Average values of aircraft engine emission factor recalculation into actual ambient temperature.
\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9550",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Entrepreneurship - Contemporary Issues",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Entrepreneurship plays an exceptional role in the development of economies and is a vital source of change in all aspects of society. This book tries to facilitate a fundamental rethinking of entrepreneurial activity and how it is manifested. It addresses a critical shortcoming in much of the research, education, and economic development work that deals with entrepreneurship. Instead of the general theories of entrepreneurship, the book lays a foundation for developing theories of different kinds of entrepreneurial ventures. As the reader navigates these pages, he or she should hopefully broaden their entrepreneurial landscape and identify critical factors that drive contemporary entrepreneurship.",isbn:"978-1-83881-003-0",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-999-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-004-7",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87345",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",numberOfPages:222,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",publishedDate:"February 24th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5885,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:4,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 21st 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 11th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 10th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 29th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 28th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319755/images/system/319755.jpg",biography:"Mladen Turuk, Ph.D., is currently an Assistant Professor at the University of Zagreb, Croatia. He earned his postgraduate specialist degree in Strategic Entrepreneurship in 2009 and his Ph.D. in Business Economics in 2016. He has authored or co-authored over 20 scientific papers, has acted as a reviewer, and has been engaged as a visiting professor at Macquarie University of Sydney, Shanghai University of International Business and Economics, and the University of Johannesburg. He has participated in several domestic and international projects. In addition to his academic career, he has more than ten years of experience in the industrial sector and is active in civil society organizations. He is the Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Contemporary Business and Entrepreneurship and the President of The Entrepreneurship Club.",institutionString:"University of Zagreb",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"453",title:"Entrepreneurial Economics",slug:"entrepreneurial-economics"}],chapters:[{id:"73449",title:"Collaborative Entrepreneurship for Continuous Innovation: A Strategic Alliance Perspective",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93868",slug:"collaborative-entrepreneurship-for-continuous-innovation-a-strategic-alliance-perspective",totalDownloads:662,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Strategic alliances act as a platform to implement collaborative entrepreneurship while exposing a range of challenges. By capitalizing on entrepreneurial opportunities for continuous innovation, alliance partners can promote the productive utilization of resource-pooling systems and facilitate innovation processes for value co-creation. Simultaneously, the heterogeneity of partners in terms of different motivations and interests interferes with the advancement of collaborative entrepreneurship for resource exchange and orchestration. The objective of this paper is thus to explore how to deal with the potential coordination issues that can make an alliance vulnerable and its returns diminished through a preliminary integrative approach to the interface between collaborative entrepreneurship and strategic alliances. From this approach, three elements that can contribute to leverage values of collaborative entrepreneurship for continuous innovation are identified: social capital, entrepreneurial orientation, and interorganizational learning. Based on the discussion about the functions of each element in the context of alliance partners’ dynamic interactions, a model of analysis on collaborative entrepreneurship for continuous innovation is proposed. Hence, this chapter contributes to a better understanding of how firms can enact collaborative entrepreneurship productively to gain greater benefit from the alliance configuration for collaborative advantage.",signatures:"Ribin Seo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73449",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73449",authors:[{id:"321949",title:"Dr.",name:"Ribin",surname:"Seo",slug:"ribin-seo",fullName:"Ribin Seo"}],corrections:null},{id:"73000",title:"Business Harvesting Strategies for Entrepreneurs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93442",slug:"business-harvesting-strategies-for-entrepreneurs",totalDownloads:616,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Entrepreneurship plays a pivotal role in our societies, such as employment creation. This is a key to addressing income inequalities leading to poverty reduction and economic growth. As a result of this critical role, the campaign is on establishing more entrepreneurial entities, and there is very little concern regarding harvesting an entrepreneurial entity. Entity harvesting is equally important as setting up a new entrepreneurial venture and this chapter explores this issue. During the harvesting process, the entrepreneur recovers value through the sale of an entrepreneurial entity or its assets. Having spent several years building and adding value to the business, the entrepreneur must design an entity harvesting strategy that would provide maximum returns on the investment of time, effort and money. Several reasons may compel the entrepreneur to harvest the business and this chapter provides some of these reasons based on extant literature and primary data collected from small- and medium-sized entity (SME) owners in Sub-Saharan Africa. Further, the chapter outlines various entity harvesting strategies preferred by SME owners in Sub-Saharan Africa and circumstances at which they deem appropriate to apply such.",signatures:"Herring Shava",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73000",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73000",authors:[{id:"322754",title:"Dr.",name:"Herring",surname:"Shava",slug:"herring-shava",fullName:"Herring Shava"}],corrections:null},{id:"73440",title:"Domination of Value Creation Networking and Closeness to the Market Dimensions on Entrepreneurial Marketing Behavior: An Analysis from the Perspective of Start-Up Companies and Scale-Up Companies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93628",slug:"domination-of-value-creation-networking-and-closeness-to-the-market-dimensions-on-entrepreneurial-ma",totalDownloads:393,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aim of this study is to bridge the gap in literature by studying how far do growth orientation, opportunity orientation, total customer focus, value creation networking, informal market analysis, and closeness to the market dimensions in start-up companies and scale-up companies have impact on entrepreneurial marketing (EM) behavior. Therefore, the goals in this study are: analyzing whether there is any difference in EM behavior for start-up company and scale-up company? The questionnaires were distributed to 406 business owners in Indonesia, spread throughout eight provinces. Start-up companies are companies that have been operating for less than 6 years, and scale-up companies are companies that have been operating for more than 6 years. Snowball sampling was used to select the chosen respondents, using the entire firms in Indonesia, be it services or manufacturing. The result of the study suggests that there is no difference in entrepreneurial marketing behavior between start-up companies and scale-up companies. Value creation networking is shown to be the most dominant dimension for start-up companies in terms of its impact on entrepreneurial marketing behavior, as for scale-up company, the most dominant dimension is closeness to market dimension in its impact on entrepreneurial marketing behavior.",signatures:"Christina Whidya Utami and Hendro Susanto",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73440",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73440",authors:[{id:"322398",title:"Prof.",name:"Christina",surname:"Whidya Utami",slug:"christina-whidya-utami",fullName:"Christina Whidya Utami"},{id:"322400",title:"Mr.",name:"Hendro",surname:"Susanto",slug:"hendro-susanto",fullName:"Hendro Susanto"}],corrections:null},{id:"73919",title:"Measuring a Blended Performance: