\r\n\tThis book chapter’s main theme will be focused on transmission dynamics, pathogenesis, mechanisms of host interaction and response, epigenetics and markers, molecular diagnosis, RNA interacting proteins, RNA binding proteins, advanced development of tools for diagnosis, possible development of concepts for vaccines and anti drugs for RNA viruses, immunological mechanisms, treatment, prevention and control.
\r\n\t
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Dechecchi, E. Nicolis, P. Mazzi, M. Paroni, F. Cioffi, A. Tamanini,V. Bezzerri, M. Tebon, I. Lampronti, S. Huang, L. Wiszniewski, M.T. Scupoli, A. Bragonzi, R. Gambari, G. Berton and G. Cabrini",authors:[{id:"53357",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Gambari",fullName:"Roberto Gambari",slug:"roberto-gambari"},{id:"82889",title:"Dr.",name:"Song",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Song Huang",slug:"song-huang"},{id:"85366",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Dechecchi",fullName:"Maria Cristina Dechecchi",slug:"maria-cristina-dechecchi"},{id:"86524",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Nicolis",fullName:"Elena Nicolis",slug:"elena-nicolis"},{id:"86525",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",middleName:null,surname:"Mazzi",fullName:"Paola Mazzi",slug:"paola-mazzi"},{id:"86527",title:"Dr.",name:"Moira",middleName:null,surname:"Paroni",fullName:"Moira Paroni",slug:"moira-paroni"},{id:"86528",title:"Dr.",name:"Federica",middleName:null,surname:"Cioffi",fullName:"Federica Cioffi",slug:"federica-cioffi"},{id:"86529",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentino",middleName:null,surname:"Bezzerri",fullName:"Valentino Bezzerri",slug:"valentino-bezzerri"},{id:"86531",title:"Dr.",name:"Maela",middleName:null,surname:"Tebon",fullName:"Maela Tebon",slug:"maela-tebon"},{id:"86536",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilaria",middleName:null,surname:"Lampronti",fullName:"Ilaria Lampronti",slug:"ilaria-lampronti"},{id:"86540",title:"Dr.",name:"Ludovic",middleName:null,surname:"Wiszniewski",fullName:"Ludovic Wiszniewski",slug:"ludovic-wiszniewski"},{id:"86541",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Scupoli",fullName:"Maria Teresa Scupoli",slug:"maria-teresa-scupoli"},{id:"86543",title:"Prof.",name:"Alessandra",middleName:null,surname:"Bragonzi",fullName:"Alessandra Bragonzi",slug:"alessandra-bragonzi"},{id:"86544",title:"Prof.",name:"Giorgio",middleName:null,surname:"Berton",fullName:"Giorgio Berton",slug:"giorgio-berton"},{id:"86546",title:"Dr.",name:"Giulio",middleName:null,surname:"Cabrini",fullName:"Giulio Cabrini",slug:"giulio-cabrini"}]},{id:"34294",title:"The Importance of Adherence and Compliance with Treatment in Cystic Fibrosis",slug:"the-importance-of-adherence-and-compliance-with-treatment-in-cystic-fibrosis",signatures:"Rosa Patricia Arias-Llorente, Carlos Bousoño García and Juan J. Díaz Martín",authors:[{id:"81752",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Arias Llorente",fullName:"Rosa Patricia Arias Llorente",slug:"rosa-patricia-arias-llorente"},{id:"88980",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"GarcÃa",surname:"Bousoño",fullName:"Carlos Bousoño",slug:"carlos-bousono"}]},{id:"34295",title:"Improving the Likelihood of Success in Trials and the Efficiency of Delivery of Mucolytics and Antibiotics",slug:"improving-the-likelihood-of-success-in-trials-and-efficiency-of-delivery-of-mucolytics-and-antibioti",signatures:"Carlos F. Lange",authors:[{id:"87618",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"Frederico",surname:"Lange",fullName:"Carlos Lange",slug:"carlos-lange"}]},{id:"34296",title:"Airways Clearance Techniques in Cystic Fibrosis: Physiology, Devices and the Future",slug:"airway-clearance-techniques-in-cystic-fibrosis-physiology-devices-and-the-future",signatures:"Adrian H. 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Introduction
Canned foods were well known and widely used for feeding the armies since the mid-eighteenth century. Nowadays, they play a crucial role in the everyday nutrition of everyone all over the globe, where they provide food with good quality that can last for a long time compared with fresh food. The canned food production industry, as any other industry, includes material processing, storing, and transportation. These activities lead to waste and emission generation and can affect the environment negatively if not well planned and applied. These negative effects might include air and water pollution and soil contamination. Of the major pollutants generated by this industry, the organic pollutants are very crucial [1].
In general, food processing from raw materials requires large volumes of high-grade water, which will become wastewater after usage. In particular, it requires a large volume of potable water for several usages, e.g. raw materials cleaning, fluming, blanching, pasteurizing, processing equipment cleaning, and cooling of the final products. These vast usages require the enforcement of quality criteria for the water used in each application; the best quality usage often requires independent treatment to assure complete freedom from odor and taste and to ensure uniform conditions [1]. The wastewater effluents from this industry are characterized by their large volumes. On average, some 10–20 m3 wastewaters are produced per tonne of products. The precise characteristics of these wastewaters are highly dependent on the performed processes during the canned food production, i.e. the process of vegetable washing leads to the generation of wastewaters with high loads of some dissolved organics, and particulate matter [2].
The organic content in the wastewater generated as a result of the operation of different processes in the food canning industries is characterized by high concentrations of biodegradable contaminants and variable pH levels. When an environmental reservoir, e.g. a stream or waterway, receives these wastewater effluents, the organic pollutants will consume some of the dissolved oxygen (DO) that exists in the reservoir during their stabilization. This will reduce considerably the DO to levels below that required for the sustainability of lives of the aquatic organisms. The extent of pollution caused by these effluents can be characterized based on the plant capacity, the utilized process, and the characteristics of the raw materials. In this respect, it is beneficial to categorize the plant capacity in terms of population, where seasonal plants are likely to generate waste loads equivalent to 15,000 to 25,000 people, and large plants generate loads up to 250,000 people. The processing of fruit and vegetables is one of the sources of wastewaters, which contain organic matters. Fruit and vegetable canning companies generate wastewaters with high levels of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total solid (TS), and suspended solids (SS) [1]. This chapter aims to introduce the available technologies for secondary wastewater treatment that are widely investigated to prevent and control pollution from the food industry. In this respect, the features of the aerobic and anaerobic biological treatment technologies are summarized. Then, an overview of the uncertainty management in biological treatment plants is provided.
2. Cannery wastewater treatment
Due to the nature of the food industry, the preparatory and operational processes of the raw animals, vegetables, and fruits into edible products do not include the application of chemicals. Subsequently, the organic maters in most of the cannery wastewater effluents are best treated using biological treatment, where these matters are rarely present toxicant or inhibitory compounds in their composition. Yet in some operations, e.g. sterilizing and cleaning the equipment, chemicals are used. In particular, disinfectants and caustic soda are used at the end of the processed batch. These effluents could be characterized as short-time concentrated discharges. They may cause shock loads in the wastewater treatment plants that are not designed to deal with these effluents. In this case, the use of equalization unit can achieve acceptable flow equalization and pH adjustment and dilute the high concentration to a nominal concentration that allows safe operation for the biological treatment unit [3].
3. Aerobic treatment of cannery wastewaters
Aerobic wastewater treatment processes could be applied using several technologies, i.e. pond and lagoon-based treatments; surface and spray aeration; oxidation ditches; trickling filters; septic or aerobic tanks; activated sludge; and aerobic digestion. In this section, sequencing batch reactor (SBR), activated sludge (AS), rotating biological contactor (RBC), and aerobic lagoons (AELs) for treating food processing wastewater are discussed.
3.1 Sequencing batch reactor (SBR)
In general, SBR is a fill-and-draw activated sludge system for wastewater treatment. In that system, wastewater effluent is added to a single batch reactor, where treatment is achieved by removing undesirable components, and then, the effluent is discharged. In the same single batch reactor, equalization, aeration, and clarification are conducted.
The formation of granules in aerobic conditions has been possible and appears as a promising technique for treating high-strength or highly toxic wastewaters. It appeared that aerobic granules were successfully cultivated only in SBR. The cyclic operation of SBR consisted of influent filling, aeration, settling, and effluent removal [4].
