Probiotics isolated from fish.
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These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
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IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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The term ‘Probiotics’ conventionally refers to the substances produced by microorganisms that stimulated the growth of others. With the advancement of knowledge in the subject, the use of the term was later extended to describe the tissue extracts that stimulated microbial growth. This definition was further evolved to animal feed supplements which exerted a beneficial effect by contributing to intestinal flora [1]. With further advancement of knowledge in the field, the term
However, the widely accepted and currently in use definition is the one put forth by the World Health Organization:
“Probiotics are live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host.”
To summarize:
Fermented dairy and other food products were produced and utilized for nutritional and therapeutic purposes long before the discovery of microorganisms. The discovery of fermentation was itself an incidence of serendipity. However, with the discovery of Lactic acid-producing bacteria by Pasteur in 1857, it was Pasteur and his successors who had a significant impact on the understanding of the microbiology involved in the process of fermentation [9]. The idea of using beneficial bacteria attracted interest along with the advances in microbiology and biotechnology in the following decades.
Research on the application of probiotic microorganisms in aquaculture started over two decades ago. Microorganisms, especially lactic acid bacteria (LAB), have long been associated with food fermentation. Dating back to 3200 BC, when the Egyptians produced fermented milk and dairy products during the Pharaonic period [10, 11]. Applications of probiotics in the field of animal husbandry gained popularity in the 1960s. In the 1980s, the most common probiotics for animal feeds belonged to three bacterial and one yeast genera: Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, and Saccharomyces spp. Lactobacillus sp. is recognized to produce potent antimicrobial compounds in order to establish their preservative and probiotic effects [12, 13] and have been consumed in the form of diverse food supplements through thousands of years and are “generally regarded as safe” (GRAS) [14, 15].
Probiotics are an innate component of a healthy intestinal microbiota in humans and other animals. These colonize the gut through the diet or other non-dietary sources that are consumed by the organism. Novel species and strains of probiotic bacteria are being constantly identified with the exploration of previously unexplored sources. However, prior to incorporating such potential probiotic strains into products, their efficacy has to be carefully assessed based on a battery of criteria (Figure 1).
Probiotics: Characteristic criteria.
Foremost among such criteria is the safety of the host. Most of the probiotics in use today have been isolated from natural sources with a long history of safe use. Acid and bile salt stability of such strains are self-evident properties as these were able to colonize the intestinal tract. The development of probiotic products requires that the strains should also have antimicrobial activity and antibiotic resistance to the commonly administered drugs. Adhesion to intestinal cells and colonization of the gut are among the other primary requisites [3, 4, 5, 7, 16, 17, 18, 19].
Acidic conditions (pH < 3.0) in the stomach act as a natural barrier to microorganisms and prevents most of them from passing into the intestine. Acid tolerance is, hence, a preliminary character for any strain that is expected to have probiotic effects [16, 20]. Resistance to pH 3.0 for 2 h is one standard test to determine the low pH tolerance of potential probiotic isolates [21]. The exact mechanism of tolerance to low pH conditions is not yet known. The next barrier for a potential probiotic to survive is the bile salt in the intestine, the normal level of which is around 0.3%, but may range up to the extreme 2.0% during the first hour of digestion. In conjunction with acid tolerance, it has been used widely as a selection criterion of potential probiotics [22]. Bile resistance of potential probiotic strains is related to the activity of the enzyme- bile salt hydrolase (BSH) which catalyzes the hydrolysis of conjugated bile, hence reducing its toxic effects [23]. In addition, according to Ganzle et al. [24] bile resistance can be increased due to the protective effect of some food components.
The potential of lactic acid bacteria and probiotic yeast to inhibit the growth of other microorganisms in the intestine is a valuable feature for considering their application in the development of functional foods. The antagonistic property of the probiotic strains against pathogenic bacteria may be exerted by either competitive exclusion, a decrease of redox potential, inter-bacterial aggregation, or production of antimicrobial substances including organic acids, other inhibitory primary metabolites such as hydrogen peroxide, and special compounds like bacteriocins and antibiotics [25, 26]. This property enables the probiotics to alter the resident intestinal flora and modify it for the benefit of the host [27].
The ability of probiotic strains to endure and survive in the presence of antibiotics ensures the maintenance of healthy intestinal microbiota during the treatment of microbial infections. LAB has been shown to exhibit susceptibility to a broad spectrum of antibiotics. Although isolates of lactobacilli with strong resistance to penicillin, cephalosporins, and bacitracin have been recovered from the human gastro-intestinal tract and dairy products, in most of these cases, this resistance is not transmissible and represents an intrinsic characteristic of the organism [17, 28].
