\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6071",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Aluminium Alloys - Recent Trends in Processing, Characterization, Mechanical Behavior and Applications",title:"Aluminium Alloys",subtitle:"Recent Trends in Processing, Characterization, Mechanical behavior and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The major issue of energy saving and conservation of the environment in the world is being emphasized to us to concentrate on lightweight materials in which aluminium alloys are contributing more in applications in the twenty-first century. Aluminium and its related materials possess lighter weight, considerable strength, more corrosion resistance and ductility. Especially from the past one decade, the use of aluminium alloys is increasing in construction field, transportation industries, packaging purposes, automotive, defence, aircraft and electrical sectors. Around 85% is being used in the form of wrought products, which replace the use of cast iron. Further, the major features of aluminium alloy are recyclability and its abundant availability in the world. In general, aluminium and its related materials are being processed via casting, drawing, forging, rolling, extrusion, welding, powder metallurgy process, etc. To improve the physical and mechanical properties, scientists are doing more research and adding some second-phase particles in to it called composites in addition to heat treatment. Therefore, to explore more in this field, the present book has been aimed and focused to bridge all scientists who are working in this field. The main objective of the present book is to focus on aluminium, its alloys and its composites, which include, but are not limited to, the various processing routes and characterization techniques in both macro- and nano-levels.",isbn:"978-953-51-3698-9",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3697-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4028-3",doi:"10.5772/68032",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"aluminium-alloys-recent-trends-in-processing-characterization-mechanical-behavior-and-applications",numberOfPages:324,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"fcc00ef303e29cf8724bb8c83601b2d3",bookSignature:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran",publishedDate:"December 21st 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6071.jpg",numberOfDownloads:22476,numberOfWosCitations:19,numberOfCrossrefCitations:36,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:61,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:3,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:116,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 28th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 21st 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 15th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 20th 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 20th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"190989",title:"Dr.",name:"Subbarayan",middleName:null,surname:"Sivasankaran",slug:"subbarayan-sivasankaran",fullName:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190989/images/system/190989.jpeg",biography:"Dr. S. Sivasankaran is working as an associate professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University. He has received several Deanship of Scientific Research Grants in Qassim University towards research work in the fields of materials and manufacturing. He completed his PhD degree in Production Engineering (Manufacturing Technology—Nanocomposite Materials) from NIT Trichy, India. After his doctoral degree, he worked as an associate professor in the KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology (KPRIET), Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India. He has established an advanced materials research laboratory and entrepreneurship development cell in KPRIET. He has received a number of research and seminar grants from government of India. Furthermore, he served as an associate professor in Hawassa University, East Africa, for 2 years where he was involved in curriculum development. He has published more than 75 research articles in refereed international journals, acts as a reviewer for more than 20 refereed international journals (Elsevier, Springer, ASME), and has edited two books. Finally, his research interests are nanocomposites, mechanical alloying;, powder metallurgy, stir casting, advanced welding, 3D printing, metal matrix composites, polymer matrix composites, mechanical behavior, machining behavior, advanced characterization techniques, optimization, and modeling.",institutionString:"Qassim University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Qassim University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"944",title:"Metallurgy",slug:"metals-and-nonmetals-metallurgy"}],chapters:[{id:"56717",title:"Effects of Grain Refining on Columnar-to-Equiaxed Transition in Aluminum Alloys",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70346",slug:"effects-of-grain-refining-on-columnar-to-equiaxed-transition-in-aluminum-alloys",totalDownloads:1490,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The effects of grain refining in ultra-pure aluminum, commercially pure aluminum (1050), and Al-7%Si binary alloy were investigated, using different additions of Al-10%Ti, Al-5%Ti-1%B, and Al-4%B master alloys. Thermal analysis and metallography were used to assess the variations in microstructure resulting from these additions, at solidification rates of 0.8°C/s and ~10°C/s. The results revealed that addition of Al-4%B to ultra-pure aluminum forms AlB12 and AlB2 which have no grain-refining effect. Without grain refiner addition, the pure aluminum microstructure exhibits a mixture of columnar and equiaxed grains. Addition of 30ppm Ti is sufficient to promote equiaxed grains at ~10°C/s but requires addition of 1000 ppm B to obtain similar results at 0.8°C/s. Increasing the Si content to 7% reduces the initial grain size of pure aluminum from 2800 μm to ~1850 μm, and further to 450 μm with ddition of ~500ppm B. In commercial aluminum, the B reacts with traces of Ti forming Al3Ti and TiB2 phases which are active grain-refiners. In Al-7%Si, Ti reacts with Si forming (Al,Si)2Ti phase, which is a poor refining agent. This phenomenon is termed poisoning. No interaction between B and Si is observed in the commercial aluminum or Al-7%Si alloy when B is added.",signatures:"Hicham Tahiri, Serageldin S. Mohamed, Herbert W. Doty, Salvador\nValtierra and Fawzy H. Samuel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56717",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56717",authors:[{id:"178918",title:"Dr.",name:"Fawzy H.",surname:"Samuel",slug:"fawzy-h.-samuel",fullName:"Fawzy H. Samuel"},{id:"184917",title:"Dr.",name:"Herbert",surname:"Doty",slug:"herbert-doty",fullName:"Herbert Doty"},{id:"206274",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvador",surname:"Valtierra",slug:"salvador-valtierra",fullName:"Salvador Valtierra"}],corrections:null},{id:"57407",title:"Some Considerations on the Structure Refinement in Al-Based Alloys",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71450",slug:"some-considerations-on-the-structure-refinement-in-al-based-alloys",totalDownloads:1256,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Grain size is one of the most important characteristics that affect the processing and in turn the properties of alloys. Grain refinement determines many advantages in light alloy casting: it can be achieved using different methods, based on the available technological possibilities and on the performances that one has to obtain. By using grain refinement, important benefits can be reached, for both cast and wrought aluminium alloys: among other, the most important enhancement regards the fine distribution of the second phases, improved castability, reduction of shrinkage porosity, higher mechanical properties, as well as superior fatigue life. The present chapter is not exhaustive on this argument; however, in the first part it reports some current literature data and some perspectives about the grain refinement, while in the second part which has been mostly carried out within a current PhD Thesis focalized on the improvement of the properties of Al-based alloys by physical grain refinement methods, some experimentally obtained results have been presented and discussed.",signatures:"Ildiko Peter and Bela Varga",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57407",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57407",authors:[{id:"173511",title:"Prof.",name:"Ildiko",surname:"Peter",slug:"ildiko-peter",fullName:"Ildiko Peter"},{id:"218212",title:"Prof.",name:"Béla",surname:"Varga",slug:"bela-varga",fullName:"Béla Varga"}],corrections:null},{id:"56906",title:"Continuous Casting of Thin Aluminum Strips Using the Electromagnetic Levitation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70681",slug:"continuous-casting-of-thin-aluminum-strips-using-the-electromagnetic-levitation",totalDownloads:982,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the development of the aluminum (Al) alloys continuous casting, the significant change was involved by replacing the mechanical contact between solidified molten metal and the mould’s wall with the electromagnetic force action. Here, the function of the strip’s surface shaping takes the special inductor known as the electromagnetic mould (EMM). The method for calculation the horizontal EMM’s parameters for continuous casting of the thin strip from the Al alloys is presented. It is based on computing the distribution of the magnetic field using the interaction between an inductor and surface of the shaped molten metal. The operating frequency of alternating current passing through the inductor, which depends on the density, the surface tension, specific electric conductivity of the liquid metal, and the pool thickness, is determined. To shape the upper and bottom peripheries of the strip of 20 × 150 mm, the system of inductors was developed, and parameters for pouring of the AlSi8.5Cu and AlSn20 alloys were computed. The proposed EMM design considers the magnetic field distribution inside the inductor and the size of air gap between the liquid metal and inductor.",signatures:"Marcela Pokusová",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56906",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56906",authors:[{id:"206212",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Marcela",surname:"Pokusova",slug:"marcela-pokusova",fullName:"Marcela Pokusova"}],corrections:null},{id:"56755",title:"Effects of Modification Techniques on Mechanical Properties of Al-Si Cast Alloys",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70391",slug:"effects-of-modification-techniques-on-mechanical-properties-of-al-si-cast-alloys",totalDownloads:2474,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Mechanical, physical and chemical properties of a part depend on the size, morphology and dispersion of the constituents of the microstructure of the part’s material. Therefore, this chapter discusses the different processes of altering the microstructure of Al-Si–based alloys to desired functional properties. These processes, commonly called modification methods, were broadly categorised into three: chemical, thermal and mechanical methods. Chemical method, which involves the addition of some elements, in trace levels, to alloys to be modified, is the best modification option. The elements for modifying are called modifiers. The three