Managerial Insights from the Field of Impact Entrepreneurship",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94441",slug:"measuring-a-blended-performance-managerial-insights-from-the-field-of-impact-entrepreneurship",totalDownloads:503,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The commitment to generating a blended value is increasingly spreading in the business sector. At the forefront of this movement, impact ventures are organizations born to produce value for the society, i.e. social impact, while engaging in commercial activities to sustain their operations. On the other end, we have observed an increased emphasis on more responsible, sustainable practices that traditional for-profit businesses have been called to establish. Accounting for and reporting on social impact has become increasingly of interest to a range of institutions and sectors, with the result that many competing methodologies, approaches, guidelines and standards have been introduced. The chapter performs a comprehensive review of existing approaches for impact measurement and management implemented by socially-oriented ventures (both not for profit organizations and for-profit businesses) focusing on both methodological, governance and operational barriers and enabling factors of the practices. Then, it drafts a framework which helps any ventures to structure a process and methodology to measure its blended performance. The research not only contributes to the scant literature on impact entrepreneurship but impact ventures might offer a compelling laboratory to disentangle the obstacles posed by the combined achievement of financial and social objectives and how organizations might address these challenges.",signatures:"Irene Bengo, Veronica Chiodo and Valentina Tosi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73919",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73919",authors:[{id:"323956",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Veronica",surname:"Chiodo",slug:"veronica-chiodo",fullName:"Veronica Chiodo"},{id:"324283",title:"Dr.",name:"Irene",surname:"Bengo",slug:"irene-bengo",fullName:"Irene Bengo"},{id:"333800",title:"Ms.",name:"Valentina",surname:"Tosi",slug:"valentina-tosi",fullName:"Valentina Tosi"}],corrections:null},{id:"73664",title:"The Role of Prior Knowledge in the Process of Recognizing Entrepreneurial Opportunities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94161",slug:"the-role-of-prior-knowledge-in-the-process-of-recognizing-entrepreneurial-opportunities",totalDownloads:320,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Recognizing opportunities has often been raised as a crucial aspect of the entrepreneurial process. It seems that the ability to identify, analyze and develop entrepreneurial opportunities is what differentiates entrepreneurs from those who are not. This assertion highlights the relevance of understanding in greater depth the variables that have an influence on the process of recognizing opportunities. In this context, an entrepreneur’s prior knowledge and experience, which can be broken down into three domains, have an impact on the dimensions of recognizing opportunities, such as the scope of the opportunity and the intensity of the process. Deriving from this dynamic, the objective of this study is to understand the role of prior knowledge in the process of recognizing entrepreneurial opportunities. By way of in-depth interviews with ten entrepreneurs, it was concluded that those who have limited professional experience attribute greater relevance in the process to their educational activities. When it comes to recognizing opportunities, however, these same entrepreneurs have a broader scope and approach the process in a more intense way. Entrepreneurs who have a better-defined mental framework, on the other hand, which results from their vast professional experience, tend to channel any opportunities they recognize towards the industry in which they operate and this results in fewer potential businesses.",signatures:"Felipe Baeta and Tales Andreassi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73664",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73664",authors:[{id:"323188",title:"Prof.",name:"Tales",surname:"Andreassi",slug:"tales-andreassi",fullName:"Tales Andreassi"}],corrections:null},{id:"73599",title:"International Entrepreneurship: An Entrepreneurial Behavior Oriented to the Pursuit of International Opportunities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93675",slug:"international-entrepreneurship-an-entrepreneurial-behavior-oriented-to-the-pursuit-of-international-",totalDownloads:481,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"International entrepreneurship (IE) research draws on the notion that internationalization is an entrepreneurial behavior oriented to the discovery, enactment, evaluation, and exploitation of opportunities across national borders to create value and get a competitive advantage. Based on the clear emphasis on opportunity-focused behaviors, IE research has made progress and extended its domain and boundaries to an extent that the mechanisms operating throughout the international opportunity process can be described. The present chapter aims to depict antecedents, mechanisms, and outcomes of this entrepreneurial behavior oriented to the pursuit of international opportunities and it offers directions for future research. As such, the chapter makes four contributions. First, it outlines antecedents at three levels (individual, firm, and environmental) as driving aspects that lead to the international opportunity-related behavior. Second, it reveals the mechanism by which different actors discover, enact, evaluate, and exploit international opportunities. Third, it describes the outcomes of this opportunities process. Fourth, it suggests establishing a conceptual basis around one previously proposed definition incorporating a notion of a social context that would enable IE scholarly community to set the objective criteria around opportunities and go beyond the legal entity of the focal firm and consider multiple actors, resources, processes, history, and context. Finally, the chapter offers some theoretical contributions by proposing directions for future research.",signatures:"Alexander Tabares",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73599",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73599",authors:[{id:"323165",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Tabares",slug:"alexander-tabares",fullName:"Alexander Tabares"}],corrections:null},{id:"73553",title:"Halal Entrepreneurship: Concept and Business Opportunities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93657",slug:"halal-entrepreneurship-concept-and-business-opportunities",totalDownloads:755,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The concept of entrepreneurship is not something new in Islam as it can be observed from the history as a noble profession practiced by the Prophet (PBUH) and His companions. However, in recent times, scholars of the Islamic economy have introduced a new term, “Halal entrepreneurship” or “Halalpreneurship” to define and differentiate entrepreneurs in the Halal industry from the conventional entrepreneurs. The integration of Islamic values reshapes the entrepreneurs in the Halal industry through certain features that justify using the term Halalpreneurs and Halalpreneurship. However, a limited number of research papers have attempted to define Halalpreneurship. In this context, this chapter aims to achieve two main objectives. Firstly, to provide a comprehensive overview of Halal entrepreneurship (Halalpreneurship) by identifying its salient features that differentiates from entrepreneurs. Such understanding and knowledge will help someone to identify his/her role as Halalpreneur in the Halal industry. Secondly, to explore the business opportunities in different sectors of the global halal industry for the Halalpreneurs to tap. To achieve the objectives, the chapter adopts the methodology of content analysis by reviewing research papers, books, journals, and articles from different secondary sources.",signatures:"Moha Asri Abdullah and Md. Siddique E Azam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73553",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73553",authors:[{id:"321948",title:"Prof.",name:"Moha A.",surname:"Abdullah",slug:"moha-a.-abdullah",fullName:"Moha A. Abdullah"},{id:"324718",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Md. Siddique E.",surname:"Azam",slug:"md.-siddique-e.-azam",fullName:"Md. Siddique E. Azam"}],corrections:null},{id:"73375",title:"Does Financial Institution Proximity Affect the Development of Entrepreneurship?