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Breijo-Marquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/947.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63299",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco R.",surname:"Breijo-Marquez",slug:"francisco-r.-breijo-marquez",fullName:"Francisco R. Breijo-Marquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"63779",title:"Cystic Artery Variations and Associated Vascular Complications in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81200",slug:"cystic-artery-variations-and-associated-vascular-complications-in-laparoscopic-cholecystectomy",body:'\nLaparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is commonly used nowadays to treat numerous conditions and diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tree. It is mandatory to specialists to get acquainted with all the technique, but additionally with anatomical variants of vascular supply in the extrahepatic biliary structures [1]. The cystic artery is often a solitary blood vessel that arises from the right branch from the proper hepatic artery (PHA). It constantly goes to the hepatobiliary triangle, which is encircled superiorly with the inferior surface of the liver, inferiorly with the cystic duct and, the common hepatic duct corresponds to medially [2]. According to Calot’s triangle illustration, the superior border is made with the cystic artery [2]. While getting closer to the gallbladder, the cystic artery divides into two branches superficially and deeply running on the anterior and posterior components of the gallbladder, correspondingly. Variants at the originations and course of CA are extremely typical. Uncontrolled arterial bleeding during LC is often a significant issue and might increase the likelihood of biliary duct injury. Consequently, appropriate recognition of the anatomy of the CA is essential. Cystic artery is excessively acknowledged to possess a highly diverse branching pattern. Therefore, given that LC had become the defacto standard to treat cholelithiasis, comprehension of anatomical vascular variations in hepatobiliary surgery has attained significance [3].
\nThe cystic artery commences within the Calot’s triangle and most often starting from the right hepatic artery. When getting close to the gallbladder, it bifurcates into deep and superficial branches to the gallbladder neck. The exterior branch proceeds eventually left facet of the gallbladder. The deep branch goes throughout the connective tissues between gallbladder and liver parenchyma. The deep branch engenders really small offshoots to furnish the gallbladder, which anastomoses with all the superficial branches [4]. During open cholecystectomy, such type of CA is laterally located through the cystic duct within Calot’s triangle. However in LC procedure, it is merely at the back and a bit much deeper contrary to cystic duct [4]. In a study, such type of variations were documented (73.3%) in 440 of 600 patients [4]. The intricate anatomical deviation among cystic arteries might increase the likelihood of injury throughout LC procedure [5]. Yet in another research, CT images had been analyzed prior to LC, were compared with intra-operative findings and postoperative results. It was witnessed that, cystic artery originating from the right hepatic artery were (76%) in most of the cases, while 55 (60%), CA originating from the right hepatic artery and it undergoes the Calot’s triangle and reached the neck of the gallbladder in total of the 91 cases [5]. A single artery to cystic duct together with the conventional configuration of “H shaped” was revealed in 161 (91.47%) patients [6]. Within a current overview of 9800 patients, It is documented that the typical origination of cystic artery were from the RHA (79.02%), where as in 5427 patients (81.5%), origination was found in the hepatobiliary triangle [7]. Variations within cystic artery possessing clinical significance, located anterior to the common hepatic duct in 485 of 2704 patients (17.9%); whereas in 228 (5.4%), out of 4202 patients, located anterior to CBD, correspondingly [7]. A single CA was witnessed in 340 cases out of 740 patients. [8]. Single CA is present in 85% of sufferers out of 300 cases of LC [9]. On standard cholecystectomy, single CA sometimes appears within the hepatobiliary triangle and much more laterally positioned with the cystic duct, although while in laparoscopic view, it could be observed behind and marginally deeper compared to cystic duct [10]. In a recent study by Yang et al., the original source and variety of cystic arteries as well as their relationship together with the Calot’s triangle was assessed by CT images and further it was compared with laparoscopic cholecystectomy results. They witnessed single CA was in 53 (73%) of the 73 patients [5]. In one study, normal origin of CA originating from the right hepatic artery was noticed in 72% of patients [11]. In accordance to the reported results, the conventional position of the cystic artery can be found in 70–80% of scenarios [4, 10, 11, 12] (Figure 1A). Within the study with Kenyan’s populations, it had been stated that the CA stood a typical origin from the right hepatic artery in 92.2% of cases, although only one CA supplied the gallbladder within a comparable ratio [13]. With the laparoscopic point of view, a single or a bit larger CA in length necessitates gentle exploration, as it can really be an aberrant hepatic artery, which needs to be dissociated from the cystic duct or gallbladder by cautious dissection [10].
\nSchematic illustrations of various anatomic anomalies of cystic artery during LC. (A) Cystic artery origination from right hepatic artery; (B) double cystic artery origination from right hepatic artery; (C) cystic artery origination from gastroduodenal artery; (D) cystic artery origination from aberrant right hepatic artery; (E) cystic artery origination from left hepatic artery; (F) cystic artery origination from liver parenchyma; (G) cystic artery syndrome.