commonly used modifiers (sodium, Na, strontium, Sr and antimony, Sb) are discussed. The chapter, however, notes that for optimal alloy’s mechanical attributes, thermal treatment is usually combined with both chemical and mechanical modification processes. The thermal method involves rapid cooling of alloy for modification, while the mechanical method depends on force to break up large α-Al dendrites and plate-like Si phases.",signatures:"Williams S. Ebhota and Tien-Chien Jen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56755",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56755",authors:[{id:"206268",title:"Dr.",name:"Williams",surname:"Ebhota",slug:"williams-ebhota",fullName:"Williams Ebhota"},{id:"214786",title:"Prof.",name:"Tien-Chien",surname:"Jen",slug:"tien-chien-jen",fullName:"Tien-Chien Jen"}],corrections:null},{id:"56592",title:"Friction Stir Welding of Aluminium Alloys",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70233",slug:"friction-stir-welding-of-aluminium-alloys",totalDownloads:2012,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter investigates on the characterization of friction stir welded dissimilar aluminium alloys AA2024 with AA5052, AA2024 with AA6061 and AA 5052 with AA6061. Five tool designs were employed with first two dissimilar combinations to analyze the influence of rotation and traverse speed over microstructural and mechanical properties. H13 tool steel was used as tool material with various pin profiles which includes cylindrical, cylindrical-threaded, squared, tapered and stepped types. In the dissimilar welding of AA 2024 with AA 5052, sound welds were produced with stepped pin tool. In the dissimilar welding of AA 2024 with AA 6061, ratio between tool shoulder to diameter of tool pin was the most influential factor. Welded joints failed in the Heat affected zone (HAZ) of 6061 where the hardness values were comparatively less. In dissimilar welding of AA 5052 with AA6061, cylindrical pin tool was used at a constant speed of 710 rpm and at different feed rates of 28 and 40 mm/min. Micro structural examination showed variation of grain size in every zone and their influence on mechanical properties. Correlating mechanical and metallurgical properties, the optimized process parameters of speed and feed were identified to be 710 rpm and 28 mm/min respectively for all attempted dissimilar combinations.",signatures:"Rajkumar Vijayakumar, Venkatesh Kannan and Arivazhagan\nNatarajan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56592",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56592",authors:[{id:"206253",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Rajkumar",surname:"Vijayakumar",slug:"rajkumar-vijayakumar",fullName:"Rajkumar Vijayakumar"},{id:"212382",title:"Dr.",name:"Arivazhagan",surname:"Natarajan",slug:"arivazhagan-natarajan",fullName:"Arivazhagan Natarajan"},{id:"212383",title:"Mr.",name:"Venkatesh Kannan",surname:"M",slug:"venkatesh-kannan-m",fullName:"Venkatesh Kannan M"}],corrections:null},{id:"57060",title:"Formability and Performance of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloys with Different Initial Tempers in Creep Aging Process",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70849",slug:"formability-and-performance-of-al-zn-mg-cu-alloys-with-different-initial-tempers-in-creep-aging-proc",totalDownloads:1056,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The initial temper may directly affect the deformation behavior and material performance in creep age forming (CAF) process. Five heat treatment states are selected as the initial tempers for CAF, namely, solution, peak-aging (T6), over-aging (T73), retrogression and re-solution. The formability and performance of an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy with the above initial tempers in creep aging process are investigated via using creep and stress relaxation aging tests, mechanical property tests, corrosion resistance tests and microstructure analysis. The differences of formability are attributed to the inhibitions of different distributed matrix precipitates (MPts) on the dislocation movement, namely, the more coarsening the MPts is, the easier the dislocation movement. During creep aging process, the mechanical properties are improved for the solution, retrogression and re-solution tempers with fine MPts, but reduced for the T6 and T73 tempers due to coarsening of MPts. Since the distribution of grain boundary precipitates (GBPs) becomes discontinuous, the corrosion resistances of the creep aged specimens are enhanced for all initial tempers. Taking both mechanical properties and corrosion resistances into account, the re-solution temper may be a preferable choice to achieve high performance of the components beyond the precise shape in CAF.",signatures:"Heng Li, Chao Lei and He Yang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57060",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57060",authors:[{id:"15631",title:"Prof.",name:"He",surname:"Yang",slug:"he-yang",fullName:"He Yang"},{id:"206663",title:"Prof.",name:"Heng",surname:"Li",slug:"heng-li",fullName:"Heng Li"},{id:"207319",title:"Dr.",name:"Chao",surname:"Lei",slug:"chao-lei",fullName:"Chao Lei"}],corrections:null},{id:"57890",title:"The Effects of Rapid Cooling on the Improved Surface Properties of Aluminium Based Coatings by Direct Laser Deposition",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71698",slug:"the-effects-of-rapid-cooling-on-the-improved-surface-properties-of-aluminium-based-coatings-by-direc",totalDownloads:1043,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The deterioration of materials during industrial application poses a serious threat to the materials structural integrity. A material’s susceptibility to wear and surface damage can be reduced by alteration of its surface chemistry, morphology and crystal structure. Therefore, modification of surface properties plays an important role in optimizing a material’s performance for a given application. Modern industrial applications require materials with special surface properties such as high hardness, wear and corrosion resistance, therefore materials engineers are vital to regularly examine how the microstructure of a material can be altered. Aluminium-based alloys have a wide application in the automotive, domestic and aerospace industries due to their excellent mechanical properties such as good weldability, sound castability and outstanding resistance to corrosion. The purpose of this research is to enhance inherent properties of the materials to create new products or improve on existing ones. The most effective engineering solution to prevent or minimize such surface region of a component is done by fibre lasers. It was concluded that Hypereutectic Al-Si alloys having transition metals are exceptional materials due to their specific properties. The addition of Cu, Fe, Cr, Si, Mg and Ni to Al-based alloys can improve the mechanical properties at both ambient and elevated temperatures.",signatures:"Olawale Samuel Fatoba, Mamookho Elizabeth Makhatha and\nEsther Titilayo Akinlabi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57890",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57890",authors:[{id:"176885",title:"Dr.",name:"Olawale",surname:"Fatoba",slug:"olawale-fatoba",fullName:"Olawale Fatoba"},{id:"203572",title:"Prof.",name:"Esther",surname:"Akinlabi",slug:"esther-akinlabi",fullName:"Esther Akinlabi"},{id:"207934",title:"Dr.",name:"Elizabeth",surname:"Makhatha",slug:"elizabeth-makhatha",fullName:"Elizabeth Makhatha"}],corrections:null},{id:"57088",title:"Effect of the Processing Conditions on the Microstructural Features and Mechanical Behavior of Aluminum Alloys",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70682",slug:"effect-of-the-processing-conditions-on-the-microstructural-features-and-mechanical-behavior-of-alumi",totalDownloads:1500,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Aluminum and aluminum alloys are widely used for aircraft structures, where they are subjected to demanding conditions and where is an increased demand for weight reduction and fuel savings. Aluminum comprises 8% of the earth?s crust and is, therefore, the most abundant structural metal. Its production since 1965 has surpassed that of copper and now comes next to iron. This increased use of aluminum alloys leads to a need for deeper understanding of their mechanical properties and the impacts of processing parameters. The mechanical properties can determine by controlling the microstructures of the alloys. For example, precipitation hardening is the main strengthening mechanism improving the tensile and yield strength. Solute atoms, precipitates and dispersoids influences to the yield strength, since they act as distributed pinning points for mobile dislocations, thus increasing the shear stress required to move the dislocations. Another approach is the manipulation of a grain size that can be performed by alloying or plastic deformation processes. Therefore, the precise understanding of each mechanism that can influence the properties of aluminum and its alloys is very important. The aim of this chapter is to shed light on the influence of the processing history on the microstructure and mechanical properties.",signatures:"Tomasz Tański and Przemysław Snopiński",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57088",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57088",authors:[{id:"15700",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz Arkadiusz",surname:"Tański",slug:"tomasz-arkadiusz-tanski",fullName:"Tomasz Arkadiusz Tański"},{id:"207001",title:"Dr.",name:"Przemysław",surname:"Snopiński",slug:"przemyslaw-snopinski",fullName:"Przemysław Snopiński"}],corrections:null},{id:"58025",title:"Gluconates as Corrosion Inhibitor of Aluminum in Various Corrosive Media",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71467",slug:"gluconates-as-corrosion-inhibitor-of-aluminum-in-various-corrosive-media",totalDownloads:1536,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Corrosion processes are responsible for huge losses in industry. Though organic, inorganic and mixed material inhibitors were used for a long time to combat corrosion, the environmental toxicity of organic corrosion inhibitors has prompted the search for inorganic corrosion inhibitors. The effect of gluconates as novel corrosion inhibitors on the corrosion of aluminum alloy in acidic and saline media was investigated by electrochemical and weight loss techniques. The effect of inhibitor concentration was also investigated. High resolution scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (HR-SEM/EDS) was used to characterize the surface morphology of the metal before and after corrosion. Experimental results revealed that gluconates in the studied solution decreased the corrosion rate at the different concentrations studied. The experimental results obtained from potentiodynamic polarization method showed that the presence of the gluconates in 3.5% NaCl and 0.5 M H2SO4 solutions decreases the corrosion current densities (icorr) and corrosion rates (CR), and increases the polarization resistance (Rp). It was observed that the inhibitor efficiency depends on the corrosive media, concentration of the inhibitor and the substrate material. The adsorption characteristics of the gluconates were also described. Good correlation exists between the results obtained from both methods.",signatures:"Omotayo Sanni and Abimbola Patricia Popoola",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58025",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58025",authors:[{id:"169258",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",surname:"Popoola",slug:"patricia-popoola",fullName:"Patricia Popoola"},{id:"205983",title:"Ms.",name:"Omotayo",surname:"Sanni",slug:"omotayo-sanni",fullName:"Omotayo Sanni"}],corrections:null},{id:"57917",title:"Influence of Rapid Solidification on the Thermophysical and Fatigue Properties of Laser Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Alloy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71697",slug:"influence-of-rapid-solidification-on-the-thermophysical-and-fatigue-properties-of-laser-additive-man",totalDownloads:1128,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Modern industrial applications require materials with special surface properties such as high hardness, wear and corrosion resistance. The performance of material surface under wear and corrosion environments cannot be fulfilled by the conventional surface modifications and coatings. Therefore, different industrial sectors need an alternative technique for enhanced surface properties. The purpose of this is to change or enhance inherent properties of the materials to create new products or improve on existing ones. The most effective and economical engineering solution to prevent or minimize such surface region of a component is done by fiber lasers. