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More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
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Our breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
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“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
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Scientific and technological world at present focuses on nano meter range fibrous materials which have excellent physical, chemical, biological and optical properties. Materials made from these fibers have great fundamental importance due to their flexibility and high directional strength. These are light weight with well-regulated pore structures and high surface to volume ratio. Fibrous materials at nano scale have shown excellence in every fundamental property. Nano fibers are well suitable in designing functional materials, used in tissue engineering, filtration, sensors, clothing and can also be used for energy storage. Specific morphological characteristics of nano fibers resembles original cellular matrix impacts living nature.
Unambiguous properties of nano fibers intend to modify or reinforce polymer matrices that have large beneficiations to mankind.
2. Importance of nano fibers to the present day perspective
Today’s world is facing many challenges to run things in a smooth manner. Many man made things outburst as a threat to human life. In order to overcome such challenges researchers looked into fabrication of nano fibers that have substantial benefits in various fields. For example, globalization and modernization brought many hazardous things like plastic into day to day life of common man. Plastic is one of major pollutant that cannot decompose easily into Earth. Likewise, many materials are bringing challenges for better livelihood.
Nano fibers are alternative resources for many materials due to their excellent properties. These materials are emerging as substituents for original materials due to their low cost, low density, high porosity, high energy. These unique features enable nano fibers for novel applications.
Nano science and nano technology have been vital applicative for scientific world since antiquity. Impact of nano on the present world empowers and drives one to develop new aspects in many areas. Researchers thrive to dwell the inherence of nano to synthesize from different materials. Fibrous materials have been used as best replacement for many non-renewable sources with less cost. They have been used in day to day applications like mobiles, solar cells, batteries, filtration membranes etc. In many cases these materials are taken from end users or wastes. For example, cellulose nano whiskers can be prepared from coconut fiber [1]. Sea algae is also being used to prepare nano fibers with numerous applications [2]. Different methods like electron spinning, self-assembly, template synthesis, thermal induction and phase separation etc. are used to make nano fibers [3]. These methods include chemical and mechanical techniques. Nano fibers extracted from natural and synthetic polymers are authentic besties to nature.
Flexibility, high tensile strength is the major advantage of these fibers with enhanced properties. Knowing about the various types of nano fibers, their synthesis, properties with basic as well as commercial applications at one glance is the main emphasis of this chapter.
3. Generation of nano fibers
Nano fibers are generated from diverse materials show differences in physical properties as well as application potentials. Natural polymers, synthetic polymers, carbon based materials, metals, ceramics, semiconducting materials and composite materials are used for the preparation of nano fibers [4]. Figure 1 shows the materials used to synthesize nano fibers. Each of these materials have specific importance and applications.
Figure 1.
Synthesis of nano fibers from various materials.
4. Natural and synthetic polymers
Dominance of renewable sources in the preparation of nano fibrous materials has been increased drastically in this decade due to their environment friendly properties. These renewable sources include polymers were paid much attention from their biocompatible, bio degradable and bio active nature. Starting from physical properties proliferation, adhesion, migration, cell adhesion are most evitable properties the makes one to rely to produce nano fibers.
Collagen, Cellulose, silk fibroin, keratin, gelatin and polysaccharides (chitosan, alginate) are the natural polymers and can be used to synthesize nano fibers using various techniques [5, 6, 7].
4.1 Collagen
Collagen is an excellent protein in the extra cellular matrix found in connective tissues of body. The structure of collagen is helical with amino acids bound together which is elongated fibril also known as collagen helix. Nano fibrous materials generated from this regenerative biopolymer are used in reconstruction of tissues [8].
4.2 Cellulose
Nano structured cellulose fibers are commonly referred as cellulose nano fibers. Cellulose nano crystal, cellulose nano fibers, nano fibrillated cellulose and bacterial nano cellulose are the nano fibered cellulose with different physical, chemical and biological properties [9].
These fibrils are with high aspect ratio that is 5–20 nm width and some micrometers length. Many plant based products, biological products, sea products are the basis of cellulose. As an example the nano fibers from cellulose develops microfiber 3D printing network [10].
4.3 Silk fibroins
Silk fibroin is produced from silkworms and spiders. It has excellent mechanical properties with biological compatibility, morphological flexibility used to produce nano fibers mostly using electrospun technique [11]. The stability of fibers from silk is obtained from chemical treatments such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and water vapor. If viscoelasticity of silk fibroins is increased with blending them with polymers an improvement in mechanical properties were observed while biological properties remain [12].