The double cystic artery shows scenarios in which the superficial and deep branches of the CA have independent origins [14] (Figure 1B). Double cystic artery could be divided up based upon the position with regards to the bile ducts and portal vein and the hepatobiliary triangle [1, 4, 10]. Concerning the origins of double cystic arteries, they sometimes seem to be with the right hepatic artery or its partitions [1, 15]. According to Loukas et al., double cystic arteries originating both from Right hepatic artery and the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery coexists having an accessory left hepatic artery originating from the left gastric artery [16].
\nDing et al.; defined a terminology called “compound cystic artery,” in which the cystic arteries endured not just in the hepatobiliary triangle, but additionally outside of it [4]. Congenital absence of the deep branch of CA indicates the presence of an additional CA, and that is often recognized by subsequent hemostasis following LC. The posterior CA is extremely fragile in some instances, and it is frequently cut by electrocoagulation while in dissection. According to one study, such types of likelihood of vessel occurrence in 73 patients (12.2%); i.e. (double cystic artery) right after LC [4]. Suzuki et al. revealed incidence of double cystic artery in 27 cases (11.1%) out from 244 Japanese patients who undergone LC [1]. Zubair et al. noted the most typical variant with double CA in the Pakistani patients during the LC procedure. He witnessed the CA passing over the Calot’s triangle, which had been observed in 26 (11.8%) scenarios out of 220 [17]. While in another research double cystic artery was present in only 3 of 300 cases (1%) [9]. In Western communities of Slovenians and Croatians, double cystic artery was documented in 13.6 and 5.5% of cases, correspondingly [10, 15]. In the recent research conducted by Yang et al., all patients experienced LC following the CT examinations [5]. The relationship between CA as well as the Calot’s triangle was compared by the interventional radiologist and surgeon. Double cystic arteries were witnessed in 20 (27%) patients [5].
\nOn few occasions, the CA emanate from the gastroduodenal artery or its branches, it is termed as “a low-lying cystic artery.” Its terminal segment getting close to the gallbladder is essential for laparoscopic visual image [10]. On standing point of laparoscopic view, it is actually identified much more superficially or anteriorly to the cystic duct. Therefore, to be the first structure stumbled upon on cholecystectomy. In this instance, there is a probability of its intersection on dissecting the peritoneal replication hooking up the hepatoduodenal ligament to Hartman’s pouch with the gall bladder or even the cystic duct. This anatomic deviation was discovered in 9 (4.5%) individuals [10]. The incidence with this anatomic discrepancy varies from 1 to 30% [2, 10, 18].(Figure 1C). In a latest review, based on clinically important anatomical variations of the cystic artery, it was witnessed that the aberrant gastroduodenal origination of cystic artery was (1.94%) out of 6898 cases [7]. Ding et al., founded such anatomic variation in 45 patients (7.5%) out from 600 sufferers addressed with LC [4]. As a whole of these terminal branches of artery, the way it approaches the gallbladder is essential for laparoscopic surgeons [4]. Given that, it should not merely be altered at an initial course. However, it is also vulnerable to injuries and hemorrhage throughout the dissection, especially while dealing with peritoneal folds at the joining point of hepatoduodenal ligament to Hartman’s pouch on the gallbladder or the cystic duct [4].
\nThe right hepatic artery (RHA) typically yields several tiny divisions providing gallbladder in contrast to a solitary cystic artery (Figure 1D). When masked by the gallbladder in the gallbladder fossa, it is prone to get the injury by cautery directly or by thermal injuries [10]. With the laparoscopic standpoint, a single large cystic artery necessitates gentle exploration, as it might be an aberrant hepatic artery, which needs to be dissociated with the cystic duct or gallbladder which additionally needs meticulous exploration [10]. The biliary anatomy of the Calot’s triangle and extrahepatic vascular supply is widely known to become unpredictable and extremely diverse [19]. This allows a persistent obstacle to the surgeon carrying out LC. Cautious dissection of the cystic duct and artery is needed having consistent thoughts within the several anatomical chances to stay clear of either conversion necessitating postoperative bleeding or biliary leak. A replaced RHA is observed in 15–25% of patients, that the great majority disclose the RHA branching from the superior mesenteric artery [20, 21]. Inadvertent RHA ligation in cholecystectomy has become linked to liver ischemia, occasionally warranting resection of affected lobes of liver [22]. An aberrant RHA adherent to the cystic duct and gallbladder neck is referred to one of the most uncommon defects [19, 23]. Anatomical variants are frequent; in 6–16%, the right hepatic artery flows intently parallel to the cystic duct and could be mistakenly ligated during the LC, the structures within the triangle of Calot’s are usually not evidently recognized [24]. Andall et al.; noted aberrant RHA origination of (5.58%), 385 out from 6898 cases. An aberrant RHA originating from the celiac trunk is an extremely unusual anatomical variant. Nevertheless, it might be connected with an irregular path of the cystic artery. Specialists have to know anatomical variations of the extrahepatic biliary tree and arterial supply in order to avoid feasible injuries throughout LC [25]. According to recent publicized research, focusing on the patients with combined bile duct and hepatic artery injuries during LC revealed, formation of liver abscesses in three of four cases and stricture’s anastomotic site by 50% of four sufferers; on the other hand, these complications just weren’t recognized in cases with separated biliary duct injuries [26]. The earlier LC studies demonstrated an anomaly of right hepatic artery and were being disrupted during excessive hemorrhage throughout Calot’s triangle dissection [27]. The outline with the surgery described the explanation for blood loss and also the intra-operative management with unspecified amounts of clips [27]. Ding et al., witnessed aberrant RHA in 18 (3%) of cases in their study [4]. The complicated structure of hepatic artery tends to make the hilar and perihilar area much more hazardous and vulnerable to a variety of traumas. The potential for biliary injuries might be of interest in patients who endure complicated or extended dissection with the Calot’s triangle, accompanied by the roll-out of discomfort, fever and altered liver function assessments [28].
