Types of materials used in 4D printing.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"603",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Methodologies, Tools and New Developments for E-Learning",title:"Methodologies, Tools and New Developments for E-Learning",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"With the resources provided by communication technologies, E-learning has been employed in multiple universities, as well as in wide range of training centers and schools. This book presents a structured collection of chapters, dealing with the subject and stressing the importance of E-learning. It shows the evolution of E-learning, with discussion about tools, methodologies, improvements and new possibilities for long-distance learning.\nThe book is divided into three sections and their respective chapters refer to three macro areas. The first section of the book covers methodologies and tools applied for E-learning, considering collaborative methodologies and specific environments.\nThe second section is about E-learning assessment, highlighting studies about E-learning features and evaluations for different methodologies. The last section deals with the new developments in E-learning, emphasizing subjects like knowledge building in virtual environments, new proposals for architectures in tutoring systems, and case studies.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0029-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5575-1",doi:"10.5772/1115",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"methodologies-tools-and-new-developments-for-e-learning",numberOfPages:346,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"d264034a8e51ed0f264b4c935b115c81",bookSignature:"Elvis Pontes, Anderson Silva, Adilson Guelfi and Sérgio Takeo Kofuji",publishedDate:"February 3rd 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/603.jpg",numberOfDownloads:41097,numberOfWosCitations:28,numberOfCrossrefCitations:9,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:21,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:58,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 1st 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 29th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 3rd 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 2nd 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 31st 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"51858",title:"MSc",name:"Elvis",middleName:null,surname:"Pontes",slug:"elvis-pontes",fullName:"Elvis Pontes",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/51858/images/system/51858.jpg",biography:"Elvis Pontes is a full Professor at the University Estácio de Sá, and Adjunct Professor at the Universidade Paulista and at SENAC. He also owns a consulting company in the information technology field that has been running for 17 years. Professor Pontes currently holds an MSc from the Institute of Technological Research of São Paulo, MBA from the Institute of Energy and Nuclear Researches, BSc from the Technological Institute of Osasco, a Technological Degree from the Technological Institute of Barueri (ITB), and is preparing a PhD at the University of São Paulo. Awards include: top student at ITB (among 36 fellows) and at MSc, among the top 5 papers at the ICDIM’11 Congress (University of Melbourne), second best paper at the I2TS’08 Symposium (of 133 papers), and scholarship from the ICDIM’09 (University of Michigan) and ICDIM’10 (Lakehead University). As a result of his research, Professor Pontes was invited to collaborate with the United States Department of Defense. He is also a reviewer for journals and books for Elsevier and InTech.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"51860",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Kofuji",slug:"sergio-kofuji",fullName:"Sergio Kofuji",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/51860/images/4851_n.jpg",biography:"Sérgio Takeo Kofuji holds Bachelor Degree in Physics from the University of São Paulo (1985), Masters in Electrical Engineering from the University of São Paulo (1988) and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of São Paulo (1995). He is currently Professor RiDP Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"95914",title:"Prof.",name:"Adilson",middleName:"Eduardo",surname:"Guelfi",slug:"adilson-guelfi",fullName:"Adilson Guelfi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/95914/images/3127_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adilson Guelfi holds PhD in Electric Engineering from the University of São Paulo. 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This development has since then led to also accessibility to the public. These developments started when Chuck Hull of 3D System Corp. filed their patent for a stereolithographic process eventually evolving into a 3D-printing technology boom [2]. Today 3D printer is priced as low as $100 [3] and is therefore accessible to the general public. Recent advances in 3D printing include, for example, the manufacturing of biomaterials for biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering. With recent advancements in the 3D printers, the industrial printers can build as small layers as 16 μm and thus creating a major milestone for biomedical applications [4]. 3D-printing technology can be used in various forms of materials printing, including fused deposition modeling (FDM), stereolithography (SLA), selective laser melting (SLM), and electron beam melting (EBM). The most used techniques are stereolithography and fused deposition modeling [5].
