Synthesis of ln-based nanoparticles by ethanolic extraction of solanum nigrum plant.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6896",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Diversity and Ecology of Invasive Plants",title:"Diversity and Ecology of Invasive Plants",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book, Diversity and Ecology of Invasive Plants, is a collection of reviewed and relevant research chapters, offering a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the field of invasive species biology. The book comprises chapters authored by various researchers and edited by experts active in the field of conservation of biodiversity. All chapters are complete in itself but united under a common topic. This publication aims at providing a thorough overview of the latest research efforts by international authors on diversity, distribution, and ecological consequences of invasive species and opens new possible research paths for further developments.",isbn:"978-1-83968-352-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-351-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-353-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73424",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"diversity-and-ecology-of-invasive-plants",numberOfPages:112,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"fedc1666d43e1a79529b7d5dd8604892",bookSignature:"Sudam Charan Sahu and Sanjeet Kumar",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6896.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5435,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:6,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 15th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 28th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 27th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 15th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 16th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"89118",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudam Charan",middleName:null,surname:"Sahu",slug:"sudam-charan-sahu",fullName:"Sudam Charan Sahu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89118/images/system/89118.jpeg",biography:"Sudam Charan Sahu, M.Sc., Ph. D, F.I.A.T. is working as an Assistant Professor at the Department of Botany, North Orissa University, Baripada (Odisha), India. He has done his Ph. D from CSIR-IMMT, Bhubaneswar (Under Utkal University, Bhubaneswar), India and Post-Doctorate from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore (India). His specialization and research fields include plant taxonomy, ethnobotany, forest ecology, climate change and biodiversity conservation. He published more than 34 papers in various national and international journals, 4 book chapters and edited 2 books to his credit. He is recognized as Fellow of Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy. He was also awarded with DST-Young Scientist from Science & Engineering Research Board (SERB), DST, Government of India. He was also the editor of the book entitled “Plant Science” (Intech publisher). He is a well-recognized reviewer of many SCI and Non-SCI journals.",institutionString:"North Orissa University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"North Orissa University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"258148",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanjeet",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"sanjeet-kumar",fullName:"Sanjeet Kumar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258148/images/system/258148.png",biography:"Dr. Sanjeet Kumar, DELF, is the founder and CEO of Ambika Prasad Research Foundation, India. His current research is focused on status, taxonomy, diversity, phytochemistry, and antimicrobial activity of medicinal and nutraceutical plants; population analysis and restoration of threatened taxa; wetland ecosystems and their bio-wealth; various management practices in protected areas; and giving training to the researchers, biologists, and academicians on medicinal plants and threatened taxa. He is also Chief Editor, Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation. He is documenting the floral and faunal wealth, ecological importance of different landscapes and giving training to undergraduate and postgraduate students in these areas. Dr. Kumar has thirteen years of research experience and published twenty books and 115 research and review articles in journals of national and international repute.",institutionString:"Ambika Prasad Research Foundation",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"356",title:"Biogeography",slug:"agricultural-and-biological-sciences-plant-biology-biogeography"}],chapters:[{id:"68780",title:"Invasive Alien Flora in and around an Urban Area of India",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88725",slug:"invasive-alien-flora-in-and-around-an-urban-area-of-india",totalDownloads:915,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Invasive alien species are non-native exotic organisms which can disperse and destroy the biodiversity and change the ecosystem. The present study deals with the comprehensive list of invasive alien plants (IAPs) of Rourkela Steel City, Sundargarh, Odisha, with background information on family, habit, and nativity. A total of 165 invasive alien species under 132 genera and 59 families have been recorded. From the nativity study, among 25 geographic regions, the majority of invasive plants reported from American continent (62%) with 103 species. While in life form analysis, the herbs (114 species) are dominant, followed by trees (23 species), shrubs (22 species), climber (5 species), and undershrub (1 species). Ageratum conyzoides, Blumea lacera, Cassia alata, Lantana camara, Cassia tora, Parthenium hysterophorus, Xanthium sp., Datura sp., Cardamine scutata, Argemone mexicana, Grangea maderaspatana, Hyptis suaveolens, and Gnaphalium polycaulon are some noxious species found during the study. Parthenium hysterophorus is the highly noxious plant which is grown everywhere after Ageratum conyzoides and Lantana camara. Most of the invasive species are locally used for medicinal purposes as well as for food, fuel, and fodder purposes. A better planning and reporting of the spread of new plants in the area are needed for early identification and control of the invasive alien plant species in different seasons. Since the flora of Sundargarh districts has not been beneficially explored, this study will help in the compilation of flora of Sundargarh district and Rourkela in particular. Further studies will reveal the allelopathic effects on different agricultural crops as well as the different ethnobotanical values.",signatures:"Samarendra Narayan Mallick, Nirius Xenan Ekka, Sanjeet Kumar and Sudam C. Sahu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68780",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68780",authors:[{id:"89118",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudam Charan",surname:"Sahu",slug:"sudam-charan-sahu",fullName:"Sudam Charan Sahu"}],corrections:null},{id:"65904",title:"Invasive Species in the Amazon",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84720",slug:"invasive-species-in-the-amazon",totalDownloads:1049,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"One of the main reasons for environmental disturbances such as declination in pasture productivity and biodiversity losses is the high infestation of herbaceous weeds, generally referred to as “Juquira” in the Amazon region. If they are not adequately controlled, such infestation might lead to degradation of pasture, resulting in complete loss of productivity and subsequent abandonment of the area. In this sense, this chapter aims to describe the main invasive species present in the Amazon region, as well as to characterize both the old and innovative techniques of use in agriculture, in large and small scale, for the control of agricultural pests.",signatures:"Wanessa Almeida da Costa, Cinthya Elen Pereira de Lima, Sérgio Henrique Brabo de Sousa, Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira, Fernanda Wariss Figueiredo Bezerra, Jorddy Neves da Cruz, Sebastião Gomes Silva, Renato Macedo Cordeiro, Cintya Cordovil Rodrigues, Antônio Robson Batista de Carvalho, Priscila do Nascimento Bezerra, Pedro Alam de Araújo Sarges, Daniel Santiago Pereira, Antônio Pedro Silva de Souza Filho and Raul Nunes de Carvalho Junior",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65904",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65904",authors:[{id:"192844",title:"Dr.",name:"Raul",surname:"Nunes de Carvalho Jr",slug:"raul-nunes-de-carvalho-jr",fullName:"Raul Nunes de Carvalho