4.4 Keratin
One of the most abundant non-food protein is Keratin. Components of hair, feathers, nails, horns of mammals and birds are the many sources of keratin [13]. Despite of having so many good characteristics the keratin wastes are being pollutants. If the wastes are brunt they would release toxins due to Sulphur content. Instead of burning them and make as pollutants one can produce nano fibrous out of keratin by electrospinning technique that finds application in tissue engineering and many filtration devices [14].
For example, human hair mixed with polycaprolactone (PCL) in proper proportions to produce nanofibrous membranes that have excellent applications to develop composite materials and also can be used in various biomedical applications [15].
4.5 Gelatin
Gelatin is a natural polymer which is renewable acquired by fractional hydrolysis of collagen. It is most favorable bioengineering material due to its low cost, high biocompatibility and biodegradability [16]. Electrospun gelatin nano fibers face a difficult in water solubility with poor mechanical strength. To overcome this problem crosslinking technique like drying, heating and UV light exposure with some chemical treatments are induced [17].
4.6 Polysaccharides
Chitosan is one of polysaccharide obtained from deacetylation of chitin polymer. It is a natural source found in exoskeleton of insects, crustaceans and fungi. With excellence in properties like biodegradability, biocompatibility, nontoxicity chitosan suits for biomedical applications. Large variety of fungi, yeasts, bacteria can be inhibited by chitosan and through electrospinning technique nano fibers are prepared [18]. These specifications made chitosan ample with opportunities in biomedical and other fields of industry.
5. Synthetic polymers
Polyvinyl alcohol Polycaprolactone (PCL), polyurethane (PU), poly(lactic-co-glycolicacid) (PLGA), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (PEVA) are the synthesized polymers that can be used to prepare nano fibers with different techniques [19, 20, 21]. Poly Lactic acid (PLA), Poly glycolic acid (PGA) and their copolymer (PLGA) are biodegradable found applications in medical field [22].
These all are water soluble polymers with good mechanical properties. Some of these synthesized polymers are strong enough with good antimicrobial and antifungal activities. Combining with natural polymers these synthesized new scaffolds were prepared for various applications [23].
6. Semiconducting materials
In the present day scenario semiconducting materials looks forward to develop many new technologies that relates to environment and society. Reduction of a material to its nano size exhibit numerous novel properties with a wide range of applications include energy materials, optoelectronic devices, biomedical imaging etc. [23]. The size dependent tuneable band gaps of semiconductors exhibit excellent properties and are used to generate nano fibers. Many fibrous materials that possess semiconducting properties can be prepared from versatile techniques. Three different sources acetylene, ethanol and cotton were used to prepare semiconductor carbon nano fibers. Many electronic functionalities like light emitting diodes, photonic compounds, field effect transistors are used to fabricate nano fibers [24].
6.1 Metals and composite materials
Metals and composite materials have explicit optical, physical and electrical properties. These special features avail the materials amalgamate with nano fibrils to develop new fibrous materials [25]. The newly developed materials exhibit stability, flexibility, bio compatibility, selectivity and improved sensitivity.
6.2 Carbon based materials
Formation of stable organic as well as inorganic molecules is possible from high flexible nature of carbon. Notable mechanical, thermal, electrical properties versatile carbon materials and intrudes the formation of carbon nano fibers [26]. These CNF’s also acts as essences for composite materials.
Nano fibers from these materials can be obtained from various physical, chemical or mechanical techniques explained in detail further in this chapter.
7. Synthesis Mechanism
Synthesis of nano fibers include various chemical and mechanical and optical methods. From their early preparation till to date so many techniques keep on coming to generate fibrous materials in nano size. Nano fibers are generated from various technologies electrospinning, self-assembly, template based synthesis, polymerization, sonochemical synthesis [27]. Figure 2 shows the synthesis mechanism of nano fibers from various techniques. Along with these methods freeze drying or lyophilization is another technique used to produce nano fibers from cellulose materials. There are few ongoing and upcoming new technologies to synthesize nano fibers. Few of them are electro-hydrodynamic writing, plasma induced synthesis, solution blow spinning, centrifugal jet spinning, CO2 laser supersonic drawing.
Figure 2.
Representation of Conventional and Modern Methods for synthesis of nano fibers.
Of all the availability techniques electrospinning is adaptable mechanism for the production of nano fibers [28, 29, 30, 31]. In this technique simple experimental arrangement is used to prepare nano fibers. An electric source, a syringe with nozzle, a counter electrode, target and a pump is the experimental setup to generate fibers at nano scale as shown in Figure 3. The principle of this technique is the electrostatic repulsion force produced in a high electrical field. The ejected solution forms into Tylor cone due to the potential difference. The solvent in the solution evaporates that leads to the formation of nano fibers and collected at collector. New improvisation in conventional electrospinning technique is done to generate nano fibers with enhanced properties. There are several types of electrospinning methods that includes multi axial, Co-axial, tri axial electrospinning, bi-component, mutlineedle electrospinning, needle less- bubble, two-layer fluid, splashing electrospinning are the techniques implementing to improve the nano fiber productivity [32].