The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 52900:2015 has classified the additive manufacturing (AM) process into seven categories (Figure 1) [5, 6].
Additive manufacturing processes.
There are several benefits to using 3D printing, such as [5, 7]:
Design to component translation.
Greater customization.
Manufacturing of complex, flexible, or lightweight components with no additional cost.
Potential of zero-waste manufacturing.
On-demand manufacturing.
Excellent scalability.
Although the 3D-printing industry is rapidly growing, there have been several economic, social, and environmental challenges that need to be addressed, such as recycling of materials, energy usage, organic compounds emission, high cost of raw materials, and standards and certifications [6]. The lack of printing material [8] and the high cost of thermoplastic polymers add to the barrier to the industrialization of 3D-printing technologies [9]. The market growth potential is considerable for 3D-printing as it is estimated that the filament market will be worth $ 6.6 billion by 2026 [10]. One concern for the advancement of 3D printing other than the high cost of raw material is the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC), including iso-butanol and methyl-methacrylate [11]. To address the abovementioned economic and environmental concerns, there has been a new advancement in the additive manufacturing process which includes the addition of additives can such as diatoms [10] and biodegradable materials, such as ceramics, biomaterials, graphene, carbon fibers, binders for metals, sand, and plaster [12]. The cost of these additives is relatively much less than the thermoplastic filaments. In addition, there are added benefits including included in the addition of additives, such as improved moisture resistance that may slow down the process of decomposition of the filament material and may potentially open up other innovative functional possibilities, such as immobilization of chemical sensors and bacteria and virus-killing agents for novel biomedical applications.
In general, the structures fabricated with 3D printing either using single or multiple materials are intrinsically static, hence 3D printing cannot meet the demands where dynamic materials applications are needed including, for example, hygromorph biocomposites [13], adaptive wind turbines [14], active biocomposites [15], and self-folding microgrippers [16]. This addition of a new dimension to 3D printing has started a new era of printing known as 4D printing and includes novel materials compositions, additives, and chemical functionalization.
There are several challenges associated with manufacturing or scaling up of 3D printing mentioned as follows [17]:
Earlier 3D printing or additive manufacturing was normally used for rapid prototyping only but in the current scenario, 3D printing has already established a large pool of diverse applications, for example, in manufacturing, sociocultural, food, and biomedical sectors. There is a wide range of applications from nano to macro to large scale for 3D printing (Figure 2).
Range of applications of 3D printing.
There are several types of advancements are done recently to increase the efficiency of the additive manufacturing process, such as materials advancement, process advancement, and post-processing advancement.
There are several challenges associated with 3D printing, such as emission of volatile organic compounds, creation of voids, and high cost of thermoplastic polymers. To avoid all these issues, recent advancements have been done which include the use of fillers, such as carbon fibers, nanofibers, graphite, and diatomaceous earth [9, 10]. Carbon nanotube/polylactic acid composites (CNT/PLA) and multi-walled carbon nanotube/polylactic acid composites (MWCNT/PLA) with strong mechanical properties are being explored in microelectronics [19]. The smaller particles sizes are used in composites to produce stiffness and high density in the printed products, such as hydroxyapatite-reinforced polyethylene/polyamide composites (HA-PE/PA) [20]. Carbon black/polyamide 12 (CA/PA12) composites were fabricated which enhance the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of printed products [21]. Nanomaterial composites, such as nanosilica/polyamide, nanoclay/polyamide, and graphite nanoplatelets/polyamide composites, have also been fabricated leading to improved mechanical properties [9]. These composites can be used for multiple applications, such as biomedical applications, because of the high surface area of fillers present (Figure 3) [10].
3D-printed Diatoms in the PLA matrix (original work).
3D-printed titanium firefighting drone [
There is an innovative advancement that mimics the living organism’s organic cellular structure and bone growth. The world’s largest 3D-printed airplane cabin component with a “bionic partition” which separates the passenger cabin from the galley has been divulged by Autodesk and Airbus. This design has made the partition very light with a 45% reduction in weight compared to traditional designs but still very strong. It has been estimated that this design would save 465,000 metric tons of CO2 emissions per year. This new bionic partition used the second-generation alloy of scandium, aluminum, and magnesium named “Scalmalloy” created by the 3D-printing expertise of Airbus subsidiary “APWorks” (Figure 5) [24].