\nThe cystic artery in some instances emanates from the left hepatic artery, heading for the tunnel or through the liver and attaining the center of the gallbladder body or within the gall bladder fossa where it bifurcates it into two branches, which are namely called ascending and descending branches [10] (Figure 1E). This CA variance is simply not observed on endoscopic visualization with the hepatobiliary triangle, consequently necessitating extreme caution when treatment of gall bladder with the fossa [10]. Within one study, this sort of CA variation with typical caliber was discovered in 2 (1%) patients [10]. In accordance with the literature, it possesses an occurrence of 4%, where it was acknowledged and clipped [29]. The findings of CA origin were being with the left hepatic artery (2.07%), 143 out from 6898 cases. An aberrant RHA originating from the celiac trunk is an extremely uncommon anatomical variant. Nevertheless, it could be connected with an irregular path of the CA. Specialists should always keep in mind about the extrahepatic biliary tree and arterial supply anatomical variations to counteract attainable injuries while performing LC [25].
\nAs outlined by Ding et al. [4]; This CA pierces the hepatic parenchyma getting close to the gallbladder base (Figure 1F). It usually situates inside the right lateral to the edge of gallbladder body and bottom part. Even so, a few are found in the middle of the gallbladder bed or located left lateral of gallbladder base. Hardly any other arterial blood vessels are located inside Calot’s triangle [4]. This anatomic variation with the cystic artery is just not witnessed right until hemorrhaging and is because of dissection of the gallbladder fundus. It is sometimes complicated to understand more about and needs cautious dissection. It was witnessed in 15 patients (2.5%) within one another study [4].
\nSuzuki et al.; referred to a condition known as “cystic artery syndrome”, in which the CA originates from the right hepatic artery, but uncommonly has a course that wraps across the cystic duct [1] (Figure 1G). They suggested that this course could result in reduced blood flow in the cystic duct, which exhibits clinically within the patient as cholelithiasis [1]. According to Zubair et al., this syndrome was discovered within 2% of the patients who underwent LC procedure [17].
\nAndall et al. lately have summarized the experiences of 55 experts, they analyzed 9800 cases and discovered only 20 instances where the CA arise straight from the superior mesentric artery (SMA) [7]. An uncommon scenario has been documented possessing CA arising from the SMA with abnormal branching in the CT and MRI within a Japanese woman cadaver [30]. The CA typically come across the ventral facet with the portal vein as well as the posterior side of the common bile duct. Additionally, in their case the CA have origination with the SMA and RHA and they leaped concurrent to Calot’s triangle [30]. Consequently, in such instances, it is sometimes complicated for medical professionals to evaluate the origination of CA on account of the SMA [30]. The absence of congenital cystic artery was documented in 33 of 9836 (0.34%) cases [7]. While in another study, scholars mentioned the advantages of computed tomography angiography (CTA), and estimated that, it is quicker, much less intrusive and is through with considerably fewer irradiation exposure. CTA offers an appropriate and efficient depiction of cystic artery vessels in 924% of cases (95% CI, 87–98%) [7]. Nonetheless, variations, for instance, small or short CA, origins from aberrant hepatic artery or from an additional vessel completely results in the CA not passing throughout the cystohepatic triangle [7].
\nThe signs and symptoms of torsion imitate acute cholecystitis, but various clinical attributes (slim person, older people, and spine problems) and image conclusions are helpful for differentiating it from standard acute cholecystitis [31]. Even so, preoperative recognition continues to be challenging to identify the anomalies of vessels. Considering torsion of CA, it was initially reported in 1898. There are almost 500 cases have been acknowledged inside the literary works, and many of them were diagnosed throughout the surgical procedure [32]. The ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have already been stated to be helpful for proper diagnosis of gallbladder torsion such as twisting of the pedicle of the cystic duct and gallbladder mesentery designated as “whirl sign” [33]. Variety of twisted CA by 3D CT, angiography signifies unique and primary verification with this concern that enables definitive medical diagnosis and obviates the entire overall performance of other assessments [32]. Whenever a patient is assumed of owning torsion with the gallbladder, 3D-CT angiography ought to be carried out for making an earlier significant and exact diagnosis [32].