Figure 3.
Representation of nanofiber production with basic electrospinning method [32].
Majority of fibrous materials from natural and synthetic polymers are generated from electrospinning and its related techniques.
7.1 Self-assembly
Self-assembly is one of the technique used to produce a variety of nano fibers. Self-assembly peptides are capable of producing scaffolds that improvises luminescence efficiency of nano clusters. Natural structural materials are self-assembled by acquiring desirable properties such as mechanical strength, thermal stability and biocompatibility. Peptide and peptide amphiphiles nano fibers are synthesized using self-assembly (Figure 4) [33].
Figure 4.
Generation of nano fibers through self-assembly, phase separation and electron spinning [33].
7.2 Template synthesis
Nano fibrils and hollow nano fiber are produced by template synthesis mechanism. Nano fibrils are prepared within the microporous membrane or any solid pores. Desired morphology of nano fiber is obtained by pre-configuration. Figure 5 shows a method for preparation of nanofibers. Sol–gel or electrodeposition are used to fill cylindrical pores at nano scale. Nano fibers are formed below the template [34].
Figure 5.
Nano fibers from template synthesis [34].
7.3 Polymerization and sonochemical synthesis
Polymerization is a specific method used to synthesize nano fibers from polyaniline [35]. Three major methods are used to produce nano fibers. Chemical oxidative polymerization, interfacial synthesis and rapid mixing reactions [36]. A traditional way of obtaining fibers from polyaniline is the chemical oxidative polymerization. Polymerization takes place with the addition of aniline and an oxidant in acidic solution. By this method nano fibers without fine structure are formed. However, ultrafine nano fibrous material is produced when potassium biiodate is used as oxidant, then crystalline fine structured nano fibers were formed [37]. Polyaniline nano fibers were produced with homogenous nucleation. In this process overgrowth of molecules occurs and is controlled by the formation of nano fibers.
A powerful ultrasound irradiation is utilized for chemical reaction of molecules is sonochemical synthesis. Using this methodology, the molecules undergo high temperature and pressure conditions to produce varied range of nano structured materials. Polyaniline nano fibers can also be obtained from this method [38].
7.4 Electro hydrodynamic writing
Electro hydrodynamic writing is a modern technique that drew attention of many with great potential in rendering nano fibers into highly flexible and controllable substrates. This technology gives highly controllable, flexible aliened micro/nano fibers [39]. Output obtained through electro hydrodynamic writing in developing nano fibers is so popular due to low cost, high flexibility and intense applications in various fields. Direct writing is possible from mechanoelectrospinnig to obtain direct hierarchal nano or microfibers. Unlike the general electrospinning mechanisms this method uses mechanical force that stimulates positioning of fibers with controllable morphology. Figure 6 shows the mechanism is used to produce nano fibers from assisted air flow with constrained force and additional stress that enhances jet stability. A versatile system is being developed for the production of ultrafine, highly flexible and stretchable electronics using nano fibers and there by applied in the formation of sacrificial structures [40].
Figure 6.
Electro hydrodynamic writing to produce nano fibers [40].
7.5 Plasma induced synthesis
Plasma induced synthesis is used to generate nano particles in different shapes and nano fibers in five steps. (i) rapid bombardment of radicals on electrode surface (ii) atomic vapor deposition (iii) plasma expansion (iv) condensation of solution (v) in situ reaction of oxygen and growth of nano fibers [41]. In the production of nano fibers plasma generation is the key role. It is generated from discharge of pulse between electrodes in solution by direct current. Silver nano particles are induced on chitosan nano fibers are to confirm antibacterial activity [42].
7.6 Solution blow spinning
Solution blow spinning is a new emerging modern technique in fabrication of nano fibers. Both electrospinning and melt blowing elements are combined to organize this technique for the production of micro and nano fibers. Using this method production rate increases drastically. Figure 7 shows the experimental arrangement of solution blow spinning. A syringe pump is used to deliver polymer solution pumped through a nozzle under compressed air supply. This is used in situ deposition of nano fiber mats and mostly used for tissue engineering applications [43]. As an example nano fibers generated from solution blow spinning are used for composite air filter masks [44].
Figure 7.
Representation of solution blowing technique [43].