Airbus 3D printed bionic partition cabin [Source: Airbus].
Similarly, Airbus has collaborated with Materialise to produce the 3D-printed bionic spacer panel using FDM and Materialise’s post-production processes which made the panel 15% light in weight compared to traditional panels (Figure 6) [25, 26].
3D-printed finished spacer panel, [Source: Materialise].
Stratasys has been 3D printing more Airbus cabin components for years now [27]. Airbus A350 XWB was decided to be manufactured by 3D printing (Figure 7) [28].
Airbus 3D metal-printed bionic titanium bracket [Source: Airbus].
Alquist 3D has printed the first-ever 3D-printed house in the US which was assembled in 22 hours. The printer head was connected to the tube through which the traditional concrete was being pumped. Alquist 3D has teamed up with the nonprofit organization known as “Habitat for Humanity” where they will be providing homes to the people in need. Alquist 3D has claimed that the 3D-printed houses are 10–15% less in cost compared to traditional house building. It has saved the manpower also as according to Alquist 3D, only 3–4 humans were required to operate the printer [29]. This was not the first time 3D-printed houses have been built. In France, 3D-printed houses were built and Europe’s first 3D-printed house was built in 22 days which was later shortened to 3 days. In Dubai, there have been 3D-printed offices have been built. According to the Dubai government, it has saved them almost 50% of the total cost [30]. Initially, 3D printing was used only for prototyping the construction but now 3D printing has been used for constructing the whole buildings.
Porsche has used 3D-printing technology to produce 3D-printed pistons, spare parts, and sports seats. Porsche has developed the lightweight, better thermal resistance, high-performance pistons for the twin-turbo boxer engine of the 911GT2 RS model leading to a 30-horsepower gain. This process used the laser printing or laser metal fusion process in collaboration with MAHLE & TRUMPF which uses the high-precision machine, TruPrint 3000 with a 500-Watt fiber laser and high-purity metal special aluminum alloy powder which melted to print 1200 layers ending into the desired shape (Figure 8) [31, 32].
Pistons of the twin-turbo boxer engine of 911GT2 RS [Source: Porsche AG].
Porsche has been manufacturing spare parts using selective laser melting since 2018 but recently, Porsche has started manufacturing personalized bodyform full-bucket sports seats for Porsche 911 and 718. Porsche has also invested in 3D-printing specialist INTAMSYS (Figure 9).
3D-Printed bodyform full-bucket sports seats [Source: Porsche AG].
Porsche has also produced its first complete housing for its electric drive using the additive laser fusion process which has opened the possibilities for 3D printing in the highly stressed electric sports cars sector (Figure 10) [33].
Prototype for small series production [Source: Porsche AG].
4D printing or smart printing has a unique basic characteristic that differentiates it from the static 3D-printing structures; 4D-printing materials are dynamic and able to have functionality [8]. The well-used definition describing the 4D-printing states “It is the evolution of a 3D printed structure either in shape, property, and functionality when it is exposed to external factors such as light [38], heat [39], pH [40], and water [41]”. 4D printing can be defined as the best combination of a smart material, a 3D printer, and a well-programmed automated design (Figure 11) [8].
3D vs 4D printing.
There are five factors that influence the 4D printing which are the additive manufacturing process, feedstock material, stimuli, interaction mechanism, and modeling [42].
According to F. Momeni and J. Ni, there are three laws that define the shape-changing behavior of 4D-printed objects [43]. The first law states that “all the shapes changing behaviors such as curling, twisting, coiling, bending, etc. of multi-material 4D structures are due to the relative expansion between active and passive materials.”
The second law states that “there are four physical factors behind the shape changing ability of all multi-material 4D structures i.e., mass diffusion, thermal expansion, molecular transformation, and organic growth.”