\nPseudoaneurysm of the cystic artery is actually an uncommon side-effect right after laparoscopic cholecystectomy (Figure 2). CA involvement is documented significantly less in the literature. Pseudoaneurysm formation is resulted in by vascular injuries. The important causes consist of arterial access procedures, accident trauma, and surgical trauma [34]. Cystic artery pseudoaneurysm which develops carrying out a cholecystectomy and leading to upper gastrointestinal bleeding are usually an unusual entity, with merely four instances referred to inside the literature [35] .Generally, in most patients (80%), the PSA typically presents roughly a month following LC surgery; on the other hand, delayed PSA presentation after 5 years following the surgical procedure had been documented in the literature [36, 37].
\nPseudoaneurysm in the hepatic artery after radical cholecystectomy.
Emergency abdominal angiogram unveiled a CA stump pseudoaneurysm, without any proof of active contrast extravasation and it was managed by coiling or embolization’s technique, consequently the patient did not have any additional hemorrhagic episodes. In cases like this, an angiogram and embolization in contrast to surgical treatment are the most preferred method of management equally when it comes to treatment and diagnosis (Figure 3). The existence of a dilated cystic artery stump on angiogram adhering to cholecystectomy is definitely the threatening indicator even without the active extravasation of contrast [35]. The signs and symptoms might appear during the early postoperative period or as late as 4 months following surgical procedure. One of the several attainable causes includes the unnecessary use of electrocautery throughout the dissection at the infundibulum of the gallbladder, leading to thermal damage to the vascular wall, and break down in the inner wall of the cystic artery. A result of exposure to the tip of the metal clip utilized to occlude the cystic duct [38]. The management of their patient incorporated several plans such as attaining hemostasis, managing the cystic duct stump leak, alleviating obstructive jaundice, managing the infections with antibiotics, and depleting the intra-abdominal collection [34].
\nAfter the post-embolization of the pseudo aneurysm.
The mixed injuries of bile ducts and vessels create the pathologic vascular-biliary interconnection and also the hemorrhage with the bile duct, which can be described as hemobilia [39]. Therefore, hemobilia has turned into a specific issue in the laparoscopic age. The likelihood of hemobilia right after an emergency LC for acute cholecystitis (within just 72 h) had been stated to be 0.001%, although it is been witnessed being 0.0003% for all those going through an elective LC [40]. Bile acids are potent solubilizers of lipid membrane for their cytotoxic and amphipathic qualities, leading to cell death in patients with bile leaks; it has been postulated to result in immediate deterioration and break down in the vascular walls, ultimately causing a PSA [41, 42]. Hemobilia has been considered to be the most prevalent presentation (90%), although abdominal pain (70%) and jaundices (60%) are also typical presentations [40, 43]. CAP is usually an unusual entity and therefore, there is absolutely no comprehensive agreement to the medical treatments for this problem. The potential risk of a PSA rupture relates to its dimensions, having a greater than 10 times risk in the event the aneurysm is much larger than 5 cm [44]. A hold off in presentation after thermal injuries could possibly be as a result of charring of the vessel which may get separate several days or weeks later, especially in the existence of bile [40]. The pathophysiology of aneurysmal dilatation of the cystic artery in the existence of calculus cholecystitis just isn’t apparent. However, it is considered that the artery is eroded possibly by immediate tension of gallstones or swelling from the arterial wall [45]. This subsequently contributes to harm the adventitia with the localized weak point within the vessel wall and development of the pseudoaneurysm [45].
\nHemobilia induced by non-iatrogenic injuries of the CA is really an intense uncommon but attainable etiology, and thus it has to be deemed. Pseudoaneurysm in the CA is an extremely unusual reason behind hemobilia, and its particular pathogenesis remains to be ambiguous [46]. Cholecystitis could produce arterial wall weakness and necrosis leading hemobilia [46]. Many experts have revealed that bleeding pseudoaneurysm of the cystic artery as a result of re-activation of the continual cholecystitis treated by endovascular embolization and subsequent cholecystectomy [47]. Whenever a sufferer presents with significant gastrointestinal internal bleeding, an ascending total bilirubin level and recent hepatobiliary treatment or intervention, a higher index of suspicions is definitely required [48]. Loizides et al.; evaluated altogether, 25 reported cases since 1983–2015 and found that pseudoaneurysm of CA is to be secondary to acute and chronic cholecystitis [45]. During its natural course, a PSA will steadily develop in its dimensions prior to rupture, seen in 21–80% of cases [49]. The rupture of a PSA in the peritoneal cavity may be possibly usual to hypovolemic shock or might be comprised quickly with the encompassing tissue also known as “double rupture phenomenon,” since the preliminary comprised hemorrhage might be accompanied by additional blood loss, which can be more severe situation [36].
\nUnattended hemobilia presents an instantaneous risk to life. It can result in acute hemodynamic imbalances, requiring diagnosis, accessibility, and control over the pseudoaneurysm. Arterial-phase CT is an excellent initial noninvasive mode of detection of LC complication’s [34]. This technology not only help to gauge intra-abdominal collection, biliary tree dilatation, and doable bile duct injury, but also to visualize pseudoaneurysms or hemorrhage [34] Several different treatment methods have already been documented within the literature together with selective embolization and coiling, open cholecystectomy with ligation of the aneurysm, or perhaps a two-step approach involving radiological treatments for the pseudoaneurysm accompanied by an elective cholecystectomy [45]. Angiography is a significant restorative technique simply because it make possible for embolization of the cystic pseudoaneurysm, transforming an urgent scenario to a semi elective one [50]. It has a substantial proportion of good results attaining hemostasis in 75–100% of sufferers with hemobilia [50], with a reported of less than 2% [51].