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a breaking edge fabrication technique with the possibility of changing the perception of design and manufacturing as a whole. It is well suitable for the building and repairing applications in the aerospace industry which usually requires high level of accuracy and customization of parts which usually employ materials known to pose difficulties in fabrication such as titanium alloys. The current development focus of AM is to produce complex shaped functional metallic components, including metals, alloys and metal matrix composites (MMCs), to meet demanding requirements from aerospace, defense, and automotive industries.",signatures:"Olawale Samuel Fatoba, Esther Titilayo Akinlabi and Mamookho\nElizabeth Makhatha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57917",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57917",authors:[{id:"203572",title:"Prof.",name:"Esther",surname:"Akinlabi",slug:"esther-akinlabi",fullName:"Esther Akinlabi"},{id:"207934",title:"Dr.",name:"Elizabeth",surname:"Makhatha",slug:"elizabeth-makhatha",fullName:"Elizabeth Makhatha"},{id:"205986",title:"Dr.",name:"Olawale",surname:"Fatoba",slug:"olawale-fatoba",fullName:"Olawale Fatoba"}],corrections:null},{id:"57003",title:"Aluminum Sheet Metal Damage Mechanisms Application to Trimming and Hemming",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70687",slug:"aluminum-sheet-metal-damage-mechanisms-application-to-trimming-and-hemming",totalDownloads:1545,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Aluminum alloys are increasingly used in automotive structural applications thanks to their combination of low density, high strength, and good formability. Appropriate strength levels for dent resistant automotive aluminum panels may be achieved by a combination of alloy design and thermo-mechanical treatments. Unfortunately, increased strength (hardness) generally limits homogeneous plastic deformation. Thus, when shaping complex components large deformation and eventually strain localization, necking and final failure is more likely to occur. In this chapter, we endeavor to explore the best compromises between increased hardening and satisfying formability. Sheet metal shaping generates large strains and eventually strain localization. The accurate measure of metal behavior is discussed first. The following section is dedicated to the kinetics of damage development during shaping. Then metal ductility at low stress triaxiality and consequent strain localization are discussed. Finally, trimming and hemming, the most complex shaping operations to perform efficiently are analyzed providing a powerful tool for alloy design.",signatures:"Helmut Klöcker and Christopher Yukna",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57003",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57003",authors:[{id:"206259",title:"Prof.",name:"Helmut",surname:"Klocker",slug:"helmut-klocker",fullName:"Helmut Klocker"},{id:"208529",title:"Prof.",name:"Christopher",surname:"Yukna",slug:"christopher-yukna",fullName:"Christopher Yukna"}],corrections:null},{id:"56995",title:"Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in Aluminium Alloys 7075 and 2024",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70735",slug:"microbiologically-influenced-corrosion-in-aluminium-alloys-7075-and-2024",totalDownloads:1711,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Aluminum and its alloys are central materials for the aircraft industry. Aluminum alloys (AA) 7075 and 2024 are widely used both in the structures and in brittle sections of the airplanes. The presence of the alloying elements in these metals makes them susceptible to localized corrosion at the same time vulnerable to bacterial attachment. A great number of reports on aircraft deterioration are related to microbial growth by contamination inside fuel storage tanks and aircraft wing tanks; this phenomenon is known as microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). As expected, corrosion and biocorrosion increase maintenance costs and time of the aircraft in the hangar. Therefore, the growing interest is to shed light on these issues and develop future inhibition methods. In this chapter, we will give an overview of microbiologically influenced corrosion associated with AA 2024 and 7075 by consortia and bacteria. Three mechanisms of biocorrosion in aluminium alloys have been described. In addition, some alternatives methods to battle the effect of biocorrosion will be shown, these methods are based on green compound which blocking of attached of bacteria and promote the detachment of biofilm, being these a tendency of the last innovation way to inhibit this kind of phenomenon.",signatures:"Vejar V. Nelson, Orrego T. Maria, Sancy V. Mamiè and Paez C.\nMaritza",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56995",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56995",authors:[{id:"213391",title:"Dr.",name:"Nelson",surname:"Vejar",slug:"nelson-vejar",fullName:"Nelson Vejar"},{id:"213392",title:"Dr.",name:"Maritza",surname:"Paez",slug:"maritza-paez",fullName:"Maritza Paez"},{id:"218124",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra",surname:"Orrego",slug:"alejandra-orrego",fullName:"Alejandra Orrego"},{id:"218125",title:"Dr.",name:"Mamie",surname:"Sancy",slug:"mamie-sancy",fullName:"Mamie Sancy"}],corrections:null},{id:"58068",title:"Effect of Alloying Element on the Integrity and Functionality of Aluminium-Based Alloy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71399",slug:"effect-of-alloying-element-on-the-integrity-and-functionality-of-aluminium-based-alloy",totalDownloads:1797,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Aluminum alloy are gaining huge industrial significance because of their outstanding combination of mechanical, physical and tribological properties over the base metal. Alloying elements are selected based on their individual properties as they impact on the structure and performance characteristics. The choice of this modifier affects the materials integrity in service resulting to improved corrosion, tribological and mechanical behavior. Hence, the need to understand typically the exact inoculants that could relatively impact on the low strength, unstable mechanical properties is envisage with the help of liquid stir casting technique. In this contribution, sufficient knowledge on Al alloy produced by stir casting will be reviewed with close attention on how the structural properties impact on the mechanical performance.",signatures:"Ojo Sunday Isaac Fayomi, Abimbola Patricia Idowu Popoola and\nNduka Ekene Udoye",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58068",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58068",authors:[{id:"174331",title:"Dr.",name:"Ojo Sunday",surname:"Fayomi",slug:"ojo-sunday-fayomi",fullName:"Ojo Sunday Fayomi"},{id:"214931",title:"Prof.",name:"Api",surname:"Popoola",slug:"api-popoola",fullName:"Api Popoola"},{id:"214932",title:"Dr.",name:"Udoye",surname:"N.E",slug:"udoye-n.e",fullName:"Udoye N.E"}],corrections:null},{id:"57194",title:"Equal Channel Angular Extrusion Characteristics on Mechanical Behavior of Aluminum Alloy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71019",slug:"equal-channel-angular-extrusion-characteristics-on-mechanical-behavior-of-aluminum-alloy",totalDownloads:1726,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Materials strengthened by conventional methods such as strain hardening, solute additions, precipitation and grain size refinement are often adopted in industrial processes. But there is limitation to the amount of deformation that these conventional methods can impact to a material. This study focused on the review of major mechanical properties of aluminum alloys in the presence of an ultrafine grain size into polycrystalline materials by subjecting the metal to an intense plastic straining through simple shear without any corresponding change in the cross-sectional dimensions of the sample. The effect of the heavy strain rate on the microstructure of aluminum alloys was in refinement of the coarse grains into ultrafine grain size by introducing a high density of dislocations and subsequently re-arranging the dislocations to form an array of grain boundaries. Hence, this investigation is aimed at gathering contributions on the influence of equal channel angular extrusion toward improving the mechanical properties of the aluminum alloys through intense plastic strain.",signatures:"Abiodun Ayodeji Abioye, Ojo Sunday Isaac Fayomi, Abimbola\nPatricia Idowu Popoola and Oluwabunmi Pamilerin Abioye",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/57194",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/57194",authors:[{id:"174331",title:"Dr.",name:"Ojo Sunday",surname:"Fayomi",slug:"ojo-sunday-fayomi",fullName:"Ojo Sunday Fayomi"},{id:"214931",title:"Prof.",name:"Api",surname:"Popoola",slug:"api-popoola",fullName:"Api Popoola"},{id:"215008",title:"Dr.",name:"Aa",surname:"Abioye",slug:"aa-abioye",fullName:"Aa Abioye"},{id:"215009",title:"Dr.",name:"Op",surname:"Abioye",slug:"op-abioye",fullName:"Op Abioye"}],corrections:null},{id:"56819",title:"Microstructural Characteristics and Mechanical Behaviors of New Type SIMA Processed Aluminum Alloy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70462",slug:"microstructural-characteristics-and-mechanical-behaviors-of-new-type-sima-processed-aluminum-alloy",totalDownloads:1223,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, a new type strain-induced melt activation (SIMA) process for Al-Mg-Si alloys was used. The microstructural characteristics, formability at elevated temperature and mechanical properties were estimated. The high-hardness globular grain boundaries are formed by eutectic phases. This new type SIMA process has proved that it can decrease high temperature compression resistance and improve ability of metal flowing at high temperature. After SIMA forming process, the mechanical properties of materials can be improved via artificial aging and can be competed with general artificial aged materials. All results show that this SIMA process is a potential process.",signatures:"Chia-Wei Lin, Fei-Yi Hung and Truan-Sheng Lui",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/56819",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/56819",authors:[{id:"17745",title:"Prof.",name:"Fei-Yi",surname:"Hung",slug:"fei-yi-hung",fullName:"Fei-Yi Hung"},{id:"207161",title:"Dr.",name:"Chia-Wei",surname:"Lin",slug:"chia-wei-lin",fullName:"Chia-Wei Lin"},{id:"207197",title:"Prof.",name:"Truan-Sheng",surname:"Lui",slug:"truan-sheng-lui",fullName:"Truan-Sheng Lui"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6854",title:"Nanocomposites",subtitle:"Recent Evolutions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fed595e75f84d3ab7e0817721acca1bd",slug:"nanocomposites-recent-evolutions",bookSignature:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6854.