The third law states that the “time-dependent shape-morphing behavior of nearly all multi-material 4D printed structures is governed by two “types” of time constants” (Table 1).
Types of materials | Examples | References |
---|---|---|
Responsive toward moisture: Hydrogels | Hydrogels respond to moisture or water and can expand up to 200% of their original volume. Sustainable materials, such as cellulose, can be used as hydrogel printing ink compatible with various types of printers | [8, 14, 40] |
Responsive toward light: photo-responsive | Chromophore (photosensitive) materials are inserted into smart material for which light acts as an indirect stimulus because light generates the heat which eventually changes the shape of the material. | [8, 37] |
Responsive toward temperature: thermo-responsive | Temperature (heating or cooling) is used as an external stimulus either to change the shape of material – shape change effect (SCE) or to transform the deformed shape into the original shape – shape memory effect (SME). SMEs can be polymers, metals, ceramics, alloys, and gels. These smart materials are used in biomedical applications such as orthodontics, physiotherapy, orthopedics, surgeries, etc. | [8, 38] |
Materials responsive toward pH | Polyelectrolytes are used as smart material which changes their shape as the pH changes with the release or gain of protons. It has found applications in biocatalysts, valves, actuators, drug delivery, etc. | [8, 39] |
Materials responsive toward the electric field | An electric field is also the indirect stimulus that produces the heat and causes the change in shape. For instance, origami using polypyrrole | [8] |
Materials responsive toward the magnetic field | Smart materials change their shape in the presence of a magnetic field. Magnetic nanoparticles are incorporated into hydrogels which respond in the presence of a magnetic field | [8, 41, 42] |
Piezoelectric materials | The charge is produced with mechanical stress which eventually causes the deformation. | [8, 41, 42] |
Types of materials used in 4D printing.
There are revolutionary applications associated with the 4D printing, such as biomedical applications of 4D printing in drug delivery, organ regeneration and transplantation, and tissue fabrication [44]. 4D-printed structures have great potential in soft robotics because of their capability to deform, adjust to environmental changes, and flexibility [8]. 4D-printed structures with smart materials can be used as self-evolving structures [45, 46], active origami structures [47], self-sustainable satellite manufacturing parts [8], sensors responsive toward moisture, temperature, pH, magnetic energy, etc. [8]. Despite diverse applications, 4D printing needs more research and development, especially in scaling it up. Commercializing the 4D printing is troublesome because of the high production cost, installation cost and material used and availability. Multi-materials printers could be a possible solution but need furthermore research (Figure 12).
4D printed metamaterials reconfigurable object [
Additive manufacturing was invented in the 1940s and it has developed a lot with innovative inventions since then. The different additive manufacturing process techniques have specific peculiarities and the disadvantage of one technique can lead to the innovation of a new technique. The development of different types of printers has enabled the AM to use different types of materials which include plastics, metals, and ceramics. New improvements in AM techniques allow the high filler loading in thermoplastic composites.
3D printing has diverse applications include for instance food, fashion, biomedical, health, aerospace, and cultural heritage preservation. 3D printing helps the consumer to customize the product as per their requirements. There are a few challenges that need to be addressed, such as emission of volatile organic compounds, creation of voids, high cost of thermoplastic polymers, and weak mechanical strength, of printed structures. To overcome these challenges composites with fillers have been fabricated such as carbon nanotube/polylactic acid composites, nanosilica/polyamide composites, and carbon black/polyamide composites which have increased the mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of the composites.
Despite highly diverse applications of 3D printing and new advancements in 3D printing, there are still a few challenges that restrict the usage of 3D printing on a commercial scale. These include the resistance and adaptability of 3D-printed material’s properties and structures against the change in environmental factors, such as temperature, electric energy, and pH.
4D printing is basically the combination of a 3D printer, smart material, and well-designed programming that allows the 3D-printed object to change its shape, properties, and functionality with time. 4D-printed objects change or modify against environmental conditions. These materials can be responsive to heat, water, pH, electric energy, and magnetic field. 4D printing has increased the number of application areas for additive manufacturing and thus expanded to include aviation, self-sustaining material, sensors, active materials, and bioprinting.
