\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"414",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Electromagnetic Waves Propagation in Complex Matter",title:"Electromagnetic Waves",subtitle:"Propagation in Complex Matter",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This volume is based on the contributions of several authors in electromagnetic waves propagations. Several issues are considered. The contents of most of the chapters are highlighting non classic presentation of wave propagation and interaction with matters. This volume bridges the gap between physics and engineering in these issues. Each chapter keeps the author notation that the reader should be aware of as he reads from chapter to the other.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-445-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6017-5",doi:"10.5772/930",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"electromagnetic-waves-propagation-in-complex-matter",numberOfPages:308,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"d251c3cb1734bca598d8abbed939a1be",bookSignature:"Ahmed Kishk",publishedDate:"July 5th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/414.jpg",numberOfDownloads:42852,numberOfWosCitations:21,numberOfCrossrefCitations:34,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:64,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:119,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 7th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 4th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 9th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 10th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 24th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"73920",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:"A",surname:"Kishk",slug:"ahmed-kishk",fullName:"Ahmed Kishk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73920/images/2130_n.jpg",biography:"Ahmed A. Kishk is a Professor at Concordia University, Montreal, Canada (since 2011). He has been an IEEE Fellow since 1998, Fellow of the Electromagnetic Academy, Fellow of Applied Electromagnetic Society. He is now the Editor of Antennas & Propagation Magazine. He was the Editor-in-Chief of the ACES Journal from 1998 to 2001. He was the chair of Physics and Engineering division of the Mississippi Academy of Science (2001-2002). Dr. Kishk is a recipient of many awards. He received the 1995 and 2006 outstanding paper awards for ACES Journal. He received the 1997 Outstanding Engineering Educator Award from Memphis section of the IEEE, the Outstanding Engineering Faculty Member of the Year in 1998 and 2009, Faculty research award for outstanding performance in research in 2001 and 2005. He received the Award of Distinguished Technical Communication for the entry of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 2001. 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However, despite the enormous amount of research in this field, especially over the last 40–50 years, some questions that seem simple, even ridiculous, have not received a universally recognized answer, and researchers did not reach a consensus. Here are just a few of the questions.
Why does adultery, not only on the part of men but also on women, persist despite centuries of moral, religious, customary, and state law systems, despite significant risks?
If the female orgasm is not a by-product of the evolution of the male orgasm (as everyone has already agreed), what function does it serve? Why does it not always happen and not in all women?
How can we explain such an apparent difference between the usual integrity, syncretism of women’s feelings and splitting, disconnectedness of feelings in men?
Sexual strategies are adaptive solutions to the task of finding a match. In such terms, D. Symons [1] described and explained the difference between these strategies. A woman invests much more energy, time, and attention in carrying and raising each child, so she is interested in a long-term relationship with a man who will take care of her and the children, protect and provide resources. The man’s contribution is much more modest, so he is interested in spreading his genes as widely as possible and is prone to many short-term relationships with different women. The same concept assumes a low libido level in women, their firm attitude to monogamous marriage [ibid]. In this paradigm, a man offers food, valuable things, protection, and status in exchange for exclusive and permanent sexual access. It is considered as a fundamental “sexual contract” too [2, 3]. Researchers have assembled an extensive and impressive list of arguments that contradict the main points of this almost classical concept [4, 5].
The monogamous marriage we are accustomed to, and the strict condemnation of adultery are by no means so widespread when we consider societies outside the most numerous nations. In many societies, extramarital sex was allowed for specific categories, such as between brothers and daughters-in-law (Siriono in eastern Bolivia).
Among the most diverse cultures of the savage level (hunter-gatherer, not converted to agriculture, usually egalitarian), the belief that a pregnant woman should continue intercourse for the full development of the fetus, and preferably with different men, is rather characteristic ([6, 7]; p. 10).
Let us pay attention to the following points, which usually escape from attention when analyzing such a “simple” subject as a female erotic attraction. First, women’s inviting bodily “ornaments” appeared much earlier than any clothes, probably together with the loss of body hair. It means that they were visible to everyone around them, including men, to whom they directed these signals. Secondly, girls and women usually like dances, singing, facial expressions, costumes, headdresses, jewelry, and aim them at the public. If women are not wrapped in deaf sacks and kept locked up, the propensity for all this behavioral and material adornment of the self does not disappear even after marriage, when there is no need to compete for the most attractive suitors. If women were programmed to please only one man from ancient times, their main passion would be some bodily practice like stroking or massaging their partner. It does happen, but it is nothing compared to women’s passion for adornment, dancing, and coquetry in public.