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93919",slug:"does-financial-institution-proximity-affect-the-development-of-entrepreneurship-",totalDownloads:327,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The present contribution joins the stream of research investigating the relationship between local financial development, economic growth, and entrepreneurship. Relevant contributions highlighted that the probability of an individual to start a new business is higher when he/she moves from the least financially developed region to the most financially developed one. Indeed, higher levels of local financial development allow for easier access to external funds, which are crucial for the growth of new businesses. In this entrepreneurial context, the need of financial resources is especially relevant for research spin-offs (ROSs), which require significant resources to transfer to the market their innovative technologies. This chapter deepens the role of local financial development on entrepreneurship and, in particular, on research spin-offs. Empirical evidence highlight that at the time of ROSs’ incubation, local financial development does not affect the performance of spin-offs, as they mainly rely on Universities and public contributions. Vice versa, when the RSOs enter the market, they are more in need of funds from the financial system, for which local financial development interestingly becomes strongly relevant to them, affecting corporate performance. Consequently, despite the internationalization of financial markets, policymakers should carefully encourage entrepreneurship through the development of local financial systems.",signatures:"Francesco Fasano, Maurizio La Rocca, Tiziana La Rocca and Veronica Marozzo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73375",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73375",authors:[{id:"236147",title:"Prof.",name:"Maurizio",surname:"La Rocca",slug:"maurizio-la-rocca",fullName:"Maurizio La Rocca"},{id:"329169",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",surname:"Fasano",slug:"francesco-fasano",fullName:"Francesco Fasano"},{id:"329170",title:"Prof.",name:"Tiziana",surname:"La Rocca",slug:"tiziana-la-rocca",fullName:"Tiziana La Rocca"},{id:"329172",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronica",surname:"Marozzo",slug:"veronica-marozzo",fullName:"Veronica Marozzo"}],corrections:null},{id:"73352",title:"Financial Fragility and Corporate Bond Funding of SMEs: An Analysis of the Italian Case",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93701",slug:"financial-fragility-and-corporate-bond-funding-of-smes-an-analysis-of-the-italian-case",totalDownloads:319,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter analyzes the financial policy of corporate bond issuers in the new Italian junior bond market specifically dedicated to unlisted firms and SMEs, using a proprietary firm-level dataset on 127 first-time mini-bond issuers across 2013–2017 years jointly with a control sample of around 5200 Italian private firms that have not issued corporate bonds across the same years. Since SME access to the debt capital market is largely considered a valuable source of debt funding diversification, especially for growth firms with a prominent exposure on bank debt, we test using OLS regressions whether bond issuers are able to reduce their financial vulnerability in comparison with similar nonissuers firms. The aim is to assess the extent to which the financial choices of SMEs regarding nonequity external funding can become a key factor in facing real and financial shocks like those triggered by the current pandemic Covid-19 outbreak. Our findings suggest that the access to the junior bond market is beneficial for the Italian unlisted companies in terms of a pronounced improvement in our financial fragility indicators.",signatures:"Emanuele Rossi and Simone Boccaletti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73352",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73352",authors:[{id:"323150",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Emanuele",surname:"Rossi",slug:"emanuele-rossi",fullName:"Emanuele Rossi"},{id:"323542",title:"Prof.",name:"Simone",surname:"Boccaletti",slug:"simone-boccaletti",fullName:"Simone Boccaletti"}],corrections:null},{id:"73987",title:"Entrepreneurship at Any Age",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94440",slug:"entrepreneurship-at-any-age",totalDownloads:403,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Entrepreneurship represents a mindset and set of behaviors which can occur at many ages across the developmental continuum from early childhood to late adulthood. In this selective review of the literature, a narrative analysis illuminates insight to inform academics and practitioners regarding the intersection of age and entrepreneurship. These insights are first built upon a conceptual foundation grounded in a developmental perspective and then organized into opportunities and challenges facing entrepreneurs at various ages along the developmental continuum. Entrepreneurs of all share many commonalities yet they are also face unique opportunities and challenges. Many of these opportunities and challenges are age based. These commonalities and challenges must be understood by all those stakeholders in the entrepreneurship ecosystem to enhance the success of entrepreneurs of all ages.",signatures:"William (Marty) Martin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73987",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73987",authors:[{id:"321866",title:"Prof.",name:"William",surname:"Martin",slug:"william-martin",fullName:"William Martin"}],corrections:null},{id:"73293",title:"Innovation Processes in Aquaculture: Comparing Companies in Norway and Chile",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93672",slug:"innovation-processes-in-aquaculture-comparing-companies-in-norway-and-chile",totalDownloads:679,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In the last 20 years, aquaculture in general and harvested Atlantic salmon in particular has experienced very high growth rates compared to other food products, and at the same time, salmon production has evolved from semi-manual production techniques to the utilization of high-tech capital-intensive production equipment. This development has seriously challenged the environmental considerations and escalated fish health measures to combat existing and evolving problems. As an answer to these challenges and because of relatively high profit margins, aquaculture of harvested Atlantic salmon has also had a speedy innovation path. This chapter will give a theoretical background and an empirical analysis based on data collection at three companies, two in Norway and one in Chile. The focus is on how innovations take place in different stages of the production process, and how these are built into the production and managerial system. The results show, as expected, links between company operations and the actual innovations, but these links do not have the same structure in Norway and Chile. Factors like human and financial resources, technology, and company organization seem to explain most of the differences between how innovations take place in the companies.",signatures:"Knut Ingar Westeren",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73293",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73293",authors:[{id:"322340",title:"Prof.",name:"Knut Ingar",surname:"Westeren",slug:"knut-ingar-westeren",fullName:"Knut Ingar Westeren"}],corrections:null},{id:"73586",title:"Entrepreneurship in Urban Jungles through High-Tech Vertical Farming",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93667",slug:"entrepreneurship-in-urban-jungles-through-high-tech-vertical-farming",totalDownloads:428,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Demographic movements forecasted by the United Nations indicates that, over the next few decades greater portion of people will be concentrated in and around large cities of the world. Such population dynamics in parallel with emerging phenomena such as global pandemics and impact of climate change are posing threats to the supply chain of agricultural production. The reliance on traditional open-field cultivation and transportation of fresh products to distant urban locations are coming under threat. This has been further exposed by the current pandemic (Covid-19) that is impeding farm production along with movement of people and goods. A viable solution lies in vertical in-door farming driven by advanced technologies. The use of high-tech solutions to grow vegetables, fruits and flowers close to consumption centers has taken off successfully in many locations around the world. However, majority of such projects have been set up by investors; with access to substantial capital. 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The number of flights has increased by 80% between 1990 and 2014 and is forecasted to grow by a further 45% between 2014 and 2035. Consequently, the future growth in the European aviation sector will be inextricably linked to its environmental sustainability [1].