There has been a tremendous amount of technological advancement and research on 3D and 4D printing, and its applications. New advancements have been, however, the commercialization and implementation at a larger stage are still in progress and therefore more research and development are needed. Importantly more sustainable materials need to be explored due to the environmental risks associated with some of the materials and techniques used. The potential to create solutions to some of the most challenging product development needs in various industries using 3D- and 4D-printing technologies remain high. These developments are many times related to niche products that cannot be manufactured otherwise.
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\\n\\nTERMINATION
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\\n\\nNo partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for, or on behalf of, any other party.
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\n\nThe foregoing licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Publication Agreement for any reason.
\n\nThe Author, on his or her own behalf and on behalf of any of the Co-Authors, reserves the following rights in the Work but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Work as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
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\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Author and Co-Authors retain patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Work.
\n\nAll rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the specific approval of the Author or Co-Authors.
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\n\nThe Author and Co-Authors confirm that: (i) the Work is their original work and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Work has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) Authors and any applicable Co-Authors are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) Authors and any applicable Co-Authors have not assigned, and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign, any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Author and Co-Authors also confirm and warrant that: (i) he/she has the power to enter into this Publication Agreement on his or her own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) has the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Work to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licences in this Publication Agreement. If the Work was prepared jointly by the Author and Co-Authors, the Author confirms that: (i) all Co-Authors agree to the submission, license and publication of the Work on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) the Author has the authority to enter into this biding Publication Agreement on behalf of each Co-Author. The Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each Co-Author.
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As a high number of molecules are available, synthesis of the most important cytokines, including tumor factor necrosis, interferons and interleukins will be presented. Here we also describe the relationships between those cytokines with some autoimmune diseases that are promoted by them.",book:{id:"6243",slug:"autoantibodies-and-cytokines",title:"Autoantibodies and Cytokines",fullTitle:"Autoantibodies and Cytokines"},signatures:"Vinicius L. Ferreira, Helena H.L. Borba, Aline de F. Bonetti, Leticia P.\nLeonart and Roberto Pontarolo",authors:null},{id:"30339",doi:"10.5772/33108",title:"Immunoelectron Microscopy: A Reliable Tool for the Analysis of Cellular Processes",slug:"immunoelectron-microscopy-a-reliable-tool-for-the-analysis-of-biological-processes",totalDownloads:7689,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"1436",slug:"applications-of-immunocytochemistry",title:"Applications of Immunocytochemistry",fullTitle:"Applications of Immunocytochemistry"},signatures:"Ana L. De Paul, Jorge H. Mukdsi, Juan P. Petiti, Silvina Gutiérrez, Amado A. Quintar, Cristina A. Maldonado and Alicia I. Torres",authors:[{id:"94062",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:"LucÃa",surname:"De Paul",slug:"ana-de-paul",fullName:"Ana De Paul"},{id:"107542",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Mukdsi",slug:"jorge-mukdsi",fullName:"Jorge Mukdsi"},{id:"107544",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Petiti",slug:"juan-pablo-petiti",fullName:"Juan Pablo Petiti"},{id:"107545",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvina",middleName:null,surname:"Gutiérrez",slug:"silvina-gutierrez",fullName:"Silvina Gutiérrez"},{id:"107546",title:"Dr.",name:"Amado",middleName:null,surname:"Quintar",slug:"amado-quintar",fullName:"Amado