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190989",title:"Dr.",name:"Subbarayan",surname:"Sivasankaran",slug:"subbarayan-sivasankaran",fullName:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8356",title:"Metastable, Spintronics Materials and Mechanics of Deformable Bodies",subtitle:"Recent Progress",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1550f1986ce9bcc0db87d407a8b47078",slug:"solid-state-physics-metastable-spintronics-materials-and-mechanics-of-deformable-bodies-recent-progress",bookSignature:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran, Pramoda Kumar Nayak and Ezgi Günay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190989",title:"Dr.",name:"Subbarayan",surname:"Sivasankaran",slug:"subbarayan-sivasankaran",fullName:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3817",title:"Developments in Corrosion Protection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8ff86fac7ac8bce142fdc3c0e5a79f30",slug:"developments-in-corrosion-protection",bookSignature:"M. 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It elaborates on innovations and developments in the field that have the potential to improve ART outcomes. Chapters cover such topics as newer techniques for evaluating sperm, DNA, and ovarian reserve, including proteomic analysis, sonoendocrinology, preparation and administration of platelet-rich plasma, and in vitro maturation. Authors also address the structure, function, and role of low molecular weight ligands of gonadotropins, as well as the ethical and legal aspects of ART.",isbn:"978-1-83880-549-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-548-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-871-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77538",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"innovations-in-assisted-reproduction-technology",numberOfPages:248,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"24289d13780a3e4215f5a085923990f7",bookSignature:"Nidhi Sharma, Sudakshina Chakrabarti, Yona Barak and Adrian Ellenbogen",publishedDate:"May 6th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7725.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:9695,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,numberOfTotalCitations:11,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 2nd 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 24th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 23rd 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 11th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 11th 2020",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"220214",title:"Prof.",name:"Nidhi",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"nidhi-sharma",fullName:"Nidhi Sharma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/220214/images/system/220214.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nidhi Sharma received a MBBS and MS from Banaras Hindu University,\nVaranasi, India. She is a fellow of the Indian College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, fellow of assisted reproductive techniques, and Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Saveetha University, India. Dr. Sharma has 80 indexed publications and has authored several chapters in textbooks. She received her PhD in Obstetrics and Gynecology from Saveetha University, India, and Diploma in IVF and Reproductive Medicine from UKSH Universitätsklilikum Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Dr. Sharma has been a member of the teaching faculty of MBBS, MS, and PhD for 15 years. She is course coordinator and academic supervisor of BSc in Reproductive Biology, MSc in Clinical Embryology, Fellowship in Reproductive Medicine, and PhD in Reproductive Medicine at Saveetha University.",institutionString:"Saveetha University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Saveetha University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"224544",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudakshina",middleName:null,surname:"Chakrabarti",slug:"sudakshina-chakrabarti",fullName:"Sudakshina Chakrabarti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224544/images/13039_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sudakshina Chakrabarti is Associate Professor of Anatomy at Saveetha Medical College and hHospital, Chennai, India. She obtained a MBBS from Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore. Dr. Chakrabarti completed a postgraduate degree in Obstetrics and Gynecology from J.J.M Medical College, Davangere, Karnataka, India; an MD in Anatomy from Sri Ramachandra Medical College, Chennai, India; and is currently pursuing a PhD at Saveetha University, Chennai, India.\nShe is an ACLS, BLS, and PALS instructor under the American Heart Association and involved in simulation education. She has recently completed an Advanced Course in Medical Education and is an active member of the Medical Education Unit at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital Chennai with experience in conducting faculty development programs.",institutionString:"Saveetha University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Saveetha University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"209136",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yona",middleName:null,surname:"Barak",slug:"yona-barak",fullName:"Yona Barak",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/209136/images/9827_n.png",biography:"Dr. Yona Barak obtained a BSc MSc and PhD from Tel Aviv University, Department of Zoology Faculty of Life science . Both theses for these degrees dealt with in vitro maturation of mammalian oocytes. Dr. Barak established IVF laboratories and programs worldwide: one in 1984 at the Tel Aviv Medical Center where she was director of the IVF laboratory for 12 years, and one in 1986 at the Herzliya Medical Center where she served as scientific lab director for about 25 years. She established other programs in the United States, Germany, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, India, Ukraine, Russia, and Belarus. \nIn 2001, she established, owned, and led the InviMed clinics in Poland. \nThroughout her career, Dr. Barak trained many embryologists worldwide. In 1996, she established and became a lecturer and the clinical director of the MSc program of Gametology and Embryology at Bar Ilan University, Israel. From 1998 to 2003, she was a member of the Faculty Scientific Advisory Board and lecturer of the MSc course for Clinical Embryology at Danube University, Krems Austria, an international program of clinical embryology in cooperation with Bourn Hall, UK and Alpha Scientists in Reproductive Medicine. In 1996, she was elected by the members of Alpha Scientists in Reproductive Medicine as an executive board member. In 1999, she became a vice president of Alpha, and in 2001, she became president and served until 2004\\' and is an honorary member until today. Honorary member of embryologists in Mexico, Argentina, and Italy, and a member of the Israeli National Advisory Committee of Gynecology, Embryology and Neonatology. Dr. Barak is an active scientist who has published research in the field of assisted reproductive technologies. She is a pioneer for Hyaluronate as a replacement for polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI); intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection (IMSI) (Breakthrough paper; 2002); in vivo maturation (IVM); human oocyte vitrification in closed systems; and more. She is owner and director of Dr. Yona Barak Laboratories for fertility services, and specializes in IMSI.",institutionString:"Dr. Yona Barak Laboratories",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:{id:"216719",title:"Prof.",name:"Adrian",middleName:null,surname:"Ellenbogen",slug:"adrian-ellenbogen",fullName:"Adrian Ellenbogen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/216719/images/6788_n.jpg",biography:"Adrian Ellenbogen, MD, is Clinical Assistant Professor in Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion-Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. He conceded fellowship at the IVF Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, London, England. He is also the founder and director (retired) of the IVF unit at Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel. In addition, he is Scientific Director for the postgraduate course in Obstetrics Gynecology and Infertility at the Rappaport School of Medicine, as well as Fertility Advisor and head of the Fertility Clinic, Meuheded Female Health Center, Bnai-Brack, Israel. \nDr. Ellenbogen is a member of American Society of Reproductive Medicine, European Society of Human Reproduction, International Society for Mild Approaches in Assisted Reproduction, International Society for In Vitro Fertilization, International Federation of Fertility Society, Israeli Fertility Association, and Israeli Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology. He is an editorial board member and reviewer for the Journal of Reproductive System and Sexual Disorders, and a reviewer for Fertility and Sterility and Harefuah. He has published 52 papers in scientific journals, two book chapters, and has presented 33 plenary lectures in international congresses and organized 12 international scientific meetings. 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Philips, Jr. and Gordon Gong",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"117378",title:"Dr.",name:"Eric",middleName:null,surname:"Belasco",fullName:"Eric Belasco",slug:"eric-belasco"},{id:"117383",title:"Dr.",name:"Gordon",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",fullName:"Gordon Gong",slug:"gordon-gong"},{id:"117384",title:"Dr.",name:"Billy",middleName:null,surname:"Phillips",fullName:"Billy Phillips",slug:"billy-phillips"}]},{id:"30018",type:"chapter",title:"Principal Component Analysis Applied to SPECT and PET Data of Dementia Patients – A Review",slug:"a-review-of-approaches-based-on-principal-component-analysis-and-multivariate-analysis-applied-to-sp",totalDownloads:3217,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Elisabeth Stühler and Dorit Merhof",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"115176",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorit",middleName:null,surname:"Merhof",fullName:"Dorit Merhof",slug:"dorit-merhof"},{id:"115202",title:"Ms.",name:"Elisabeth",middleName:null,surname:"Stuehler",fullName:"Elisabeth Stuehler",slug:"elisabeth-stuehler"}]},{id:"30020",type:"chapter",title:"Public Parks Aesthetic Value Index",slug:"public-parks-aesthetic-value-index",totalDownloads:3477,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"M. 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The external examination of the body must be accurate and must be performed by trained people with many years of experience in the field, as sometimes medical work is combined with the forensic work.