\nSome patients having typical obstructive jaundice and hemophilia may additionally need endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, CBD exploration or transhepatic biliary drainage to vacate the clot in the event the jaundice doesn’t get relieved [49, 52]. Natural or spontaneous rupture of normal cystic artery is undoubtedly an extremely exceptional reason behind hemoperitoneum [53]. Medical co-morbidity, for instance, arteriosclerosis, diabetes, arterial hypertension and long-term usage of corticosteroid are the most prevalent components liable for vascular fragility [53]. Selective embolization is an efficient and also a noninvasive treatment alternative, which can result in ischemic gallbladder necrosis few days following the treatment [53]. The patients having good hemodynamically status, cholecystectomy can be carried out averting biliary ischemic problems and also the related morbidity and mortality [53].
\nDependent upon the latency from surgery to presentation, the rate of bleeding differs from the minimum to enormous, with the increased amount of blood loss are much more likely in later presentations [39]. Some possible components of injury considered to play a role in CAP incorporate the unnecessary use of electrocautery when taking apart the infundibulum from the gallbladder, which might trigger thermal damage to the vascular wall and erosion of the tip of the metal clip utilized to ligate the cystic duct into the internal walls of the cystic artery [38]. In cases with repeated hematemesis and a medical history of earlier biliary interventions, upper endoscopy is undoubtedly a suitable first diagnostic step. Direct visualization of blood emanating from the ampulla of vater, diagnostic of hemobilia, is hardly ever experienced [54]. If recurring endoscopic and cholangiographic assessments are not able to uncover a possible bleeding point, angiography may be recommended as the next phase in assessment [54]. Surgical ligation via an open or laparoscopic approach is recognized as second-line treatments for pseudoaneurysm of hepatic artery and CAP, restricted to controls exactly where an angiographic approach isn’t feasible or does not work out [54]. In another study, they assessed the importance of choledochoscopy within the evaluation of hemobilia, considering that several EGDs and ERCPs skipped diagnosing, contrary to choledochoscopic visual image of the clip, eroding into the cystic duct remnant by having an adjoining soft-tissue protuberance was the initial indication of potential vascular injury, resulting in the right examination and remedial assistance [55]. Gallbladder ischemia is an issue for patients having an intact gallbladder that endure embolization of the cystic artery. Therefore, in such circumstances gall bladder removal is normally carried out right after embolization procedure [56].
\nCAPs are unusual but possibly despondent complications of LC procedures. Right upper quadrant pain, hemorrhaging, and jaundice after biliary intervention are an indication of hemobilia, a typical manifestation of pseudoaneurysm, even though introductory signs and symptoms can differ considerably. In the cases where the PSA continues to grow following preliminary management with TAE, following operative management had been documented through which an exploratory laparotomy and ligation of the nourishing vessel ended in an entire recuperation [57]. Infection might also result in a high-risk of vascular suture rupture right after ligation of the artery; within this report, the patient passed away 2 days following surgical repair of a PSA as a result of severe bleeding from GI tract [58]. Gastrointestinal internal bleeding may perhaps present as hematemesis or melena, depending on the rate of blood loss [59]. Erosion on the PSA in GI tract or into the cystic duct stump or forming a fistula between these two structures was earlier documented [58, 60, 61, 62]. An increased index chart of diagnostic doubts is really important for earlier acknowledgement and treating this additional unwanted effect. In combination with endoscopy, cholangiography, angiography, and choledochoscopy might be helpful diagnostic resources in order to evaluate of suspected hemobilia [55]. Lately, numerous scientific studies have documented the effective treatments for PSAs by injecting thrombin straight into the hepatic artery aneurysm [37, 63].
\nOn the other hand, embolization employing this approach could possibly be not discerning. It could result in unwanted additional complications, for instance, infarctions of liver and bowel; adding small quantities of thrombin with real-time sonography and Doppler assistance may perhaps lessen this threat [37]. Alternatively, angiographic embolization might be related to considerable hazards, such as shatter in the PSA throughout coil’s embolization, an expansion in the thrombosis within the RHA, necrosis, hemorrhage, abscess creation and CBD stricture resulting from poor vascular supply [64, 65, 66]. A current review discovered that post-embolization syndrome took place in 9 out from 14 sufferers, and it was linked to the ages of the patient as well as time period relating to the LC procedure and TAE therapy [67]. Some others have recommended usage of a protected stent when dealing with the PSA to be able to sustain blood circulation towards liver preventing additional complications relevant to diminished circulation [68]. Stents could also be used for individuals with accompanying hepatic artery stenosis and PSAs [68]. From a technical perspective, the positioning of the stent for the PSA in the RHA is recognized as complicated owing its far away position, more compact dimension and quite often intricate or transformed [68]. In one report, a patient presented with acute pancreatitis due to corrosion of TAE coils in the CBD subsequently 24 months after the LC [69].