Jr"},{id:"195289",title:"MSc.",name:"Wanessa",surname:"Almeida Da Costa",slug:"wanessa-almeida-da-costa",fullName:"Wanessa Almeida Da Costa"},{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"},{id:"195295",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",surname:"Wariss Figueiredo Bezerra",slug:"fernanda-wariss-figueiredo-bezerra",fullName:"Fernanda Wariss Figueiredo Bezerra"},{id:"241344",title:"MSc.",name:"Priscila do Nascimento",surname:"Bezerra",slug:"priscila-do-nascimento-bezerra",fullName:"Priscila do Nascimento Bezerra"},{id:"241345",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio Pedro Da Silva",surname:"Souza Filho",slug:"antonio-pedro-da-silva-souza-filho",fullName:"Antonio Pedro Da Silva Souza Filho"},{id:"242603",title:"MSc.",name:"Renato Macedo",surname:"Cordeiro",slug:"renato-macedo-cordeiro",fullName:"Renato Macedo Cordeiro"},{id:"282408",title:"MSc.",name:"Sérgio Henrique Brabo De",surname:"Sousa",slug:"sergio-henrique-brabo-de-sousa",fullName:"Sérgio Henrique Brabo De Sousa"},{id:"282409",title:"Mr.",name:"Jorddy Neves Da",surname:"Cruz",slug:"jorddy-neves-da-cruz",fullName:"Jorddy Neves Da Cruz"},{id:"282410",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastião",surname:"Silva",slug:"sebastiao-silva",fullName:"Sebastião Silva"},{id:"282411",title:"MSc.",name:"Cintya Cordovil",surname:"Rodrigues",slug:"cintya-cordovil-rodrigues",fullName:"Cintya Cordovil Rodrigues"},{id:"282412",title:"BSc.",name:"Antônio Robson Batista De",surname:"Carvalho",slug:"antonio-robson-batista-de-carvalho",fullName:"Antônio Robson Batista De Carvalho"},{id:"282414",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel Santiago",surname:"Pereira",slug:"daniel-santiago-pereira",fullName:"Daniel Santiago Pereira"},{id:"290710",title:"Dr.",name:"Cinthya Elen",surname:"Pereira de Lima",slug:"cinthya-elen-pereira-de-lima",fullName:"Cinthya Elen Pereira de Lima"},{id:"290711",title:"Dr.",name:"Pedro",surname:"Alam de Araújo Sarges",slug:"pedro-alam-de-araujo-sarges",fullName:"Pedro Alam de Araújo Sarges"}],corrections:null},{id:"64861",title:"Impacts of Invasive Plants on Soil Fungi and Implications for Restoration",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82108",slug:"impacts-of-invasive-plants-on-soil-fungi-and-implications-for-restoration",totalDownloads:1336,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Biological plant invasions impact the function and biodiversity of ecosystems across the globe by displacing native plant species and altering the physical and chemical soil environment. While much is known about direct competition between invasive and native plants, ecologists have just begun to uncover the less obvious impact of plant invasion: changes to the soil fungal community. Fungi are important to the survival of many plant species and an integral part of a healthy soil system. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are plant mutualistic symbionts that associate with many species and provide necessary services, such as increasing surface area for root water absorption and resistance to pathogens, while ectomycorrhizal fungi play an equally important role and are critical for plant nutrient acquisition in boreal and temperate forests. Invasive plants are altering the soil fungal community in ways that indirectly impact the structure of native plant communities, sometimes for years after the invasive plant has been removed from an area (i.e., legacy effects). These changes make restoration especially difficult in areas from which long-term plant invasions have been eradicated; in some cases these changes can be so severe that even with active management, they take months or decades to reverse.",signatures:"Brooke Pickett, Mia Maltz and Emma Aronson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64861",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64861",authors:[{id:"260303",title:"Dr.",name:"Mia",surname:"Maltz",slug:"mia-maltz",fullName:"Mia Maltz"},{id:"260913",title:"Ms.",name:"Brooke",surname:"Pickett",slug:"brooke-pickett",fullName:"Brooke Pickett"},{id:"270380",title:"Dr.",name:"Emma",surname:"Aronson",slug:"emma-aronson",fullName:"Emma Aronson"}],corrections:null},{id:"64613",title:"Relationship between Exotic Plant Species Richness, Native Vegetation and Climate in Forest Ecosystems of Chile",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82233",slug:"relationship-between-exotic-plant-species-richness-native-vegetation-and-climate-in-forest-ecosystem",totalDownloads:896,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we evaluated how native species cover, native species richness, and foliage periodicity of forests are related to exotic species richness in different forest ecosystems distributed through the Mediterranean-type and temperate climate regions of Chile. We compiled published and unpublished data on Chilean vegetation (mainly phytosociological studies) located between 30º and 41º S in which plant species composition and abundance (percentage of cover) per plot was evaluated and published. When all forests were analysed together, we found that exotic species richness was not significantly related to native species richness; it was negatively related to native species cover in both Mediterranean and temperate climatic regions and was greater in deciduous than evergreen forests, although only in the temperate region. In an analysis considering separately every forest type, we observed that only in 50% of these communities, exotic species richness was negatively related to native species cover. Furthermore, in 25% of forest types, exotic species richness was negatively related to native species richness, and in only one forest type, this relationship was positive. Our results suggest that native species produce some resistance against invasion of exotic plants, but this effect may depend on climate and forest type.",signatures:"Pablo I. Becerra and Ramiro O. 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However, conservationists are not yet able to agree on the most suitable method. In the research project ‘Game of Clones’, a team of scientists together with the help of high school students is spatially modeling the spreading behavior of knotweed under different circumstances and is creating and providing a board game as well as a computer simulation as an experimental platform. To develop sustainable assumptions to be able to model the responses of knotweed to each control measure, a vast understanding of the plant is necessary. The chapter covers the results of research activities and experiments within the project and gives a comprehensive review about Japanese knotweed.",signatures:"Anneliese Fuchs, Christina Pichler-Koban, Wilfried Elmenreich and Michael Jungmeier",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65049",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65049",authors:[{id:"50644",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Jungmeier",slug:"michael-jungmeier",fullName:"Michael Jungmeier"},{id:"163771",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilfried",surname:"Elmenreich",slug:"wilfried-elmenreich",fullName:"Wilfried Elmenreich"},{id:"278865",title:"MSc.",name:"Anneliese",surname:"Fuchs",slug:"anneliese-fuchs",fullName:"Anneliese Fuchs"},{id:"279217",title:"Dr.",name:"Christina",surname:"Pichler-Koban",slug:"christina-pichler-koban",fullName:"Christina Pichler-Koban"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2984",title:"The Species Problem",subtitle:"Ongoing Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"412f4d7e90c7760651420c3fa397f600",slug:"the-species-problem-ongoing-issues",bookSignature:"Igor Ya. 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Years ago, the industrial sector started on a significant scale. Ciamician, a highly foresighted researcher, recognized that it is now essential to produce chemicals remarkably similar to natural ones [1, 2]. Green synthesis has become increasingly important in modern chemistry. Green or sustainable chemistry’s primary goal is to make valuable molecules and provide resources to humans while allowing no environmental damage. Green chemistry contributes to the emergence of novel techniques to prevent ecological degradation by minimizing the number of toxic pollutants and their health effects by commencing with harmless or healthier substances than those now in use. This discipline is presented through a period of rapid advancement and growth. The progression of “green chemistry” has arisen as a surprising move for resolving this challenge and ensuring the environment’s security [3]. Green chemistry includes a diverse catalyst, biocatalysis, solvent-free production, and the utilization of microwave and ultrasound, among other things.