During the external examination, definitive signs of death (temperature, lividity, rigor, or advanced postmortem changes) should be considered. In the procedure, all areas of the naked body should be analyzed and photographed, and all visual evidence and findings, such as scars, traumatic changes, tattoos, deformities, syringe marks, should be reported [2].
Unnatural deaths are those with external influence, due to physical aggression, accident, homicide, poisoning, suicide, and in those death, the external examination is very important, because it can provide information about the cause, with indicators on the body such as conjunctival hemorrhages, livor mortis color, signs of injury, among others [1].
For these reasons, the external examination of the corpse is of great importance, as it allows to:
To provide the elements of identification.
Plan the steps to be followed in an autopsy, for which it is necessary to determine the autopsy technique to obtain results according to the needs of the case.
Document any pathological findings from the outset.
Support a medico-legal case if a full autopsy is not possible (which has happened due to health regulations in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic).
Provide evidence in cases of allegations of lack of timely and adequate obstetric care.
Document cases of neglected of elderly, disabled adults, and young children in the care of third parties.
In addition to fingerprints, there are other elements accessible for external examination that can be valuable in determining or also confirming the identification of the deceased, such as dental features and tattoos [3]. In the case of dental features, age, sex, habits, cultural characteristics can be determined (Figure 1) in addition to the identification of the individual by comparison with dental records [4]. In the case of tattoos, it is important as a complement for identification (Figure 2), as it can provide information for relatives or a tour of tattoo shops which can narrow down the search field [5].
Denture with missing pieces and poor care conditions.
Oversized and eye-catching tattoo.
Before performing an autopsy, it is ideal is to obtain as much information as possible, such as the place where the body or remains were discovered, the circumstances of death, the postmortem interval, the history of previous illnesses, and whether it was a witnessed death.
But if this is not possible, elements of external examination may be useful to:
Take extreme precautions in the use of personal protective equipment if infection is suspected.
Establish where the incisions will be placed, so as not to compromise internal structures (Figure 3).
Establish before starting the autopsy procedure, which complementary tests may be necessary, to have the appropriate containers (e.g., Petri dishes with culture media, fixatives for electron microscopy studies) or to establish coordination with other laboratories, in cases that require quickly processing.
The existence of entry points for skin infection, such as pressure ulcers (bed sores), suggests that sepsis may be present (Figure 4). Staining for microorganisms such as Gram stain and Lactophenol Blue needs to be considered [6, 7].
Large umbilical hernia, with a median infra-umbilical laparotomy scar. The autopsy incision should be lateralised to visualize the underlying structures without interrupting them.
Decubitus ulcer (pressure or bed sores). It is a starting point for skin sepsis.
Many external signs in the ocular conjunctiva, mucosa of the lips, teeth, ears, or skin, among others, may suggest the underlying disease, or be a key in differential diagnoses.
Internal examination findings only have an impact on the clinicopathological picture, causing or contributed to death.
Alterations in skin color, focal such as petechiae or ecchymosis (Figures 5 and 6) or diffuse such as jaundice, the presence of edema (Figure 7), suggest from external examination of the body that it will be necessary to study certain organs and systems, both macroscopically and through complementary tests, like imaging, histopathology, forensic histopathology, or molecular biology.
Petechiae on the chest and left flank. Thrombocytopenic purpura.
Extensive ecchymoses on the abdomen, pubic and genital region. Coagulopathy by anticoagulants.
Jaundice and generalized edema. Stillborn with Rh incompatibility and isoimmunization.
An example of this is how histology and forensic histopathology can be of great use in the diagnosis of skin alterations, which can give us an understanding of lesions or postmortem changes in the structure of the skin [8].
In congestive heart failure and myocardial infarction, vasodilation and congestion are observed, especially in the mucous membranes and conjunctivae, due to their transparency (Figure 8).
Conjunctival congestion. Acute myocardial infarction.
When pallor is severe, massive hemorrhage must be presumed. Occasionally, the source of bleeding is an external injury, as well as the gastrointestinal or respiratory tract (Figure 9).
Conjunctival pallor. Cutting wound.
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries have adapted their regulations on the examination of the deceased, reducing and eventually banning clinical autopsies [9, 10].
Forensic services, for their part, have restricted forensic autopsies, subjecting them to autopsy in case of a negative PCR for COVID-19, or even leaving the decision to prosecutors who do not usually handle technical criteria.
Therefore, forensic autopsies of potential cases and especially of confirmed cases, especially those without signs of violence, should be kept to a minimum and performed only when necessary, and internal examination of the body should be carried out only when necessary [11].
As it is necessary to have a cause of death to initiate a legal process and bring the case to justice, we can use the alternatives at our disposal to support the decision whether to do an autopsy and take certain samples.
In cases of sudden death, there is usually no history, so an autopsy and other complementary tests will be necessary, such as histopathology.
Deaths caused by trauma, asphyxia, and poisoning are classified as violent. A thorough external examination may be sufficient to document a case of violent death, for example:
In cases of traumatic death, where the offending element is often external to the body, it is essential to document the type, size, location, and relationship between external injuries. And non-invasive imaging tests may be useful.
If the presence of cyanosis suggests asphyxia, manual asphyxia and all lessons accompanied by constriction of the neck should be documented by photographs of the respective groove, fingerprints, nail stigmata, lividity studies, and lividity arrangement in cases of incomplete suspension.
Only if there are doubts about submersion asphyxia, it is necessary to prove the presence of a foreign body in the airway, which may require an internal examination.
In the case of poisoning, it should be borne in mind that for analysis and demonstration, it is necessary to isolate the toxic substance from the tissues or fluids of the corpse, for which it is essential to take a good sample. Although toxic substances produce what is called “asphyxia,” visible changes on external examination may be of value: Lividity of colors, other purplish spots, miosis, increased facial congestion are characteristic of some poisonings.
In cases of gunshot wounds, it is very important to determine the distance of the shot, the angle of the shot, the position in which the victim was when the projectile hit, and the entry and exit orifices (Figures 10 and 11).
Close-range shot, with concentric equimotic-erosive halo and gunshot residue encrustation on its periphery.
Long distance shot, no residue, with eccentric equimotic-erosive halo.
In cases of asphyxia due to aspiration of gastric contents, in addition to cyanosis, the cause of death may be evident on external examination (Figures 12 and 13).
Patient found dead at home. Morbid obesity with complicated umbilical hernia, and intestinal volvulus.