7.7 Centrifugal jet spinning
A new technique with high efficient, low cost and greater throughput to fabricate nano fibers is centrifugal jet spinning. Figure 8 shows a dc motor with flexible air foil with liquid jet and spinneret is used to produce fibers. Two collectors are there to collect the obtained nano fibers [45]. When the centrifugal force overwhelms surface tension of polymer liquid material that stretches out the solution forming nanofibers in solid form. As an example a new spin nano fibers are used to produce nano fibers that is used as a fibrous mat scaffold for bone regeneration [46].
This technique is a novel method to develop long nano fibers by irradiation with CO2 laser at supersonic velocities. Melted fibers are gone through supersonic airflow to draw nano fibers in the range of diameters. Estimation of flow velocity is done by computer program. Through this process several natural and synthetic polymers are being used to yield nano fibers [47].
8. Applications
Numerous applications of nano fibers are fascinating world due to their use in generating energy, many biological, medical field, in defense, food industry, water and environment. Each of these fields have specific developments from nano fibers as shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9.
Applications of nano fibers in various fields.
8.1 Energy applications
Nano fibers emerged as best replacement for electrodes from anode and cathode materials used in lithium ion batteries. Many factors like electrochemical performance, limited capacity, high cost of materials affect the usage of lithium ion batteries as large scale storage devices [48]. Introduction of nano fibers as electrode materials paved way for generation of energy in batteries and fuel cells. The advantage of nano fibers being used as electrodes came from the properties such as high porosity, large surface area. The capability of nano fibers has extended from lithium-ion batteries to three dimensional interconnected networks. Metal organic frame works derived from metal oxides were intruded in carbon nano fibers through electrospinning to improve electrical conductivity with excellent rate capability [49].
Hydrogen is one of the future energy generation sources best carrier for renewable fuels due to its high energy content. Limitation in the availability, economical storage and generation are the challenges in the use of hydrogen as energy carrier. Nano fibered structures are synthesized to improve hydrogen storage.
8.2 Medical applications
Nano fibrous materials acts as best alternative scaffolds for tissue engineering as well as regenerative medicine [50]. Specific properties of nano fibers make them biologically active. Replacement of cells or tissues to exhibit proper body mechanism is the regenerative medicine. Transplantation of cells or tissues is done by various biologically active materials. Of them scaffolds developed from nano fibers are important as these are favorable layout for cellular growth, proliferation [51]. Natural or synthetic fibers are majorly used for tissue engineering as they have biocompatibility, biodegradability. As an example improved angiogenesis (development of new blood vessels) is improved through nano fibers for tissue engineering applications. Hard and soft tissues reconstruction is done by nano fiber scaffolds [52].
8.3 Food industry
The use of nano fibers especially cellulose nano fibers from various materials like fruit peel extracts, sea alga, bacteria, fungi have been utilized in food industry. The use of nano fibers in food industry starts from packing, protecting aromatic and unstable compounds in beverages, monitors storage and in detection of pesticides [53]. Also nano sensors are used for quality assessment.
8.4 Water and environment
Morphology of nano fiber materials is attracting researchers due to numerous applications in environmental and water related issues in recent developments. Membranes of nano fibers developed from electrospinning technique shows greater prospective in waste water treatment and recycling. Many water treatment functionalities such as separation, adsorption, photo catalysis and antimicrobial activities can be treated effectively by nano fiber membranes Fiber mats prepared from nano fibers act as best filtration membranes that minimizes pressure drop with better efficiency than conventional mats. The contaminants in water and air were absorbed from the membranes of nano fibers with large surface to volume ratio and shows an increment in the life time of these mats [54].
8.5 Electronics and defense
Many micro and nano electrical devices like ultra-light weight space craft materials, electrostatic dissipation, nano solar cells, LCD devices are manufactured with nano fiber materials in electronics [55].
Nano fibers are the fantastic materials that found applications in defense. Face masks, chemical protective clothing liners, decontamination wipes etc. were prepared from nano fibers to improve their efficiency at low cost. Polyethylene oxide nano fibers serves as detoxifying substances against chemical war fares [56].
Table 1 shows the synthesis of nano fibers from various materials, their fabrication techniques, advantages and applications.
Types of nano fibers
Fabrication techniques
Advantages
Applications
Natural Polymers
Electrospinning, Template based synthesis, Electro hydrodynamic writing, CO2 laser supersonic, centrifugal jet spinning, plasma induced synthesis
Natural Polymers are obtained from renewable sources, eco-friendly and low cost
Food industry, medical applications, water and environment, protective clothing
With specific physical, chemical and mechanical properties nanofibers obtained from these materials intrudes into many devices.
Biomedical, optoelectronic, bio imaging and sensors
Carbon based materials
Electrospinning, sonochemical synthesis, template based synthesis
These are the materials which produce three dimensional graphene structures with high surface area, porosity, flexibility.