The health benefits of probiotics were proposed over a century ago by Eli Metchnikoff when he postulated that manipulating the intestinal microbiome could enhance health and delay senescence [29]. There is now sufficient scientific evidence supporting the incorporation of probiotics in the diet for health benefits. The best documented benefits include- relief from bowel disorders such as lactose intolerance, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and infectious diarrhea, and allergy. Emerging evidence has indicated the potential role of probiotics in managing different kinds of cancers as well. Multiple
Probiotics are known to exert their effects by influencing the intestinal microflora and protecting against infections, alleviating lactose intolerance, reducing blood cholesterol levels, improving weight gain and feed conversion ratio, and also stimulating the immune system [33]. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a part of normal gut microflora in humans and some other animals and are known to produce lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, diacetyl, acetaldehyde, and bacteriocins which are able to inhibit the growth of harmful microorganisms [34, 35].
Probiotics are mostly administered as live supplements in diet and exert diverse effects on the host. These influence the intestinal luminal environment and the innate and adaptive immune response systems [34, 36].
The use of probiotics for enhancing bio-growth parameters and in improving disease resistance ability has been well documented in aquaculture of fish for human consumption [37, 38, 39, 40, 41] but research on the effect of feeding probiotics in ornamental fishes is still an under-explored research territory.
Although most probiotics known so far are Gram-positive, with lactobacillus and bifidobacterium being the main species used for treatments of intestinal dysfunctions [42], some Gram-negative bacteria, such as
There is strong evidence that the administration of probiotics is able to down-regulate over-expressed immune responses in subjects with autoimmune/immune-inflammatory disorders and enhance specific aspects of immune function in healthy subjects. Schiffrin and colleagues reported enhanced phagocytic capacity of peripheral blood leucocytes (polymorphonuclear and monocytes) in healthy human adults administered with specific strains of probiotics [49, 50, 51, 52]. The effectiveness of probiotics in enhancing the immunogenicity of mucosal and systemic vaccines has also been reported. It has been reported that probiotic administration could induce antibody responses to completely unrelated antigens and to themselves [53, 54].
Probiotics have been obtained from a wide variety of traditionally fermented and preserved products that include dairy-based items like fermented milk, cheese, buttermilk, milk powder, and yogurt [55, 56]. Non-dairy food sources like soy-based products, cereals, and a variety of fermented juices have also proved to be promising [57, 58]. With more and more sources being explored, new strains and species of probiotics are being added to the list.
Fish and their products have emerged to be a potential source of novel probiotics that can be utilized to enhance the value of human nutrition [59]. Fish gut confers a congenial environment for colonization of bacteria abundant in the aquatic environment. Most of the probiotic bacteria isolated from the fish gut are either aerobes or facultative anaerobes. Worldwide, fishes have been consumed in diverse formats. Among some ethnic groups, there has been a tradition to preserve fish by drying and fermenting for enhanced shelf-life. In the North-eastern states of India, freshwater fish have been fermented by traditional practices into products such as Utonga-kupsu, Hentak, and Ngari. Workers have studied the bacterial communities in these products and isolated
Country/state/region | Fish species | Bacteria isolated | Accession No. | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Manipur (India) | [60, 62] | |||
JX 847611 | ||||
KU945827 | [63] | |||
JX847608 | [64] | |||
KX953135 | [65] | |||
Meghalaya (India) | JN680708 | [66] | ||
JN680707 | ||||
JN680706 | ||||
JN680705 | ||||
HQ141620 | ||||
HQ141621 | ||||
H Q141622 | ||||
H Q141623 | ||||
HQ141624 | ||||
Assam (India) | KR706310 | [67] | ||
NE India | [68] | |||
Malaysia | [69] | |||
[8] | ||||
Thailand | [7] | |||
MG798679.1 | [70] | |||
Phillipines | [71] | |||
Probiotics isolated from fish.
The processes like fermentation, salting, drying, and smoking are the popularly followed traditional methods of preservation of fish [72, 73]. As evident from the list (Table 1) lactic acid bacteria have been found to be predominant in most of the fermented fish products. However, the microbial diversity of these products also encompasses some species of
The fish gut microbiota embodies diverse enzyme-producing microorganisms capable of producing multiple hydrolytic enzymes that aid in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids [81, 82].
Although the above list is not comprehensive, it represents the potential of fish and their products as a source of novel probiotics. The knowledge of the health benefits of fermented fish products has been utilized by many cultures worldwide and this information can be utilized for the development of probiotic products for human consumption.