When we extrapolate all these points to groups of our most distant ancestors, we get the idea of a pretty egalitarian community with no or very little control over women’s behavior who seduce the men around them with their physical beauty and adornment grace.
Alas, women also commit adultery [8, 9]. If the ease and profitability of widespread genes in men are enough to explain their more frivolous behavior (or desires, at least), why do women have sex with new partners? Some experts think women may benefit indirectly through superior offspring born from an extramarital affair, or they may benefit directly, receiving material benefits from the lover both for themselves and their children ([4], p. 59). Let us add to this women’s need for love, for emotional commitment to a man [10].
Whom do they choose? What makes up the erotic appeal of men? A strong, beautiful male body, men’s rhetorical abilities (“women love with their ears”), as well as their confidence, dominant behavior, the visible prestige of power, wealth, fame, or intelligence (depending on the social and cultural environment), are “read” by women on a subconscious level as features of sexual attraction [11].
Men have their ways of competing for attention: these are all kinds of contests in strength, agility, the height of jumping, good luck in hunting, in games imitating chasing, hunting, or fighting with enemies. Note that all these traits are also public, and men do not lose interest in such activities and rivalries after choosing a bride and getting married.
The usual and seemingly natural often becomes a bundle of oddities. Many researchers interpret unusual features in the structure of human reproductive organs quite unequivocally — as anatomical traces of former fierce competition of cavaliers for fertilization. The main battlefield was not fights of individuals before copulation, but large-scale “battles” between millions of sperm of two and more cavaliers after multiple sexual intercourses with one woman [4, 12, 13, 14, 15]. Here is a list of the main arguments.
The size of male testicles, on the one hand, indicates the predisposition of our distant ancestors (800–200,000 years ago, kya) to frequent coitus with different females (as male chimpanzees and bonobos do), but it does not reach the size of their testicles, because the human ones decreased during the transition to polygamy and monogamy (10–5 kya).
The human penis, with its particular thickness and extra thickening of the head in humans, is designed to remove the preceding sperm.
Male
The hazardous location of the testicles in the vulnerable outer scrotum can have only one evolutionary explanation: a chilled portion of semen must be on hand at all times, which implies a regime of frequent unplanned copulations, in all likelihood with different ladies.
For several decades now, the
Besides, the substances of the first ejection protect from substances from the past ejections of other men. They also have their antidote — spermacids, which slow down the movement of new alien spermatozoa. Besides the “normal” spermatozoa, which look for eggs to fertilize, there are others. These “warriors” look for and destroy foreign spermatozoa if they are present in the woman’s genital tract. Thus, the sperm’s chemical and microbiological ammunition is designed to defend itself and attack the enemy [12, 17].
In all this, the woman’s body does not remain a passive “battlefield.” During the contraction of the vagina, the semen of one man can be expelled, while the semen of the other man will be retracted. With its chemical environment, leukocytes, anatomical and physiological barriers in the vagina, cervix, and on the surface of the egg itself, the female body creates obstacles for most spermatozoa, but it helps a select few [4].
The complex structure of the cervix indicates that it has evolved to filter, temporarily storing sperm, and from different cavaliers. As a result, the egg captures not any spermatozoa but those with “suitable” characteristics [14, 15]. Therefore, females can benefit from comparing many males without intercourse with the same
A critical component of the classical concept of the “naturalness” of monogamy and women’s “low interest” in sex was the treatment of the female orgasm as an optional and not particularly necessary by-product of the male orgasm, just as nipples in men are useless, but not a hindrance either [1, 19]. This version occurred to be wrong as it has faced strong arguments against “sidedness” [4]:
the female orgasm is mighty and vivid, and in all aspects (muscular contractions, hormonal, and nervous, psychophysiological processes), subjectively impressive and meaningful for women;
the complex arrangement of this phenomenon involves a long and sophisticated evolutionary adjustment;
the head of the clitoris has a huge number of nerve endings (over 8000), more than anywhere else on the human body, twice as many as in the very sensitive head of the penis; and the only function of the clitoris is sexual sensation and orgasm;
orgasm does not occur in all women, and even those who experience it do not consistently achieve it; there is a selectivity here, an influence of circumstances, which again is in no way consistent with
We will not discuss primitive and erroneous versions of the functionality of the female orgasm (luring women to have sex, facilitating fertilization through muscular contractions or horizontal posture).