Green chemistry has been characterized in a variety of ways by various institutions. According to IUPAC, green chemistry is described as “the discovery, configuration, & application of chemical products and minimizes possible use and generation of toxic chemicals.” The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines “chemistry for source reduction” as green chemistry. But, The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) explained green chemistry as “sustainable chemistry.” These concepts of green chemistry appear to be unique in terms of how they are represented, but they all give rise to the same significance and primary objective. Green chemistry’s strategies are developing, producing, and using effective, reliable, and eco-friendly chemical products and processes to manage pollution.
Further, the lanthanides belong to the f-block in the modern periodic table, with atomic numbers falling between 57 and 71 (La-Lu). The outermost electron or valence shell electron of lanthanides goes in a 4f subshell. They possess identical chemical and physical properties. The silvery-white soft metals experience various characteristics. With the increase in the atomic numbers, the hardness of the metals also increases due to the rise in their melting and boiling points. They are also paramagnetic. Lanthanides have many scientific and industrial applications. On heating with halogen, lanthanides exhibit fluorescence under UV lights. Its exposure to air gives rise to tarnishing because of oxidation, which is usually very quick in moist air. Lanthanides could burn quickly in the atmosphere and are also highly reactive. They typically react very steadily with O2 and H2O but quickly at high temperatures. Other similar properties of lanthanides include their characteristics as potent reducing agents, making ionic compounds rapidly dissolved in acids. Lanthanides and the different ligands are particularly favorable chemical compounds used in developing functional molecular substances. Lanthanides are an attractive essential matter for synthesizing several divalent or trivalent derivatives of lanthanides with organic compounds. Trivalent lanthanide cations act as “hard” acid, in which the bonding of lanthanides with another element is examined predominantly electrostatic and ionic. Therefore, their affinities toward “hard” ligands with oxygen donor atoms will be decisive. As a suitable fluorescent material, lanthanide-doped nanophosphors gained much interest for biological applications due to their inherent lower cytotoxicity.
The present review highlights the various green route of synthesis of lanthanide-based compounds synthesis and their discrete applications in different dimensions. The initial section gives a brief explanation of the fundamental greener synthesis of organic compounds provided by Paul Anastas & John Warner. It further emphasizes in-depth studies of other lanthanide-based complexes obtained by the green method of their synthesis. It includes green synthesis of a) lanthanide-doped nanophosphors, b) rare-earth zirconates, c) metal oxide nanoparticles, d) rare-earth ions-doped nanocrystals-based photoluminescent materials, e) self-assembled nanospherical dysprosium Metal organic frameworks (MOF), and f) nucleotide-based lanthanide coordination polymers. The last section dedicatedly reports the scope for the future perspective and recommendation in the novel area of research.
In 1998, Paul Anastas and John Warner put forward the basic principles of green chemistry for the first time [4]. As reported, green chemistry mainly comprises 12 principles, which are widely accepted for explaining the most outstanding ever-emerging image of green chemistry [5, 6].
Nanocrystal-based semiconductors are seemed to be a useful luminescent material for bio-fluorescence labeling and bio-imaging because of their quantum-sized effects where the absorbance starts, and the emissions shift toward the high energy with the decrease in size. These compounds are prepared under complex, expensive, and dangerous experimental conditions. Recently, studies indicated that they could affect the penetrability of the cell membrane and engender unwanted risky interactions with the human biological system [7]. As a result, the long-term uses of these compounds in the bio-related field have been limited. The higher increase in the recognition of the certainly unfavorable effects of nanomaterials on the well-being of humankind has been directed toward the lanthanide (ln)-doped nanophosphors of lower toxicity in the field of life science. The recent studies introduced a concept of an advanced perspective based on the microplasma approach for the fabrication of crystalline Ln-doped nanophosphors of advanced quality [8]. This approach is perhaps developed for the greener synthesis of different lanthanide-doped/co-doped nanophosphors because it possesses higher elasticity. In 2019, Lin [9] investigated the model of Eu3+-doped yttria for the synthesis of Y2O3:Eu3+ nanophosphors of different sizes and discrete Eu3+ concentrations of doping. The lanthanide (Ln = Tm, Dy, Tb, Eu)-doped nanophosphors are synthesized by the simple microplasma-assisted process. It is demonstrated that the ultra-high pure crystals of Y2O3:Eu3+ nanophosphors are prepared by aq. sol. of Ln(NO3)3·6H2O (Ln = Eu and Y) at meager plasma power consumption (near about 3–5.5 W), except for any involvement of dangerous chemicals. In addition to this, the trivalent Europium ions proved to be efficient, and they are also doped within the yttria matrix homogeneously. The green route’s nanophosphors obtained by the electrolytic solution of Ln(NO3)3·6H2O shows the regulated photoluminescence properties.
The advanced microplasma-based method reduces the disturbing obstacles in the present situation of techniques for synthesizing lanthanide-doped nanophosphors. In contrast with the addition of surfactants, stabilizers, or solvents to control the in-homogeneous and vigorous hydrolysis reaction induced by the super-saturated alkali precipitants, this technique generally utilizes H2O as a “soft” source of “OH” for maintaining the milder conditions of hydrolysis [8]. Hence, it is concluded that heating can increase luminescence performance efficiency by regulating the proceeding conditions. Therefore, this method prevents the complex from the time-taking procedures of post-separation/purification and facilitates the complete synthesis system.
Rare-earth zirconates (Re2Zr2O7) have been extensively engaged in different areas of research like disposal of nuclear waste, catalyst, diesel engines, and thermal-barrier-coating compounds [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. As yet, a different synthesis method appeared for the manufacturing of Re2Zr2O7. In 2012, Saradhi [15] synthesized the nanocrystalline Eu2Zr2O7 using dil. NH4OH as precipitant by co-precipitation method. In 2017, Zhang and co-workers used glycine as a propellant and ignited to prepare rare-earth zirconates Ni/Ln2Zr2O7 (Ln = Y, Sm, Pr, and La), used as catalysts [16]. Saitzek and co-workers [17] manufactured thin layer of lanthanum zirconate (Ln2Zr2O7) using a sol–gel technique. The other methods of synthesis of the zirconates of lanthanides are comprised of evaporation-induced self-assembly process, thermal impedance process, co-ions complexation, cathode plasma electrolysis, and solid-state reaction [18, 19, 20]. At present, the grain size, shape, and the rate of purity have been proved to be the influential factors for the specification of its discrete features and effectivity of the nano-compounds [21, 22, 23]. Thus, a substantial number of researchers have concentrated on the composition of the nano-compounds with controlling and modifying the required factors. In this study, Zinatloo-Ajabshir [24] synthesized Ln2Zr2O7 (where, Ln = Pr, Nd)-based ceramic nanostructures by tea leaf extract (green) as new and effective material by green and straightforward path. Remarkably, the effectiveness of Ln2Zr2O7 (Ln = Pr, Nd) was evaluated in the propane-SCR-NOx method. The study introduced the nanostructured Ln2Zr2O7 (Ln = Pr, Nd) as a potent novel variety of catalysts that are preferably efficient for the C3H8-SCR reaction of nitrogen oxides. The catalytic effectiveness of the produced specimen should be considered concerning its capacity of adsorption, specific surface area, crystallinity, and particle size [25]. The catalytic effectiveness of Pr2Zr2O7 for NOx reduction is preferably greater than Nd2Zr2O7 to such an extent that the transformation of nitrogen oxide to nitrogen for Pr2Zr2O7 is approximately 67% and for Nd2Zr2O7 is approximately 56%. The accumulation of carbon monooxide in the exit valve that is generally an unwanted by-product in the operation of SCR-nitrogen oxides-C3H8 for Pr2Zr2O7 is less than Nd2Zr2O7. Therefore, it can be said that Pr2Zr2O7 exhibits preferably greater effectiveness for transformation of NOx to N2.