Super capacitor, air purifier, batteries and sensors
Table 1.
Types of nano fibers advantages and applications.
9. Conclusions
Nano fibers are excellent materials designed from various materials like natural, synthetic polymers, metals, semiconductors and many more. These nano fibers have been developing since ages till to date with lot of improvement in their synthesis mechanisms. With a drastic improved properties nano fibers have pronounced applications in different fields. The fabrication methods include conventional methods like electrospun, template based synthesis, polymerization, self-assembly and sonochemical methods and modern methods like electro hydrodynamic writing, plasma induced synthesis, solution blow spinning, centrifugal spinning and CO2 laser supersonic technologies. New technologies to fabricate nano fibers are being developed day by day to meet the requirement of society. These nano fibers are synthesized from natural, synthetic polymers and from different materials like semiconductors, carbon based materials and many more. Applicative orientation makes these nano fibers a specific alternative to non- renewable sources. Still researchers are keenly looking into the real time applications of these nano fibers at huge.
10. Challenges and future research work
There is a huge demand of nano fibers due to their numerous applications in various fields. These acts as best alternatives for solving many life leading problems that include water and purification, health related issues, electronics, energy derivatives etc. Nano fiber entrustment in all areas with commercial acceptance is the present challenge to the scientific world. Novel development in the fabrication of nano fibrous materials is the ongoing and future research work.
\n',keywords:"Nano fibers, fabrication materials, synthesis techniques-conventional and modern",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/76386.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/76386.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76386",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76386",totalDownloads:408,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"October 1st 2020",dateReviewed:"March 28th 2021",datePrePublished:"April 22nd 2021",datePublished:"September 15th 2021",dateFinished:"April 22nd 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Nano fibers are most attractive materials in the scientific world due to their enormous applications in various fields. Their applications start with generation of energy, solution to environmental problems and continues with medical field and many more. Nano materials got much importance from their peculiar electrical, optical, mechanical and thermal properties. Fibrous materials are obtained from several sources and by different mechanisms these materials are converted into nano materials. As of bulk fibers include specific properties compared to other materials, the generation of nano fibers enhance all the properties. The synthesis of nano fibers from natural and synthetic polymers, metals, semiconductors, composite materials, carbon based materials lead to new perspective in science and engineering fields. Most pronouncing techniques that include conventional and modern methods are available to fabricate nano fibers from these materials. Of them some are being used from a long time and some are emerging techniques to generate flexible substrates. Electrospinning, template based synthesis, polymerization, self-assembly, sonochemical synthesis are the conventional methods for the production of nano fibers. New technologies include electro hydrodynamic writing, plasma induced synthesis, centrifugal jet spinning, CO2 laser supersonic marks a trend in development of nano fibrous materials. This chapter give details about fabrication materials and provides synthetic routes to generate them along with applications. Also this chapter focuses on the challenges in development of nano fiber technology in commercial perspective.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/76386",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/76386",signatures:"Deepthi Sista",book:{id:"10469",type:"book",title:"Nanofibers",subtitle:"Synthesis, Properties and Applications",fullTitle:"Nanofibers - Synthesis, Properties and Applications",slug:"nanofibers-synthesis-properties-and-applications",publishedDate:"September 15th 2021",bookSignature:"Brajesh Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10469.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-83968-426-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-425-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-427-2",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"176093",title:"Dr.",name:"Brajesh",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"brajesh-kumar",fullName:"Brajesh Kumar"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"333738",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepthi",middleName:null,surname:"Sista",fullName:"Deepthi Sista",slug:"deepthi-sista",email:"deepthi.sista@lendi.org",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Importance of nano fibers to the present day perspective",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Generation of nano fibers",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Natural and synthetic polymers",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"4.1 Collagen",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"4.2 Cellulose",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"4.3 Silk fibroins",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"4.4 Keratin",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"4.5 Gelatin",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.6 Polysaccharides",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"5. Synthetic polymers",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"6. Semiconducting materials",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"6.1 