The development of aerobic granular sludge to achieve simultaneous removal of COD, phosphorous (P), and nitrogen (N) from saline fish-canning wastewater was investigated by Campo [5]. In that work, a 1.6-L SBR with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 0.25 d and a volumetric exchange ratio (VER) of 50% was used. The wastewater fed to the SBR was collected from a fish-canning factory located in the south of Galicia (Spain). The SBR was operated in 3-hour cycles comprising 60-min anaerobic feeding, 112-min aeration, 7–1-min settling, and 1–7-min effluent discharge. The salt concentration was approximately 10.4 ± 0.8 g NaCl/l, and the applied organic loading rate (OLR) equals 5.4 ± 1.9 kg COD/(m3d). Under these conditions, aerobic granules were detected after operational time equals 34 days. Some filamentous bacteria were detected on the surface of the aggregates. The granular biomass has a volatile suspended solids (VSS) concentration of 1.34 gVSS/l, density near 11.5 gVSS/l granule, and mean diameter of 1.35 mm. After 41 days of operation, fluffy-flocculent suspension was formed in the presence of the granules. This behavior was attributed to the salinity and the respectively high fraction of slowly biodegradable COD in the influent (35% of total COD). The study reported good removal efficiencies of soluble COD nearly equal to 80%. The phosphorus and ammonium were mainly concluded to be removed to cover the minimum metabolic demand of heterotrophic bacteria. The study indicated that the enrichment of the biomass with slow growing autotrophic and phosphorus-accumulating bacteria in a saline environment requires a longer operational time [5].
3.2 Activated sludge (AS)
The most commonly used biological wastewater treatment technology is the activated sludge. In that technology, the activated sludge (bacterial biomass suspension) is used to degrade the organic pollutants. Over years, various activated sludge processes have been developed. Depending on the design of the AS unit, the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) can degrade organic carbon substances and remove nutrients, i.e. N and P. In some biological wastewater treatment systems, activated sludge was attached to a surface to form a bio-film. Examples of these systems are integrated fixed-film activated sludge systems, rotating biological reactors, trickling filters, and moving bed bio-film reactors [6].
3.3 Rotating biological contactor (RBC)
RBC process entails the contact between the wastewater and the biological medium that is used to degrade the organic contaminants. A RBC is described as a device that “consists of a series of closely spaced, parallel discs mounted on a rotating shaft which is supported just above the surface of the wastewater” [4, 7]. RBCs are used to remove biodegradable organic matter and convert ammonia-N and organic-N to nitrate-N. Operational problems caused by high organic loading rates restrict the use of RBCs for partial removal of organic matter (i.e. for “roughing” treatment). However, they can be used quite effectively for the substantial removal of organic matter. Process effluent (i.e. clarified) five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations can easily be reduced to less than 30 mg/l each, and even lower can be obtained in some instances [8].
3.4 Aerobic lagoons (AELs)
Aerobic lagoons (AELs) are designed and operated to exclude algae. This is accomplished by two means. First, sufficient mixing is used to keep all biomass from the treatment system in suspension, thereby providing turbidity that restricts penetration of light into the water column. The mixing also has the effect of making the solid retention time (SRT) equal to the hydraulic retention time (HRT). Second, the HRT is controlled to values less than the minimum SRT for algal growth (about two days). Because algae are excluded, oxygen must be delivered by mechanical means [8].
4. Anaerobic treatment of cannery wastewaters
This class of biological wastewater treatment technology utilizes microorganisms to degrade the organic pollutants in the absence of oxygen. The sludge in the anaerobic biological reactor consists of anaerobic bacteria and other microorganisms. Food processing wastewaters are particularly suitable for anaerobic treatment processes, firstly because of their high organic load and secondly because they rarely contain toxicants or inhibitory compounds [2].
4.1 Up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB)
The UASB process makes use of suspended growth biomass, but the gas-liquid-solids separation system is integrated with the bioreactor. The operating conditions within the reactor could be adjusted to allow the formation of large, dense, and readily settleable particles that can lead to the accumulation of very high concentrations of SS, on the order of 20 to 30 g/l as VSS. These high suspended solids concentrations allow significant separation between the SRT and HRT, and operation at relatively short HRTs, often on the order of two days or less, even when the SRT is long. The three-phase UASB reactor allows the achievement of compact and cheaper units due to its ability to separate the gas, water, and sludge mixtures under high turbulence conditions. It has multiple gas hoods for the separation of biogas and can be operated in a one-metre-height reactor that prevents the formation of floating layers [9]. Due to the extremely large gas/water interfaces, the turbulence is greatly reduced, so it is possible to operate the treatment process with relatively high loading rates of 10–15 kg/m3d [8].
UASB technology is known for its efficiency in treating wastewaters with high carbohydrate content. In this respect, the wastewater effluents from the canning industry are efficiently treated by microbes to produce a nutrient-rich starting material for anaerobic hydrogen production. This has led to the wide application of up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor for the treatment of the wastewater effluents from food processing plants [10]. These reactors are well known for their ability to withstand variations in wastewater quality and complete shutdown of the reactor in off season [11].
Anaerobic treatment of a highly alkaline fruit-cannery lye-peeling wastewater was investigated, using an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UArSB) reactor. Only a short initializing period was required before COD reduction and OLR had stabilized at 85 to 90% and 2.40 kg COD/m3d, respectively. With subsequent increases in OLR to 8.1kgCOD/m3d, the COD reduction remained between 85 and 93% and biogas production peaked at 4.1 l/d (63% methane). After 111 days, the COD and reactor pH started to decrease and the gas production was reported to decrease after 102 days and continue to decrease to reach the lowest value of 0.93 l/d after 129 days. Subsequent reductions in the OLR, by reducing influent COD, had no effect on reactor stability. This reduction in the reactor performance was attributed to the inhibition of methanogenesis due to the sodium accumulation of sodium (potentially >20,000 mg/l) in the biomass [10, 12].
4.2 Anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is used for the stabilization of particulate organic matter. An anaerobic digester is well mixed with no liquid-solids separation. Consequently, the bioreactor can be treated as a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) in which the HRT and SRT are identical. An SRT of 15 to 20 days is typically used, although SRTs as low as 10 days have been used successfully and longer SRTs are employed when greater waste stabilization is required [8].
For several cannery waste streams, the recovery of useful by-products could be achieved by anaerobic digestion. High COD content fruit and vegetable wastes (>50,000 mg/l) have been treated successfully by AD using a HRT of 10 days and a sludge age of 80 days. For elder sludges, the SS build-up within the reactor reached 30,000 mg/l, but at higher concentrations settling became a problem. Generally, successful treatment of food processing wastes could be achieved using AD with a retention time greater than 10 days and gas production of up to 0.75 m3/kg volatile solids [9, 11].
4.3 SHARON-Anammox process
A Single reactor system for High activity Ammonium Removal Over Nitrite (SHARON) is a treatment process, which utilizes partial nitrification process for the degradation of ammonia and organic nitrogen components from wastewaters. The process results in stable nitrite formation, rather than complete oxidation to nitrate. The process relies on controlling the pH, temperature, and retention time to prevent the nitrate formation by nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, e.g. Nitrobacter. The wastewater denitrification that employs SHARON reactors can proceed with an anoxic reduction, such as Anammox. In the Anammox process (anaerobic ammonium oxidation), nitrite and ammonium are converted into nitrogen gas under anaerobic conditions without the need to add an external carbon source. In comparison with conventional N-removal processes, the SHARON process results in a reduction of required aeration energy and carbon source.
The application of the successive SHARON-Anammox processes was tested to treat the wastewater from a fish cannery plant. The effluents generated from the anaerobic digestion are characterized by their salinity up to 8000–10,000 g NaCl m−3, organic carbon content (1000–1300 g TOCm−3), and high ammonium content (700–1000 g NH+4−Nm−3). In the SHARON reactor, nearly half the ammonia is oxidized to NO−2-N via partial nitrification. Then, SHARON effluent was directed to feed the Anammox reactor. The system was reported to attain average nitrogen removal of 68%. The bacterial population distribution in the Anammox reactor, followed by FISH analysis and batch activity assays, did not change significantly despite the continuous entrance to the system of aerobic ammonium oxidizers coming from the SHARON reactor. Most of the bacteria corresponded to the Anammox population and the rest with slight variable shares to the ammonia oxidizers. Despite the continuous variations in the amounts of ammonium and nitrite in the feed wastewater, the Anammox reactor showed an unexpected robustness. Only in the period when NO−2-N concentration was higher than the NH+4-N concentration did the process destabilized and it took 14 days until the nitrogen removal percentage decreased to 34% with concentrations in the effluent of 340 g NH+4-Nm−3 and 440 g NO−2-N m−3, respectively. That study concluded that this successive application of SHARON-Anammox reactors is successful in treating high nitrogen and saline effluents with acceptable control on the ratio between the NO−2-N and NH+4-N [13].
4.4 Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (An-MBR)
An-MBR can be simply defined as a biological treatment process operated without oxygen and using a membrane to provide solid–liquid separation. The advantages offered by this process over conventional anaerobic systems and aerobic MBR are widely recognized [12].
Saline wastewaters are known for their negative impact on the performance of the biological treatment units. Sodium chloride is widely used, not only for cooking and to melt snow and ice, but also in a wide variety of food industries including food canning, seafood processing, milk processing, etc. In particular, the operation of the seafood processing industry leads to the generation of wastewaters with high soluble and colloidal pollutants and a high concentration of N and SS. For these effluents, the application of conventional biological treatment is not efficient. It was reported that the efficiency could be enhanced by reducing the sodium toxicity with compatible solutes that can increase the sludge activity. Moreover, the anaerobic membrane bioreactor reduces the COD concentration in the wastewater [14].