The most plausible versions are those based on the idea of such an essential female concern as choosing the best partner for marriage and parenthood. It is the already classic theory of emotionally “tying down” a partner and then fathering one’s children so that in a “daddy at home” situation, they can grow up more nourished, safe, and successful [7].
The following points do not fit into this concept.
There is a strange dissonance between how long it takes a woman to “warm-up” and how quickly men cool down after they have achieved it.
Loud, often uncontrolled female cries at orgasm; such sounds (moans, loud breathing, growling) excite men no less, and often even more than the sight of a naked female body; this testifies to a well-organized “signal/reaction” pair, which has all signs of innateness, universality and, therefore, is a trace of a very ancient evolutionary adaptation.
Such sounds made by female primates during copulation serve to arouse and attract other males [20]; female primates practicing promiscuity make more complex, intricate sounds during copulation than females of monogamy or harem species [15, 21].
Males are particularly aroused by scenes that have an explicit relation to sperm competition; photos and videos of one woman and several men are much more popular on the Internet and in commercial pornography than one man’s contact with multiple women [22].
The complex mechanisms of female postcopulatory selectivity of semen from different men in the genital tract. It turns out that during orgasm, there is a change in acidity in the vaginal environment, which probably helps the spermatozoa of the man who brought the woman to orgasm to survive and reach their target.
In this respect, female vocalization during coitus gets the function (unconsciously, of course) of a potential invitation: “Come here, take part in the competition for the reproductive prize!”
Such, to put it bluntly, scandalous behavior in contemporary societies and known history occurs only in the situation of orgies — rare, closed, and, as a rule, morally reprehensible, forbidden group practices. The overwhelming number of sexual acts and orgasms do occur in situations of solitude. The involuntary sounds at the apex of orgasm have lost their calling function. However, they have neither disappeared, nor has the orgasm itself. Hence, a reasonable assumption follows: this structure began to provide a different kind of care, namely choosing and holding the best partner. To use a metaphor, one can say that the body of a woman, through the highest degrees of pleasure and emotional experience, sends a signal to the brain: “This is whom I want!” [4].
By the way, it is no coincidence that the involuntary and optional nature of the female orgasm has its analogy in the involuntary and optional nature of male arousal and erection. In the same way, the penis sends a signal to the male brain: “I want it now!” The same principle of selectivity applies here, though in a different register. An orgasm, undoubtedly, is a powerful positive reinforcement of the love and sexual connection with this very man (further, we will talk about the syncretism of female sexuality). All this complex of feelings and desires is activated and concentrated on the partner who delivered extraordinary pleasure.
According to a well-meaning model of the “naturalness” of monogamy, we could say that it is always about the groom, the legitimate spouse, and the father of future children. However, even here, it is not simple. Given that women are almost twice as likely to have orgasms with their lovers as with their husbands. Thus, orgasm is accompanied by high retention of sperm (within two minutes after a male orgasm) [10, 11].
A female orgasm serves both to select a partner with the best (most suitable) genes and strengthen the couple. Orgasm promotes conception during the period of maximum fertility with the gene-optimal partner and strengthens the relationship with the permanent partner (spouse) through an increase in oxytocin levels outside of this fertile window period. It is just when special attention and experience by the man are required to induce orgasm in the woman. Accordingly, women of different types share the importance and weight of these functions. For the “unfaithful,” practicing a short-term mating strategy, orgasm promotes fertilization and perception of the best genes of the chosen one. For “faithful” women, deprived of the chance to benefit reproductively from extramarital sex, orgasm serves to strengthen the bond with a permanent partner (spouse) [23].