Metals and composite materials",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"6.2 Carbon based materials",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15",title:"7. Synthesis Mechanism",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"7.1 Self-assembly",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"7.2 Template synthesis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17_2",title:"7.3 Polymerization and sonochemical synthesis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"7.4 Electro hydrodynamic writing",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19_2",title:"7.5 Plasma induced synthesis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_20_2",title:"7.6 Solution blow spinning",level:"2"},{id:"sec_21_2",title:"7.7 Centrifugal jet spinning",level:"2"},{id:"sec_22_2",title:"7.8 CO2 laser supersonic drawing synthesis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_24",title:"8. Applications",level:"1"},{id:"sec_24_2",title:"8.1 Energy applications",level:"2"},{id:"sec_25_2",title:"8.2 Medical applications",level:"2"},{id:"sec_26_2",title:"8.3 Food industry",level:"2"},{id:"sec_27_2",title:"8.4 Water and environment",level:"2"},{id:"sec_28_2",title:"8.5 Electronics and defense",level:"2"},{id:"sec_30",title:"9. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_31",title:"10. 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Mainly, the versatile techniques of ultra−/high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC/HPLC) are in use for the analysis of assay and organic impurities/related substances/degradation products of a drug substance or drug product or intermediate or raw material of pharmaceuticals. A suitable analytical method is developed only after evaluating the major and critical separation parameters of chromatography (examples for UPLC/HPLC are selection of diluent, wavelength, detector, stationary phase, column temperature, flow rate, solvent system, elution mode, and injection volume, etc.). The analytical method development is a process of proving the developed analytical method is suitable for its intended use for the quantitative estimation of the targeted analyte present in pharmaceutical drugs. And it mostly plays a vital role in the development and manufacture of pharmaceuticals drugs.",book:{id:"8912",slug:"biochemical-analysis-tools-methods-for-bio-molecules-studies",title:"Biochemical Analysis Tools",fullTitle:"Biochemical Analysis Tools - Methods for Bio-Molecules Studies"},signatures:"Narasimha S. Lakka and Chandrasekar Kuppan",authors:[{id:"304950",title:"Prof.",name:"Chandrasekar",middleName:null,surname:"Kuppan",slug:"chandrasekar-kuppan",fullName:"Chandrasekar Kuppan"},{id:"309984",title:"Mr.",name:"Narasimha S",middleName:null,surname:"Lakka",slug:"narasimha-s-lakka",fullName:"Narasimha S Lakka"}]},{id:"33046",title:"Affinity Chromatography: Principles and Applications",slug:"affinity-chromatography-principles-and-applications",totalDownloads:48609,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:null,book:{id:"1490",slug:"affinity-chromatography",title:"Affinity Chromatography",fullTitle:"Affinity Chromatography"},signatures:"Sameh Magdeldin and Annette Moser",authors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"},{id:"136483",title:"Dr.",name:"Annette",middleName:"C.",surname:"Moser",slug:"annette-moser",fullName:"Annette Moser"}]},{id:"50574",title:"Bioinformatics for RNA‐Seq Data Analysis",slug:"bioinformatics-for-rna-seq-data-analysis",totalDownloads:5930,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"While RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) has become increasingly popular for transcriptome profiling, the analysis of the massive amount of data generated by large‐scale RNA‐seq still remains a challenge. RNA‐seq data analyses typically consist of (1) accurate mapping of millions of short sequencing reads to a reference genome, including the identification of splicing events; (2) quantifying expression levels of genes, transcripts, and exons; (3) differential analysis of gene expression among different biological conditions; and (4) biological interpretation of differentially expressed genes. Despite the fact that multiple algorithms pertinent to basic analyses have been developed, there are still a variety of unresolved questions. In this chapter, we review the main tools and algorithms currently available for RNA‐seq data analyses, and our goal is to help RNA‐seq data analysts to make an informed choice of tools in practical RNA‐seq data analysis. In the meantime, RNA‐seq is evolving rapidly, and newer sequencing technologies are briefly introduced, including stranded RNA‐seq, targeted RNA‐seq, and single‐cell RNA‐seq.",book:{id:"5160",slug:"bioinformatics-updated-features-and-applications",title:"Bioinformatics",fullTitle:"Bioinformatics - Updated Features and Applications"},signatures:"Shanrong Zhao, Baohong Zhang, Ying Zhang, William Gordon,\nSarah Du, Theresa Paradis, Michael Vincent and David von Schack",authors:[{id:"176364",title:"Dr.",name:"Shanrong",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",slug:"shanrong-zhao",fullName:"Shanrong Zhao"}]},{id:"49873",title:"An Introduction to Actinobacteria",slug:"an-introduction-to-actinobacteria",totalDownloads:8089,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:101,abstract:"Actinobacteria, which share the characteristics of both bacteria and fungi, are widely distributed in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, mainly in soil, where they play an essential role in recycling refractory biomaterials by decomposing complex mixtures of polymers in dead plants and animals and fungal materials. They are considered as the biotechnologically valuable bacteria that are exploited for its secondary metabolite production. Approximately, 10,000 bioactive metabolites are produced by Actinobacteria, which is 45% of all bioactive microbial metabolites discovered. Especially