\nDuring the last decade, a lot of studies have also focused on the aircraft emissions impact on local and regional air quality in the vicinity of airport [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. The basic objects of attention are extremely high concentration of toxic compounds (including nitrogen oxides (NOx), particle matter (PM with various sizes: PM10, PM2.5, and ultrafine), unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), and carbon monoxide (CO)) due to airport-related emissions and their significant impact on the environment [2, 8] and health of the people living near the airport [3, 4].
\nGround-level emissions associated with the airport have the biggest impact on local air quality, whereas elevated aircraft emissions have less impact because they take place at increasing height. Figure 1 shows aircraft produce approximately 54% of ground-level emissions, whereas airport-related traffic is estimated to emit a further 28% [5].
\nEstimated ground-level airport-related emissions from Heathrow Airport.
Analysis of inventory emission results at major European (Frankfurt am Main, Heathrow, Zurich, etc.) and Ukrainian airports highlighted that aircrafts (during approach, landing, taxi, takeoff and initial climb of the aircraft, engine run-ups, etc.) are the dominant source of air pollution in most cases under consideration [6, 9, 10], Figures 2 and 3. More than 50% of total NOx emissions inventory inside airport area is released by aircraft engines. As shown in Figures 2(b) and 3(b), the contribution of aircraft emission to total airport PM emissions is sufficiently high.
\nThe emissions inventory of NOx [(a) annual emissions: 3.284 tons/year] and PM10 [(b) total emissions: 25 tons/year] within the Frankfurt International Airport for 2005 with an intensity of takeoffs and landings, 1300 per day.
The emissions inventory of NOx (a) and PM10 (b) within Boryspil International Airport with an intensity oftakeoffs and landings 50,000 per year.
Considered problems are intensified in connection with rising tensions of expansion of airports and growing cities closer and closer each other (the most urgent is for Ukrainian airports, such as Zhulyany, Boryspil, Lviv, Odessa, and Zaporizhzhia) and accordingly growing public concern with air quality around the airport.
\nAircrafts are a special source of air pollution due to some features.
\nJet structure for jet transport model. ΔhA, XA are the height and longitudinal coordinate of jet axis rise due to buoyancy effect, m; hEN is the height of engine installation, m; RB is the radius of jet expansion, m; X1 is the longitudinal coordinate of first contact point of jet with ground, m; and X2 is the longitudinal coordinate of a point of jet lift-off from the ground due to buoyancy effect, m.
So, to evaluate the aircraft contribution in Local Air Quality assessment of the airports accurately, it is important to take in mind few features of the aircraft during their landing-takeoff cycle (LTO), which define emission and dispersion parameters of the considered source.
\nModeling of airport air pollution includes two parts: emission inventory and dispersion calculation.
\nICAO Doc 9889 [12] recommends few tools for air quality analysis—to model emission inventory from every character groups of the spatially distributed sources as well as atmospheric concentrations resulting from emission dispersion: EDMS is based on Gaussian plume model (AERMOD) [13], LASPORT is based on Lagrangian particle model (LASAT) [14], and ALAQS–AV provides to use both Gaussian and Lagrangian approaches for dispersion calculations [12].
\nA complex model Pollution and Emission Calculation (PolEmiCa) for assessment of air pollution and emission inventory analysis, produced within the airport boundaries, has been developed at National Aviation University (Kyiv, Ukraine) [15]. It consists of the following basic components:
The emission inventory of aircraft emissions are usually calculated on the basis of certificated emission indexes, which are provided by the engine manufacturers and reported in the database of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) [16].
\nThe emission indices rely on well-defined measurement procedure and conditions during aircraft engine certification. Under real circumstances, however, these conditions may vary and deviations from the certificated emission indices may occur due to the impact factors such as
the life expectancy (age) of an aircraft—emission of an aircraft engine might vary significantly over the years (the average period is 30 years); usually aging aircraft/engine provides higher emission indices in comparison with same type but new ones;
the type of an engine (or its specific modification, for example with different combustion chambers) installed on an aircraft, which can be different from an engine operated in an engine test bed (during certification); and
meteorological conditions—temperature, humidity, and pressure of ambient air, which can be different for certification conditions.
So, the analysis of several measurement campaigns for idling aircraft at different European airports (London-Heathrow in 1999 and 2000, Frankfurt/Main in 2000, Vienna in 2001, and Zurich in 2003) [7] concludes that the largest difference between emission indices’ measurement data and the ICAO data for CO for the RB211-524D4 engine was caused due to quite long life expectancy of B747-236 (aging aircraft and engines) (Figure 5). The oldest aircraft with an emission index of 52.9 g/kg was 25 years old; the other two were built in 1987 and 1983. Mean values of the measured emission indices for three engine types (CFM56-5B1, CFM-5B4/2P, and CFM56-5B3/P) are nearly identical although the ICAO data of the CFM56-5B family differ by a factor of 2 (Figure 6
Comparison measured EICO by FTIR emission and absorption spectrometry during measurement campaign for idling aircraft at the European airports.
Comparison EICO determined for CFM-5Bx engines with ICAO values for idling aircraft at European airports.
The dependences of engine thermodynamic parameters and EE index for NOx (assessed in g/kgfuel) and factor Q (assessed in g/sec) for the aircraft engine D-36 (installed on Yakovlev-42 and on Antonov-74, -148, and -158 aircrafts) are shown in Figure 7 as the functions from ambient temperature ТА (basic engine control law for D-36 provides the constant value of compressor pressure ratio π∑* in a broad range of ambient temperatures). Values of an emission index ЕINOx vary up to 50% in relation to value at International standard atmosphere conditions inside the range of ambient temperatures between −30 and + 30°C [17, 18].