There is another original concept that rejects the purely biological (“good genes”) and mercantile (“resources from a partner for oneself and children”) adaptive meanings of the female orgasm. Instead, R. Prum believes that women’s orgasm reproduces in generations as a self-valued pleasure and coevolves with men’s ability to deliver it.
The usual criticism of this concept for its superficiality does not mean that the more profound reasons must necessarily be biological or self-serving. An essential characteristic of the female orgasm is its solid emotional intensity, connected with feelings of love and commitment to the partner. A woman’s violent manifestation of pleasure usually does not leave her partner indifferent (if he is capable of any feelings at all). On the contrary, this lure works for both: one wants more and more. However, there are no guarantees. Not every man can be attracted to it, not every spouse can be discouraged from left thoughts, but female orgasm is one of the most robust means of excitement and strengthening mutual feelings in the partner, often exceeding daily feeding of tasty food.
The female orgasm is not firmly attached to feelings of love and commitment: not every time a woman experiences it in coitus with her beloved partner, and sometimes she can get such pleasure with an attractive man even in a one-time encounter. However, the connection between feeling and orgasm in women is stronger and more frequent than in men. R. Prum uses the concept of “pleasure,” but it is correct to speak of all-absorbing delight, ecstasy, joy, and happiness. A woman’s sense of love and commitment to her partner increases the likelihood of orgasm, and each orgasm with him reinforces that feeling. The feedbacks and signals “from body to brain” and “from brain to body” are enhanced here.
Is it necessary to explain why emotionally, psychophysiologically, and sexually satisfied, in other words, happy and confident women and their offspring, get advantages in sexual selection? I will point only to such characteristics as attractiveness, friendliness, non-conflict, and a high level of social membership. Already this, far from complete, list of advantages is enough to explain the development and reproduction of women’s ability to experience orgasm with the person they love.
Is this, relatively standard for evolutionary biology, a sufficient explanation? Why do not women gain the ability to imitate orgasm with the same beneficial effect, but without so much energy expenditure? By the way, many do. However, for some reason, women’s ability to orgasm does not diminish, even on the contrary. There is something mysterious and disinterested in this, which requires an independent explanation and comprehension.
In women, erotic, sexual attraction is usually inextricably linked with emotional commitment, encompassing personality and imagination, mind, attention, and memory. On the other hand, erotic and sexual attraction in men is closely linked to visual perception and imagination but is often weakly coupled with other cognitive functions, including intellectual and value spheres.
Let us call these features of sexuality female syncretism and male duality. The problem is that they are used to explain many things while they have no evolutionary explanation.
Note that the primates closest to humans do not have such a pronounced difference. The stability of gibbons’ pairs suggests that both males and females are “soul and body” committed to each other, i.e., both are similar to the most faithful and loving woman. It is doubtful that our distant ancestors were similar to gibbons in this respect, but even in such an unlikely case, there is no way to explain why men have lost such an admirable quality.
Among the chimpanzees and bonobos closest to us in sexual behavior, our male type, or rather the “lower” half of it, is characteristic for males and females with a fair amount of levity regarding the early satisfaction of their needs. All this suggests that the key to the explanation is the complex phenomenon of female syncretism, whereas the absence or rejection in males would be easier to explain.
What could be the original form, the source of the fantastic and all-encompassing female love, the fusion of the emotions of commitment, eroticism, and sexual attraction?
In keeping with the Freudian tradition, let us turn to childhood. What can we surmise about the feelings of little boys and girls in the distant ages of the rare hunter-gatherer groups, surrounded by all kinds of risks, threats, calamities from predators and strangers, natural disasters, cold, and hunger?
On the one hand, probably the strongest were fear and anxiety, fear of being left alone, and on the other hand, joy and contentment, intense experiences of happiness to be again under the protection of relatives and friends. This pendulum of fear of being left alone and happiness of being protected serves as a basis for forming emotional complexes aimed at mom, dad, and other relatives — protectors.
For the youngest, the mother provided the comfort of protection, as it still is today. In large groups living together, aunts, older sisters, grandmothers play the same role [25]. Boys and girls, as they grow up, understand and feel that the father still provides the principal protection (also with his brothers and companions). For the most part, girls remain emotionally committed to their mothers and imitate them, often inheriting patterns of their relationships with men. However, then, in girls and women, there is a crucial transformation of feelings: they transfer filial love, commitment to the father (or close adult male protectors) to peers — guys, young men, men — as objects of love, erotic and then sexual attraction. It is evidenced by the well-known acuteness and intolerability of female trauma when a loved one leaves — the fear of being left alone, without protection and support is related to childhood fears.