4.5 Anaerobic filter (AF)
AF consists of a fixed bed biological reactor with one or more series of filtration chambers. This technology relies on the entrapment of the particles in the wastewater on the filter media and the subsequent degradation of the organic matter by the active biomass attached to the surface of the filter media [15]. As the anaerobic biomass should grow on the filter media, 6–9-month start-up period is required for AF to attain the full treatment capacity. The filter can be inoculated with anaerobic bacteria to reduce the start-up time, and the flow should be gradually increased [13, 16].
4.6 Blanket/anaerobic filter
Hybrid UASB/AF systems combine aspects of the UASB process with aspects of the AF process. Influent wastewater and recirculated effluent are distributed across the bioreactor cross section and flow upward through granular and flocculent sludge blankets where anaerobic treatment occurs. The effluent from the sludge blanket zone enters a section of media similar to that used in AF systems where gas-liquid-solids separation occurs. Treated effluent then exits the media section and is collected for discharge from the bioreactor. Gas is collected under the bioreactor cover and is transported to storage and/or use. The hybrid UASB/AF process primarily uses suspended biomass, and process loadings are similar to those used with the UASB process. The solids removal system is similar to that used with the UASB process [8].
A research study on the treatment of wastewater generated from vegetable processing was conducted. In this project, an anaerobic filter, a fluidized bed reactor, and an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor associated with an anaerobic filter were designed, constructed, and tested [5]. For the anaerobic filter, the removal efficiency for COD was reported to exceed 80% for HRT of 16 h, at temperatures ranging from 20 to 31°C. The FBAR was operated at HRT of 2 h with mean COD removal efficiency of 63%. The UASB/AF achieved mean COD removal efficiency of 80% at HRT of 6 h [17].
5. Cannery wastewater treatment with anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic system
Anoxic process is widely used in wastewater treatment. Anoxic means depletion or deficiency of oxygen. Anoxic process is a biological treatment process by which NO3-N is converted to molecular nitrogen gas in the absence of oxygen.
A system comprised of anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic reactors was tested to treat the wastewater from tuna cooker. This wastewater stream is characterized by high COD and N concentrations. The up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor was used to achieve the anaerobic digestion in a two-step process. In the first, the COD concentration was varied and ORLs up to 4 g COD/(l.d) were achieved. In the second step, the 6 g COD/l and the HRT were varied between 0.5 and 0.8 day, and this step led to ORLs less than 15 g COD/(l.d). The denitrification process was carried out in an up-flow anoxic filter, and the result of the project indicated that the efficiency of this process is dependent on the supplied carbon content. For optimum carbon content, the ratio between the COD and N equalled 4 and the denitrification percentage equalled 80%. Finally, the nitrification was reported to be fixed at 100% ammonia removal regardless of the amount of carbon in the range of 0.2–0.8 g TOC/l. The variation of the recycling ratios between the denitrification and nitrification reactors in the range of 1–2.5 was found to affect the efficiency of the COD and N-removal percentage, where 90 and 60% removal for COD and N was reported at recycling ratio between 2 and 2.5 [15].
6. Uncertainty in cannery wastewater
There are several types of uncertainties that should be addressed during the design of a wastewater treatment plant, e.g. the variation in strength and quantity of wastewater entering into the plant, the diversity, and the dynamics of the microbial community. An uncertainty analysis for a pre-denitrification plant that uses an activated sludge unit was performed [18]. The unit consists of five compartments: the first two are anoxic and the last three are aerobic. Three scenarios were considered in that study that cover the uncertainty due to stoichiometric, bio-kinetic and influent parameters; uncertainty due to hydraulic behavior of the plant and mass transfer parameters; and uncertainty due to the combination of both scenarios. The study concluded that parameters related to the first and second scenarios introduce significant uncertainties in the plant performance measures. In addition, it was stated that the applied uncertainty farming technique largely affects the uncertainty estimates.
The Monte Carlo simulation was intensively used to simulate the design and upgrade of wastewater treatment plants under uncertainty in balancing effluent costs, violating effluent quality standards, predicting the disinfection performance, generating different influent compositions for posterior process performance evaluation or as a pragmatic procedure to automate the calibration of ASM models, and considering the impact of the input parameter uncertainty on the multi-criteria evaluation of control strategies at wastewater plant [19, 20, 21, 22].
Due to the complexity and non-linearity of wastewater treatment plant operations, mathematical models are generally not sufficient to predict the performance of WWTPs. Therefore, AI models have been proposed as an alternative model to linear methods. The methods for minimizing the effect of uncertainty in wastewater characteristics and wastewater flow on wastewater treatment reported in the literature have included support vector machine (SVM) and artificial neural network (ANN) [23]. An optimization model to control uncertainty in operation of wastewater treatment from the shale gas production has been reported in the literature [24]. In addition, genetic algorithms have been developed to model and optimize a biological wastewater treatment plant [25].
Information regarding uncertainty in the wastewater treatment plants in treating cannery wastewater is lacking in the literature. However, the principles governing uncertainty in wastewater treatment plants can be applied to control uncertainty in cannery wastewater treatment.
7. Conclusions
The following conclusions can be reached based on the review of literature in cannery wastewater treatment:
The wastewater that is generated in food canning industries contains high quantities of organic material, a high level of biodegradables and variable pH levels.
The food processing industry requires a large amount of potable water for a variety of non-consumption usages, such as for initial cleaning of raw material, fluming, blanching, pasteurizing, cleaning of processing equipment, and cooling of finished product.
The nature of the organic matter of cannery industry wastewater makes it suitable for biological treatment.
Flow equalization and influent pH control normally have enough diluting and neutralizing effect to permit the use of biological processes for cannery wastewater treatment.
Various treatment processes using aerobic and anaerobic treatment can be applied for the treatment of cannery wastewater, depending upon wastewater strength.
Information regarding uncertainty in wastewater treatment plants in treating cannery wastewater is lacking in the literature. However, the principles governing uncertainty in wastewater treatment plants can be applied to control uncertainty in cannery wastewater treatment.
\n',keywords:"cannery wastes, up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket, anaerobic digestion, sequencing batch reactor, three-stage aerobic rotating biological contactor, uncertainty in wastewater treatment",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82369.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/82369.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82369",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82369",totalDownloads:5,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"October 19th 2021",dateReviewed:"May 13th 2022",datePrePublished:"June 24th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"June 24th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"This chapter reviews various methods of cannery wastewater biological treatment, namely up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), sequencing batch reactor (SBR), three-stage aerobic rotating biological contactor (RBC), three sequentially arranged reactors (anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic reactors), lagooning, and anaerobic digestion. The general principles for dealing with the uncertainty of general wastewater treatment plants are applied to control the uncertainty in cannery wastewater treatment. An overview of on the application of Monte Carlo, support vector machine (SVM), artificial neural network (ANN), and genetic algorithm to manage the uncertainty in the biological treatment of wastewater is provided.