MO-based lanthanides nanoparticles have recently achieved more attention because of their particular biological application and unique properties in various fields. At present, metal oxide synthesis demands a time-efficient, ecologically sound, and cost-effective process. The biological synthesis is a preferable alternative for the traditional chemical process of MO nanoparticles [26]. Biological synthesis is an environmentally sound green route using yeast, algae, fungi, and bacteria to synthesize MO nanoparticles. The biological manufacturing route brings forth a reliable, affordable, and less toxic method for synthesizing MO nanoparticles with differing composition, shape, size, and physico-chemical effects [27]. Tin oxide is a prominent semiconductor used biomedically among the different metal oxides. SnO2 has exceptional catalytic properties, a higher charge transfer rate, incredible binding energy, chemical and higher thermal stability, and excellent optical and electrochemical properties. In particular, metal/non-metal-doped SnO2 played a crucial in biomedical applications. S.A. Khan and co-workers suggested that cobalt-doped tin oxide exhibits more significant antimicrobic activity than un-doped SnO2 [28].
Likewise, K. K. Nair described silver-doped tin oxide as exhibiting more significant antibiotic activity than pure SnO2. Recently, biosynthesis is using jujube fruits [29], Ficus Carica [30], and Plectranthusamboinicus [31] for the preparation of SnO2. Solanum nigrum, known as Makoi or Black Nightshade (h) Kakamachi, is an everlasting shrub mainly appearing inside a timbered or forested region. In medicinal chemistry, Makoi/Nightshade has anti-hyperlipidemic, antioxidant, antiherpetic, and anti-inflammatory properties. This herbaceous plant substitutes anodyne, diaphoretics, diuretics, and expectorants. Here, the present study explains the preparation of Y2O3, SnO2, Sn-doped Y2O3, and Y-doped SnO2 and investigates the purpose of doping to increase antibacterial or antimicrobic motility of Y2O3 and SnO2. The outcomes illustrated that the extracted material drawn out from plants and doping is necessary for synthesizing metal nanoparticles and explaining their biomedical implementations (Table 1) [32].
Photoluminescent substances have been practised globally in the security and anti-counterfeiting field because of their eccentric easy identification, excellent reliability, and difficulty with duplication [33, 34]. This paper introduces a simplistic, greener, and cost-efficient method to manufacture biomass composites that comprise cellulose fibers and Ln-doped nanocrystals for anti-counterfeiting applications [35, 36, 37]. The photoluminescent substances were synthesized using in situ Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) approach of trivalent lanthanides on the bleach hard-wood semi-fluid cellulose fiber (bhpFibers) plane by adding PVP (poly-vinyl-pyrrolidone) to couple the formation of the bhpFibers-PVP@LaF3:Eu3+ composite. In 2018, Qing Wang [38] synthesized the bhpFibers-PVP@LaF3:Eu3+ composite that possesses effective fluorescence. Its luminescence intensity could be easily managed by changing the incorporation of the moral quantity of trivalent lanthanum and europium ions in a solvent.
Moreover, the complex is utilized as a block to form photoluminescence paper through a vacuum filtration method. This synthesized paper shows well writable and printable properties, high flexibility, and good luminescence. Furthermore, the complete process is modest and free from toxic reagents. The bhpFibers-PVP@LaF3:Eu3+ composite exhibited balanced and robust luminescent property for 10–15 days and pH between 2 and 12. Different Ln-doped/fibers nanocrystal composites and various other trivalent lanthanides can be prepared based on this technique. Hence, this simple and greener approach for manufacturing the photoluminescence-active cellulose fibers retains excellent and promising applications in anti-counterfeiting material on a large scale. The detailed schematic representation is explained in Figure 1.
S. No. | Compound | Precuror (solanum nigrum plant) | Parameters | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Yttrium oxide nanoparticles | Yttrium nitrate | 60°C for 60 mins; heat at 350–400°C | The solution changes from green to creamy white. |
2. | Stannous oxide | SnCl2 | 60 C for 60 mins; heat at 350–400°C | The solution changes from dark green to black. |
3. | Stannous-doped yttrium oxide nanoparticles | 0.1 mM yttrium nitrate (80%), 0.1 mM SnCl2 (20%) | 60 C for 60 mins; heat at 350–400°C | The solution changes from dark green to creamy white. |
4. | Yttrium-doped stannous oxide nanoparticles | 0.1 mM SnCl2 (80%), 0.1 mM yttrium nitrate solution (20%). | 60 C for 60 mins; heat at 350–400°C | The solution changes from dark green to brown. |
Synthesis of ln-based nanoparticles by ethanolic extraction of solanum nigrum plant.