The incorporation of probiotics from fish and fish products into the development of functional foods containing known probiotic strains can provide alternatives in therapeutics and ensure food security. Isolation and standardization of bacteriocins and other metabolites from probiotics can lead to the development of functional foods for individuals surviving on a vegan diet.
The host- probiotic relationship can be regarded as evolutionarily one of the most primitive associations. It represents a dynamic relationship that is influenced by dietary and other intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The kind of diet consumed by the host plays an important role in the maintenance of the probiotic microbiome in the body. On the other hand, a healthy probiotic microbiome in the host ascertains good growth and health of the host. The various health benefits and the potential role of probiotics in various human diseases have been highlighted in this chapter. As the kind of diet consumed influences the gut microbiome significantly, it, therefore, becomes essential to explore this intricate food-host-probiotic relationship in order to understand human health and diseases. The traditional food- preparation practices evolved through close observation of the effect of food on human and animal health. Hence, exploration of such traditionally prepared foods can reveal some novel probiotics with potential therapeutic applications. In this chapter, some of such sources of probiotics have been listed. However, there is an urgent need to study these in detail as most of them have not been completely characterized to the extent of their utilization for human applications.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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The speakers include both native and non-native speakers of English. NLP or Natural Language Processing on the other hand is a branch of computer science that deals with one of the most challenging aspect that a machine can process: dealing with Natural Languages. Natural languages which have evolved over centuries are complete, diverse and highly complex and thus are challenging for a computer system to understand and process. MT or Machine Translation is a more specific part of NLP that translates one natural language to another (English being one of the major researched and sought after languages among them). Though research in the field of NLP and MT has come a long way and many efficient translators are available, still Translation and other NLP applications in specialized domains such as aeronautics are still today a challenge for NLP researchers and developers to achieve. 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Classification of radar target is one of the utmost imperatives and hardest practical problems in finding out the missile. Detection of target in the pool of decoys and debris is one of the major radas technologies widely used in practice. In this study we mainly focus on the radar target recognition in different shapes like cone, cylinder and sphere based on radar cross section (RCS). RCS is a critical element of the radar signature that is used in this work to identify the target. The concept is to focus on new technique of ML for analyzing the input data and to attain a better accuracy. Machine learning has had a significant impact on the entire industry as a result of its high computational competency for target prediction with precise data analysis. We investigated various machine learning classifiers methods to categorize available radar target data. This chapter summarizes conventional and deep learning technique used for classification of radar target.",book:{id:"10690",slug:"air-traffic-management-and-control",title:"Air Traffic Management and Control",fullTitle:"Air Traffic Management and Control"},signatures:"Rashmi Narasimhamurthy and Osamah Ibrahim Khalaf",authors:[{id:"426189",title:"Dr.",name:"Rashmi",middleName:null,surname:"Narasimhamurthy",slug:"rashmi-narasimhamurthy",fullName:"Rashmi Narasimhamurthy"}]},{id:"78211",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99640",title:"Human Factors Quality Control in Air Traffic",slug:"human-factors-quality-control-in-air-traffic",totalDownloads:138,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Every living person, from infants to older people, gets affected by internal and external factors. There are numerous researches and writings related to humans and these various factors. Human factors are recognized since the start of the human race. The awareness of the impacts of our environment is not new to humans. The focus in this chapter is upon those factors which can create an impact on aircraft mechanisms and air traffic controllers. These factors include human, psychological, work conditions, training, health conditions, environment, societal, and training. These factors must be quality controlled to minimize the errors in the critical domain of air traffic. A reduction in the number of errors will allow the performance to be higher and lowers the chances of fatal accidents.",book:{id:"10690",slug:"air-traffic-management-and-control",title:"Air Traffic Management and Control",fullTitle:"Air Traffic Management and Control"},signatures:"Muhammad Usman Tariq",authors:[{id:"416758",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Usman",slug:"muhammad-usman",fullName:"Muhammad Usman"}]},{id:"78855",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100274",title:"Online Estimation of Terminal Airspace Sector Capacity from ATC Workload",slug:"online-estimation-of-terminal-airspace-sector-capacity-from-atc-workload",totalDownloads:98,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Neural Partial Differentiation (NPD) approach is applied to estimate terminal airspace sector capacity in real-time from the ATC (Air Traffic Controller) dynamical neural model with permissible safe separation and affordable workload. A neural model of a multi-input-single-output (MISO) ATC dynamical system is primarily established and used to estimate parameters from the experimental data using NPD. Since the relative standard deviations of these estimated parameters are lesser, the predicted neural model response is well matched