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82369",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82369",signatures:"Yung-Tse Hung, Seyedkiarash Sharifiilierdy, Howard H. Paul, Christopher R. Huhnke and Rehab O. Abdel Rahman",book:{id:"10627",type:"book",title:"Engineering Problems - Uncertainties, Constraints and Optimization Techniques",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Engineering Problems - Uncertainties, Constraints and Optimization Techniques",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marcos Sales Guerra Tsuzuki and Prof. Rehab O. O. Abdel Rahman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10627.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-368-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-367-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-369-4",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"146384",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos Sales Guerra",middleName:null,surname:"Tsuzuki",slug:"marcos-sales-guerra-tsuzuki",fullName:"Marcos Sales Guerra Tsuzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Cannery wastewater treatment",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Aerobic treatment of cannery wastewaters",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1 Sequencing batch reactor (SBR)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"3.2 Activated sludge (AS)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"3.3 Rotating biological contactor (RBC)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.4 Aerobic lagoons (AELs)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8",title:"4. Anaerobic treatment of cannery wastewaters",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"4.1 Up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.2 Anaerobic digestion",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"4.3 SHARON-Anammox process",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"4.4 Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (An-MBR)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"4.5 Anaerobic filter (AF)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"4.6 Blanket/anaerobic filter",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15",title:"5. Cannery wastewater treatment with anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic system",level:"1"},{id:"sec_16",title:"6. Uncertainty in cannery wastewater",level:"1"},{id:"sec_17",title:"7. Conclusions",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'[Teo A, Teo S. Food Canning Waste in Industrial Processes. UCSI University, 2016. 0.13140/RG.2.1.2769.4487. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Swee-Teo/publication/301693328_Food_Canning_Waste_in_Industrial_Processes/links/5722ebae08ae262228a5f60c/Food-Canning-Waste-in-Industrial-Processes.pdf?_sg%5B0%5D=vIAIBcs9LF3epjp0U62oZrNNFZNoGGcar8mhZKGwv8zjj-MI7jdOLnLFTs1La4Gc_uDKg25RATGpycSv-QjvDA.5J1Tw5SImTkmqddE_XdO7ZWmYp9QbjpH-BBCeU8La2QeMe-C1JF-ScnyvTWJ-h1Pat3HmGm1-hKwAfOrLuhyAQ&_sg%5B1%5D=gaDk8VGa_lHlJWi6lN_8Ff_iCFmRgKYCg8imCS4KWlU2Szsm4I4SAscTfySz0OIZYHLZ-lQb2Nt-HZA6X5hAyx0oPOuRKP6LYAoO2AOVp5yZ.5J1Tw5SImTkmqddE_XdO7ZWmYp9QbjpH-BBCeU8La2QeMe-C1JF-ScnyvTWJ-h1Pat3HmGm1-hKwAfOrLuhyAQ&_iepl=(last accessed 4 June 2022)]'},{id:"B2",body:'[Bolzonella D, Cecchi F. Treatment of food processing wastewater. In: Handbook of Waste Management and co-Product Recovery in Food Processing. Elsevier; Cambridge, UK. 2007. pp. 573-596]'},{id:"B3",body:'[Bell JW. Proceedings of the 45th Industrial Waste Conference May 1990. 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Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal. 2021;24(4):872-878]'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Yung-Tse Hung",address:"yungtsehung@gmail.com",affiliation:'- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, USA
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Harjai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89688/images/3770_n.jpg",biography:"\tBorn on 06 Mar 1956 in Alwar district of Rajasthan\n\tPassed MBBS in Dec 1980 from Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College, Ajmer and MS (Gen Surgery) from the same college in Mar 1984\n\tWorked in various prestigious institution of Bombay for 06 months after passing MS in Surgery.\n\tSelected by the Rajasthan Public Service Commission as Civil Assistant Surgeon and worked for one and half year in a Primary Health Centre before joining the Indian Army. \n\tJoined Indian Army Medical corps on 18 Dec 1985.\n\tPassed MCh in Paediatric Surgery from Sir Padampat Mother and Child Health Institute Jaipur, Affiliated to SMS Medical College, Jaipur in May 1996.\n\tWorked in prestigious institute of Indian Army (Armed Forces Medical College, Pune) as Associate Professor in Surgery and Paediatric Surgery.\n\tTreated large number of Battle casualties at a forward military hospital during OP PARAKRAM.\n\tExecutive Committee Member of Indian Association of Paediatric Surgeons from year 1998 – 2001 (2 terms)\n\tTill date published 101 scientific articles in various National and International Journals.\n\tAttended / participated in 56 National and International Scientific conferences.\n\tAbout 22 non medical publications in various newspapers of North India on common ailments of public interest\n\tAwarded the best hindi article “JAB ANGOAN KE BAZAAR LAGENGE” published in “URMI” magazine which is printed and published by office of the Director General Armed Forces Medical Services, New Delhi.\n\tBEST SCIENTIFIC PAPER PUBLICATION AWARD – Late Maj Gen N G Latey Memorial Prize – 1999 (Silver Medal) was awarded for best publication in Medical Journal Armed Forces India.\n\tARMY DISTINGUISHED SERVICES AWARD: For distinguished services of a high order to the wounded and sick in J&K and for devotion to duty, awarded the CHIEF OF THE ARMY STAFF COMMENDATION (COAS) on Independence Day 1996 and 2003 (Twice).\n\tIAPS ETHICON TEACHER TRAVEL FELLOWSHIP AWARD 2001.\n\tSECTIONAL EDITOR of Paediatric Surgery section of Association of Surgeons of India (for year 2000 – 2003).\n\tSECRETARY –CUM—TREASURER of Delhi State Chapter of IAPS from 2005 to 2008.\n\tWHO’S WHO IN THE WORLD – Biography selected for inclusion in the new 19th Edition of Marquis Who’s Who in the World® which is the one of the most referenced biographical publication of its kind to follow the careers of prominent individuals around the globe.\n\tDISTINGUISHED LEADERSHIP AWARD -For exemplary performance and outstanding achievements in the field of surgery conferred the distinguished leadership award by American Biographical Institute, Inc. for the year 1998 in the eighth edition of INTERNATIONAL DIRECTORY OF DISTINGUISHED LEADERSHIP\n\tEDITORIAL BOARD MEMBER OF IJS – Elected as Editorial Board Member of Indian Journal of Surgery of the ASI for the year 2004 – 2006. \n\tLEADING INTELLECTUALS OF THE WORLD (2004 Issue) – Nominated and included in the leading intellectuals of the world (2004 issue) by the American Biographical Institute, Inc.\n\tMEMBER OF THE ASI NATIONAL FACULTY SEARCH COMMITTEE FOR 2004 – Nominated as a member of the ASI National Faculty Search Committee for the year 2004.\n\t ASIA / PACIFIC WHO’S WHO – Included in V volume of the Asia / Pacific Who’s Who for year 2004.\n\tWHO’S WHO IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING – Biographical profile selected for inclusion in the 8th Edition of Marquis Who’s Who in Science and Engineering® for year 2005 – 2006.\n\tETHICON VISITING PROFESSORSHIP IN GENERAL SURGERY - 2008 to visit a centre of excellence in India to exchange views in General Surgery. \n\tJULES VONCKEN – PRIZE 2009 (INTERNATIONAL) - The \\Jules Voncken Prize\\ of the best article is awarded to the author of the best article published in the International Review of the Armed Forces Medical Services, during the period between two World Congresses of Military Medicine. In 2009, Lt. Colonel Man Mohan HARJAI, of the Indian Armed Forces Medical Service, was awarded for his article: \\Management of mine blast injuries in the northern sector of India\\ The award was presented at the closing ceremony of the 38th World Congress on Military Medicine, held from 4 to 10 October 2009 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This was in grateful recognition of his contribution in sharing knowledge, experience and expertise, with members of the Armed Forces Medical Services of all States in the pages of the International Review of the Armed Forces Medical Services.\n\tLISTER FELLOWSHIP 2010 – Attended 57th British Association of Paediatric Surgeons (BAPS) International Congress 2010 at historic University City of Aberdeen (Scotland) UK from 21st to 24th July as the James Lister fellow 2010. \n\t3RD WORLD CONGRESS OF PAEDIATRIC SURGERY - Attended, participated and presented a paper in 3rd World Congress of Paediatric Surgery held at New Delhi from 21 Oct 2010 to 24 Oct 2010.\n\tINSPECTOR OF INDIAN MEDICAL COUNCIL: vide letter no. MCI/PG/259(22)/2010-Med/59745 dated 29 Jan 2011, the MCI detailed me for assessment of the physical and the other teaching facilities available at NRI Medical College, Guntur for increase of seats in MS (General Surgery) course under Dr NTR University of Health Sciences, Vijaywada, Andhra Pradesh u/s 10 A of IMC Act 1956.\n*****\nLIST OF RESEARCH / SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS\n\n1.