Quintar"},{id:"107548",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Maldonado",slug:"cristina-maldonado",fullName:"Cristina Maldonado"},{id:"107551",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia",middleName:null,surname:"Torres",slug:"alicia-torres",fullName:"Alicia Torres"}]},{id:"62204",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78804",title:"Highlighting the Role of DC-NK Cell Interplay in Immunobiology and Immunotherapy",slug:"highlighting-the-role-of-dc-nk-cell-interplay-in-immunobiology-and-immunotherapy",totalDownloads:1855,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells are both part of the innate immune system, also playing crucial functions in the regulation of adaptive immune responses. In recent years, numerous works have demonstrated that DCs and NK cells mutually influence each other with major consequences in the type and effectiveness of elicited immune responses. Among other effects, DC-NK crosstalk can result in NK cell activation and DC maturation or deletion, depending on its activation status. In this chapter and after a brief overview of DCs and NK immunobiology, we focus on the process of DC-NK crosstalk, highlighting the relevance of rationally exploring this interplay in the development of more effective cancer immunotherapies.",book:{id:"7248",slug:"dendritic-cells",title:"Dendritic Cells",fullTitle:"Dendritic Cells"},signatures:"João Calmeiro, Mylene Carrascal, Célia Gomes, Amílcar Falcão,\nMaria Teresa Cruz and Bruno Miguel Neves",authors:[{id:"114266",title:"Prof.",name:"Bruno",middleName:"Miguel",surname:"Neves",slug:"bruno-neves",fullName:"Bruno Neves"},{id:"115592",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Cruz",slug:"maria-teresa-cruz",fullName:"Maria Teresa Cruz"},{id:"233883",title:"Prof.",name:"Amílcar",middleName:null,surname:"Falcão",slug:"amilcar-falcao",fullName:"Amílcar Falcão"},{id:"243998",title:"MSc.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Calmeiro",slug:"joao-calmeiro",fullName:"João Calmeiro"},{id:"244001",title:"Dr.",name:"Mylene",middleName:null,surname:"Carrascal",slug:"mylene-carrascal",fullName:"Mylene Carrascal"},{id:"244004",title:"Dr.",name:"Célia",middleName:null,surname:"Gomes",slug:"celia-gomes",fullName:"Célia Gomes"}]},{id:"62945",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79926",title:"Dendritic Cell Subsets, Maturation and Function",slug:"dendritic-cell-subsets-maturation-and-function",totalDownloads:2288,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most efficient and professional antigen-presenting cells of the immune system required for induction and dispersion of immune responses. DCs also have an important role in the induction and maintenance of tolerance. In response to infections, DCs drive the production of effector CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1) and CD8+ T cell-dominated immune responses. DCs can be designated to become tolerogenic and enhance regulatory T cells (Tregs) that regulate effector T cell responses, a process that is essential for the maintenance of immune homeostasis and control of autoimmune diseases and hypersensitivities. DCs can exist in three states: immature, semi-mature, and mature DCs. The difference between immature and mature DCs is distinctly based on variations occurring on a phenotypic level and functional level. Immature dendritic cells manifested characteristics of primitive cells, defined by expression of classical dendritic cell surface markers CD11c, CD11b and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II). Phenotypic maturation is accomplished when DCs upregulate surface maturation markers such as CD80, CD83, and CD86.",book:{id:"7248",slug:"dendritic-cells",title:"Dendritic Cells",fullTitle:"Dendritic Cells"},signatures:"Ghada Mohammad Zaki Al-Ashmawy",authors:[{id:"255240",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghada",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ashmawy",slug:"ghada-al-ashmawy",fullName:"Ghada Al-Ashmawy"}]},{id:"63198",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79273",title:"Dendritic Cells: The Tools for Cancer Treatment",slug:"dendritic-cells-the-tools-for-cancer-treatment",totalDownloads:1196,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"During cancer immune editing, the immune system shapes tumor fate in three phases through the activation of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. After the elimination and equilibrium phase, the escape phase represents the final phase in which immunologically sculpted tumors begin to grow progressively. In this chapter, we will discuss which efforts are made to restore the balance in favor of the immune system making use of dendritic cells (DCs). The first approach is adoptive cell transfer, in which autologous DCs are generated and activated ex vivo. Secondly, we will discuss attempts in which pro-inflammatory or pro-migratory factors are delivered to attract and activate DCs in situ. Both strategies have the general goal to activate and mature DCs able to induce a robust tumor-specific T cell response. In addition, this chapter will discuss the clinical impact of DC-based therapies in cancer treatment focusing on the safety, feasibility, immunological responses, and clinical outcome.",book:{id:"7248",slug:"dendritic-cells",title:"Dendritic Cells",fullTitle:"Dendritic Cells"},signatures:"Hanne Locy, Sarah Melhaoui, Sarah K. 