\nDependences of EE index EI [gemission/kgfuel], factor Q [g/s] for NOx, and temperature behind the compressor Tc for D-36 engine from ambient temperature.
A gradient of change of the factor
So, under operating conditions, engine emission characteristics are subject to changes as a result of influence of the meteorological factors.
\nBased on the obtained research outcomes of aircraft engine emission derivation, due to meteorological factor influences, the model was developed to recalculate the emission indices for ISA conditions
For emission factor (in g/s or kg/hour), the recalculation into actual meteorological conditions are determined under the formula:
\nIn Table 1, the correction coefficients for NOx emission factor KQnox and for products of incomplete fuel combustion KQco for average parameters of the engines while in operation are adduced.
\nTemperature, °C | \n−20 | \n−10 | \n0 | \n+ 10 | \n+ 20 | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor KQnox\n | \n0,74 | \n0,81 | \n0,88 | \n0,96 | \n1,0 | \n
Factor KQco\n | \n1,3 | \n1,2 | \n1,1 | \n1,04 | \n1,0 | \n
Average values of aircraft engine emission factor recalculation into actual ambient temperature.
Current calculation method, realized in software PolEmiCa, also implemented the recommendations of ICAO Doc9889 [12] for emission factor assessment, including the recommendations for aircraft engine emission.
\nThe efficiency of the temperature (seasonal) factor account for pollution inventory produced by aircraft in airport area is shown in Table 2 by matching the outcomes of calculation from previous and new calculation techniques [19].
\nTechniques | \nCO | \nHC | \nNOx\n | \nPM | \n
---|---|---|---|---|
Previous | \n307,000.1 | \n104,200. | \n16,700.0 | \n3400.0 | \n
ICAO LTO | \n282,754.6 | \n97,139.2 | \n18,621.1 | \n2859.4 | \n
Actual LTO for considered airport | \n185,055.1 | \n59,556.4 | \n16,869.1 | \n2207.3 | \n
Actual LTO for considered airport + temperature factor | \n190,246.1 | \n61,254.1 | \n15,984.1 | \n2207.3 | \n
Calculated aircraft engine pollution, kg.
There are different types of engines installed on civilian aircraft currently: turbojet (TJE), turbofan (TFE), turboprop (TPE), and piston (PE). The process of contaminant transport by engine jet is described by the theory of turbulent jets [20]. The restrictions on the use of this theory are satisfied completely in the current task [21]: efflux from a jet engine is a very complex fast flow of hot gas, it is nonuniform, turbulent, and has various velocity scales and chemical reactions; the gas flow in jet is usually isobaric process, the pressure in the jet flow is equal to the atmospheric pressure, which is corresponding to the nature of incompressible flow; the Mach number of jet flow at outlet nozzle of the engine does not exceed 1; and the Reynolds number for the flow is rather large U0D0/ν > 105, and the initial turbulence in the jet flow is quite moderate. For majority of the calculations, the simplifying preconditions were formulated and used: radial velocity profile has a self-preserving pattern; mechanisms of boundary layer formation near ground surface are not taken into account in this calculation; the external borders of a jet represent linear dependencies; the structure of shear layer is similar to free jet [11].
\nThe conditions of jet outflow define the type of its physical model and appropriate algorithm of its parameters calculation. The choice of the model depends on the direction of the jet at exhaust nozzle relative to the direction of the wind and/or airplane motion and from the speeds of the jet, airplane, and wind. The initial parameters for jet calculations are: slipstream flow parameter m = UH/U0, where U0 is the velocity of the jet at engine nozzle, m·s−1 and UH is the speed of an external air flow, m·s−1; UH = UW + UPL, where UW is the wind speed, m·s−1 and UPL is the airplane speed, m·s−1; Nen – number of the engines in operation, angle between vectors of wind and jet speeds ψ, grad. For ground stages of LTO cycle in airport area, the slipstream parameter m < < 1; therefore, in most cases, it is possible to take advantage of semiempirical modeling of the nonisothermal-free jets.
\nTurbulent-free jet can be divided into three stages: initial (potential core), transitive (flow development region), and developed (fully developed flow) [20]. Their boundaries along the length of jet axis
\n
\n
where \n
The stage of a jet, which is defined by boundary
At point (
where
For an estimation of the buoyancy characteristics, the Archimedes number is introduced:
\nThe height of the jet is given by the empirical relationship [23]:
\nwhere \n
The concentration is changed along the length of jet in dependence with its type. Taking into account that flow parameter
where C0 is the concentration at the exhaust nozzle of the engine, μg·m−3; KC = 9.5 for the free jet, KC = 6.5—for an opposite jet; and KE takes into account influence of a reflecting surface on straightline characteristics of a jet: ĥEN < 20 KE = 1–0.025hEN, at ĥEN ≥ 20, KE = 1, where ĥ = h/R0.
\nConsidered version of complex model PolEmiCa is based on a semiempirical model of turbulent jets and not taking into account ground surface impact on jet structure and its behavior [11]. It was argued that development of three-dimensional model of exhaust gases jet from aircraft engine near the ground is an important research topic for airport LAQ [24, 25, 26].
\nA three-dimensional model of a jet was generated in Fluent 6.3 by using large Eddy simulation (LES) method to reveal the unsteady ground vortices and turbulence characteristics of fluid flow, to investigate transient parameters of hot gases in jet and their dispersion.
\nThe jet from aircraft engine exhaust near ground surface is corresponding to a wall jet if an aircraft is moving on this surface. Numerical simulation of wall jets was performed in Fluent 6.3 for engine NK-8-2 U of the aircraft Tupolev-154 for different operational conditions.
\nFor the considered task, a computational domain was built to simplify the problem and optimize the mesh distribution where it is needed mostly (i.e., near the engine exhaust and ground surface) (Figure 8).
\nGeometry model and computational mesh visualization in vertical plane.
The zone of ground vortices formation—between ground surface and aircraft engine exhaust nozzle—is characterized by structured mesh with higher resolution, with an aim to investigate the ground vortices generation processes and basic mechanisms of boundary layer formation, ground surface impact on fluid flow mechanics, and particularly Coanda effect occurrence. Zone of engine nozzle exhaust is discretized using a very fine structured mesh to capture the jet development pattern and its vortices structure [24, 25].