The same patient with severe cyanosis. Foamy hemorrhagic coming out of the mouth and nose.
Autopsy of newborns can provide information to physicians and families about the cause of death and the accuracy of the antemortem clinical diagnosis [12].
Some women have given birth to a newborn. These deaths are attributed to excessive delay in obstetric care and lack of control of the fetoplacental unit. It is essential to record the external features of the stillbirth body to establish the approximate date of death in utero and the gestational age [13, 14].
Routine external examination includes body measurements (at least: body weight, crown-rump length, crown-heel length, foot length, occipitofrontal circumference).
Detailed external examination, including nutritional status/soft tissue and muscle volume; the presence of edema (localized/generalized), pallor, meconium staining, jaundice or the presence of trauma, location of thoracic drains and vascular cannulae, and other iatrogenic lesions (Figures 14 and 15) [15].
Premature stillbirth. With skin. Sloughing.
Term newborn. Fully developed pinna.
The report should include a description of the external morphology specifically mentioning fontanelles, eyes, ears, nose, choanal patency, palatal fusion, spine, extremities, fingers, palmar creases, external genitalia, anal patency, umbilical cord [15]. It is used to diagnose, why some fetuses die in the prenatal period due incompatible life malformations (Figures 16–18) [16].
Premature and macerated fetus with large omphalocele.
Term newborn, with multiple head and body malformations.
Term newborn, with foot malformations.
Examination of the ovarian adnexa may also clarify the causes of death, such as large retroplacental clots (premature detachment of the placenta), opaque ovarian membranes (indicating ovarian infection), or true knots in the umbilical cord (Figure 19) [17, 18].
Malformation of the foot secondary to oligohydramnios. This condition is associated with polycystic kidney or renal agenesis.
Malnutrition, soiling, bed sores and colonization by insects on living persons [19, 20] are located on the conjunctivae, ulcers, genitalia, or other wounds (Figure 20). These are the elements that in a judicial process that allow proving the crime of abandonment or neglect of vulnerable people by their relatives or caregivers. An example of poor care is best illustrated by the diagnosis of marasmus and cachexia. These diseases were frequently diagnosed. They were only rarely cited as a cause of death [21].
Elderly adult male, living in a nursing home. Malnutrition, dirt, and dermatophytosis.
Despite the evolution of imaging techniques, the postmortem examination has maintained a key role in the clinical and forensic analysis. To obtain reliable information on the types of death and to allow a better understanding of the phenomenon, it is useful to study the results of clinical and forensic autopsies that start with the external examination of the corpse.
The search for and documentation of seemingly small details in the external examination of corpses help to resolve difficult situations surrounding medico-legal deaths, such as the identification of undocumented victims, the cause and manner of death, the postmortem interval, differential diagnoses of the cause of death, or the regulation of not performing complete autopsies during health crises.
As a company committed to the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the OAI Metadata Harvesting Protocol (OAI-PMH Version 2.0).
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\\n\\nWe have adopted the Protocol to increase the number of readers of our publications. All our Works are more widely accessible, with resulting benefits for scholars, researchers, students, libraries, universities and other academic institutions. Through this method of exposing metadata, IntechOpen enables citation indexes, scientific search engines, scholarly databases, and scientific literature collections to gather metadata from our repository and make our publications available to a broader academic audience.
\\n\\nAs a Registered Data Provider, metadata for published Books and Chapters are available via our interface at the base URL: http://mts.intechopen.com/oai/index.php
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\n\nWe have adopted the Protocol to increase the number of readers of our publications. All our Works are more widely accessible, with resulting benefits for scholars, researchers, students, libraries, universities and other academic institutions. Through this method of exposing metadata, IntechOpen enables citation indexes, scientific search engines, scholarly databases, and scientific literature collections to gather metadata from our repository and make our publications available to a broader academic audience.
\n\nAs a Registered Data Provider, metadata for published Books and Chapters are available via our interface at the base URL: http://mts.intechopen.com/oai/index.php
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\n\nYou can find out more about the Protocol by visiting the Open Archives website. For additional questions please contact us at ai@intechopen.com.
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Elements of sustainable design are integral to vernacular architecture that have evolved over time using local materials and technology emerging from ambient natural and cultural environment creating optimum relationships between people and their place. This chapter aims to redefine what identity is as a concept and the impact of globalization on contemporary architecture especially on regions with rich heritage and unique culture as the Arab World. To accomplish this, the chapter examines the emergence of “local identity” as a reaction to the globalization of cultural values, uniform architectural styles, and stereotype patterns through discussing sustainability as a motivation for identity in culture and architecture. The research methodology is based on conducting a qualitative analysis of literature review to the main concepts discussed in this chapter such as: identity, culture, vernacular architecture, and sustainability. Through comparative analysis, the chapter investigates sustainability potential of vernacular architecture in the region to derive core concepts as guidelines of reproducing the characteristics of society and reveal identity of contemporary architecture in the Arab World.",book:{id:"8260",slug:"urban-and-architectural-heritage-conservation-within-sustainability",title:"Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation within Sustainability",fullTitle:"Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation within Sustainability"},signatures:"Maha Salman",authors:[{id:"258226",title:"Dr.",name:"Maha",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"maha-salman",fullName:"Maha Salman"}]},{id:"51000",doi:"10.5772/63726",title:"Towards Sustainable Sanitation in an Urbanising World",slug:"towards-sustainable-sanitation-in-an-urbanising-world",totalDownloads:3204,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Urban sanitation in low‐ and middle‐income countries is at an inflection point. It is increasingly acknowledged that conventional sewer‐based sanitation cannot be the only solution for expanding urban areas. There are other objective reasons apart from the lack of capital. The lack of stable energy supplies, of spare parts and of human resources for reliable operation, and the increasing water scarcity are factors that seriously limit the expansion of centralised systems. This chapter argues that a new paradigm for urban sanitation is possible, if the heterogeneity within developing cities is reflected in the implementation of different sanitation systems, adapted to each urban context and integrated under one institutional roof. This new paradigm entails: (1) innovative management arrangements; (2) increased participation and the integration of individual, community and private sector initiatives; (3) thinking at scale to open new opportunities; (4) improved analysis of the situation and awareness raising. Moving beyond conventional approaches towards sustainable urbanisation needs to follow both a top‐down and a bottom‐up approach, with proper incentives and a variety of sanitation systems which, in a future perspective, will become part of the ‘urban ecosystem’.",book:{id:"5235",slug:"sustainable-urbanization",title:"Sustainable Urbanization",fullTitle:"Sustainable Urbanization"},signatures:"Philippe Reymond, Samuel Renggli and Christoph Lüthi",authors:[{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi"},{id:"182136",title:"Mr.",name:"Philippe",middleName:null,surname:"Reymond",slug:"philippe-reymond",fullName:"Philippe Reymond"},{id:"182137",title:"Mr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Renggli",slug:"samuel-renggli",fullName:"Samuel Renggli"}]},{id:"44263",doi:"10.5772/54339",title:"Conservation and Sustainability of Mexican Caribbean Coral Reefs and the Threats of a Human-Induced Phase-Shift",slug:"conservation-and-sustainability-of-mexican-caribbean-coral-reefs-and-the-threats-of-a-human-induced-",totalDownloads:2354,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"3364",slug:"environmental-change-and-sustainability",title:"Environmental Change and Sustainability",fullTitle:"Environmental Change and Sustainability"},signatures:"José D. Carriquiry, Linda M. Barranco-Servin, Julio A. Villaescusa,\nVictor F. Camacho-Ibar, Hector Reyes-Bonilla and Amílcar L. Cupul-\nMagaña",authors:[{id:"158136",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose D.",middleName:"D.",surname:"Carriquiry",slug:"jose-d.-carriquiry",fullName:"Jose D. Carriquiry"},{id:"160078",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio A.",middleName:null,surname:"Villaescusa",slug:"julio-a.-villaescusa",fullName:"Julio A. Villaescusa"},{id:"160079",title:"MSc.",name:"Linda M.",middleName:null,surname:"Barranco-Servin",slug:"linda-m.-barranco-servin",fullName:"Linda M. Barranco-Servin"},{id:"160082",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor F.",middleName:null,surname:"Camacho-Ibar",slug:"victor-f.-camacho-ibar",fullName:"Victor F. Camacho-Ibar"},{id:"167394",title:"Dr.",name:"Hector",middleName:null,surname:"Reyes-Bonilla",slug:"hector-reyes-bonilla",fullName:"Hector Reyes-Bonilla"},{id:"167395",title:"Dr.",name:"Amilcar L.",middleName:null,surname:"Cupul-Magaña",slug:"amilcar-l.