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As a high number of molecules are available, synthesis of the most important cytokines, including tumor factor necrosis, interferons and interleukins will be presented. Here we also describe the relationships between those cytokines with some autoimmune diseases that are promoted by them.",book:{id:"6243",slug:"autoantibodies-and-cytokines",title:"Autoantibodies and Cytokines",fullTitle:"Autoantibodies and Cytokines"},signatures:"Vinicius L. Ferreira, Helena H.L. Borba, Aline de F. Bonetti, Leticia P.\nLeonart and Roberto Pontarolo",authors:null},{id:"62945",title:"Dendritic Cell Subsets, Maturation and Function",slug:"dendritic-cell-subsets-maturation-and-function",totalDownloads:2288,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most efficient and professional antigen-presenting cells of the immune system required for induction and dispersion of immune responses. DCs also have an important role in the induction and maintenance of tolerance. In response to infections, DCs drive the production of effector CD4+ T helper 1 (Th1) and CD8+ T cell-dominated immune responses. DCs can be designated to become tolerogenic and enhance regulatory T cells (Tregs) that regulate effector T cell responses, a process that is essential for the maintenance of immune homeostasis and control of autoimmune diseases and hypersensitivities. DCs can exist in three states: immature, semi-mature, and mature DCs. The difference between immature and mature DCs is distinctly based on variations occurring on a phenotypic level and functional level. Immature dendritic cells manifested characteristics of primitive cells, defined by expression of classical dendritic cell surface markers CD11c, CD11b and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II). Phenotypic maturation is accomplished when DCs upregulate surface maturation markers such as CD80, CD83, and CD86.",book:{id:"7248",slug:"dendritic-cells",title:"Dendritic Cells",fullTitle:"Dendritic Cells"},signatures:"Ghada Mohammad Zaki Al-Ashmawy",authors:[{id:"255240",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghada",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ashmawy",slug:"ghada-al-ashmawy",fullName:"Ghada Al-Ashmawy"}]},{id:"64077",title:"Role of Dendritic Cells in Parasitic Infections",slug:"role-of-dendritic-cells-in-parasitic-infections",totalDownloads:1443,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Dendritic cells comprise a complex array of cell populations that play a leading role in immune defense. In an immature state, they have the capacity to sense and uptake different antigens. Upon capturing antigens, they become activated, mature, and migrate to lymph nodes where they present antigen-derived peptides to naïve T cells. Due to these excellent surveillance properties, dendritic cells play an important role against parasitic infections. Also, dendritic cells are an important source of IL-12, which is a fundamental proinflammatory cytokine in the control of intracellular parasites. The aim of this chapter is to review the most important characteristics and functions of dendritic cells and their role in the control of infection by parasites.",book:{id:"7248",slug:"dendritic-cells",title:"Dendritic Cells",fullTitle:"Dendritic Cells"},signatures:"Laila Gutiérrez-Kobeh, Jorge Rodríguez-González, Jesús Argueta-\nDonohué, Rosalino Vázquez-López and Arturo A. Wilkins-\nRodríguez",authors:[{id:"233494",title:"Dr.",name:"Laila",middleName:null,surname:"Gutiérrez-Kobeh",slug:"laila-gutierrez-kobeh",fullName:"Laila Gutiérrez-Kobeh"},{id:"239829",title:"BSc.",name:"Arturo Alfredo",middleName:null,surname:"Wilkins-Rodriguez",slug:"arturo-alfredo-wilkins-rodriguez",fullName:"Arturo Alfredo Wilkins-Rodriguez"},{id:"241093",title:"MSc.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez-González",slug:"jorge-rodriguez-gonzalez",fullName:"Jorge Rodríguez-González"},{id:"241094",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosalino",middleName:null,surname:"Vázquez-López",slug:"rosalino-vazquez-lopez",fullName:"Rosalino Vázquez-López"},{id:"259995",title:"MSc.