Overview of the highly demanded approaches, methods, and techniques dedicated to creativity development from1926 to 2006.
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\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
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\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
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\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
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The widespread application of the solid-state transistors in electronic circuits has triggered a dramatic revolution in the electronic industries, kicking off the era of semiconductor microchips. Today, microchips are now interwoven with human's life and the fundamental building blocks of the microchips are made from field-effect transistors of FETs. Considering the impact that it has imposed on mankind, this book intends to compile a list of interesting topics which are related to the latest technological advancement and scientific breakthroughs of field-effect transistors.
\r\n\t
Modern society is involved in the processes of globalization and increased industrial competition. Individuals must respond quickly to changes, apply nonstandard solutions, and generate new original ideas. Society needs unusual solutions to familiar problems, new approaches to solving broadly known and investigated problems, as well as new ways of behaving in typical situations. Most professions in the modern world need highly developed creative skills. In the cutting-edge socioeconomic system, experts have always seen creative thinking in various forms. It is associated with scientific discoveries, entrepreneurship, technical inventions, the creation of works of art, and relations with people or public administration.
In the history of creative thinking development, the focus has always been on the mechanisms of its development, its interdisciplinary nature, and the desire of a person to understand his/her abilities with the respect to creative thinking. It is considered at the philosophical, pedagogical, psychological, and other research levels. The past decade has seen a renewed importance in creative thinking development, its special features, and ideas of designing a comfortable environment to enhance creativity. It can happen due to several factors. The first one is that creativity is assigned the role of an instrument in solving diverse and constantly growing interdisciplinary problem-based tasks; the second one is that creativity performs an important function in the process of forming maturity thinking of an individual.
Based on the survey conducted with the World Economic Forum (WEF) [1] that represents more than 7.7 million employees worldwide, creativity and innovation are considered by employers as rising in prominence. Nevertheless, the global recession and the COVID-19 pandemic-induced lockdowns in 2020 have brought an uncertain outlook for the labor market and updated the list of the top skills with such skills as resilience, stress tolerance, and flexibility, the education field must be ready that by 2025, there will be an increasing demand for skills related to creativity and innovation.
As far as many hypotheses regarding creative thinking development appear to be debatable, current solutions have been seen in strengthening the education systems ready for future challenges with designing training programs that could build a solid foundation to optimize global talent and assist in the development of new abilities in the twenty-first century.
The perspective chapter takes a new look at the issues of creative thinking development. With this in mind, we tried to consider the concept of creativity as a phenomenon, approaches to the construction of tasks to develop creative thinking, criteria for creativity assessment as well as products of creative activity, and how creativity development can be supported in the educational process and everyday life.
The term “creativity” has been applied to the overall structure of the personality, his/her uniqueness, and individuality; therefore, it has a significant impact on all stages of educational trajectories of personal development. In the literature, creativity often refers to the creative abilities of a person, which are manifested in creative thinking and feelings, communication, and individual types of activity [2]. It can be used to characterize the personality in general, as well as his/her aspects, products of his/her activity, as well as the process of his/her creative thinking. Creativity is sometimes equated with essential and relatively an independent factor of giftedness. It is hardly reflected in tests to define the level of intellectual development and academic success. In contrast, creativity is more receptive than critical thinking about new ideas. A complex approach to the upbringing of a creative personality covers a wide range of issues related to originality, initiative, and complex problem-solving.
According to Freedman [3], creativity is the indissoluble unity of the ideological, worldview, internal and artistic, it is an essential condition for the personality of a growing individual, versatility, and harmony of his/her development.
At the present stage of social development, a person needs to develop in order to possess in-demand skills needed by the employers. Highly developed creative skills allow a person to continue active learning, be more flexible and easily adapt to changing conditions and requirements, work with innovations, and improve the environment.
Demirkan and Hasirci [4] identify three main elements of creativity: (1) competence (availability of a knowledge base, experience, skills); (2) cognition (using creative thinking methods, ingenuity, flexibility, perseverance); and (3) motivation (internal and external). Internal motivation deals with a personal interest in solving a problem, a persistent desire to apply knowledge and self-actualize. Extrinsic motivation is connected with promotion and material interest.