Diagrammatic illustration of the fabrication of bhpFibers-PVP@LaF3:Eu3+ [
Metal–organic frameworks are an advanced category of permeable translucent substances prepared from the multi-dentate organic ligands and metal clusters [39]. An increase in the study of MOFs witnessed in recent times because of its possible applications in magnetism [40], nonlinear optics [41], heterogeneous catalysis [42, 43], gas storage [44], and separation [45], etc. Based on MOF, the sensing materials are predicted to be more favorable than the existing sensor probes because of their exposed active sites, tunable framework compositions, high surface areas, and ease of synthesis [46]. Implementation of MOFs in real-life applications is a significant cause in the present-day research. The main focus was to enhance features like selectivity, sensitivity, latent period, and durability of prepared MOFs to synthesize effective sensory platforms for authentic characteristics. In 2019, Mukherjee and co-workers [47] prepared two new trivalent dysprosium MOFs assimilating πelectron-donating azides performance in ligand vertebrae using the solvothermal method. An ecological and green method has been embraced to scale the prepared substance to nanotechnology. Formerly undetermined Dy (III) carrying nanospherical MOFs thus achieved are used to sense several –NO2-based incendiary devices in the solvent media through fluorescent quenching. On illustrating the potential appropriateness of nanoscale MOFs for recognizing distinct –NO2-based incendiary devices, the current study also explained the excellent utility of annihilation constants known till date in the permeable substance realm. For attaining the high-performance sensory inquests for reliable and ecological applicative value, ad-libbing the concept of sensors into the vapor state seemed to show excellent outcomes. Hence, researchers considered that the outcomes conferred here obviously expedite a novel approach for the development of green organic–inorganic hybrid nanocomposites to design the new-generation sensory probes. This study illustrates the solvothermal-based preparation of two novel Ln-MOFs, named as [{Dy4(5N3-IPA)6(DMF)3(H2O)4}(DMF)(H2O)2]∞ and [{Dy(2N3-TPA)2(H2O)(CH3OH)}]∞ emanated by two RCOO− ligand named as 2N3-TPA (2-azidoterephthalate) and 5N3-IPA (5-azidoterephthalate) correspondingly, through confined azide components that are directed toward the pore surfaces having two-dimensional sheet-like arrangement with helical metal carboxylates chain. The two synthesized complexes show good aqueous phase and thermal stabilities. A convenient and straightforward method has been embraced to minimize the synthesized compounds’ particle size for the preparation of Nanoscale metal organic frameworks (NMOF). These nanoscale metal–organic frameworks are strongly utilized for fluorescence analysis for the identification of several nitro-analytes like picric acid, nitro-toluene, 4-nitrobenzoic acid, 2, 6-dinitrotoluene, and nitrobenzene, etc. Furthermore, selectivity toward picric acid sensing with another elementally identical nitro-analytes and better recyclability of the operating sensing manifesto revealed excellent potential for these substances considering its authentic applications.
The crystal structure and coordination geometry of both compounds are explained in Figures 2 and 3.
S.No. | Name of Compounds | Precursors | Method | Applications | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Y2O3:Eu3+ nanophosphors | aq. sol. of Ln(NO3)3·6H2O (Ln = Eu and Y) | Microplasma-assisted approach | Bio fluorescence labeling and bio-imaging | [9] |
2 | Ln2Zr2O7 (Ln = Pr, Nd) | Pr(NO3)3.6H2O/ Nd(NO3)3.6H2O/ zirconyl nitrate, tea extract | Propane-SCR-NOx method | Catalyst, thermal-barrier-coating compounds | [24] |
3 | Stannous-doped yttrium oxide nanoparticles | Solanum nigrum plant extract, 0.1 mM Yttrium nitrate, 0.1 mM stannous chloride solution | Biosynthesis | Antimicrobial, antibacterial | [32] |
4 | bhpFibers-PVP@LaF3: Eu3+ | Hardwood-bleached pulp, polyvinylpyrrolidone, lanthanum chloride hexahydrate, europium chloride hexahydrate, sodium fluoride | In situ CVD approach | Photoluminescence active, anti-counterfeiting | [38] |
5 | [{Dy(2N3-TPA)2(H2O)(CH3OH)}]∞ | 5-azidoisophthalic acid, 2-aminoterephthalic acid, | Solvothermal method | Fluorescence-based detection of nitro-aromatic explosives | [47] |
6 | AMP/Ln-CIP | TbCl3·6H2O, EuCl3·6H2O, GdCl3·6H2O, adenosine-5- monophosphate disodium salt (AMP, 98%), ciprofloxacin and tyrosine. | Green synthesis | White-light-emitting material | [62] |
Various lanthanide complexes synthesized by the green method.
Crystal structure and coordination geometry of [{Dy(2N3-TPA)2(H2O)(CH3OH)}]∞ [
Crystal structure and coordination geometry of [{Dy4(5N3-IPA)6(DMF)3(H2O)4}(DMF)(H2O)2]∞ [
White-light-emitting substances gained immense recognition due to their applications in various practicable areas, like electrochemical cells, light-emitting diodes, and several different varieties of light-emitting devices [48, 49, 50, 51]. The advanced white-light-emitting substances noted till today are predominantly concerted on metal–organic hybrid components [52, 53, 54], inorganic nanocrystals [55], quantum dots [56], and small-organic molecules [57]. In general, these white-light-emitting materials are achieved by the following three approaches: (1) one-constituent emitting in the entire Vis-region from 400 to 700 nm, (2) two-chromophores carrying constituent emitting orange, yellow or blue, and (3) three-chromophores carrying constituent emitting primary colors [58]. Comparing these three strategies, the outcomes described that the one-constituent white-light-emitting phosphors possess great benefits: lower production cost, higher luminescent efficiency, and higher color displaying index. At the same, the accretion of the one-component substances is efficient of white light fabrication is still difficult. Ln-based phosphors are seemed to be the realm of two-chromophores-assisted white-light-emitting substances during the past decades because of the supremacy of trivalent Ln ions, together with the low toxicity, high photochemical stability, long fluorescence lifetime, sharp emission, and significant Stokes shift.
Presently, the white-light-emitting diodes mainly depend on blue light InGaN chip, and yellow light from Ln-based inorganic materials of Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ (YAG:Ce) is accessible at a large scale [59]. Though, few defects are persisted because of the absence of red-light-emitting constituent, regulating its multifaceted applications. Currently, metal–organic coordination polymers of lanthanide fascinated much interest for white light administration. It is observed that LMOCP (Ln (III) metal–organic coordination polymers) are highly adaptable with the organic matrices for organic LED characteristics than nitride powders and inorganic metal oxides as organic–inorganic hybrid material [60]. Compared with the crystal MOFs, amorphous LMOCP exhibits wide composition diversity, mild reaction conditions, and high tailorable properties [61]. Zhang and co-workers synthesized an amorphous Ln (III) metal–organic coordination polymers of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)/Ln-CIP by green route with tunable white light emission by an organic ligand, i.e. adenosine monophosphate (AMP). In the strong structure of AMP/Ln-CIP, Ln = Gd, Eu, and Tb, CIP can coordinate with the trivalent Ln ions with oxygen atoms of the -CO and -COO group for the fabrication of the trivalent Ln complexes. It also fascinates energy in the ultraviolet range for the sensitization of the red emission of trivalent europium ions and the green emission of trivalent terbium ions. On the basis of the three primary colors theory, through a greener approach of preparation, Zhang strongly fabricated a white-light-emissive nanophosphor compound of AMP/Tb0.1Eu0.9Gd99.0-CIP. On comparing with the different routes of synthesis of the white-light-emitting constituents, this approach is easy, effortless, and environmentally sound. Hence, it is concluded that the AMP/Tb0.1Eu0.9Gd99.0-CIP exhibits several benefits like high quantum yields, long fluorescence lifetime, and high thermostability. Moreover, the homogeneous coordination properties of Tb3+, Eu3+, and Gd3+ permit the in situ doping of these metal ions simultaneously into a parent Ln (III) metal–organic coordination polymers concurrently. Hence, it is believed that this synthetic method can be elongated to develop other Ln-based white-light-emitting materials [62]. The diagrammatic illustration of the method of synthesis for white-light-emissive AMP/Ln-CIP is shown in Figure 4, Table 2.