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Argueta-Donohué",slug:"jesus-argueta-donohue",fullName:"Jesús Argueta-Donohué"}]},{id:"60035",title:"Autoantibody-Based Diagnostic Biomarkers: Technological Approaches to Discovery and Validation",slug:"autoantibody-based-diagnostic-biomarkers-technological-approaches-to-discovery-and-validation",totalDownloads:1475,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Autoantibodies produced against self-antigens, or ‘autoantigens’, result from a loss of self-tolerance triggered by genetic and/or environmental factors which induce the immune system to attack the host’s own cells, resulting in a condition referred to as autoimmunity. In classic autoimmune diseases, it is well established that the pathology relates directly to the autoantibodies. However, it is increasingly recognised that autoantibodies are also found in many other disease areas, including cancers, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, as well infectious diseases such as malaria, albeit in such diseases it is unclear whether the autoantibodies play a direct role in the pathology or whether they are merely symptomatic of disease. Irrespective of whether they are causative or symptomatic of specific diseases though, there is increasing interest globally in exploring the clinical potential of circulating autoantibodies as diagnostic biomarkers. This chapter provides an overview of the diagnostic utility of autoantibody biomarkers in a range of disease areas and discusses their potential utility in disease staging, treatment monitoring and in prediction of immune-related adverse events. It also provides an overview of traditional and contemporary technological approaches to autoantibody biomarker discovery and validation, focusing on protein microarrays that are ideally suited to this important area of research.",book:{id:"6243",slug:"autoantibodies-and-cytokines",title:"Autoantibodies and Cytokines",fullTitle:"Autoantibodies and Cytokines"},signatures:"Farhanah Aziz, Muneera Smith and Jonathan M Blackburn",authors:null},{id:"62204",title:"Highlighting the Role of DC-NK Cell Interplay in Immunobiology and Immunotherapy",slug:"highlighting-the-role-of-dc-nk-cell-interplay-in-immunobiology-and-immunotherapy",totalDownloads:1855,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells are both part of the innate immune system, also playing crucial functions in the regulation of adaptive immune responses. In recent years, numerous works have demonstrated that DCs and NK cells mutually influence each other with major consequences in the type and effectiveness of elicited immune responses. Among other effects, DC-NK crosstalk can result in NK cell activation and DC maturation or deletion, depending on its activation status. In this chapter and after a brief overview of DCs and NK immunobiology, we focus on the process of DC-NK crosstalk, highlighting the relevance of rationally exploring this interplay in the development of more effective cancer immunotherapies.",book:{id:"7248",slug:"dendritic-cells",title:"Dendritic Cells",fullTitle:"Dendritic Cells"},signatures:"João Calmeiro, Mylene Carrascal, Célia Gomes, Amílcar Falcão,\nMaria Teresa Cruz and Bruno Miguel Neves",authors:[{id:"114266",title:"Prof.",name:"Bruno",middleName:"Miguel",surname:"Neves",slug:"bruno-neves",fullName:"Bruno Neves"},{id:"115592",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Cruz",slug:"maria-teresa-cruz",fullName:"Maria Teresa Cruz"},{id:"233883",title:"Prof.",name:"Amílcar",middleName:null,surname:"Falcão",slug:"amilcar-falcao",fullName:"Amílcar Falcão"},{id:"243998",title:"MSc.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Calmeiro",slug:"joao-calmeiro",fullName:"João Calmeiro"},{id:"244001",title:"Dr.",name:"Mylene",middleName:null,surname:"Carrascal",slug:"mylene-carrascal",fullName:"Mylene Carrascal"},{id:"244004",title:"Dr.",name:"Célia",middleName:null,surname:"Gomes",slug:"celia-gomes",fullName:"Célia Gomes"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"55",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. 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Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. 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She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. 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He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. 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She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. 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She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"9",type:"subseries",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. 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