\nFor considered task, the boundary conditions were specified to the boundaries of the computational domain of jet flow field (Figure 9).
\nBoundary conditions for CFD simulations of exhaust gases of jet from aircraft engine near ground.
LES provides an approach inside which large eddies are explicitly resolved in time-dependent simulation using low-pass-filtered Navier-Stokes equations [25]. Smagorinsky’s subgrid model was set to model the smaller eddies (fluctuation component of instantaneous velocity of modeling fluid flow) that are not resolved in the LES. All the calculations were made with a second-order discretization.
\nComparison of results from numerical simulations of free and wall jets for engine idle operation (U0 = 50 m·s−1; T0 = 343 K) revealed some differences in their structures and properties.
\nAxial velocity profiles based on Fluent 6.3 results show (Figure 10) a substantial difference between the wall and free jet. First, the decay rate is 40–50% higher for free jet than for the wall jet. In the case of wall jet, the maximum velocity is high and equal to 50% of initial velocity at a distance of 90 diameters of the jet penetration, whereas the free jet is relatively slow and equal only to 10% of the velocity at exhaust nozzle of the engine, Figure 10. Second, the wall jet penetrates deeper (SBwall ≈ 150 m) than the free jet (SBfree ≈ 100 m) (Figure 11). As shown in Figure 12, jet arises over the ground surface due to buoyancy effect much faster (longitudinal coordinate, XA = 65 m) and higher for free jet (height of plume rise, ΔhA = 17.8 m), than in case of wall jet (XA = 135 m, ΔhA = 14 m).
\nMaximum velocity decay along the axis of the free and wall jets.
Mean velocity contours for (a) free jet and (b) wall jet in streamwise direction after 10 s.
Buoyancy effect of free and wall jets: longitudinal and vertical coordinates of jet axis.
The same differences in the structure and properties of free and wall jets were revealed for different operational conditions (U0 = 100 m·s−1; T0 = 343 ÷ 673 K).
\nThe ground surface sufficiently impacts on jet’s structure and behavior. Numerical simulations of wall jet by Fluent 6.3 defined a decrease of buoyancy effect of height rise, which is 3–5 times less (Figure 13a) and an increase of longitudinal coordinate of jet penetration by 30%, (Figure 13b).
\nComparison of buoyancy effect parameters calculated by Fluent 6.3 and complex model PolEmiCa: longitudinal coordinate (a) and height of jet rise (b).
Comparison of the calculated parameters of the jet (height and longitudinal coordinate of jet axis arise due to buoyancy effect, length of the jet penetration) by Fluent 6.3 and semiempirical model for aircraft engine jets implemented in complex model PolEmiCa proves the found trend of the jet behavior. Thus, the including the ground impact on the jet structure and its behavior by Fluent 6.3, provides longitudinal coordinate increase and height reduction of buoyancy effect.
\nThe basic model equation for definition of instantaneous concentration
where
where
According to considered formula (11), a dispersion model integrates engine emission model and jet transport model via including the following parameters:
\n\n
\n
In other words, engine emission model and jet transport model provide input data to calculate concentration values by the dispersion model.
\nThe development of three-dimensional model of wall jet by using CFD tool (Fluent 6.3) allows to include the ground impact on basic parameters of the exhaust gases jet (i.e., plume buoyancy effect, length, and dispersion characteristics) for further dispersion modeling (11). It may be concluded that using the CFD tool allows us to improve the PolEmiCa model by taking into account the impact of ground surface on the jet structure and its behavior. So, it means that the improvement is achieved with input parameters for further dispersion calculation.
\nThe verification of the PolEmiCa model with measurement data was done initiatively for trials made in airports of Athens (Greece, 2007) [27] and Boryspil (Ukraine, 2012) [28]. In both cases, the comparisons were quite good, showing appropriate correspondence of the model to subject of assessment.
\nComparison between calculated and measured NOx concentrations (averaged for 1 min) in aircraft engine plume under real operation conditions (aircraft accelerating on the runway during takeoff stage of flight) at Athens airport is shown in Table 3 and Figure 14.
\n№ | \nAircraft | \nEngine | \nCalculated concentration | \nMeasured concentration | \n||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NOx (delta), μg/m3\n | \nNOx (delta), μg/m3\n | \n|||||
With jet | \nWithout jet | \nValue | \nError | \n|||
1 | \nB737-3YO | \nCFM56-3C1 | \n27,43 | \n30,01 | \n31,8 | \n3,2 | \n
2 | \nB737-3Q8 | \nCFM56-3B2 | \n30,7 | \n33,50 | \n28,0 | \n2,8 | \n
3 | \nВ737-45S | \nCFM56-3B2 | \n29,76 | \n27,95 | \n23,6 | \n2,4 | \n
4 | \nB737-4Q8 | \nCFM56-3B2 | \n31,28 | \n34,93 | \n56,9 | \n5,7 | \n
5 | \nA-310 | \nCF6-80C2A8 | \n88,86 | \n122,12 | \n86,1 | \n8,6 | \n
6 | \nA-319 | \nCFM56-5B5 | \n29,85 | \n32,27 | \n26,9 | \n2,7 | \n
7 | \nB747–230 | \nCF6-50E2 | \n163,63 | \n205,37 | \n82,5 | \n8,2 | \n
8 | \nA-321-211 | \nCFM56-5B-3 | \n81,78 | \n89,74 | \n43,3 | \n4,3 | \n
9 | \nA320–214 | \nCFM56-5B-4 | \n49,99 | \n52,29 | \n16,4 | \n1,6 | \n
10 | \nB737-33A | \nCFM56-3B1 | \n25,5 | \n27,95 | \n11,5 | \n1,1 | \n
Measurement results by TE42C-TL96 system and calculation results by PolEmiCa model of NOx concentration in plume from aircraft engine emission for maximum operation mode.
Comparison of measured and modeled averaged concentrations of NOx (for a period of 1 min) under takeoff conditions (maximum operation mode of aircraft engine).