Diagrammatic representation of the method of synthesis for white-light-emissive AMP/ln-CIP [
Green or sustainable chemistry’s primary goal is to make valuable molecules and provide resources to humans while allowing no environmental damage. Green chemistry contributes to the emergence of novel techniques to prevent ecological degradation by minimizing the number of toxic pollutants and their health effects by commencing with harmless or healthier substances than those now in use. In this chapter, the greener route for the synthesis of Ln-doped nanophosphors, rare-earth zirconates, nucleotide-based lanthanide coordination polymers, self-assembled nano-spherical dysprosium MOFs, rare-earth ions-doped nanocrystals-based photoluminescent materials, and metal oxide nanoparticles is discussed in detail with their applications in different dimensions. The chapter highlights the role of rare-earth elements in the green synthesis of organic compounds. Lanthanides mainly coordinate with other ligands to give an organic compound by environmentally sound route with less toxic effects and no use of dangerous chemical reagents. These methods of synthesizing organic compounds are necessary for the present scenario because they reduce hazardous damages and decrease pollution levels. The products prepared by the green route are also highly adaptable with the organic matrices.
Director CSIR-AMPRI Bhopal is also acknowledged for providing necessary institutional facilities and encouragement.
The authors declare no conflict of interest related to this research work.
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Scaffolds",slug:"cell-responses-to-surface-and-architecture-of-tissue-engineering-scaffolds",totalDownloads:10520,totalCrossrefCites:134,totalDimensionsCites:305,abstract:null,book:{id:"314",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",fullTitle:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering - Cells and Biomaterials"},signatures:"Hsin-I Chang and Yiwei Wang",authors:[{id:"45747",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"hsin-i-chang",fullName:"Hsin-I Chang"},{id:"53659",title:"Ms.",name:"Yiwei",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"yiwei-wang",fullName:"Yiwei Wang"}]},{id:"46479",doi:"10.5772/57353",title:"Floating Drug Delivery Systems for Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Disease",slug:"floating-drug-delivery-systems-for-eradication-of-helicobacter-pylori-in-treatment-of-peptic-ulcer-d",totalDownloads:2864,totalCrossrefCites:139,totalDimensionsCites:302,abstract:null,book:{id:"3839",slug:"trends-in-helicobacter-pylori-infection",title:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection",fullTitle:"Trends in Helicobacter pylori Infection"},signatures:"Yousef Javadzadeh and Sanaz Hamedeyazdan",authors:[{id:"94276",title:"Prof.",name:"Yousef",middleName:null,surname:"Javadzadeh",slug:"yousef-javadzadeh",fullName:"Yousef Javadzadeh"},{id:"98229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Hamedeyazdan",slug:"sanaz-hamedeyazdan",fullName:"Sanaz Hamedeyazdan"}]},{id:"25512",doi:"10.5772/30872",title:"Epidemiology of Psychological Distress",slug:"epidemiology-of-psychological-distress",totalDownloads:8820,totalCrossrefCites:95,totalDimensionsCites:256,abstract:null,book:{id:"727",slug:"mental-illnesses-understanding-prediction-and-control",title:"Mental Illnesses",fullTitle:"Mental Illnesses - Understanding, Prediction and Control"},signatures:"Aline Drapeau, Alain Marchand and Dominic Beaulieu-Prévost",authors:[{id:"84582",title:"Dr.",name:"Aline",middleName:null,surname:"Drapeau",slug:"aline-drapeau",fullName:"Aline Drapeau"},{id:"84605",title:"Dr.",name:"Alain",middleName:null,surname:"Marchand",slug:"alain-marchand",fullName:"Alain Marchand"},{id:"84606",title:"Dr.",name:"Dominic",middleName:null,surname:"Beaulieu-Prévost",slug:"dominic-beaulieu-prevost",fullName:"Dominic Beaulieu-Prévost"}]},{id:"64762",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82511",title:"Mechanism and Health Effects of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Humans",slug:"mechanism-and-health-effects-of-heavy-metal-toxicity-in-humans",totalDownloads:10461,totalCrossrefCites:107,totalDimensionsCites:248,abstract:"Several heavy metals are found naturally in the earth crust and are exploited for various industrial and economic purposes. Among these heavy metals, a few have direct or indirect impact on the human body. Some of these heavy metals such as copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, magnesium, molybdenum, chromium, selenium, manganese and zinc have functional roles which are essential for various diverse physiological and biochemical activities in the body. However, some of these heavy metals in high doses can be harmful to the body while others such as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium, silver, and arsenic in minute quantities have delirious effects in the body causing acute and chronic toxicities in humans. The focus of this chapter is to describe the various mechanism of intoxication of some selected heavy metals in humans along with their health effects. Therefore it aims to highlight on biochemical mechanisms of heavy metal intoxication which involves binding to proteins and enzymes, altering their activity and causing damage. More so, the mechanism by which heavy metals cause neurotoxicity, generate free radical which promotes oxidative stress damaging lipids, proteins and DNA molecules and how these free radicals propagate carcinogenesis are discussed. Alongside these mechanisms, the noxious health effects of these heavy metals are discussed.",book:{id:"7111",slug:"poisoning-in-the-modern-world-new-tricks-for-an-old-dog-",title:"Poisoning in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog?"},signatures:"Godwill Azeh Engwa, Paschaline Udoka Ferdinand, Friday Nweke Nwalo and Marian N. 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The traditional healer provides health care services based on culture, religious background, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs that are prevalent in his community. Illness is regarded as having both natural and supernatural causes and thus must be treated by both physical and spiritual means, using divination, incantations, animal sacrifice, exorcism, and herbs. Herbal medicine is the cornerstone of traditional medicine but may include minerals and animal parts. The adjustment is ok, but may be replaced with –‘ Herbal medicine was once termed primitive by western medicine but through scientific investigations there is a better understanding of its therapeutic activities such that many pharmaceuticals have been modeled on phytochemicals derived from it. Major obstacles to the use of African medicinal plants are their poor quality control and safety. Traditional medical practices are still shrouded with much secrecy, with few reports or documentations of adverse reactions. However, the future of African traditional medicine is bright if viewed in the context of service provision, increase of health care coverage, economic potential, and poverty reduction. Formal recognition and integration of traditional medicine into conventional medicine will hold much promise for the future.",book:{id:"6302",slug:"herbal-medicine",title:"Herbal Medicine",fullTitle:"Herbal Medicine"},signatures:"Ezekwesili-Ofili Josephine Ozioma and Okaka Antoinette Nwamaka\nChinwe",authors:[{id:"191264",title:"Prof.",name:"Josephine",middleName:"Ozioma",surname:"Ozioma Ezekwesili-Ofili",slug:"josephine-ozioma-ezekwesili-ofili",fullName:"Josephine Ozioma Ezekwesili-Ofili"},{id:"211585",title:"Prof.",name:"Antoinette",middleName:null,surname:"Okaka",slug:"antoinette-okaka",fullName:"Antoinette Okaka"}]},{id:"76640",title:"Control of Clinical Laboratory Errors by FMEA Model",slug:"control-of-clinical-laboratory-errors-by-fmea-model",totalDownloads:1208,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Patient safety is an aim for clinical applications and is a fundamental principle of healthcare and quality management. The main global health organizations have incorporated patient safety in their review of work practices. The data provided by the medical laboratories have a direct impact on patient safety and a fault in any of processes such as strategic, operational and support, could affect it. To provide appreciate and reliable data to the physicians, it is important to emphasize the need to design risk management plan in the laboratory. Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is an efficient technique for error detection and reduction. Technical Committee of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) licensed a technical specification for medical laboratories suggesting FMEA as a method for prospective risk analysis of high-risk processes. FMEA model helps to identify quality failures, their effects and risks with their reduction/elimination, which depends on severity, probability and detection. Applying FMEA in clinical approaches can lead to a significant reduction of the risk priority number (RPN).",book:{id:"9808",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",fullTitle:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety - Volume 1"},signatures:"Hoda Sabati, Amin Mohsenzadeh and Nooshin Khelghati",authors:[{id:"340486",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Hoda",middleName:null,surname:"Sabati",slug:"hoda-sabati",fullName:"Hoda Sabati"},{id:"348872",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Amin",middleName:null,surname:"Mohsenzadeh",slug:"amin-mohsenzadeh",fullName:"Amin Mohsenzadeh"},{id:"348874",title:"MSc.",name:"Nooshin",middleName:null,surname:"Khelghati",slug:"nooshin-khelghati",fullName:"Nooshin Khelghati"}]},{id:"64762",title:"Mechanism and Health Effects of Heavy Metal Toxicity in Humans",slug:"mechanism-and-health-effects-of-heavy-metal-toxicity-in-humans",totalDownloads:10456,totalCrossrefCites:107,totalDimensionsCites:242,abstract:"Several heavy metals are found naturally in the earth crust and are exploited for various industrial and economic purposes. Among these heavy metals, a few have direct or indirect impact on the human body. Some of these heavy metals such as copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, magnesium, molybdenum, chromium, selenium, manganese and zinc have functional roles which are essential for various diverse physiological and biochemical activities in the body. However, some of these heavy metals in high doses can be harmful to the body while others such as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium, silver, and arsenic in minute quantities have delirious effects in the body causing acute and chronic toxicities in humans. The focus of this chapter is to describe the various mechanism of intoxication of some selected heavy metals in humans along with their health effects. Therefore it aims to highlight on biochemical mechanisms of heavy metal intoxication which involves binding to proteins and enzymes, altering their activity and causing damage. More so, the mechanism by which heavy metals cause neurotoxicity, generate free radical which promotes oxidative stress damaging lipids, proteins and DNA molecules and how these free radicals propagate carcinogenesis are discussed. Alongside these mechanisms, the noxious health effects of these heavy metals are discussed.",book:{id:"7111",slug:"poisoning-in-the-modern-world-new-tricks-for-an-old-dog-",title:"Poisoning in the Modern World",fullTitle:"Poisoning in the Modern World - New Tricks for an Old Dog?"},signatures:"Godwill Azeh Engwa, Paschaline Udoka Ferdinand, Friday Nweke Nwalo and Marian N. Unachukwu",authors:[{id:"241837",title:"Mr.",name:"Godwill Azeh",middleName:null,surname:"Engwa",slug:"godwill-azeh-engwa",fullName:"Godwill Azeh Engwa"},{id:"274194",title:"BSc.",name:"Paschaline Ferdinand",middleName:null,surname:"Okeke",slug:"paschaline-ferdinand-okeke",fullName:"Paschaline Ferdinand Okeke"},{id:"286975",title:"Dr.",name:"Friday",middleName:null,surname:"Nweke Nwalo",slug:"friday-nweke-nwalo",fullName:"Friday Nweke Nwalo"},{id:"286976",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Unachukwu",slug:"marian-unachukwu",fullName:"Marian Unachukwu"}]},{id:"65467",title:"Anesthesia Management for Large-Volume Liposuction",slug:"anesthesia-management-for-large-volume-liposuction",totalDownloads:6203,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The apparent easiness with which liposuction is performed favors that patients, young surgeons, and anesthesiologists without experience in this field ignore the many events that occur during this procedure. Liposuction is a procedure to improve the body contour and not a surgery to reduce weight, although recently people who have failed in their plans to lose weight look at liposuction as a means to contour their body figure. Tumescent liposuction of large volumes requires a meticulous selection of each patient; their preoperative evaluation and perioperative management are essential to obtain the expected results. The various techniques of general anesthesia are the most recommended and should be monitored in the usual way, as well as monitoring the total doses of infiltrated local anesthetics to avoid systemic toxicity. The management of intravenous fluids is controversial, but the current trend is the restricted use of hydrosaline solutions. The most feared complications are deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, fat embolism, lung edema, hypothermia, infections and even death. The adherence to the management guidelines and prophylaxis of venous thrombosis/thromboembolism is mandatory.",book:{id:"6221",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"Sergio Granados-Tinajero, Carlos Buenrostro-Vásquez, Cecilia\nCárdenas-Maytorena and Marcela Contreras-López",authors:[{id:"273532",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio Octavio",middleName:null,surname:"Granados Tinajero",slug:"sergio-octavio-granados-tinajero",fullName:"Sergio Octavio Granados Tinajero"}]},{id:"30178",title:"Chest Mobilization Techniques for Improving Ventilation and Gas Exchange in Chronic Lung Disease",slug:"chest-mobilization-techniques-for-improving-ventilation-and-gas-exchange-in-chronic-lung-disease",totalDownloads:31227,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"648",slug:"chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-current-concepts-and-practice",title:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease",fullTitle:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Current Concepts and Practice"},signatures:"Donrawee Leelarungrayub",authors:[{id:"73709",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jirakrit",middleName:null,surname:"Leelarungrayub",slug:"jirakrit-leelarungrayub",fullName:"Jirakrit Leelarungrayub"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"3",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"83087",title:"Role of Cellular Responses in Periodontal Tissue Destruction",slug:"role-of-cellular-responses-in-periodontal-tissue-destruction",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106645",abstract:"Periodontal tissue destruction is the deterioration of tooth-supporting components, particularly the periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone, resulting in gingival recession, root exposure, tooth mobility and drifting, and, finally, tooth loss. The breakdown of the epithelial barriers by infection or mechanical damage allows bacteria and their toxins to enter and stimulates the immune response. The bacteria cause periodontal damage via the cascade of the host reaction which is crucial in the destruction of the connective tissue around the tooth. The OPG/RANKL/RANK system is the key player in bone regulation of periodontal tissue and was controlled by both immune and non-immune cells. This knowledge has predicated the successfulness of implant and orthodontics treatments with the predictable healing and regeneration of the bone and supporting tissues surrounding the teeth.",book:{id:"11566",title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg"},signatures:"Nam Cong-Nhat Huynh"},{id:"83086",title:"Therapeutic Options in Graves’ Hyperthyroidism",slug:"therapeutic-options-in-graves-hyperthyroidism",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106562",abstract:"The classical approach to treating Graves’ hyperthyroidism involves rapid control of the symptoms, generally with a beta adrenergic blocker, and reduction of thyroid hormone secretion by antithyroid drugs (ATDs) and/or using one of the several