with the intervention of ATC workload. Moreover, the proposed neural network-based approach works well with the experimental data online as it does not require the initial values of model parameters that are unknown in practice.",book:{id:"10690",slug:"air-traffic-management-and-control",title:"Air Traffic Management and Control",fullTitle:"Air Traffic Management and Control"},signatures:"Majeed Mohamed",authors:[{id:"419366",title:"Dr.",name:"Majeed",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamed",slug:"majeed-mohamed",fullName:"Majeed Mohamed"}]},{id:"79263",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101086",title:"Key Aspects of Occupational Health and Safety towards Efficiency and Performance in Air Traffic Management",slug:"key-aspects-of-occupational-health-and-safety-towards-efficiency-and-performance-in-air-traffic-mana",totalDownloads:113,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This paper/chapter deals with the key drivers for adopting and developing an Occupational Health and Safety System (OHS) with a special focus on air traffic management and traffic controller’s workplace. A such system includes regulation and legal compliance procedures, actions and monitoring for ensuring workplace safety, incentives and motivation for the air traffic controller and associate personnel health and wellbeing. By a systemic approach, the key characteristics of OHS towards air traffic management are presented, highlighting the key aspects for implementing a quality management system in air traffic control, which is the cornerstone of airport operation efficiency and productivity on one hand; and the nature of job and the intensive working environment is well recognised. Based on air traffic providers functional analysis the key occupational aspects for air traffic control are taken into consideration, providing the benefits for implementing quality management systems (QMS) and OHS is real business. Conventional wisdom is to highlight the importance for establishing and incorporating a modern custom-made OHS system in accordance with the requirements addressed by OHSAS 18001 to develop and implement a QMS for air traffic services. Contribution of this paper is to highlight the key priorities for managers and decision makers in field of air traffic services providers, depicting ways and recommendation for adopting an efficient path for implementing OHS in a QMS environment.",book:{id:"10690",slug:"air-traffic-management-and-control",title:"Air Traffic Management and Control",fullTitle:"Air Traffic Management and Control"},signatures:"Dimitrios Dimitriou and Stylianos Zantanidis",authors:[{id:"207943",title:"Prof.",name:"Dimitrios",middleName:null,surname:"Dimitriou",slug:"dimitrios-dimitriou",fullName:"Dimitrios Dimitriou"},{id:"417813",title:"Dr.",name:"Stylianos",middleName:null,surname:"Zantanidis",slug:"stylianos-zantanidis",fullName:"Stylianos Zantanidis"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"78059",title:"Behavioral Modeling Paradigm for More Electric Aircraft Power Electronic Converters",slug:"behavioral-modeling-paradigm-for-more-electric-aircraft-power-electronic-converters",totalDownloads:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"To control the power flow among various energy sources and loads of a power system of modern more electric aircrafts, power electronics converters are employed. The integration of multiple sources into distribution system and their interconnection with variety of loads through power electronic converters results in a complex dynamic system. Modeling of these systems prior to implementation becomes necessary to analyze and predict system’s behavior. The classical modeling approaches require detail knowledge about the topology and parameters of the active and passive components of the power electronics converters. While in modern system, most of the power electronics converters are ready to use power electronics modules. These modules come from different manufacturers, lacking the necessary information to build the conventional switch or average models. 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The focus in this chapter is upon those factors which can create an impact on aircraft mechanisms and air traffic controllers. These factors include human, psychological, work conditions, training, health conditions, environment, societal, and training. These factors must be quality controlled to minimize the errors in the critical domain of air traffic. A reduction in the number of errors will allow the performance to be higher and lowers the chances of fatal accidents.",book:{id:"10690",slug:"air-traffic-management-and-control",title:"Air Traffic Management and Control",fullTitle:"Air Traffic Management and Control"},signatures:"Muhammad Usman Tariq",authors:[{id:"416758",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Usman",slug:"muhammad-usman",fullName:"Muhammad Usman"}]},{id:"78855",title:"Online Estimation of Terminal Airspace Sector Capacity from ATC Workload",slug:"online-estimation-of-terminal-airspace-sector-capacity-from-atc-workload",totalDownloads:98,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Neural Partial Differentiation (NPD) approach is applied to estimate terminal airspace sector capacity in real-time from the ATC (Air Traffic Controller) dynamical neural model with permissible safe separation and affordable workload. 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He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. 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His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. 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Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. 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Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. 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He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. 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Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}},{id:"351158",title:"Prof.",name:"David W.",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",slug:"david-w.-anderson",fullName:"David W. 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