-cupul-magana",fullName:"Amilcar L. Cupul-Magaña"}]},{id:"42926",doi:"10.5772/55736",title:"Disaster Risk Management and Social Impact Assessment: Understanding Preparedness, Response and Recovery in Community Projects",slug:"disaster-risk-management-and-social-impact-assessment-understanding-preparedness-response-and-recove",totalDownloads:10048,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"3364",slug:"environmental-change-and-sustainability",title:"Environmental Change and Sustainability",fullTitle:"Environmental Change and Sustainability"},signatures:"Raheem A. Usman, F.B. Olorunfemi, G.P. Awotayo, A.M. Tunde and\nB.A. Usman",authors:[{id:"156875",title:"Dr.",name:"Usman A",middleName:null,surname:"Raheem",slug:"usman-a-raheem",fullName:"Usman A Raheem"},{id:"166449",title:"Dr.",name:"A.M",middleName:null,surname:"Tunde",slug:"a.m-tunde",fullName:"A.M Tunde"},{id:"167886",title:"Dr.",name:"F.B.",middleName:null,surname:"Olorunfemi",slug:"f.b.-olorunfemi",fullName:"F.B. Olorunfemi"},{id:"167887",title:"Dr.",name:"G.P.",middleName:null,surname:"Awotayo",slug:"g.p.-awotayo",fullName:"G.P. Awotayo"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"64381",title:"Sustainability and Vernacular Architecture: Rethinking What Identity Is",slug:"sustainability-and-vernacular-architecture-rethinking-what-identity-is",totalDownloads:4441,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:"Sustainability has often been a fundamental part of the composition of both tangible and intangible cultural resources; sustainability and preservation of cultural identity are complementary. Elements of sustainable design are integral to vernacular architecture that have evolved over time using local materials and technology emerging from ambient natural and cultural environment creating optimum relationships between people and their place. This chapter aims to redefine what identity is as a concept and the impact of globalization on contemporary architecture especially on regions with rich heritage and unique culture as the Arab World. To accomplish this, the chapter examines the emergence of “local identity” as a reaction to the globalization of cultural values, uniform architectural styles, and stereotype patterns through discussing sustainability as a motivation for identity in culture and architecture. The research methodology is based on conducting a qualitative analysis of literature review to the main concepts discussed in this chapter such as: identity, culture, vernacular architecture, and sustainability. Through comparative analysis, the chapter investigates sustainability potential of vernacular architecture in the region to derive core concepts as guidelines of reproducing the characteristics of society and reveal identity of contemporary architecture in the Arab World.",book:{id:"8260",slug:"urban-and-architectural-heritage-conservation-within-sustainability",title:"Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation within Sustainability",fullTitle:"Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation within Sustainability"},signatures:"Maha Salman",authors:[{id:"258226",title:"Dr.",name:"Maha",middleName:null,surname:"Salman",slug:"maha-salman",fullName:"Maha Salman"}]},{id:"67342",title:"Introductory Chapter: Heritage Conservation - Rehabilitation of Architectural and Urban Heritage",slug:"introductory-chapter-heritage-conservation-rehabilitation-of-architectural-and-urban-heritage",totalDownloads:2616,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:null,book:{id:"8260",slug:"urban-and-architectural-heritage-conservation-within-sustainability",title:"Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation within Sustainability",fullTitle:"Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation within Sustainability"},signatures:"Kabila Faris Hmood",authors:[{id:"214741",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Kabila",middleName:"Faris",surname:"Hmood",slug:"dr.-kabila-hmood",fullName:"Dr. Kabila Hmood"}]},{id:"76898",title:"The Relationship between Land Use and Climate Change: A Case Study of Nepal",slug:"the-relationship-between-land-use-and-climate-change-a-case-study-of-nepal",totalDownloads:700,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Land Use and Climate change are interrelated to each other. This change influences one another at various temporal and spatial scales; however, improper land uses are the primary causal factor on climate change. It studies relevant literature and Nepal’s case to assess the relationship between land use and climate change. Similarly focuses on how land-use impacts climate change and vice versa. In recent centuries land-use change significant effects on ecological variables and climate change. Likewise, understanding the research on both topics will help decision-makers and conservation planners manage land and climate.",book:{id:"10754",slug:"the-nature-causes-effects-and-mitigation-of-climate-change-on-the-environment",title:"The Nature, Causes, Effects and Mitigation of Climate Change on the Environment",fullTitle:"The Nature, Causes, Effects and Mitigation of Climate Change on the Environment"},signatures:"Pawan Thapa",authors:[{id:"349566",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Pawan",middleName:null,surname:"Thapa",slug:"pawan-thapa",fullName:"Pawan Thapa"}]},{id:"50282",title:"Relation Between Land Use and Transportation Planning in the Scope of Smart Growth Strategies: Case Study of Denizli, Turkey",slug:"relation-between-land-use-and-transportation-planning-in-the-scope-of-smart-growth-strategies-case-s",totalDownloads:4667,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"In the decision-making process of planning residential areas in developing countries, importance of the commercial areas and need for a sustainable urban transportation infrastructure have generally been ignored based on several sociopolitical reasons. Meanwhile, decision-making periods of location choice and determining areal densities are conducted without quantitative spatial/technical analyses. Those urban matters bring along new planning paradigms like smart growth (SG) and new urbanism. SG is a land use planning paradigm which indicates that traffic problems should be minimized by transit alternatives, effective demand management and providing a balance between land use and transportation planning. This study aims to apply SG strategies to the land use planning process and evaluate the accuracy of land use planning decisions in the perspective of sustainable transportation. In order to reveal the effects of land use planning decisions on the available transportation infrastructure, two scenarios are investigated for 2030. In the first scenario “do nothing” option is considered, while the residential area densities and trip generation rates are regulated based on SG strategies in the second scenario. The results showed that the land use and traffic impact analyses should simultaneously be conducted before land use configuration process.",book:{id:"5235",slug:"sustainable-urbanization",title:"Sustainable Urbanization",fullTitle:"Sustainable Urbanization"},signatures:"Gorkem Gulhan and Huseyin Ceylan",authors:[{id:"182126",title:"Dr.",name:"Gorkem",middleName:null,surname:"Gulhan",slug:"gorkem-gulhan",fullName:"Gorkem Gulhan"},{id:"185555",title:"Dr.",name:"Huseyin",middleName:null,surname:"Ceylan",slug:"huseyin-ceylan",fullName:"Huseyin Ceylan"}]},{id:"42926",title:"Disaster Risk Management and Social Impact Assessment: Understanding Preparedness, Response and Recovery in Community Projects",slug:"disaster-risk-management-and-social-impact-assessment-understanding-preparedness-response-and-recove",totalDownloads:10045,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"3364",slug:"environmental-change-and-sustainability",title:"Environmental Change and Sustainability",fullTitle:"Environmental Change and Sustainability"},signatures:"Raheem A. Usman, F.B. Olorunfemi, G.P. Awotayo, A.M. Tunde and\nB.A. Usman",authors:[{id:"156875",title:"Dr.",name:"Usman A",middleName:null,surname:"Raheem",slug:"usman-a-raheem",fullName:"Usman A Raheem"},{id:"166449",title:"Dr.",name:"A.M",middleName:null,surname:"Tunde",slug:"a.m-tunde",fullName:"A.M Tunde"},{id:"167886",title:"Dr.",name:"F.B.",middleName:null,surname:"Olorunfemi",slug:"f.b.-olorunfemi",fullName:"F.B. Olorunfemi"},{id:"167887",title:"Dr.",name:"G.P.",middleName:null,surname:"Awotayo",slug:"g.p.-awotayo",fullName:"G.P. Awotayo"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"136",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82644",title:"Climate-Driven Temporary Displacement of Women and Children in Anambra State, Nigeria: The Causes and Consequences",slug:"climate-driven-temporary-displacement-of-women-and-children-in-anambra-state-nigeria-the-causes-and-",totalDownloads:28,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104817",abstract:"With increasing periods of extreme wet seasons, low lying geographic position, with socioeconomic, and political factors; some communities in Anambra State, Nigeria experience heightened floods annually resulting in loss of shelter, displacement of people with breakdown of livelihoods, particularly in rural communities worsening their risks and vulnerabilities. In 2012, a major flood event in the state temporarily displaced about 2 million people. In this chapter, we used a community-based adaptation approach to investigate the causes and consequences of climate-related temporary displacement on community members in Ogbaru LGA, Anambra State following flood events. We used global positioning system to obtain the community’s ground control points and gathered our data via field observation, transects walks, focus group discussions, photography, and in-depth interviews. Our findings reveal a heightened magnitude of flood related disasters with decreased socio-economic activities, affecting their health and well-being. Also, the community members have a practice of returning to their land, after flood events, as a local mitigating risk management strategy. For multilevel humanitarian responses at the temporary shelter camps, it becomes imperative to meaningfully engage the community members on the challenging risks and vulnerabilities they experience following climate-driven temporary displacement to inform adaptation and resilience research, policy change and advocacy.",book:{id:"7724",title:"Climate Change in Asia and Africa - Examining the Biophysical and Social Consequences, and Society's Responses",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7724.jpg"},signatures:"Akanwa