\nNevertheless, as a result of substantial advancements in catheter-based treatment plans now are generally given TAE by occluding the providing vascular supply with various embolic agents, which includes gel foam, coils, N-butyl cyanoacrylate and thrombin, ahead of preferably embolizing the vessel proximal and distal towards the PSA to avoid equity filling up in the PSA [37, 60, 65, 66, 70, 71]. In 82% of scenarios, embolization was documented typically effective while, surgical procedures needed in remainder 18% of the subjects [36]. When coils are utilized, they are able to the originator of thrombosis; consequently, in sufferers with considerable coagulopathies, the blood vessel might still continue to be distinct regardless of embolization plus the course of action could possibly be inadequate to managing blood loss [72]. In modest PSAs, glue works extremely well as an alternative because the adhesive contours towards the type of PSA [73]. Additionally, coil’s positioning could be tricky in individuals having a modest PSA [71]. In some instances, equally techniques could be implemented [71].
\nFailing to excise the PSA may bring about its burst since the aneurysm is usually inflamed and infected. An infection may also result in a high-risk of vascular suture split adhering to ligation of the artery; within a review, a person passed away 2 days following surgical repair of a PSA due to catastrophic gastrointestinal hemorrhage [58]. In the event wherein the PSA continues to be expanded following preliminary management with TAE, following operative management had been documented by which an exploratory laparotomy and ligation of the nourishing vessel ended in an entire recuperation [57]. Excision helps to ensure that a PSA won’t expand resulting from continual arterial blood pressure; furthermore, failing to excise the PSA may bring about its burst because the aneurysm is frequently contaminated [72]. A number of people who typical to hemobilia and obstructive jaundice may additionally need endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and transhepatic biliary drainage while in some circumstances CBD exploration to vacate the blood clot in the event the jaundice won’t get better [49, 52]. Operative control over to substantial hemobilia is apparently effective for 90% of patients, with rebleeding and fatality rates of lower than 5 and 10%, correspondingly [66].
\nMost often, vascular injuries and biliary duct injuries may occur concomitantly during the LC procedure. They arise more frequently than contemplated formerly, and it is witnessed much more proximal in LC contrast to those observed in open surgical procedure. Ultimately, it enhances the fatality rate. However, it could potentially cause greater morbidity and endanger the long-term functional outcomes of biliary reconstruction by triggering anastomotic strictures. When recognized earlier, there is certainly some space for restoration and reconstruction, even though this is contentious. Where as in delayed instances, it appears to be acceptable not to consider the vascular injuries by itself.
\nA hepatic or cystic artery PSA following the LC procedure is definitely infrequent. However, when it ensues occurs as life-threatening complications. The delayed presentation of the situation, which could take place weeks following the surgical procedure, and the typical symptoms with gastrointestinal internal bleeding can potentially lead to incorrect diagnosis or late treatment. Consequently, a higher index of clinical suspicions is needed for patients with inexplicable GI hemorrhage after having the LC procedure. A contrast CT scan or angiogram typically verifies the diagnosing, and trans arterial embolization is most likely the defacto standard of management, having a higher rate of success. On the other hand, operative treatment is essential for cases where TAE is unachievable or does not work out. Safety measures ought to be taken to prevent vascular injury while conducting the LC in order to prevent a PSA, especially when the cholecystectomy procedure is essentially problematic. An increased likelihood of symptomatic suspicion is needed for earlier recognition and management of this unwanted effect. In combination with endoscopy, cholangiography, angiography, and choledochoscopy could be efficient diagnostic tools while in the evaluation of assumed hemobilia. Specialist’s consultation is mandatory while having any diagnostic and operative dilemma during the LC procedure in order to deter the unwanted complications and to attain the optimal consequences.