De Bono [5] developed a holistic program for the development of creative thinking and highlighted the following basic principles: (1) determination of the conditions for solving the problem, necessary and sufficient to achieve the goal, (2) wish to abandon previous experience in solving similar problems, (3) possession of the ability to notice multifunctional, universal things, (4) interdisciplinary nature (ability to connect the most different, even opposite ideas from the most diverse areas of knowledge and the use of the resulting associations to solve problems, and (5) enhancement of the ability to understand the dominant idea in a given field of knowledge.
Figure 1 depicts the unity of components that from our point of view influences the development of creative thinking, such as logic and cognition, positivity, harmony, and productivity, joy, and professional development. The implementation of these components simultaneously helps students to enhance a wide range of abilities, as for instance, ability to think logically, the ability to overcome stereotypes, the ability to find logical connections between phenomena, objects, facts, etc.
The unity that influences the development of creative thinking skills.
Botella et al. [6] suggest that the development of a person who can act creatively involves the development of a fundamentally new culture of thinking, its essence is the development of human intelligence using off-pattern learning technologies. In this situation, the emphasis is on the generation of knowledge rather than on the organization and processing of the knowledge.
Corrazza [7] outlines creativity as the ability of students to generate new knowledge through a technologically controlled expansion and transformation of the vision of reality as a future that can be able systematically organized based on the present; thus, creativity is a construction ability in the mode of the thinking process organization. On this point, creativity differs from innovation, as the generation of new knowledge through the use of existing abilities, connections, relations that are interconnected. Creativity presupposes the design of such features based on the already existed skills and abilities (aptitudes, relations). Kant in Ref. [8] believes creativity is a controlled productive imagination that is characterized by spontaneous actions.
Barron and Harrington [9] suggest that creativity presupposes the necessary variety of knowledge, and the initial mental order is a potential collection of all possible orders. Amabile [10] focuses on the idea that the scenario of creative thinking is approximative to the model of mental experimentation, to balance “on the edge of chaos” between the real and the possible.
These ideas have to be taken into consideration by teachers and trainers during the development of the assignments aimed at enhancement of the creative thinking skills.
While researching the problem of students’ creativity development, experts note that it greatly contributes to the development of the individuality of personality. Creative tasks are described as an original solution to a problem that gradually becomes more complex, where the data and requirements are presented to the student, and he/she must find a solution to the problem using the techniques of creative activity and innovative ways of thinking. Thus, Runco considers creative tasks as the tasks that require the student to be resourceful, when the student finds his/her original solution, applies it, or makes use of certain techniques to create innovative solutions steadily [11].
In general terms, creative tasks can be defined as a system in which many forgetive assignments are ordered and interconnected, built based on a hierarchy of creative methods, and aimed at developing the creative thinking of students in the educational process. According to its structure, the system of creative tasks includes target, content, activity, and effective components [12].
Originality or authenticity relates to understanding and accepting a person’s identity in order to maximize his/her talents. The development of creativity starts with the awareness of individual authenticity and acceptance of a person’s identity as unique originality. Knowledge about technologies, different approaches, methods of development, and strategies of creative thinking perfectly fit into this background.
The content of the creative tasks system includes thematic groups of tasks that are aimed at cognition, creation, the transformation of various objects, phenomena, situations performed by students. The construction of such thematic groups is based on setting students’ own goals, using certain methods, performing some functions that ultimately are aimed at developing students’ creative thinking skills.
The creative tasks system may include a regulatory component that relates to the reflexive actions of students in the process of their study; in this case, the creative tasks system can change in accordance with additional information about the implementation of elaborated decisions, which is gained as a result of the process of implementation, which necessitates control and regulation of their actions.
The activities in the creative tasks system are represented with the forms of organizing procedures (group, individual, or collective work), optional activities.
The past decades have seen a renewed importance in the development of approaches, methods, and techniques dedicated to the support of creativity. Many researchers, scientists, and scholars proposed various ideas for creativity development (Delphi Method, Synectic Method, SCAMPER Method, etc.) that were implemented in practice due to their specific features.
Table 1 presents a short overview of the highly demanded approaches, methods, and techniques proposed and implemented by different scientists from 1926 to 2006. All those approaches, methods, and techniques are aimed at supporting the creative potential of individuals. An increasing number of studies have found that the main qualities that support creativity in the individual are curiosity, self-confidence, assertiveness, auditory and visual memory, the desire to be independent, originality, and absorption (degree of concentration).