Streptomyces species produce industrially important microorganisms as they are a rich source of several useful bioactive natural products with potential applications. Though it has various applications, some Actinobacteria have its own negative effect against plants, animals, and humans. On this context, this chapter summarizes the general characteristics of Actinobacteria, its habitat, systematic classification, various biotechnological applications, and negative impact on plants and animals.",book:{id:"5056",slug:"actinobacteria-basics-and-biotechnological-applications",title:"Actinobacteria",fullTitle:"Actinobacteria - Basics and Biotechnological Applications"},signatures:"Ranjani Anandan, Dhanasekaran Dharumadurai and Gopinath\nPonnusamy Manogaran",authors:[{id:"48914",title:"Dr.",name:"Dharumadurai",middleName:null,surname:"Dhanasekaran",slug:"dharumadurai-dhanasekaran",fullName:"Dharumadurai Dhanasekaran"}]},{id:"72074",title:"The Chemistry Behind Plant DNA Isolation Protocols",slug:"the-chemistry-behind-plant-dna-isolation-protocols",totalDownloads:3691,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Various plant species are biochemically heterogeneous in nature, a single deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) isolation protocol may not be suitable. There have been continuous modification and standardization in DNA isolation protocols. Most of the plant DNA isolation protocols used today are modified versions of hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) extraction procedure. Modification is usually performed in the concentration of chemicals used during the extraction procedure according to the plant species and plant part used. Thus, understanding the role of each chemical (viz. CTAB, NaCl, PVP, ethanol, and isopropanol) used during the DNA extraction procedure will benefit to set or modify protocols for more precisions. A review of the chemicals used in the CTAB method of DNA extraction and their probable functions on the highly evolved yet complex to students and researchers has been summarized.",book:{id:"8912",slug:"biochemical-analysis-tools-methods-for-bio-molecules-studies",title:"Biochemical Analysis Tools",fullTitle:"Biochemical Analysis Tools - Methods for Bio-Molecules Studies"},signatures:"Jina Heikrujam, Rajkumar Kishor and Pranab Behari Mazumder",authors:[{id:"74521",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajkumar",middleName:null,surname:"Kishor",slug:"rajkumar-kishor",fullName:"Rajkumar Kishor"},{id:"309357",title:"Prof.",name:"Pranab Behari",middleName:null,surname:"Mazumder",slug:"pranab-behari-mazumder",fullName:"Pranab Behari Mazumder"},{id:"318351",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Jina",middleName:null,surname:"Heikrujam",slug:"jina-heikrujam",fullName:"Jina Heikrujam"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"6",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",abstract:"Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is the largest and one of the most complex cellular structures, indicating its widespread importance and variety of functions, including synthesis of membrane and secreted proteins, protein folding, calcium storage, and membrane lipid biogenesis. Moreover, the ER is implicated in cholesterol, plasmalogen, phospholipid, and sphingomyelin biosynthesis. Furthermore, the ER is in contact with most cellular organelles, such as mitochondria, peroxisomes, Golgi apparatus, lipid droplets, plasma membrane, etc. Peroxisomes are synthesized from a specific ER section, and they are related to very-long-chain fatty acid metabolism. Similarly, lipid droplets are vital structures in lipid homeostasis that are formed from the ER membrane. Additionally, there is a specific region between the ER-mitochondria interface called Mitochondria-Associated Membranes (MAMs). This small cytosolic gap plays a key role in several crucial mechanisms from autophagosome synthesis to phospholipid transfer. Due to the importance of the ER in a variety of biological processes, alterations in its functionality have relevant implications for multiple diseases. Nowadays, a plethora of pathologies like non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cancer, and neurological alterations have been associated with ER malfunctions.",book:{id:"11674",title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg"},signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez"},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",abstract:"SARS-CoV-2 virus infection causes the Covid-19 disease pandemic. Purinergic signaling is a form of extracellular signaling. Purinergic signaling plays significant role in the pathology of Covid-19. Purinergic system includes extracellular nucleotides, nucleosides, ectonucleotidases, and purinergic receptors. ATP, ADP, and adenosine are the main nucleotides, nucleosides. CD39 and CD73 are the main ectonucleotidases. There are two classes of purinergic receptors, P1 and P2. Each of them can be further divided, P1 into A1, A2A, A2B, and A3, P2 into P2X, and P2Y. In Covid-19, the purinergic system is disordered. SARS-CoV-2 viruses invading leads to extracellular ATP and ADP accumulation, purinergic receptor abnormally activation, tissue homeostasis balance is broken, which lead to inflammation even hyperinflammation with cytokine storm and thrombosis et al. symptoms. Currently, Covid-19 therapeutic medicine is still in shortage. Target purinergic system components is a promising way to treat Covid-19, which will help inhibit inflammation and prevent thrombosis. Currently, many relevant preclinical and clinical trials are ongoing. Some are very promising.",book:{id:"10801",title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg"},signatures:"Hailian Shen"},{id:"81708",title:"High Throughput Methods to Transfer DNA in Cells and Perspectives",slug:"high-throughput-methods-to-transfer-dna-in-cells-and-perspectives",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104542",abstract:"Genome