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\\n\\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\\n\\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\\n\\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\\n\\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
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The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\n\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\n\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\n\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\n\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\n\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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The metal nanoparticles such as silver, gold, and copper nanoparticles have more application in material science, nanomedicine, electronic, photonic, and art. One of the green methods for preparation of metal nanoparticles is laser ablation technique that offers a unique tool for nanofabrication of nanoparticles. In this technique, the high-power laser ablates the metal plate and the nanoparticles are formed in the liquid. The properties of nanoparticles using laser ablation are unique, and they are not reproducible by any other method such as chemical methods. The important parameters to produce the metal nanoparticles are energy, wavelength, repetition rate of laser, ablation time, and absorption of an aqueous solution. Laser ablation is a simple method for fabricating the metal nanoparticles without surfactant or chemical addition. In this chapter, the mechanism of formation of metal nanoparticles in liquid, significant parameters for using the laser ablation technique to prepare the metal nanoparticles, and the preparation of silver, gold and copper nanoparticles will be reviewed.",book:{id:"7349",slug:"laser-technology-and-its-applications",title:"Laser Technology and its Applications",fullTitle:"Laser Technology and its Applications"},signatures:"Amir Reza Sadrolhosseini, Mohd Adzir Mahdi, Farideh Alizadeh and\nSuraya Abdul Rashid",authors:null},{id:"24809",doi:"10.5772/24360",title:"Mode-Locked Fibre Lasers with High-Energy Pulses",slug:"mode-locked-fibre-lasers-with-high-energy-pulses",totalDownloads:2232,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"404",slug:"laser-systems-for-applications",title:"Laser Systems for Applications",fullTitle:"Laser Systems for Applications"},signatures:"S.V.Smirnov, S.M. 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In this chapter, recent results on the nonlinear optical properties of MNPs (including gold, silver, palladium, and platinum) have been discussed. Some specific optical nonlinear properties, such as nonlinear refraction, saturable absorption and reverse saturable absorption, two-photon absorption, and optical limiting, for femtosecond, picosecond, and nanosecond laser pulses, have been covered.",book:{id:"7349",slug:"laser-technology-and-its-applications",title:"Laser Technology and its Applications",fullTitle:"Laser Technology and its Applications"},signatures:"Yachen Gao and Deigui Kong",authors:null},{id:"24817",doi:"10.5772/23213",title:"Linear and Nonlinear Femtosecond Optics in Isotropic Media - Ionization-Free Filamentation",slug:"linear-and-nonlinear-femtosecond-optics-in-isotropic-media-ionization-free-filamentation",totalDownloads:1950,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"404",slug:"laser-systems-for-applications",title:"Laser Systems for Applications",fullTitle:"Laser Systems for Applications"},signatures:"Kamen Kovachev and Lubomir M. 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They were derived from erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, which are still important component for telecommunications. Since discovery, fiber laser has become a natural choice for many uses, primarily because of the physical characteristics of fiber waveguide structure. Their rapid progress may show how excellent they really are. Although fiber lasers are today widely used in various research and industrial areas, one of the most meaningful applications of fiber laser technology has been through its use in medicine. A wide variety of wavelengths generated by fiber lasers as well as the diversity of physical mechanisms employed in pulse generation also additionally underpins the flexibility of fiber laser technology. This study is devoted to background technology of fiber lasers in the light of medical applications. Basic physics and theories of optical fibers and their important properties are introduced.",book:{id:"6467",slug:"optical-amplifiers-a-few-different-dimensions",title:"Optical Amplifiers",fullTitle:"Optical Amplifiers - A Few Different Dimensions"},signatures:"Amira Tandirovic Gursel",authors:[{id:"240070",title:"Dr.",name:"Amira",middleName:null,surname:"Tandirovic Gursel",slug:"amira-tandirovic-gursel",fullName:"Amira Tandirovic Gursel"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"63129",title:"Laser Ablation Technique for Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticle in Liquid",slug:"laser-ablation-technique-for-synthesis-of-metal-nanoparticle-in-liquid",totalDownloads:2588,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:"Recently, the synthesis and application of metal and ceramic nanoparticle are significant subject in science and engineering. The metal nanoparticles such as silver, gold, and copper nanoparticles have more application in material science, nanomedicine, electronic, photonic, and art. One of the green methods for preparation of metal nanoparticles is laser ablation technique that offers a unique tool for nanofabrication of nanoparticles. In this technique, the high-power laser ablates the metal plate and the nanoparticles are formed in the liquid. The properties of nanoparticles using laser ablation are unique, and they are not reproducible by any other method such as chemical methods. The important parameters to produce the metal nanoparticles are energy, wavelength, repetition rate of laser, ablation time, and absorption of an aqueous solution. Laser ablation is a simple method for fabricating the metal nanoparticles without surfactant or chemical addition. In this chapter, the mechanism of formation of metal nanoparticles in liquid, significant parameters for using the laser ablation technique to prepare the metal nanoparticles, and the preparation of silver, gold and copper nanoparticles will be reviewed.",book:{id:"7349",slug:"laser-technology-and-its-applications",title:"Laser Technology and its Applications",fullTitle:"Laser Technology and its Applications"},signatures:"Amir Reza Sadrolhosseini, Mohd Adzir Mahdi, Farideh Alizadeh and\nSuraya Abdul Rashid",authors:null},{id:"73930",title:"Laser Chemical Elemental Analysis: From Total to Images",slug:"laser-chemical-elemental-analysis-from-total-to-images",totalDownloads:504,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"This book chapter focuses on laser ablation employed in elemental analysis and discusses the fundamentals and instrumentation of the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) techniques. The analytical performance of such techniques, challenges related to calibration, and strategies to improve sensitivity are discussed. In addition, the processes involved in data acquisition and imaging for acquiring the elemental spatial distribution are highlighted, and some representative examples in environmental, biological, medical, and forensic researches are presented.",book:{id:"10481",slug:"practical-applications-of-laser-ablation",title:"Practical Applications of Laser Ablation",fullTitle:"Practical Applications of Laser Ablation"},signatures:"Renata S. Amais, Danielle S. Francischini, Pedro S. Moreau and Marco A.Z. Arruda",authors:[{id:"327464",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco A.Z.",middleName:null,surname:"Arruda",slug:"marco-a.z.