\tHarjai MM, Bhatnagar A, Mathur B and Arora TS. Cystometry in prostatic obstruction. Indian J Surg 1983; 45: 625-629.\n2.\tMathur B, Arora TS, Sharma M and Harjai MM. Herniation of small bowel into rectum through a spontaneous rupture of sigmoid colon. J Indian Med Assoc 1984; 82: 407-408.\n3.\tHarjai MM, Taparia S, Mathur B, Mathur SN, Prasad P and Arora TS. Pleurocutaneous fistula. Indian J Surg 1984; 46: 525-528.\n4.\tHarjai MM, Sharma RK, Taparia S, Mathur B and Arora TS. Orbital metastasis of Wilms tumour. Indian Practitioner 1985; 38: 441-443.\n5.\tHarjai MM, Mathur B, Prasad P and Arora TS. Pleurocutaneous fistula. J Indian Med Assoc 1985; 83: 264-266.\n6.\tMathur B, Harjai MM, Prasad P and Sharma KK. Haemangio-endotheliosarcoma of the chest wall – a case report. Qua J Surg Sciences 1985; 21: 182.\n7.\tHarjai MM, Mathur SN, Mathur B and Arora TS. Post prostatectomy complications - a clinical study. Indian Med Gazette 1986; 120: 133-135.\n8.\tSharma AK, Shekhawat NS, Sharma SB, Upadhyay A, Agarwal TK, Zafar M, Harjai MM. Fixation anomaly at duodenojejunal junction. Indian Pediatr 1996; 33: 600-602.\n9.\tHarjai MM, Agarwal LD and Sharma AK. Necrotising enterocolitis: A rare presentation as gastric outlet obstruction. J Indian Assoc Paediatr Surg 1996; 1: 123-124.\n10.\tSharma AK, Goel D, Kothari S, Harjai MM and Mendoza W. Astrocytoma: Yet another example of malignant monophylatic presacral teratoma. Current Medical Trends 1997; 1: 100-101.\n11.\tSharma AK, Harjai MM. Unusual septum transversum defects in the older child. J Pediatr Surg Developing Countries 1997; 3: 202-203.\n12.\tSharma AK and Harjai MM. Simplified colorraphy and posterior sagittal anorectoplasty for the management of congenital short colon with imperforate anus. Br J Surg 1997; 84: 389.\n13.\tSharma AK, Harjai MM and Mendoza WX. Congenital retroperi¬toneal tumour: Rhabdomyoma or rhabdomyosarcoma. Pediatr Surg Int 1997; 12: 69-70.\n14.\tSharma AK, Shekhawat NS, Agarwal R, Upadhyay A, Mendoza WX and Harjai MM. Megalourethra - a report of four cases and review of literature. Pediatr Surg Int 1997; 12: 458-460.\n15.\tSharma AK, Harjai MM. Simple technique for proximal pouch mobilization and circular myotomy in cases of esophageal atresia with tracheo-esophageal fistula. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 1997; 2: 88 – 89.\n16.\tHarjai MM. Pouch colon syndrome. Proc Natl Surg Update AFMC 1997; 4: 50 – 54.\n17.\tHarjai MM, Sharma AK. Melanotic progonoma - a case report. MJAFI 1998; 54: 67-68.\n18.\tHarjai MM, Sharma AK. Head injuries in children: Role of x-ray skull, CT scans Brain and in-hospital observation. MJAFI, 1998; 54: 322-324.\n19.\tHarjai MM. Bilateral undescended testes in progeria. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 1998; 3: 79 – 80.\n20.\tHarjai MM, Gill M, Singh KJ. Lateral cranial meningocele. Indian Pediatr 1999; 36: 88 – 90.\n21.\tChaturvedi AK, Rana KVS, Harjai MM. Place of minilap cholecystectomy in an era of laproscopic cholecystectomy MJAFI 1999; 55: 19 – 20.\n22.\tHarjai MM, Sharma AK. Twenty five years of interaction with esophageal atresia and tracheo-esophageal fistula. MJAFI 1999; 55: 24 – 28.\n23.\tHarjai MM, Bajpai RK, Chaturvedi AK, Maudar KK, Deshpande GU. Post injection tubercular infection MJAFI 1999; 55: 77 – 78.\n24.\tHarjai MM, Bal RK, Nagpal BM, Sadhotra LP, Maudar KK. Synovial Sarcoma of the Hand. Indian Pediatr 1999; 36: 194 – 7.\n25.\tChaturvedi AK, Choudhury PS, Chauhan SS, Harjai MM. Surgery for complete rectal prolapse: a simplified approach. MJAFI 1999; 55: 226 - 8.\n26.\tHarjai MM, Singh KJ, Gill M, Nagpal BM, Rajaram T. Malignant melanoma - an unusual presentation. MJAFI 1999; 55: 259 - 60.\n27.\tHarjai MM. Progeria syndrome. MJAFI 1999; 55: 261 - 2.\n28.\tHarjai MM. Surgical ascariasis revisited. Indian J Surg 1999; 61: 189 - 190\n29.\tHarjai MM, Sharma AK. Congenital scaphoid megalourethra associated with posterior urethral valves. Pediatr Surg Int 1999; 15: 425-6.\n30.\tHarjai MM. Best timings of surgery for the commoner paediatric surgical procedures (letter). MJAFI 1999; 55: 377.\n31.\tHarjai MM. Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in children. The Indian Practitioner. 1999; 52: 726 – 8.\n32.\tBal RK, Singh P, Harjai MM. Intestinal volvulus - a rare complication of ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Pediatr Surg Int 1999; 15: 577 - 8.\n33.\tHarjai MM. Foreign bodies migrating from gut to liver. Indian J Gastroenterol 2000; 19: 41 – 2.\n34.\tHarjai MM. Hirschsprung’s disease: Revisited. J Postgrad Med 2000; 46: 52-4.\n35.\tHarjai MM. Congenital urethrocutaneous fistula. Pediatr Surg Int 2000; 16: 386 – 7\n36.\tHarjai MM, Bal R K. Caroli Syndrome. Pediatr Surg Int 2000; 16: 431 – 2\n37.\tHarjai MM, Sharma AK. Panayach JS, Menon PK, Nagpal BM, Singh Y. Actinomycetoma of hand and foot. MJAFI 2000; 56; 252-4.\t\n38.\tHarjai MM. Necrotizing Fascitis (Letter). MJAFI 2000; 56: 273-4.\n39.\tHarjai MM. Neonatal bowel obstruction. Proc Natl Surg Update AFMC 2000; 5: 50-6.\n40.\tHarjai MM. Military Trauma (Letter) Indian J Surg 2000; 62; 220-1.\n41.\tHarjai MM, Sharma R, Menon PK, Nagpal Col BM Nagpal, Singh Y. Surgeon and HIV infection – Post exposure prophylaxis: Need of the hour. MJAFI 2000; 56: 328-31.\n42.\tHarjai MM. Congenital triple atresia of the esophagus, duodenum and rectum – a diagnostic dilemma. MJAFI 2000; 56: 334-5.\n43.\tNagpal BM, Mani NS, Bajpai RK, Harjai MM, Singh KJ. Renal Angiomyolipoma. MJAFI 2000, 56: 353-5.\n44.\tHarjai MM, Puri B, Raja Ram T. Total colonic aganglionosis (Zuelzer Wilson Syndrome) – an enigma. MJAFI 2000; 56: 357-8.\n45.\tHarjai MM, Gill M, Singh Y, Sharma A. Intraabdominal needles – an enigma. Int Surg 2000; 85: 130 - 132.\n46.\tHarjai MM, Bhargava P, Sharma A, Saxena A, Singh Y. Repair of a giant omphalocele by a modified technique. Paediatr Surg Int 2000; 16: 519-521.\n47.\tHarjai MM, Puri B, Amaresh NB. An update: Short bowel syndrome in children. MJAFI 2001; 57: 42 – 3.\n48.\tHarjai MM, Singh KJ, Gill M, Nagpal BM, Singh Y. Congenital anomaly presenting as lump abdomen in adolescent girl. MJAFI 2001; 57: 56 – 8.\n49.\tHarjai MM, Puri B, Dubey AK, Nagpal BM, Singh Y. Craniosynostosis: Management in infancy. MJAFI 2001; 57: 75 – 7.\n50.\tPrasad PL, Wilson CG, Harjai MM, Chand K. Multidrug –Resistant Tuberculosis (MDRTB) in Children. MJAFI 2001; 57: 151 – 3.\n51.\tHarjai MM, Datta SGS, Vincent PJ. Prostatic Calculi. The Indian Practitioner 2001; 54: 583 – 6.\n52.\tHarjai MM, Singh Y. Crush Syndrome Revisited (Letter). MJAFI 2001; 57: 350.\n53.\tPuri B, Harjai MM. Gujarat Earthquake – A Pediatric surgery Perspective. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2002; 7: 29 – 31.\n54.\tHarjai MM. Fluid and electrolyte concepts in new borns (Letter) MJAFI 2002; 58; 182 – 3.\n55.\tHarjai MM. A Broadening Information on Ubiquitous Organism: Entamoeba Histolytica The Antiseptic 2002; 99: 208\n56.\tPuri B, Harjai MM, Kale R. The Malone Antegrade Continence Enema procedure: An Indian perspective. MJAFI 2002; 58: 214 – 6.\n57.\tHarjai MM, Katoch R, Singh Y. An unusual herniation through omentoplasty defect. MJAFI 2003; 59: 61 – 2.\n58.\tVincent PJ, Singh Y, Joshi CS, Pujahari AK, Harjai MM. Recent trends in dealing with Inguinal hernial sac. MJAFI 2003; 59: 108 – 110.\n59.\tHarjai MM, Puri B, Vincent PJ, Nagpal BM. Fecal incontinence after Posterior Sagittal AnoRectoPlasty – Follow up of 2 years. MJAFI 2003; 59: 194 – 6.\n60.\tPuri B, Kaul SK, Harjai MM. Nuss procedure for pectus excavatum – an early experience. MJAFI 2003; 59: 316 – 9.\n61.\tVincent PJ, Nagpal BM, Singh P, Harjai MM, Nagi GS, Satyanarayana. Gruber – Frantz tumour. MJAFI 2003; 59: 355 – 7.\n62.\tRaju U, Gupta G, Harjai MM, Chaudhary S. Gastrointestinal haemorrhage in neonates. In: Gupte S, editor. Recent advances in Pediatrics (Criticare Pediatrics). 14th Vol. New Delhi: Jaypee Publishers; 2004. pp. 389 – 97.\n63.\tSrinivas V, Harjai MM, Subramanya H, Rajaram T, Rai Ramji. Carcinosarcoma of the breast with an unusual secretory carcinoma as the carcinomatous component. MJAFI 2004; 60: 410 – 12\n64.\tRaju U, Choudhary S, Harjai MM. Nutritional support in the critically ill child. MJAFI 2005; 61: 45 – 50.\n65.\tHarjai MM. Treatment of casualties in a forward hospital of Indian army: nine years experience (Letter to editor). MJAFI 2005; 61: 96.\n66.\tHarjai MM. Rectopexy by posterior sagittal approach. The Antiseptic 2005; 102: 30 – 31.\n67.\tHarjai MM, Agarwal DC, Dave P, Jog SS, Arora P. Mine Blast Injuries: Our Experience. MJAFI 2005; 61: 143 – 7.\n68.\tHanda R, Harjai MM. Hydatid cyst of the renal pelvis. Pediatr Surg Int 2005; 21: 410 – 2.\n69.\tHanda R, Harjai MM, Kale R. Laparoscopic management of CSF pseudocyst abdomen. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2005; 10:95 - 6\n70.\tHanda R, Kale R, Harjai MM. Immature cervical teratoma: A case report. J Neonatology 2005; 19: 250 – 251.\n71.\tHanda R, Kale R, Harjai MM. Hemangioma of the Tunica Albuginea Testis in a newborn. Emedicine. National Neonatology Forum. On line publication 2005. www.nnfi.org/resources.htm \n72.\tHarjai MM, Chandrashekhar N, Raju U, Jog SS, Arora P. Terrorism, Trauma and Children. MJAFI, 2005; 61: 330 – 2\n73.