Besides, results were defined for the cases with and without jets from the engines to show that with jets, they are more equal (by 17%) to measured data, because impact of jet basic parameters (buoyancy effect and dispersion characteristics) on concentration distribution was estimated by complex model PolEmiCa (Table 3 and Figure 14). Comparison between measurements and the PolEmiCa/Fluent 6.3 model is significantly better (by 20%), because lateral wind and ground impact on jet parameters (height of buoyancy effect, jet length penetration, and plume dispersions) were included in the model.
\nThe better agreement was obtained between the calculated and measured instantaneous concentration (averaged for 3 s) in aircraft engine jet under real operation conditions (aircraft accelerating on the runway and takeoff) at Boryspil airport.
\nAs shown from Table 4 and Figure 15, the modeling results for each engine are in good agreement with the results of measurements by the AC3 2 M system due to taking into account the jet- and plume regime during experimental investigation at Boryspil airport. Also, using CFD code (Fluent 6.3) allows to improve results by 30% (coefficient of correlation, r = 0.76) by taking into account lateral wind and ground impact on jet parameters.
\nAircraft | \nAircraft engine | \nELAN | \nAC3 2 M | \nPolEmiCa CFD (Fluent 6.3) | \nPolEmiCa | \n|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peak 1 | \nPeak 1 | \nBackground | \n3 м | \n6 м | \n1 engine | \nAll engines | \n1 engine | \nAll engines | \n||
NOx | \nNOx | \nNOx | \nNOx | \nNOx | \nNOx | \nNOx | \nNOx | \nNOx | \n||
BAE147 | \nLY LF507-1H | \n38 | \n35 | \n1,70 | \n22,067 | \n33,9 | \n35,1 | \n70,46 | \n48,9 | \n202,3 | \n
A321 | \nCFM56-5B3/P | \n39 | \n39 | \n0,72 | \n44,00 | \n54,2 | \n90,85 | \n182,90 | \n184,2 | \n371,2 | \n
B735 | \nCFM-563C1 | \n40 | \n45 | \n0,77 | \n94,095 | \n76,57 | \n60,03 | \n120,91 | \n35,3 | \n71,10 | \n
B735 | \nCFM56-3B1 | \n45 | \n41 | \n1,74 | \n29,20 | \n23,4 | \n42,34 | \n85,30 | \n33,7 | \n67,76 | \n
Comparison measured (AC3 2 M, ELAN) and calculated concentration (averaged for 3 s) of NOx produced by aircraft engine emissions at accelerating stage on the runway.
Comparison of the PolEmiCa and PolEmiCa/CFD model results with the measured NOx concentration at different heights for selected aircraft engines under maximum operation mode.
Analysis of inventory emission results at the major European and Ukrainian airports highlighted that aircrafts (during approach, landing, taxi, takeoff and initial climb of the aircraft, engine run-ups, etc.) are the dominant source of air pollution in most cases under consideration. The aircraft is a special source of air pollution. Thus, the method for LAQ assessment of the airports has to take in mind few features of the aircraft during their landing-takeoff cycle (LTO), which defines emission and dispersion parameters of the considered source.
\nCFD numerical simulations of aircraft engine exhaust jet near to ground surface show that structures, properties, and fluid mechanics of jets are influenced by the ground surfaces, providing longer penetration, less rise, and appropriate dispersion parameters of the jets, and accordingly little bit higher concentrations of air pollution. So, using results obtained from CFD simulations (Fluent 6.3) of aircraft engine jet dynamics allow us to improve LAQ modeling systems (improved version of PolEmiCa).
\nComparison of measured and modeled NOx concentrations in the plumes from aircraft engines was significantly improved (by 20%—at Athens and by 30%—at Boryspil airports) by taking into account lateral wind and ground impact on jet parameters (height of buoyancy effect, jet length penetration, and plume dispersions).
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Besides, these parts are not only about cutting-edge technologies, but also related with conventional methods and their new applications in colored wastewater treatment area briefly.",book:{id:"5086",slug:"textile-wastewater-treatment",title:"Textile Wastewater Treatment",fullTitle:"Textile Wastewater Treatment"},signatures:"Serkan Arslan, Murat Eyvaz, Ercan Gürbulak and Ebubekir Yüksel",authors:[{id:"170083",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Eyvaz",slug:"murat-eyvaz",fullName:"Murat Eyvaz"},{id:"176699",title:"Dr.",name:"Ercan",middleName:null,surname:"Gürbulak",slug:"ercan-gurbulak",fullName:"Ercan Gürbulak"},{id:"176700",title:"MSc.",name:"Serkan",middleName:null,surname:"Arslan",slug:"serkan-arslan",fullName:"Serkan Arslan"},{id:"176701",title:"Prof.",name:"Ebubekir",middleName:null,surname:"Yüksel",slug:"ebubekir-yuksel",fullName:"Ebubekir Yüksel"}]},{id:"42001",doi:"10.5772/53777",title:"Cyclodextrins in Textile Finishing",slug:"cyclodextrins-in-textile-finishing",totalDownloads:5486,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:39,abstract:null,book:{id:"3137",slug:"eco-friendly-textile-dyeing-and-finishing",title:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing",fullTitle:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing"},signatures:"Bojana Voncina and Vera Vivod",authors:[{id:"33838",title:"Prof.",name:"Bojana",middleName:null,surname:"Voncina",slug:"bojana-voncina",fullName:"Bojana Voncina"}]},{id:"41409",doi:"10.5772/53911",title:"Surface Modification Methods for Improving the Dyeability of Textile Fabrics",slug:"surface-modification-methods-for-improving-the-dyeability-of-textile-fabrics",totalDownloads:7061,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:36,abstract:null,book:{id:"3137",slug:"eco-friendly-textile-dyeing-and-finishing",title:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing",fullTitle:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing"},signatures:"Sheila Shahidi, Jakub Wiener and Mahmood Ghoranneviss",authors:[{id:"58854",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Shahidi",slug:"shahidi",fullName:"Shahidi"}]},{id:"68157",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87968",title:"Introductory Chapter: Textile Manufacturing Processes",slug:"introductory-chapter-textile-manufacturing-processes",totalDownloads:4473,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:null,book:{id:"8892",slug:"textile-manufacturing-processes",title:"Textile Manufacturing Processes",fullTitle:"Textile Manufacturing Processes"},signatures:"Faheem Uddin",authors:[{id:"228107",title:"Prof.",name:"Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Uddin",slug:"faheem-uddin",fullName:"Faheem Uddin"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"68157",title:"Introductory Chapter: Textile Manufacturing