-arruda",fullName:"Marco A.Z. Arruda"},{id:"327467",title:"Dr.",name:"Renata",middleName:null,surname:"Amais",slug:"renata-amais",fullName:"Renata Amais"},{id:"327468",title:"Dr.",name:"Danielle S.",middleName:"Da Silva",surname:"Francischini",slug:"danielle-s.-francischini",fullName:"Danielle S. Francischini"},{id:"327488",title:"BSc.",name:"Pedro S.",middleName:null,surname:"Moreau",slug:"pedro-s.-moreau",fullName:"Pedro S. Moreau"}]},{id:"59750",title:"Quantum Dot-Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (QD-SOA): Dynamics and Applications",slug:"quantum-dot-semiconductor-optical-amplifiers-qd-soa-dynamics-and-applications",totalDownloads:1370,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Quantum dot-semiconductor optical amplifiers (QD-SOA) attracted strong interest for applications in optical communications and in all-optical signal processing due to their high operation rate, strong nonlinearity, small gain recovery time of about few picoseconds, broadband gain, low injection current and low noise figure (NF). In this chapter, we present the theoretical investigation of the gain recovery time acceleration in DQ SOA; the specific features of the cross gain modulation (XGM) in QD-SOA; the influence of the optical injection on the dynamics of QD-SOA based on the QD in a well (QDWELL) structure. We describe the following applications of QD-SOA: the all-optical ultra-wideband (UWB) pulse generation based on the Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) with a QD-SOA; the ultra-fast all-optical signal processor based on QD-SOA-MZI; the ultra-fast all-optical memory based on QD-SOA. The contents of the chapter are mainly based on the original results.",book:{id:"6467",slug:"optical-amplifiers-a-few-different-dimensions",title:"Optical Amplifiers",fullTitle:"Optical Amplifiers - A Few Different Dimensions"},signatures:"Yossef Ben Ezra and Boris I. Lembrikov",authors:[{id:"2302",title:"Prof.",name:"Yossef",middleName:null,surname:"Ben-Ezra",slug:"yossef-ben-ezra",fullName:"Yossef Ben-Ezra"},{id:"2359",title:"Dr.",name:"Boris I.",middleName:"I.",surname:"Lembrikov",slug:"boris-i.-lembrikov",fullName:"Boris I. Lembrikov"}]},{id:"73390",title:"Laser Machining",slug:"laser-machining",totalDownloads:560,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The increasing demands of materials with superior properties are given priority by most of the industries in recent years due to their higher performance levels. Machining of hard materials is a challenging task since it involves higher cutting forces and rapid tool wear. This leads to complexity in shaping these difficult-to machine materials such as advanced composite and ceramics. There have been many alternative techniques developed to overcome the shortcomings of conventional machining processes. Laser beam machining (LBM) is one of the advanced noncontact machining processes that employ monochromatic light with high frequency for machining using thermal energy. The highly energized photos are focused on a material cause heating, melting and vaporizes the material which is effectively used to remove unwanted portion of a material. Due to higher coherency of laser beam, materials can be machined very precisely than conventional machining processes. Generally, the laser-based material processing is suitable for a brittle type of material with minimum conductivity. However, this laser machining can be used for all kinds of materials in most cases. This chapter provides the principle of laser and its types, mechanism of material removal using laser, applications, advantages, and limitations of LBM.",book:{id:"10481",slug:"practical-applications-of-laser-ablation",title:"Practical Applications of Laser Ablation",fullTitle:"Practical Applications of Laser Ablation"},signatures:"Natarajan Jeyaprakash, Che-Hua Yang and Manickam Bhuvanesh Kumar",authors:[{id:"32620",title:"Prof.",name:"Che-Hua",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"che-hua-yang",fullName:"Che-Hua Yang"},{id:"319416",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeyaprakash",middleName:null,surname:"Natarajan",slug:"jeyaprakash-natarajan",fullName:"Jeyaprakash Natarajan"},{id:"329306",title:"Dr.",name:"Bhuvanesh Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"M",slug:"bhuvanesh-kumar-m",fullName:"Bhuvanesh Kumar M"}]},{id:"63522",title:"Nonlinear Optical Response of Noble Metal Nanoparticles",slug:"nonlinear-optical-response-of-noble-metal-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:1444,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"The special nonlinear optical response of noble metal nanoparticles (MNPs) when exposed to intense laser radiation has induced novel applications in nonlinear spectroscopy, optoelectronics, and optical switchers and limiters. In this chapter, recent results on the nonlinear optical properties of MNPs (including gold, silver, palladium, and platinum) have been discussed. Some specific optical nonlinear properties, such as nonlinear refraction, saturable absorption and reverse saturable absorption, two-photon absorption, and optical limiting, for femtosecond, picosecond, and nanosecond laser pulses, have been covered.",book:{id:"7349",slug:"laser-technology-and-its-applications",title:"Laser Technology and its Applications",fullTitle:"Laser Technology and its Applications"},signatures:"Yachen Gao and Deigui Kong",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"226",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 11th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11418,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11419,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11420,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11422,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11423,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:28,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. 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