№ | Author name | Approaches and methods | Specific features |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Edward De Bono (1973) | Holistic approach and Six Thinking Hats Method | It aims the development of creative thinking based on the methods from an understanding of how the mind works as a self-organising pattern recognition system. |
2 | Graham Wallace (1926) | Creative Problem Solving Approach | It outlines the theory that the creative process includes four stages: preparation, incubation, insight, and examination. |
3 | Bob Eberle (1971, 1997) | SCAMPER Method (Abbreviation for Substitute, Combine, Adapt, Modify, Put, Eliminate, Reverse) | The SCAMPER approach aims at the modification of the object or problem in question. It includes questions that guide individuals in thinking about the problematic pathways that new ideas usually come up with. In the process of obtaining answers, their various properties are studied, new ideas arise, new opportunities for the development or improvement of the object are revealed. |
4 | Tony Buzan (2006) | Mind Mapping Approach | It is based on the concept of radiant thinking that led to the formation of the technique of mind mapping. It stimulates creativity due to establishing relationships among ideas and developing individuals’ memory and learning potential. |
5 | Fritz Zwicky (1966-1969) | Morphological Box Method | The essence of the method is to build a matrix (table, box), which lists all the constituent elements of the research object and indicates all possible options for the implementation of these elements. By varying all known options for implementing the elements of the object, you can get the most unexpected new solutions. |
6 | William Gordon (1969) | The Synectic Method | The idea of synectics is to unite individual creators into a single group for joint formulation and solution of specific creative problems. The method is based on the use of unconscious mechanisms that are manifested in a person’s thinking at the time of creative activity. |
7 | Olaf Helmer and Theodore Jay Gordon (1964) | The Delphi Method | The emergence of Delphi is associated with an objectively urgent need to improve the methods of group decision-making. Before the advent of Delphi, the most common way of agreeing with different positions and reaching a common opinion was the traditional meeting. |
Overview of the highly demanded approaches, methods, and techniques dedicated to creativity development from1926 to 2006.
In Ref. [13], creative tasks (possess a creative nature) can be divided into problematic tasks, problematic questions, simulation, case studies, and tasks of a divergent type, the main feature of such assignments is that they allow several possible answers. Creative assignments require students to demonstrate a high level of autonomy. Smith and Carlsson [14] suggest that in traditional teaching, convergent-type tasks are mainly used: the conditions of such tasks assume only one appropriate answer, which can be worked out by strict logical reasoning based on the use of learned rules, algorithms, laws, etc.
Khutorskoy [15] in 2004 was one of the first to offer the following classification of creative tasks: cognitive, creative, and organizational (or methodological) tasks. In Tables 2–4, we consider the examples of tasks that include instruction, developed abilities, and discussion. The instruction contains a description of the problem-based situation and the task itself. Developed abilities deal with skills and abilities that can be developed or enhanced during task performance. The discussion may include tasks and questions for discussion.
Lesson | Natural sciences |
---|---|
Instruction | Everyone knows that our planet is globe-shaped. But what does it mean? According to psychological research, many children understand this statement differently. For example, they consider it as a flat circle that floats in the sea or levitate in space. When answering a question about the shape of our planet, they say, “It is round,” and it goes in line with their views. The task is to provide as many ideas (How does a round planet look like) as possible. They must be wrong conceptually but right according to the logic of presentation. The time limit is from 5 to 7 minutes. |
Developed abilities | Ability to generate new ideas, ability to identify and understand the ambiguity of statements, ability to overcome stereotypes, etc. |
Discussion | Students share their ideas about how we can imagine the round planet. After students are proposed to discuss the pros and cons of template thinking and creative thinking. Give the example of situations when template thinking is more appropriate than creative thinking and vice versa. |
The example of cognitive task.