\tKale R, Harjai MM, Arora M, Handa R, Puri B. Protocols surgical neonate (Chest). Manual of Nicu protocols. Defence Services Chapter National Neonatology Forum. Uma Raju, SS Mathi (eds) Command Hospital (SC) Pune. 2005 pp 287 – 90\n74.\tKale R, Harjai MM, Arora M, Handa R, Puri B. Protocols surgical neonate (Abdomen). Manual of Nicu protocols. Defence Services Chapter National Neonatology Forum. Uma Raju, SS Mathi (eds) Command Hospital (SC) Pune. 2005 pp 291 – 8\n75.\tHanda R, Kale R, Harjai MM. Laparoscopic orchiopexy: is closure of the internal ring necessary? J Postgrad Med. 2005 Oct-Dec; 51(4): 266-7; discussion 268\n76.\tHarjai MM. Spectrum of Landmine Blast Injuries. International Review of the Armed Forces Medical Services 2005; 78: 265 - 269\n77.\tChaudhary S, Raju U, Harjai MM, Gupta M. Intestinal duplication cyst. MJAFI 2006; 62: 87 – 8.\n78.\tHanda R, Kale R, Harjai MM. Single scrotal incisión orchiopexy for palpable undescended testis. Asían J Surg 2006; 29: 25 – 7.\n79.\tHanda R, Kale R, Harjai MM. Incidental inguinal hernias on laparoscopy. Asían J Surg 2006; 29: 28 – 30.\n80.\tKale R, Handa R, Harjai MM. Perforated small bowel in omphalocele at birth. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2006; 11: 33 – 4.\n81.\tHarjai MM, Nagpal BM, Vincent PJ, Singh Y. Gujarat Earthquake- A surgical Challenge. The Indian Practitioner 2006; 59: 233 – 7.\n82.\tHarjai MM. Cholelithiasis in Children: A case report with review of aetiopathogenesis. The Antiseptic 2006; 103: 3379 – 80.\n83.\tKale R, Rai K.M, Singh S, Handa R, Harjai MM. Bilateral Iliac Aneurysms in a Child / Anévrismes iliaques bilatéraux chez un enfant. African J Pediatr Surg 2006; 3: 72 - 4\n84.\tHarjai MM, Kale R, Kumar P, Holla RG. Unusual Case of Recurrent Pleural Effusion in a Child / Un cas exceptionnel d\\'effusion pleurale périodique chez un enfant. African J Pediatr Surg 2006; 3: 80 - 2\n85.\tHarjai M M, Holla R G, Kale R, Sharma YK. H-type tracheo-oesophageal fistula. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed., Jan 2007; 92: F40.\n86.\tHarjai MM, Pathania VP. Foot protective system: A boon to demining soldiers. MJAFI 2007; 63: 5 – 6.\n87.\tHarjai MM, Agarwal DC, Kumar S, Dave P, Jog SS. Management of Combat related vascular injuries in a zonal hospital. MJAFI 2007; 63: 33 – 35.\n88.\tHarjai MM, Nagpal B M, Singh P, Singh Y. A prospective randomized controlled study of Lichtenstein’s tension free versus modified Bassini repair in the management of groin hernias. MJAFI 2007; 63: 40 – 43.\n89.\tHanda R, Kale R, Harjai MM, Dutta V. Intraabdominal Lymphangioma: A case report. MJAFI 2007; 63: 80 – 81\n90.\tHanda R, Kale R, Harjai MM. Unusual complication of Ventriculo peritoneal shunt: Anal extrusion. MJAFI 2007; 63: 82 – 84\n91.\tHanda R, Kale R, Harjai MM. Paraesophageal bronchogenic cyst. MJAFI 2007; 63:197 – 8.\n92.\tHanda R, Kale R, Harjai MM. Synchronous gut duplication cysts: A rare presentation. MJAFI 2007; 63: 376 – 7.\n93.\tHarjai MM, Handa R, Kale R. Congenital Prepubic Sinus: A Case Report. African J Pediatr Surg 2007; 4: 49 – 50.\n94.\tHarjai MM, Holla RG, Kale R. Full spectrum of VACTERL in newborn. MJAFI 2008; 64: 84 – 85.\n95.\tHarjai MM. Golden Hour of trauma: Need of the hour. The Indian Practitioner 2008; 61: 713 – 6.\n96.\tHarjai MM. Management of space constraints in sternal cleft repair. J Pediatr Surg Subspeciality. 2008; 2: 28 – 30.\n97.\tHanda R, Harjai MM. Single stage transanal endorectal pull-through for management of Hirschsprung’s disease. J Pediatr Surg Specialties 2008; 2 (No 3): 22 – 24.\n98.\t Harjai MM. Saxena S, Devgan A, Kakkar S. Disseminated Hydatid Disease in a Child. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2009; 19: 270 – 1.\n99.\tHarjai MM, Kumar A. Comparison of systemic stress response in open surgery versus laparoscopic surgery in children. J Pediatr Surg Specialties 2009; 3 (No 1): 26 – 31.\n100.\tHarjai MM, Indrajit I K, Kansra M. Isolated Dextrogastria simulating congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a diagnostic dilemma. Asian J Surg 2010; 33: 59 - 62.\n101.\tHarjai MM, Katiyar A, Negi V, Sharma M. Congenital segmental dilatation of jejunoileal region in a newborn: Unusual clinical and radiologic presentation. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2010; 15: 96 – 7.\n102.\tHarjai MM Paediatric surgical emergencies. In: Sharma AK, Rajagopalan S (eds). Current trends in surgery. 4th edition (volume). Pune: Navjeevan; 2011. Pp 118 – 32.\n103.\tHarjai MM, Jha M. Intralesional bleomycin and sodium tetradecyl sulphate for haemangiomas and lymphangiomas. Afr J Paediatr Surg 2012; 9:47-51.\n104.\tHarjai MM, Ramalingam W, Chitkara G, Katiyar A. Corrosive tracheo-esophageal fistula following button battery ingestion. Indian Pediatr. 2012; 49: 145-6.\n105.\tMan Mohan Harjai (2012). Rare Congenital Diaphragmatic Defects, Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia - Prenatal to Childhood Management and Outcomes, Eleanor Molloy (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0670-8, InTech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/congenital-diaphragmatic-hernia-prenatal-to-childhood-management-and-outcomes/rare-congenital-diaphragmatic-defects",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Command Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"95174",title:"Prof.",name:"Bahig",surname:"Shehata",slug:"bahig-shehata",fullName:"Bahig Shehata",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Emory University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"98209",title:"Dr.",name:"Issahar",surname:"Ben-Dov",slug:"issahar-ben-dov",fullName:"Issahar Ben-Dov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100660",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",surname:"Von Kaisenberg",slug:"constantin-von-kaisenberg",fullName:"Constantin Von Kaisenberg",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Medical Studies:\r\nHeidelberg University, Hadassah Hospital, Jerusalem Israel,\r\n\r\nSubspecialist training:\r\nTechnical University Munich,\r\nUniversity of Hamburg,\r\nUniversity Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel\r\n\r\nTraining in Fetal Medicine:\r\nHarris Birthrighth Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College, London, UK\r\n\r\ncurrent position:\r\nUniversity-Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology\r\nHead of Obstetrics & Fetal Medicine",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"King's College London",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"102676",title:"Mrs.",name:"Gabriele",surname:"Starker",slug:"gabriele-starker",fullName:"Gabriele Starker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hannover Medical School",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"102677",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismini",surname:"Staboulidou",slug:"ismini-staboulidou",fullName:"Ismini Staboulidou",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hannover Medical School",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"102678",title:"Dr.",name:"Cornelia",surname:"Beck",slug:"cornelia-beck",fullName:"Cornelia Beck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"102679",title:"Prof.",name:"Konstantin",surname:"Miller",slug:"konstantin-miller",fullName:"Konstantin Miller",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hannover Medical School",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"128702",title:"Dr.",name:"Jenny",surname:"Lin",slug:"jenny-lin",fullName:"Jenny Lin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"copyright-policy",title:"Copyright Policy",intro:"As this section deals with legal issues pertaining to the rights of individual Authors and IntechOpen, for the avoidance of doubt, each category of publication is dealt with separately. 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\\n\\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\\n\\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
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\\n\\t- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
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\\n\\nAnd for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
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\\n\\nThe CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
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\\n\\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\\n\\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
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\\n\\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\\n\\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
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\\n\\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
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\\n\\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\\n\\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\\n\\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
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\n\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\n\n\n\t- By accepting the agreement terms Authors retain their copyright on their Work but grant broad publishing and distribution rights to the publisher.