sequencing led to thousands of genes to study and their molecular cloning to provide ORF collection plasmids. The main approach to study their function involves analysis of the biological consequences of their expression or knockdown, in a cellular context. Given that, the starting point of such experiments is the delivery of the exogenous material, including plasmid DNA in cells. During the last decades, efforts were made to develop efficient methods and protocols to achieve this goal. The present chapter will first give a rapid overview of the main DNA transfer methods described so far: physical, chemical, and biological. Secondly, it will focus on the different methods having reached high-throughput nowadays. Finally, it will discuss the perspectives of this field in terms of future enhancements.",book:{id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg"},signatures:"Colin Béatrice and Couturier Cyril"},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:10,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",abstract:"Cutaneous melanoma is an aggressive and difficult-to-treat disease that has rapidly grown worldwide. The pharmacotherapy available in so many cases results in low response and undesirable side effects, which impair the life quality of those affected. Several studies have been shown that the purinergic system is involved in cancer context, such as in cutaneous melanoma. With technological advances, several bioactive compounds from nature are studied and presented as promising adjuvant therapies against cancer, as phenolic compounds and related action by purinergic system modulations. Thus, phenolic compounds such as rosmarinic acid, resveratrol, tannic acid, as well as vitamin D may be promising substances in a therapeutic perspective to treat cutaneous melanoma via purinergic system pathway. More research needs to be done to open up new horizons in the treatment of melanoma by the purinergic signaling.",book:{id:"10801",title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg"},signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini"},{id:"82338",title:"Advantages of Noncoding RNAs in Molecular Diagnosis",slug:"advantages-of-noncoding-rnas-in-molecular-diagnosis",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105525",abstract:"Noncoding RNAs contribute to physiological processes by regulating many intracellular molecules participating in the life-supporting mechanisms of development, differentiation, and regeneration as well as by disrupting various signaling mechanisms such as disease development and progression and tumor growth. Because microRNAs (miRNAs) target and regulate the functions of key proteins, it is very useful to identify specific miRNAs that contribute to cellular functions and to clarify the roles of their target molecules as diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for cancer prognosis and treatment. In this section, the roles of miRNAs in various cancers and the processes leading to the identification of their target molecules are described, and the latest diagnostic strategies using miRNAs are discussed with specific examples.",book:{id:"11353",title:"Recent Advances in Non-Coding RNAs",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11353.jpg"},signatures:"Tomomi Fujii, Tomoko Uchiyama and Maiko Takeda"},{id:"82298",title:"Predicting SNPs in Mature MicroRNAs Dysregulated in Breast Cancer",slug:"predicting-snps-in-mature-micrornas-dysregulated-in-breast-cancer",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105514",abstract:"Breast cancer (BC) is the leading type of cancer among women. Findings have revolutionized current knowledge of microRNA (miRNA) in breast tumorigenesis. The seed region of miRNA regulates the process of gene expression negatively. The presence of SNPs in the seed regions of miRNA dramatically alters the mature miRNA function. Additionally, SNPs in the out-seed region of miRNAs have a significant impact on miRNA targeting. This study focuses on the in silico analysis procedure of mature miRNA SNPs and their impact on BC risk. The database annotated SNPs on mature miRNAs was used. Also, target gene alterations, miRNAs function in BC, and the interaction of miRNAs with targets were predicted. A list of 101 SNPs in 100 miRNAs with functional targets in BC was indicated. Under the SNPs allele variation, 10 miRNAs changed function, 6 miRNAs lost targets, 15 miRNAs gained targets, 48 onco-miRNAs remained unchanged, and 21 tumor suppressor miRNAs remained unchanged. At last, a list of 89 SNPs, which alter miRNA function and miRNA-mRNA interaction, were shown to be potentially associated with BC risk. This research theoretically generated a list of possible causative SNPs in the mature miRNA gene that might be used in future BC management studies.",book:{id:"11353",title:"Recent Advances in Non-Coding RNAs",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11353.jpg"},signatures:"Thanh Thi Ngoc Nguyen, Thu Huynh Ngoc Nguyen, Luan Huu Huynh, Hoang Ngo Phan and Hue Thi Nguyen"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:59},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:36,paginationItems:[{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. 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She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. 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Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. 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Dr. Şentürk serves as the editorial board member of several international journals.",institutionString:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry"},selectedSubseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry"}}},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/30211",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"30211"},fullPath:"/chapters/30211",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()