Lesson | Classic literature |
---|---|
Instruction | Everyone knows the story about Gulliver’s Travels. Imagine yourself in the Gulliver’s place in the country of Lilliput (where your height is as a two or three-story building) and in the country of Giants (where your height is similar to the size of a pen or pencil). The task is to think about things that can be used as sports equipment in one of those countries in different kinds of sports (e.g., ski, skating, fencing, etc.) The time limit is from 8 to 10 minutes. |
Developed abilities | Ability to choose the right method (e.g., exaggeration to imagine Lilliputs and Giants), ability to notice multifunctional things, ability to be flexible, etc. |
Discussion | Students present their ideas about things that can be used as sports equipment in one of those countries in different kinds of sports. After students discuss questions: Why did they choose Lilliput country or Giant country or provide arguments in support of chosen kind of sport, etc.? |
The example of a creative task.
Lesson | Crafts |
---|---|
Instruction | Students are divided into three or five teams. Each team has got a piece of A4 paper and scissors. The task is to design the Arch under which every one of the participants can go. The Arch must be uninterruptible (solid). It is forbidden to use glue or other materials to connect a paper. The ways and methods of activity performance are not explained to students. The time limit is from 8 to 10 minutes. |
Developed abilities | Ability to work in a team, ability to generate new ideas, ability to set goals, the ability to realize the results of the learning, etc. |
Discussion | Students present their Arches and compare their results with the result of other teams. Whose idea is the most creative, feasible, or tangible? After students discuss How easy or difficult it was for them? |
The example of organizational task.
Cognitive tasks are aimed at the building and development of student’s cognitive skills. They include the ability to ask questions, the ability to feel the world around us, to conduct experiments and research, the ability to identify and understand the ambiguity of statements, the ability to overcome stereotypes, to find the causes of the occurrence of phenomena.
Creative tasks provide the enhancement of creative thinking in students: the ability to make a forecast, sensitivity to contradictions, flexibility, imagination, the ability to generate new ideas.
Organizational tasks support the ability to realize and formulate the goals of their educational activities, to organize continuous educational or professional development, the ability to realize the results of the learning, to assess and review the innovative ideas proposed by classmates.
Experiments on tasks for creative thinking development were conducted in 2009 by a group of researchers [16]; let us distinguish the following requirements for creative tasks: (1) openness (the content of a problem situation, heuristic task, case study, or project method has to be widely known); (2) feasibility (tasks take into account the current level of students professional development and age); (3) diversity (the performance of tasks provides different ways of problem-solving or multiple solutions); and (4) congruence (the chosen methods of creative thinking corresponds to the problems set in the task). Besides the requirements for creative tasks development, some conditions are the prerequisites for creative tasks system usage. Among them is the construction of tasks that must be carried out on an integrative basis, when the task allows students to enhance several mental processes at the same time: thinking, attention, imagination, memory; the selection of tasks aims at the rational sequence of their presentation: from reproductive ones, aimed at updating existing knowledge, to investigative that focused on mastering generalized methods of cognitive activity, and then to innovative, which allows considering the studied phenomena from different points of view. The performance of tasks provides the fluency of thinking, consistency, and coherence, the flexibility of mind, the ability to generate hypotheses, that is, to the development of the quality attributes of creative thinking.
Some experts [17, 18] propose a three-component model of the process of creative thinking that builds three mutual connections: reflection, enthusiasm, and individuality.
Reflexivity distinguishes humans from animals and allowing to form self-awareness, self-esteem, plan through language, analyze, and reflect the world. Enthusiasm is combined with a belief that changing the environment brings a good opportunity for innovative changes. Individuality is specified in the ways the problem is solved.
Several authors believed that criteria to assess creative thinking depend on the fields of knowledge and activity [19, 20]. But this claim can be called into question as far as there are some general requirements for the process of creative thinking regardless of the field of science. When assessing creativity, we pay attention to the facts whether students (1) change the structure of internal and external data using additional conceptual differences and make decisions about similarities, (2) restructure the problem, (3) use relevant knowledge, visual thinking for creating new and innovatively using old knowledge and skills, and (4) use a nonverbal thinking model.
We can add to these factors one more as far as in some fields students use an interdisciplinary approach, it means that during their creative activity, they use innovative knowledge and well-known knowledge in other disciplines that can be transferred from one field of study into the other.