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\n\t- IntechOpen makes the publication available online under an appropriate license.
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\n\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
\n\n\n\nDEFINITIONS
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\n\nTERMS
\n\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\n\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
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\n\t- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
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\n\nAnd for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
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\n\nThe CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
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\n\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\n\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\n\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, CC BY 4.0, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll rights to Books and Journals and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\n\nThe copyright to Books, Journals and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\n\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\n\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\n\n\n\t- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\n\t- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
\n
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nThere must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\n\nNonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\n\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\n\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
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\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Adapted from {short citation}; originally published under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nReposting & sharing:
\n\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\n\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\n\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\n\n\t- Attribution — give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made.
\n\t- NonCommercial use only - you may not use the material for commercial purposes. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\n\t- Distribution of remixed or transformed material building on the original termed derivatives is not permitted.
\n\t- No additional restrictions — you may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
\n
\n\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\n\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\n\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\n\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\n\nAll content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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One challenge comes from the changing perceptions of what learning is all about. The second challenge comes from new learning opportunities that technology now affords. Constructivism, interpretivism, and computing technology, separately and often together, have redesigned the conception of the challenges and opportunities of learning, and brought about new learning possibilities for almost all teaching and learning situations, including traditional classroom teaching, distance learning, and self-learning. Computer-supported learning environments could have good problems that will stimulate students to explore and reflect on their knowledge construction. Students who cannot afford higher education are discouraged from seeking or completing a degree. Distance learning-based programs could increase access for students to higher education, whereas open and distance-learning programs may be difficult to implement in the laboratory sciences, but they have real potential to maximize the use of technology.",book:{id:"6533",slug:"trends-in-e-learning",title:"Trends in E-learning",fullTitle:"Trends in E-learning"},signatures:"Vimbi Petrus Mahlangu",authors:[{id:"196797",title:"Prof.",name:"Vimbi",middleName:"Petrus",surname:"Mahlangu",slug:"vimbi-mahlangu",fullName:"Vimbi Mahlangu"}]},{id:"59935",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74843",title:"The Challenges of E-learning in South Africa",slug:"the-challenges-of-e-learning-in-south-africa",totalDownloads:2610,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"The University of South Africa (UNISA) is the largest open distance e-learning (ODeL) university in the continent of Africa, with a student headcount more than 300,000. Over two decades after the transition from apartheid to democracy, vast inequalities across race, class, gender and socio-economic status persist in South Africa, with the majority of the African people being the most affected. Demographically, the African people constitute about 80.8% of the country’s total population, compared to whites, who constitute a meagre 8.8%, yet African households carry the highest burden of poverty, living way below the official poverty line of $1.90/day as determined by the World Bank and other international agencies. This chapter explores these inequalities and ponders on the role of e-learning for this poorest section of society in a country where modern technological devises in the form of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and access to the Internet are perceived to be ubiquitous. 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A survey captures responses on their technological, lifestyle and learning preparedness for the ELS to produce an e-readiness score. A modified DeLone and McLean model evaluates the impact of their level of e-readiness during their use of the ELS. Identifying where and when students have difficulties, pinpointing their deficits or recommending the more appropriate modality could help students achieve a positive course outcome.",book:{id:"6533",slug:"trends-in-e-learning",title:"Trends in E-learning",fullTitle:"Trends in E-learning"},signatures:"Glenda H. E. Gay",authors:[{id:"225677",title:"Dr.",name:"Glenda",middleName:"H. E.",surname:"H.E. Gay",slug:"glenda-h.e.-gay",fullName:"Glenda H.E. 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As a result, we identified adverse conditions that were an obstacle to the application of the original technique. We then adapted the technique to make it applicable in an OSS project. We can conclude that was not easy to recruit OSS users and developers to participate in technique application.",book:{id:"6533",slug:"trends-in-e-learning",title:"Trends in E-learning",fullTitle:"Trends in E-learning"},signatures:"Lucrecia Llerena, Nancy Rodriguez, Mayra Llerena, John W. Castro\nand Silvia T. Acuña",authors:[{id:"231253",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Lucrecia",middleName:null,surname:"Llerena",slug:"lucrecia-llerena",fullName:"Lucrecia Llerena"},{id:"231767",title:"MSc.",name:"Nancy",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez",slug:"nancy-rodriguez",fullName:"Nancy Rodriguez"},{id:"231769",title:"Dr.",name:"John W.",middleName:null,surname:"Castro",slug:"john-w.-castro",fullName:"John W. 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Prior studies carried out by researchers confirm that technology utilization and adoption in education undeniably helps teachers and learners in the teaching and learning process. This chapter serves as a stepping stone to support teachers to do better in utilizing and adopting technology in education to a certain extent as an alternative of overlooking their thoughts, efforts and desires in blindly trying to vie with the swift change of technology in education in this epoch. Hence, this chapter discusses technology in education, the roles of technology in education, factors associated with technology utilization and adoption in education and the factors that limit the proper utilization and adoption of technology in education.",book:{id:"7803",slug:"the-role-of-technology-in-education",title:"The Role of Technology in Education",fullTitle:"The Role of Technology in Education"},signatures:"Aliyu Mustapha, Abdulkadir Mohammed, Abdullahi Raji Egigogo, Abdullahi Abubakar Kutiriko and Ahmed Haruna Dokoro",authors:[{id:"284060",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Aliyu",middleName:null,surname:"Mustapha",slug:"aliyu-mustapha",fullName:"Aliyu Mustapha"},{id:"294267",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulkadir",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammed",slug:"abdulkadir-mohammed",fullName:"Abdulkadir Mohammed"},{id:"294268",title:"MSc.",name:"Abdullahi",middleName:null,surname:"Raji Egigogo",slug:"abdullahi-raji-egigogo",fullName:"Abdullahi Raji Egigogo"},{id:"294270",title:"MSc.",name:"Abdullahi",middleName:null,surname:"Abubakar Kutiriko",slug:"abdullahi-abubakar-kutiriko",fullName:"Abdullahi Abubakar Kutiriko"},{id:"294272",title:"MSc.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Haruna Dokoro",slug:"ahmed-haruna-dokoro",fullName:"Ahmed Haruna Dokoro"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"60465",title:"The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of Distance Learning in Higher Education",slug:"the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-of-distance-learning-in-higher-education",totalDownloads:5052,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:"The chapter deals with opportunities and challenges of distance learning in higher education. One challenge comes from the changing perceptions of what learning is all about. The second challenge comes from new learning opportunities that technology now affords. Constructivism, interpretivism, and computing technology, separately and often together, have redesigned the conception of the challenges and opportunities of learning, and brought about new learning possibilities for almost all teaching and learning situations, including traditional classroom teaching, distance learning, and self-learning. Computer-supported learning environments could have good problems that will stimulate students to explore and reflect on their knowledge construction. Students who cannot afford higher education are discouraged from seeking or completing a degree. 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Over two decades after the transition from apartheid to democracy, vast inequalities across race, class, gender and socio-economic status persist in South Africa, with the majority of the African people being the most affected. Demographically, the African people constitute about 80.8% of the country’s total population, compared to whites, who constitute a meagre 8.8%, yet African households carry the highest burden of poverty, living way below the official poverty line of $1.90/day as determined by the World Bank and other international agencies. This chapter explores these inequalities and ponders on the role of e-learning for this poorest section of society in a country where modern technological devises in the form of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and access to the Internet are perceived to be ubiquitous. South Africa’s Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET) commits to “an expansion of open and distance education and the establishment of more ‘satellite’ premises where universities or colleges provide classes at places and times convenient to students (including in rural areas)”. This chapter also explores the role of UNISA in the provision of distance learning through structured and sustainable e-learning.",book:{id:"6533",slug:"trends-in-e-learning",title:"Trends in E-learning",fullTitle:"Trends in E-learning"},signatures:"Moeketsi Letseka, Matsephe Martha Letseka and Victor Pitsoe",authors:[{id:"187812",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",middleName:"Justice",surname:"Pitsoe",slug:"victor-pitsoe",fullName:"Victor Pitsoe"},{id:"195883",title:"Dr.",name:"Matsephe M.",middleName:null,surname:"Letseka",slug:"matsephe-m.