlinearities that are difficult to take into account in the mathematical description for the development of control algorithms. Accounting for these nonlinearities leads to equations that are very problematic to solve. Therefore, the equations of the mathematical model on which the vector control system is based are compiled with the assumption of the sinusoidality of the processes occurring in the control object. Comparative results of the analysis of dynamic of VFD with two types of sensorless control, vector and scalar, show the problems that these assumptions lead to.. For identification of nonlinearities, dynamic formulas of transfer functions of torque generator in VFD are proposed, taking into account slip and stator voltage frequency The nonlinear transfer functions obtained in this work made it possible to substantiate structural solutions that linearize the VFD and substantially increase their efficiency. The use of dynamic feedback on the stator current allowed to significantly increase the dynamics and efficiency of a more stable scalar control.",book:{id:"9287",slug:"control-theory-in-engineering",title:"Control Theory in Engineering",fullTitle:"Control Theory in Engineering"},signatures:"Vladimir L. Kodkin, Alexandr S. Anikin and Alexandr A. Baldenkov",authors:null},{id:"54865",title:"An Assessment on the Non-Invasive Methods for Condition Monitoring of Induction Motors",slug:"an-assessment-on-the-non-invasive-methods-for-condition-monitoring-of-induction-motors",totalDownloads:2128,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"The ability to forecast motor mechanical faults at incipient stages is vital to reducing maintenance costs, operation downtime and safety hazards. This paper synthesized the progress in the research and development in condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of induction motors. The motor condition monitoring techniques are mainly classified into two categories that are invasive and non-invasive techniques. The invasive techniques are very basic, but they have some implementation difficulties and high cost. The non-invasive methods, namely MCSA, PVA and IPA, overcome the disadvantages associated to invasive methods. This book chapter reviews the various non-invasive condition monitoring methods for diagnosis of mechanical faults in induction motor and concludes that the instantaneous power analysis (IPA) and Park vector analysis (PVA) methods are best suitable for the diagnosis of small fault signatures associated to mechanical faults. Recommendations for the future research in these areas are also presented.",book:{id:"5496",slug:"fault-diagnosis-and-detection",title:"Fault Diagnosis and Detection",fullTitle:"Fault Diagnosis and Detection"},signatures:"Muhammad Irfan, Nordin Saad, Rosdiazli Ibrahim, Vijanth S.\nAsirvadam, Abdullah S. Alwadie and Muhammad Aman Sheikh",authors:[{id:"9739",title:"Dr.",name:"Nordin",middleName:"Bin",surname:"Saad",slug:"nordin-saad",fullName:"Nordin Saad"},{id:"174671",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosdiazli B. Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"rosdiazli-b.-ibrahim-ibrahim",fullName:"Rosdiazli B. Ibrahim Ibrahim"},{id:"177286",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Irfan",slug:"muhammad-irfan",fullName:"Muhammad Irfan"},{id:"191337",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijanth",middleName:null,surname:"Sagayan",slug:"vijanth-sagayan",fullName:"Vijanth Sagayan"},{id:"192401",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Aman",middleName:null,surname:"Sheikh",slug:"muhammad-aman-sheikh",fullName:"Muhammad Aman Sheikh"},{id:"205830",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alwadie",slug:"abdullah-alwadie",fullName:"Abdullah Alwadie"}]},{id:"54206",title:"Dynamics-Based Vibration Signal Modeling for Tooth Fault Diagnosis of Planetary Gearboxes",slug:"dynamics-based-vibration-signal-modeling-for-tooth-fault-diagnosis-of-planetary-gearboxes",totalDownloads:2270,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Vibration analysis has been widely used to diagnose gear tooth fault inside a planetary gearbox. However, the vibration characteristics of a planetary gearbox are very complicated. Inside a planetary gearbox, there are multiple vibration sources as several sun-planet gear pairs, and several ring-planet gear pairs are meshing simultaneously. In addition, due to the rotation of the carrier, distance varies between vibration sources and a transducer installed on the planetary gearbox housing. Dynamics-based vibration signal modeling techniques can simulate the vibration signals of a planetary gearbox and reveal the signal generation mechanism and fault features effectively. However, these techniques are basically in the theoretical development stage. Comprehensive experimental validations are required for their future applications in real systems. This chapter describes the methodologies related to vibration signal modeling of a planetary gear set for gear tooth damage diagnosis. The main contents include gear mesh stiffness evaluation, gear tooth crack modeling, dynamic modeling of a planetary gear set, vibration source modeling, modeling of transmission path effect due to the rotation of the carrier, sensor perceived vibration signal modeling, and vibration signal decomposition techniques. The methods presented in this chapter can help understand the vibration properties of planetary gearboxes and give insights into developing new signal processing methods for gear tooth damage diagnosis.",book:{id:"5496",slug:"fault-diagnosis-and-detection",title:"Fault Diagnosis and Detection",fullTitle:"Fault Diagnosis and Detection"},signatures:"Xihui Liang, Ming J. Zuo and Wenhua Chen",authors:[{id:"191577",title:"Dr.",name:"Xihui",middleName:null,surname:"Liang",slug:"xihui-liang",fullName:"Xihui Liang"}]},{id:"64980",title:"Power Balance Mode Control for Boost-Type DC-DC Converter",slug:"power-balance-mode-control-for-boost-type-dc-dc-converter",totalDownloads:1055,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In recent years, the demand for switching converters has steadily increased. The desired converters need to be small and have high power density, good efficiency, good responsiveness, and good robustness. High responsiveness and high robustness are required for the control systems of switching converters. Some studies suggest that responsiveness and robustness can be improved using current mode control. However, it is difficult to improve the control performance of boost-type DC-DC converters significantly only by using these technologies. The power balance mode control approach can be used for solving various problems. In this approach, control is exerted to eliminate the difference between the input power and the output power. As a result, responsiveness and robustness can be improved when compared to the conventional control method. In this study, the effectiveness of the power balance mode control is confirmed using a circuit simulator.",book:{id:"9287",slug:"control-theory-in-engineering",title:"Control Theory in Engineering",fullTitle:"Control Theory in Engineering"},signatures:"Taichi Kawakami",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"717",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],testimonialsList:[]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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