When assessing the level of the creative thinking skills, development experts propose students pass the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT), Guilford’s Alternative Uses Test, or Wallach and Kogan’s creative thinking tests. The tests include assignments for divergent thinking assessment and problem-solving skills. Torrance [21] identified for following criteria for creativity assessment originality, flexibility, fluency, and elaboration. Originality is the ability to generate nonstandard or unexpected ideas, to deviate from the generally accepted pattern. It helps to successfully get out of emergencies. Flexibility is the ability to assess a problem from all sides and apply different strategies when solving it. It helps to quickly grasp connections between different phenomena, establish patterns, find common ground in a variety of things and events. Fluency is the ability to come up with a large variety of ideas at great speed. With high levels of fluency, a person can come up with 20 ways to use an object, for example, an ordinary pencil, in a minute. The last one is elaboration—the ability not only to generate ideas but also to deepen and detail them.
In Ref. [22], our attention is drawn to the idea that the assessment of creative skills can be done through the analysis of the products of creative activity. The analysis of the results of the creative activity products made by students demonstrates a positive trend in the use of heuristic tasks. It suggests we identify the following criteria: the quality of the students’ creative products; motivation and cognitive interest of students in creative activities; the level of time and self-management in creative activity.
When assessing the level of quality of products of students’ creative activity, the attention has to be focused on the following parameters [23]:
a range of approaches used to perform a heuristic task;
the originality of ideas, their innovative aspects;
creatively different approach to solving the problem;
the practical value of the creative product;
the level of application of subject knowledge, skills, and abilities for the implementation of the original idea.
In the literature [24, 25, 26], there are a surprising number of criteria (about 17) on how to assess the creative product or idea produced by students. Thus, they can be considered as main criteria (such as originality, recency, future potential, flexibility, efficiency, elaboration, etc.) and additional (such as applicability, attractiveness, expressivity, sustainability, etc.). In this chapter, we consider the most influential.
Assessing
The use of
Thus, we state that the level of creativity possessed by students can be assessed from different points. The teacher can assess the creative thinking skills of the students or the product or idea as a result of creative activity. Further analysis showed that creative thinking isn’t just a random splash of new ideas, it can bring tangible and effective output. Highly developed creative thinking skills help students achieve better results in transforming the environment, effectively and competently respond to modern challenges. These results offer vital evidence that the ability to think creatively is also based on knowledge and experience, and, therefore, it can be an object of focused training that can be assessed and enhanced.
To achieve the goals of the chapter, we have used complex interconnected methods of scientific research. The theoretical methods used in the chapter are the generalization of psychological and pedagogical literature to consider the concept of creativity as a phenomenon, the comparative analysis to explore approaches to the construction of tasks to develop creative thinking, the content analysis to identify criteria for creativity assessment as well as products of creative activity.
The empirical methods used in the chapter are the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the survey to stipulate the positive or negative effects based on the implementation of the model of creativity development in the educational process.
To illustrate the positive and negative effects of the implementation of the model of creativity development implementation in the educational process, the survey was carried out among 150 bachelor students of different specialism who study at Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute (Ukraine).
To stipulate the impact of the model of creativity development in the educational process, the study was carried out among teachers of English work on the Department of English Language for Humanities in Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute (Ukraine). A total of 45 teachers of English were recruited for semistructured interviews. Interviews were conducted informally.
Representatives of the students (SG) group were asked to express their attitude to different kinds of creative tasks proposed by teachers, to identify the difference between the standard tasks and creative tasks, to identify difficulties that occurred during tasks performance.
Representatives of the teachers (TG) group were asked to express their views concerning the aims, principles, components, methods, technologies, activities, and results integrated into the model of creativity development in the educational process.
The study employed a qualitative and quantitative analysis of data collected from the survey, interview, and observations.
Considering the data provided in Figure 2, we can see that almost all students possess a positive attitude to the performance of the creative tasks. Nevertheless, almost all students demonstrate a positive attitude to the performance of all creative tasks, the most positive attitude students demonstrate to the creative project’s performance (about 90% of students).
Students’ attitude toward creative tasks performance.
At the same time, some students demonstrate a negative attitude to the heuristic tasks (about 44% of students). One of the students said the following about difficulties:
“
When students have discussed the difference between the standard tasks and creative tasks, they mentioned such criteria as attractiveness, diversity, originality, and future potential of results (Figure 3).
The criterion used by students to evaluate the creative tasks.
Seventy-five percent of respondents believed that variability or diversity is one of the important features, and its level is higher in creative tasks. Fifty-five percent of respondents said that level of attractiveness in creative tasks is not much higher than in standard tasks.