It is also known that the more a girl loves her father, the more like him she will look for a man as her life partner. Conversely, the father’s absence and a lousy relationship usually lead to difficulties in a woman’s personal life. Again, this shows the paramount importance of a daughter’s love for her father or lack thereof.
What was and is happening to boys? Love for the mother cannot lead to identification with her and imitation. Such behavior has long been subject to strict social control through ridicule (“Don’t be a sissy! You behave like a girl!”). Boys usually aspire to imitate their fathers and prestigious adult men, which is quite natural. Sometimes, as adults, they also choose girlfriends who look like their mother, though this tendency is not pronounced in girls.
Why is it that instead of syncretism, men develop duality — the ability to divide between “high” love for some women, admiration for them, and “low,” purely sexual drive, even “lust” for others?
At first glance, there is an apparent symmetry: girls are forced to give up their beloved fathers as a partner, but boys are also forced to give up their beloved mothers. However, there is also an essential asymmetry here. Girls, growing up, retain an integral emotional complex of love and commitment, turning it on their peers (usually older than themselves, which, incidentally, is quite natural), while boys do not retain this integrity. Why not?
The principal solution is that in girls and women, the fear of loneliness with the need for protection and support remains the same during adulthood, while in boys and men, the primary commitment structure was destroyed and suppressed at some period of anthropogenesis. Since then, this drama has repeated with varying (un)success in the ontogenesis of every man.
It is typical for young boys to want to “marry” their mother. The subsequent understanding of the impossibility of fulfilling this desire connects with a forced denial of one’s weakness, of the recognition that one suffers from loneliness and without a mother. Girls are allowed to be weak and defenseless, but boys are not. Here, as usual, sexual selection and social, the cultural press were at work. Boys, adolescents who were unable to readjust, overcome fear or at least hide it, felt contemptuous. They were very likely not to pass the initiation test, were not considered “real men,” and suffered a complete failure in the reproductive aspect. Other boys more widely could suppress fear. Later, they presented themselves as strong and courageous warriors, hunters, defenders. Naturally, such men were more successful in spreading their genes. In parallel, the masculine patterns of male behavior were spread and transmitted through cultural channels.
This “self-destruction with realignment” was also directly related to men’s attitudes toward the mother. Her image usually moves into the mental realm of high feelings (it is not without reason that insulting the mother, especially in the sexual modality, in most cultures is the most humiliating for men and requires repulsion, even revenge). The same mental realm also serves as the abode of beautiful, inaccessible, forbidden women. They should be nobly protected and served.
Violent sexual needs in adolescence arise and grow apart from the realm of inaccessible beautiful ladies and high feelings. Instead, these “low” needs are more related to the motives of male self-assertion through aggressive “conquest,” with claims to power and domination, with possible options of coercion, violence, or the simple purchase of sex.
Mature men (alas, not all of them) can combine high feelings of love, adoration, and sexual attraction to their wives and girlfriends. However, it is precisely the connection that is initially separate (!), so it is not uncommon for either part or the other to fall away. Respect, adherence may last longer, or vice versa, the sexual attraction of the spouse, remains, while love for her, respect, solidarity disappear. For women, the cooling-off occurs differently: someone she no longer respects or loves she no longer needs in bed.
For all the diversity of evolutionary biology concepts and the paleopsychology of sexuality, they have a common denominator— the premise of the selfishness of every sex, individual, and genome: the sociobiology “bible” title
In this respect, the notorious “uselessness” of the female orgasm, the difficulty, and insufficiency of explaining it through egoistic motives must be reinterpreted. Metaphorically, the female orgasm is a brave and even a pretty humane attempt of evolution to somehow compensate, to overcome the forced and depressing dualism — the cleavage in men’s sexual life. Rejoicing and being proud that he delivered such a strong and impressive pleasure to a woman, her partner receives at least a part of that fullness and depth of love feelings, to which women are capable.
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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. 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