Angela Oyilieze, Ngozi N. Joe-Ikechebelu, Ijeoma N. Okedo-Alex, Kenebechukwu J. Okafor, Fred A. Omoruyi, Jennifer Okeke, Sophia N. Amobi, Angela C. Enweruzor, Chinonye E. Obioma, Princess I. Izunobi, Theresa O. Nwakacha, Chinenye B. Oranu, Nora I. Anazodo, Chiamaka A. Okeke, Uwa-Abasi E. Ugwuoke, Uche M. Umeh, Emmanuel O. Ogbuefi and Sylvia T. Echendu"},{id:"79637",title:"Evaluation of the Spatial Distribution of the Annual Extreme Precipitation Using Kriging and Co-Kriging Methods in Algeria Country",slug:"evaluation-of-the-spatial-distribution-of-the-annual-extreme-precipitation-using-kriging-and-co-krig",totalDownloads:54,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101563",abstract:"In this chapter, we have conducted a statistical study of the annual extreme precipitation (AMP) for 856 grid cells and during the period of 1979–2012 in Algeria. In the first step, we compared graphically the forecasts of the three parameters of the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution (location, scale and shape) which are estimated by the Spherical model. We used the Cross validation method to compare the two methods kriging and Co-kriging, based on the based on some statistical indicators such as Mean Errors (ME), Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) and Squared Deviation Ratio (MSDR). The Kriging forecast error map shows low errors expected near the stations, while co-Kriging gives the lowest errors on average at the national level, which means that the method of co-Kriging is the best. From the results of the return periods, we calculate that after 50 years the estimated of the annual extreme precipitation will exceed the maximum AMP is observed in the 33-year.",book:{id:"7724",title:"Climate Change in Asia and Africa - Examining the Biophysical and Social Consequences, and Society's Responses",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7724.jpg"},signatures:"Hicham Salhi"},{id:"77854",title:"Flooding and Flood Modeling in a Typhoon Belt Environment: The Case of the Philippines",slug:"flooding-and-flood-modeling-in-a-typhoon-belt-environment-the-case-of-the-philippines",totalDownloads:163,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98738",abstract:"Flooding is a perennial world-wide problem and is a serious hazard in areas where the amount of precipitable water has potential to dump excessive amount of water. The warming of the Earth’s climate due to the increase in greenhouse gases (GHGs) increases the availability of water vapor and hence, of extreme precipitation as observed and forecasted by researchers. With rainfall intensity too high, the torrential rains coupled with weather systems that enhances its effects, flooding not only submerges anything low-lying, it also washes away living and non-living things along the course of the river and the floodplain. The flooding is even worsened by the increase in velocity of flow caused by unsustainable urbanization and denudation of the watershed at the headwaters. Nature’s strength is an order of a magnitude that is way beyond that of the strength of men but human ingenuity enables us to transform our living environment into models that could help us better understand it. Flood modeling provides us decision support tools to deal better with nature. It also enables us to simulate the future especially nowadays that changes in our climate is imminent and even happening already in many parts of the world. Therefore, strategies on how to cope with our ever changing environment is very important particularly to countries that are at more risk to climate change such as the archipelagic Philippines.",book:{id:"7724",title:"Climate Change in Asia and Africa - Examining the Biophysical and Social Consequences, and Society's Responses",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7724.jpg"},signatures:"Fibor J. Tan"},{id:"77797",title:"Adapting to Climatic Extremes through Climate Resilient Industrial Landscapes: Building Capacities in the Southern Indian States of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh",slug:"adapting-to-climatic-extremes-through-climate-resilient-industrial-landscapes-building-capacities-in",totalDownloads:99,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98732",abstract:"There is now greater confidence and understanding of the consequences of anthropogenic caused climate change. One of the many impacts of climate change, has been the occurrence of extreme climatic events, recent studies indicate that the magnitude, frequency, and intensity of hydro-meteorological events such as heat waves, cyclones, droughts, wildfires, and floods are expected to increase several fold in the coming decades. These climatic extremes are likely to have social, economic, and environmental costs to nations across the globe. There is an urgent need to prepare various stakeholders to these disasters through capacity building and training measures. Here, we present an analysis of the capacity needs assessment of various stakeholders to climate change adaptation in industrial parks in two southern states of India. Adaptation to climate change in industrial areas is an understudied yet highly urgent requirement to build resilience among stakeholders in the Indian subcontinent. The capacity needs assessment was conducted in two stages, participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and focus group discussion (FGD) were conducted among various stakeholders to determine the current capacities for climate change adaptation (CCA) for both, stakeholders and functional groups. Our analysis indicates that in the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, all stakeholder groups require low to high levels of retraining in infrastructure and engineering, planning, and financial aspects related to CCA. Our study broadly supports the need for capacity building and retraining of functionaries at local and state levels in various climate change adaptation measures; likewise industry managers need support to alleviate the impacts of climate change. Specific knowledge, skills, and abilities, with regard to land zoning, storm water management, developing building codes, green financing for CCA, early warning systems for climatic extremes, to name a few are required to enhance and build resilience to climate change in the industrial landscapes of the two states.",book:{id:"7724",title:"Climate Change in Asia and Africa - Examining the Biophysical and Social Consequences, and Society's Responses",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7724.jpg"},signatures:"Narendran Kodandapani"},{id:"77460",title:"Changing Climatic Hazards in the Coast: Risks and Impacts on Satkhira, One of the Most Vulnerable Districts in Bangladesh",slug:"changing-climatic-hazards-in-the-coast-risks-and-impacts-on-satkhira-one-of-the-most-vulnerable-dist",totalDownloads:211,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98623",abstract:"Changes in the climate due to anthropogenic and natural variation are indicated by parameters including temperature and rainfall. Climate change variability with changing trends of the two have been unpredictable and unprecedented globally leading to changing weather patterns, natural disasters, leading to sectoral impacts on food and water security, livelihood, human health among others. This research analyses the changing patterns of these parameters over the last 35/37 years of Satkhira district of Bangladesh to assess the state and trend across spatial and temporal dimensions. Such, the study validates to rationalize the observed seasonal changes that persist in Satkhira of Bangladesh. Both in terms of intensity and frequency of the occurrences of natural disasters, the series of natural events have been triangulated, with impacts and vulnerability being assessed from temperature variations, erratic rainfall, cyclone, flood and water logging etc. The study’s prime contribution remains in attribution of climate change in relation contextual circumstances in the region including sea level rise, salinity intrusion. Therefore, the risk and climatic hazards and its resulting impacts over time has been assessed to draw deeper connection between theoretical and practical values. The series of analyses also draw conclusion that assets are at risk from changing climatic condition.",book:{id:"7724",title:"Climate Change in Asia and Africa - Examining the Biophysical and Social Consequences, and Society's Responses",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7724.jpg"},signatures:"Md. Golam Rabbani, Md. Nasir Uddin and Sirazoom Munira"},{id:"76915",title:"The Impacts of Climate Change in Lwengo, Uganda",slug:"the-impacts-of-climate-change-in-lwengo-uganda",totalDownloads:102,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97279",abstract:"Climate Change has become a threat worldwide. Vulnerable communities are at foremost risk of repercussions of climate change. The present study aimed at highlighting a case study of climate change impacts on Lwengo District of Uganda. Out of the total geographical area of the district, 85% hectares are under cultivation and most of its population depends majorly on the rain- fed agriculture sector to meet the food requirement and as a major income source. With the changing climatic conditions, agriculture is the major sector which is being impacted. The region has experienced disasters from some time, usually the second seasons rains used to result in such disasters but since 2016 both seasons have occurred disasters, which majorly include hailstorm, strong wind, long dry spells, pests and diseases. The situation became more severe due to shortage of availability of skilled human resources, quality equipment for disaster management, limited financial resources and weak institutional capacity, which resulted in increasing vulnerability of small farm holders. Some of the adaptation strategies are being taken up by the government but there is a need to understand prospects of decision-making that are site specific and more sustainable for smallholder communities. Climatic changes possess many obstacles to farming communities which require sustainable adaptation to enhance the adaptive capacities of the communities through continued production systems, which are more resilient to the vagaries of weather. Farmers are practising such options which are location specific, governed by policy framework and dependent on dynamism of farmers. 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