modalities available, including radioactive iodine therapy (RAI), and surgery; the selection of the treatment modalities often varies according to different guidelines, patient preferences and local traditions. Thionamides are invariably used as first-line medication to control hyperthyroidism and induce remission of the disease, thereby relieving the symptoms. In case of failure of the medical therapy, which is not uncommon, definitive treatment with surgery or RAI is the standard modality of management after due consideration and discussion with the patients. However, the therapeutic options available for patients with Graves’ hyperthyroidism have remained largely unchanged for the past several decades despite the current treatments having either limited efficacy or significant adverse effects. The clinical demand for new therapeutic regimens of Graves’ disease has led to the emergence of several new therapeutic ideas/options like biologic, peptide immunomodulation and small molecules, currently under investigations which may lead to the restoration of a euthyroid state without the requirement for ongoing therapy, but the potential risk of immunocompromise and cost implications needs careful consideration.",book:{id:"11712",title:"Hyperthyroidism - Recent Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11712.jpg"},signatures:"Javaid Ahmad Bhat, Shoiab Mohd Patto, Pooran Sharma, Mohammad Hayat Bhat and Shahnaz Ahmad Mir"},{id:"83085",title:"Research Progress on the Health Benefits of Scented Tea",slug:"research-progress-on-the-health-benefits-of-scented-tea",totalDownloads:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106605",abstract:"Scented tea, also known as fragrant tea, mainly comprises green tea as the tea base and the dried and processed flowers of various plants. It is a unique reprocessed tea in China. There are many types of scented tea, including jasmine, lily, osmanthus, rose and honeysuckle. The scenting process greatly influences the quality of the scented tea. Humidifying continuous scenting processes, frying flower processes and innovative drying methods have been developed to resolve the issues of cumbersome, time-consuming and low utilisation rates of flowers in the process of making scented tea. The main chemical components of scented tea are polyphenols as well as exogenous plant glycosides, flavonoids, lactones, coumarins, quercetin, steroids, terpenoids and other compounds. Scented tea plays an active role in the prevention and treatment of various diseases and has as anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic, immunomodulatory and neuromodulatory effects. This chapter mainly reviews and summarises the types of scented teas and their related health functions.",book:{id:"11821",title:"Health Benefits of Tea - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11821.jpg"},signatures:"Bowen Liu, Jun Zhang, Xiaojian Zhou, Shuduan Deng and Guanben Du"},{id:"83084",title:"Association of Fatness and Leg Power with Blood Pressure in Adolescents",slug:"association-of-fatness-and-leg-power-with-blood-pressure-in-adolescents",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106279",abstract:"This cross-sectional study examined the independent and joint association of fatness and leg power (LP) with resting blood pressure (BP) in adolescents (12 to 15 years) in Benue state of Nigeria. The present study comprised 2047 adolescents, including 1087 girls. Participants were assessed for body mass index (BMI), LP, and resting BP. Multivariate regression models assessing the associations of the independent variables with BP were conducted. Fatness and LP were independent predictors of resting BP among participants and the relationship of LP with BP was more robust in girls than boys. Combined fatness and LP in predicting BP was modest (R2 = 10.4–14.3%) after controlling for maturity status. Low LP was associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) in both girls (R2 = 9.0%, β = 0.260, p = 0.001) and boys (R2 = 11.0%, β = 0.226, p = 0.001). In the model for diastolic blood pressure (DBP), only fatness was associated with BP in girls (p = 0.001). The odd of hypertension (HTN) risk among overweight girls was 2.6 times that compared to their healthy-weight peers. Girls with low LP were 0.40 times more likely to develop HTN risk compared to their counterparts with high LP. This study has demonstrated that lower body muscle power is more important than fatness in predicting HTN in adolescent boys and girls.",book:{id:"11022",title:"Weight Management - Challenges and Opportunities",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11022.jpg"},signatures:"Danladi Musa, Daniel Iornyor and Andrew Tyoakaa"},{id:"82915",title:"Imaging Ankylosing Spondylitis",slug:"imaging-ankylosing-spondylitis",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106345",abstract:"Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the spine and the sacroiliac joints. AS occurs with the inflammation of the entheses and formation of syndesmophytes and finally sacral and spinal ankylosis. Imaging demonstrates both inflammatory and chronic lesions. Sacroiliitis is the hallmark of the disease. Spinal changes usually take place in advanced stages of the disease. 1984 The Modified New York criteria evaluated for the diagnosis of AS with definite radiological sacroiliitis (bilaterally grade 2 or unilateral grade 3/4 sacroiliitis) on imaging. The Modified New York criteria are well performed in diagnosing the established disease but its sensitivity is too low in early disease identification and leads to a diagnostic delay. So, in 2009 The Assessment in Spondyloarthritis International Society (ASAS) recommended classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). Patients have sacroiliitis on imaging and ≥1 SpA features (imaging arm) or positive HLA B27 and ≥2 SpA features (clinical arm) are classified as axial SpA. On the imaging arm, either radiographic sacroiliitis according to Modified New York criteria or active inflammation on MRI is required. Imaging is also used for determining extent of disease, monitoring activity and progression of the disease, assessment of the treatment effect, and prognosis in AS patients.",book:{id:"11273",title:"Ankylosing Spondylitis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11273.jpg"},signatures:"Esra Dilsat Bayrak"},{id:"83074",title:"Targeted Regulation and Cellular Imaging of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: From New Mechanistic Insights to Candidate Translational Applications",slug:"targeted-regulation-and-cellular-imaging-of-tumor-associated-macrophages-in-triple-negative-breast-c",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105654",abstract:"The complex interplay between immune cells and tumor cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) can lead to disease progression. Specifically, signals generated in the TME can cause immunosuppression, promoting angiogenesis and immune evasion, which leads to tumor development. The interplay of M1 and M2 macrophage populations that coincide with these tumor markers is particularly important in the TME. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) often presents as advanced disease, and these tumors are also often bereft of recognized molecular targets that can be found in other subtypes, limiting their therapeutic options. However, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) infiltration in TNBC is frequently observed. Moreover, a high density of TAMs, particularly M2 macrophages, is associated with poorer outcomes in various cancers, including TNBC. This provides a strong basis for exploiting TAMs as potential therapeutic targets. Specifically, efforts to increase M2 to M1 repolarization are promising therapeutic approaches in TNBC, and four recent studies wherein divergent approaches to target the M2-rich macrophage population and reverse immune subversion are described. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. 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He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"4",type:"subseries",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11400,editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. 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