-letseka",fullName:"Matsephe M. Letseka"},{id:"210131",title:"Dr.",name:"Moeketsi",middleName:null,surname:"Letseka",slug:"moeketsi-letseka",fullName:"Moeketsi Letseka"}]},{id:"60282",title:"New Trends in e-Learning",slug:"new-trends-in-e-learning",totalDownloads:1476,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Guidance work is needed to learn about the current state of e-learning and to guide future research. In recent studies, e-learning environments appear to be under different headings in recent years. These new topics are mainly aimed at providing an up-to-date explanation on e-learning in this section. New trends in e-learning will be covered under artificial intelligence (AI), micro credentials, big data, virtual and empowered reality, blended learning, cloud e-learning, gamification, mobile learning, Internet of things, and online video. With this study, it is aimed to shed light on the concept of e-learning. In addition, e-learning environments focus on new possibilities for learners. Everyday, e-learning environments bring out new antagonistic concepts. As these new concepts rapidly entered our lives, they began to become indispensable materials in the field of education. New e-learning environments are being used as platforms that are related to each other. They essentially support the concept of e-learning.",book:{id:"6533",slug:"trends-in-e-learning",title:"Trends in E-learning",fullTitle:"Trends in E-learning"},signatures:"Fatih Çağatay Baz",authors:[{id:"241866",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatih Çağatay",middleName:null,surname:"Baz",slug:"fatih-cagatay-baz",fullName:"Fatih Çağatay Baz"}]},{id:"66544",title:"Factors Affecting the Utilization and Adoption of Technology in Education",slug:"factors-affecting-the-utilization-and-adoption-of-technology-in-education",totalDownloads:1039,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Education is vital in any type of society for the conservation of lives of its associates and the preservation of the public formation. The rationale of this chapter is not only to reveal the role of technology in education but also to reveal the factors affecting the proper utilization and adoption of technology in education. Prior studies carried out by researchers confirm that technology utilization and adoption in education undeniably helps teachers and learners in the teaching and learning process. This chapter serves as a stepping stone to support teachers to do better in utilizing and adopting technology in education to a certain extent as an alternative of overlooking their thoughts, efforts and desires in blindly trying to vie with the swift change of technology in education in this epoch. Hence, this chapter discusses technology in education, the roles of technology in education, factors associated with technology utilization and adoption in education and the factors that limit the proper utilization and adoption of technology in education.",book:{id:"7803",slug:"the-role-of-technology-in-education",title:"The Role of Technology in Education",fullTitle:"The Role of Technology in Education"},signatures:"Aliyu Mustapha, Abdulkadir Mohammed, Abdullahi Raji Egigogo, Abdullahi Abubakar Kutiriko and Ahmed Haruna Dokoro",authors:[{id:"284060",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Aliyu",middleName:null,surname:"Mustapha",slug:"aliyu-mustapha",fullName:"Aliyu Mustapha"},{id:"294267",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulkadir",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammed",slug:"abdulkadir-mohammed",fullName:"Abdulkadir Mohammed"},{id:"294268",title:"MSc.",name:"Abdullahi",middleName:null,surname:"Raji Egigogo",slug:"abdullahi-raji-egigogo",fullName:"Abdullahi Raji Egigogo"},{id:"294270",title:"MSc.",name:"Abdullahi",middleName:null,surname:"Abubakar Kutiriko",slug:"abdullahi-abubakar-kutiriko",fullName:"Abdullahi Abubakar Kutiriko"},{id:"294272",title:"MSc.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Haruna Dokoro",slug:"ahmed-haruna-dokoro",fullName:"Ahmed Haruna Dokoro"}]},{id:"55358",title:"Electric Power System Simulator Tool in MATLAB",slug:"electric-power-system-simulator-tool-in-matlab",totalDownloads:1891,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"An electric power system is a network of electrical components used to supply, transmit, and use electric power. An example of an electric power system is the network that supplies a region’s homes and industry with power. Due to the complexity and nonlinearity of the power system, hand calculations may be very complicated in some cases, especially when the number of buses or inputs is very large. Here comes the role of software for convergence, time saving, and accuracy. The “Electric Power System Simulator” focuses on three main concepts in power system analysis, the “Power Flow Calculation,” “Faults Calculation,” and “Economic Dispatch Calculation.”",book:{id:"5845",slug:"science-education-research-and-new-technologies",title:"Science Education",fullTitle:"Science Education - Research and New Technologies"},signatures:"Mohamad Arnaout, Rabih Rammal and Samih Abdulnabi",authors:[{id:"197142",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamad",middleName:null,surname:"Arnaout",slug:"mohamad-arnaout",fullName:"Mohamad Arnaout"},{id:"197817",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabih",middleName:null,surname:"Rammal",slug:"rabih-rammal",fullName:"Rabih Rammal"},{id:"208244",title:"Dr.",name:"Samih",middleName:null,surname:"Abdulnabi",slug:"samih-abdulnabi",fullName:"Samih Abdulnabi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"286",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:319,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
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\r\n\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n\r\n\t
\r\n\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n\r\n\t
\r\n\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n\r\n\t
\r\n\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
\r\n\r\n\t
\r\n\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/24.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRYSXQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:55:36.jpeg",biography:"Usha Iyer-Raniga is a professor in the School of Property and Construction Management at RMIT University. Usha co-leads the One Planet Network’s Sustainable Buildings and Construction Programme (SBC), a United Nations 10 Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production (UN 10FYP SCP) aligned with Sustainable Development Goal 12. The work also directly impacts SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities. She completed her undergraduate degree as an architect before obtaining her Masters degree from Canada and her Doctorate in Australia. Usha has been a keynote speaker as well as an invited speaker at national and international conferences, seminars and workshops. Her teaching experience includes teaching in Asian countries. She has advised Austrade, APEC, national, state and local governments. She serves as a reviewer and a member of the scientific committee for national and international refereed journals and refereed conferences. She is on the editorial board for refereed journals and has worked on Special Issues. Usha has served and continues to serve on the Boards of several not-for-profit organisations and she has also served as panel judge for a number of awards including the Premiers Sustainability Award in Victoria and the International Green Gown Awards. Usha has published over 100 publications, including research and consulting reports. Her publications cover a wide range of scientific and technical research publications that include edited books, book chapters, refereed journals, refereed conference papers and reports for local, state and federal government clients. She has also produced podcasts for various organisations and participated in media interviews. She has received state, national and international funding worth over USD $25 million. Usha has been awarded the Quarterly Franklin Membership by London Journals Press (UK). Her biography has been included in the Marquis Who's Who in the World® 2018, 2016 (33rd Edition), along with approximately 55,000 of the most accomplished men and women from around the world, including luminaries as U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. In 2017, Usha was awarded the Marquis Who’s Who Lifetime Achiever Award.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"RMIT University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11975,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11976,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11977,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the 'new normal'. Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.",institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11978,editor:{id:"61855",title:"Dr.",name:"Yixin",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yixin-zhang",fullName:"Yixin Zhang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYWJgQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-06-09T11:36:35.jpg",biography:"Professor Yixin Zhang is an aquatic ecologist with over 30 years of research and teaching experience in three continents (Asia, Europe, and North America) in Stream Ecology, Riparian Ecology, Urban Ecology, and Ecosystem Restoration and Aquatic Conservation, Human-Nature Interactions and Sustainability, Urbanization Impact on Aquatic Ecosystems. He got his Ph.D. in Animal Ecology at Umeå University in Sweden in 1998. He conducted postdoc research in stream ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA. After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11979,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:58,paginationItems:[{id:"81961",title:"Antioxidants as an Adjuncts to Periodontal Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105016",signatures:"Sura Dakhil Jassim and Ali Abbas Abdulkareem",slug:"antioxidants-as-an-adjuncts-to-periodontal-therapy",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82357",title:"Caries Management Aided by Fluorescence-Based Devices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105567",signatures:"Atena Galuscan, Daniela Jumanca and Aurora Doris Fratila",slug:"caries-management-aided-by-fluorescence-based-devices",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"81894",title:"Diet and Nutrition and Their Relationship with Early Childhood Dental Caries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105123",signatures:"Luanna Gonçalves Ferreira, Giuliana de Campos Chaves Lamarque and Francisco Wanderley Garcia Paula-Silva",slug:"diet-and-nutrition-and-their-relationship-with-early-childhood-dental-caries",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"81595",title:"Prosthetic Concepts in Dental Implantology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104725",signatures:"Ivica Pelivan",slug:"prosthetic-concepts-in-dental-implantology",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. 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