Processes",slug:"introductory-chapter-textile-manufacturing-processes",totalDownloads:4488,totalCrossrefCites:16,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:null,book:{id:"8892",slug:"textile-manufacturing-processes",title:"Textile Manufacturing Processes",fullTitle:"Textile Manufacturing Processes"},signatures:"Faheem Uddin",authors:[{id:"228107",title:"Prof.",name:"Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Uddin",slug:"faheem-uddin",fullName:"Faheem Uddin"}]},{id:"41411",title:"Textile Dyes: Dyeing Process and Environmental Impact",slug:"textile-dyes-dyeing-process-and-environmental-impact",totalDownloads:20676,totalCrossrefCites:101,totalDimensionsCites:320,abstract:null,book:{id:"3137",slug:"eco-friendly-textile-dyeing-and-finishing",title:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing",fullTitle:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing"},signatures:"Farah Maria Drumond Chequer, Gisele Augusto Rodrigues de Oliveira, Elisa Raquel Anastácio Ferraz, Juliano Carvalho Cardoso, Maria Valnice Boldrin Zanoni and Danielle Palma de Oliveira",authors:[{id:"49040",title:"Prof.",name:"Danielle",middleName:null,surname:"Palma De Oliveira",slug:"danielle-palma-de-oliveira",fullName:"Danielle Palma De Oliveira"},{id:"149074",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Valnice",middleName:null,surname:"Zanoni",slug:"maria-valnice-zanoni",fullName:"Maria Valnice Zanoni"},{id:"153502",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Farah",middleName:null,surname:"Chequer",slug:"farah-chequer",fullName:"Farah Chequer"},{id:"153504",title:"MSc.",name:"Gisele",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"gisele-oliveira",fullName:"Gisele Oliveira"},{id:"163377",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliano",middleName:null,surname:"Cardoso",slug:"juliano-cardoso",fullName:"Juliano Cardoso"},{id:"163393",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"Ferraz",slug:"elisa-ferraz",fullName:"Elisa Ferraz"}]},{id:"49647",title:"Fiber Selection for the Production of Nonwovens",slug:"fiber-selection-for-the-production-of-nonwovens",totalDownloads:10568,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"The most significant feature of nonwoven fabric is made directly from fibers in a continuous production line. While manufacturing nonwovens, some conventional textile operations, such as carding, drawing, roving, spinning, weaving or knitting, are partially or completely eliminated. For this reason the choice of fiber is very important for nonwoven manufacturers. The commonly used fibers include natural fibers (cotton, jute, flax, wool), synthetic fibers (polyester (PES), polypropylene (PP), polyamide, rayon), special fibers (glass, carbon, nanofiber, bi-component, superabsorbent fibers). Raw materials have not only delivered significant product improvements but also benefited people using these products by providing hygiene and comfort.",book:{id:"5062",slug:"non-woven-fabrics",title:"Non-woven Fabrics",fullTitle:"Non-woven Fabrics"},signatures:"Nazan Avcioglu Kalebek and Osman Babaarslan",authors:[{id:"119775",title:"Prof.",name:"Osman",middleName:null,surname:"Babaarslan",slug:"osman-babaarslan",fullName:"Osman Babaarslan"},{id:"175829",title:"Dr.",name:"Nazan",middleName:null,surname:"Kalebek",slug:"nazan-kalebek",fullName:"Nazan Kalebek"}]},{id:"41409",title:"Surface Modification Methods for Improving the Dyeability of Textile Fabrics",slug:"surface-modification-methods-for-improving-the-dyeability-of-textile-fabrics",totalDownloads:7063,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:36,abstract:null,book:{id:"3137",slug:"eco-friendly-textile-dyeing-and-finishing",title:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing",fullTitle:"Eco-Friendly Textile Dyeing and Finishing"},signatures:"Sheila Shahidi, Jakub Wiener and Mahmood Ghoranneviss",authors:[{id:"58854",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Shahidi",slug:"shahidi",fullName:"Shahidi"}]},{id:"55424",title:"Textile Reinforced Structural Composites for Advanced Applications",slug:"textile-reinforced-structural-composites-for-advanced-applications",totalDownloads:3876,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:"Textile-reinforced composites are increasingly used in various industries such as aerospace, construction, automotive, medicine, and sports due to their distinctive advantages over traditional materials such as metals and ceramics. Fiber-reinforced composite materials are lightweight, stiff, and strong. They have good fatigue and impact resistance. Their directional and overall properties can be tailored to fulfill specific needs of different end uses by changing constituent material types and fabrication parameters such as fiber volume fraction and fiber architecture. A variety of fiber architectures can be obtained by using two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) fabric production techniques such as weaving, knitting, braiding, stitching, and nonwoven methods. Each fiber architecture/textile form results in a specific configuration of mechanical and performance properties of the resulting composites and determines the end-use possibilities and product range. This chapter highlights the constituent materials, fabric formation techniques, production methods, as well as application areas of textile-reinforced composites. Fiber and matrix materials used for the production of composite materials are outlined. Various textile production methods used for the formation of textile preforms are explained. Composite fabrication methods are introduced. Engineering properties of textile composites are reviewed with regard to specific application areas. The latest developments and future challenges for textile-reinforced composites are presented.",book:{id:"5921",slug:"textiles-for-advanced-applications",title:"Textiles for Advanced Applications",fullTitle:"Textiles for Advanced Applications"},signatures:"Nesrin Sahbaz Karaduman, Yekta Karaduman, Huseyin Ozdemir\nand Gokce Ozdemir",authors:[{id:"175839",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nesrin",middleName:null,surname:"Sahbaz Karaduman",slug:"nesrin-sahbaz-karaduman",fullName:"Nesrin Sahbaz Karaduman"},{id:"201620",title:"Dr.",name:"Yekta",middleName:null,surname:"Karaduman",slug:"yekta-karaduman",fullName:"Yekta Karaduman"},{id:"201621",title:"Dr.",name:"Hüseyin",middleName:null,surname:"Özdemir",slug:"huseyin-ozdemir",fullName:"Hüseyin Özdemir"},{id:"201622",title:"Dr.",name:"Gökce",middleName:null,surname:"Özdemir",slug:"gokce-ozdemir",fullName:"Gökce Özdemir"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1376",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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