One of the respondents said:
“
Students who participated in the survey emphasized the need for creative tasks to develop their ability to creative thinking, to personal growth, to provide innovative activity, and to generate new ideas.
During the interview, teachers mentioned that they believe that among technologies to support creative learning must be used situational learning technology, game technology, project technology, problem-based learning technology, and inventive problem-solving technology.
The ideas expressed by teachers are well consistent with the Creative Learning and Technologies Strategy [27] that suggests that blended technologies effectively provide digital resources to support learning; flip learning; communicate with students; encourage active learning and collaboration.
Taken together, the results from teachers’ interviews suggest that creative abilities can belong to a certain component of creative competence and can be supported with specific tasks and activities.
Thus, Figure 4 helps us to demonstrate the interconnections between components, abilities, and tasks.
Interconnection of components, skills and abilities, tasks and activities during creativity development.
These findings help us to design the model that will support creativity development in the educational process.
Some Ukrainian researchers claim that the effect of learning activity decreases, primarily due to unproductive methods of teaching [28]. In our opinion, it happens because the necessary methods are not developed and strengthened enough.
In many institutions, the interdisciplinarity is not developed, the lack of educational actions in various situations, the most difficult tasks are not practiced enough, the more complex methods are not used, which often leads to unsuccessful activities. Due to this, students are not satisfied with activities, on the one side, they consider them as obstacles that are hard to overcome.
Traditional teaching contains, mainly, explanation and illustration elements, when the teacher poses problems based on his/her own experience and indicates his/her own ways to solve them. With this type of training, the criterion component becomes the determining one. This approach organizes educational processes based on the predominance of reproductive activity, with detailed results. Due to the said above, it is necessary to gradually change teaching methods in order to intensify the learning process, increase motivation for learning. Thus, our idea is to implement the model of creativity development in the educational process using creative projects, mind maps, case studies, and heuristic tasks (Figure 5).
The model of creativity development in the educational process.
The main difference between the model proposed and the traditional teaching model is that the teaching method used in the model is close to the assimilation of knowledge. While in traditional teaching, the assimilation of knowledge goes on a reproductive level with some minimum elements of creativity, the proposed model presents different creative tasks that correspond to a creative level of teaching.
Teaching and learning using the creative project method, mind maps, case studies, and heuristic tasks in contrast to the traditional one are a complex type of interaction system, in which the management of students’ activities plays an important role. For example, in the creative project method, the level of problem items in the above method is set by two-level characteristics: the complexity of questions, problem-based tasks, and assignments. Their quantity and quality are taken into account as far as the ratio of four independent types of tasks: reproductive, cognitive-practical, reproductive-search, and creative.
Teaching and learning using the creative project method, mind maps, case studies, and heuristic tasks in the model reflect the following structure: research and sustainable research (problem-based statement, hypothesis advancement, testing, and idea generation); study of the case and discussion (identification and comparison of points of view); mind mapping and simulation in the subject-content (imitation-game) and heuristic assignments.
The essential characteristic of the specified teaching model based on such activities as the creative project method, mind maps, case studies, and heuristic tasks is the reflective activity of students in intellectual and emotional-personal terms. The focus can be shifted from a procedural training plan into a context-based one and can be carried out in the following areas: special training in search procedures, the formation of a reflective thinking culture; special training in the processes of mastering and applying new techniques of the method of creative design; the formation of a discussion culture; special development of the emotional and personal side of educational activity associated with its role components; an emotional and intellectual reflection of the course of training, including simulation and heuristic modeling.
Our work has led us to conclude that one of the priority vectors of modern higher education is the development of a creative personality, the formation of readiness for professional mobility, social and creative activity. In the twenty-first century, creativity is the central, pivotal characteristic of a competitive personality. Students with a constant and conscious interest in creativity, who realize their creative potential, can successfully adapt to the changing conditions and challenges of life. In the future, such students can easily create their own individual style of activity, they are more capable of self-improvement and self-realization in professional activities.
In this chapter, we have outlined that a student’s creative thinking is a type of thinking that manifests itself as an integrative feature of personality. This chapter underlined the importance of criteria for creativity assessment as well as products of creative activity. The evidence from this study suggests that the results-oriented use of heuristic techniques, mind maps, project methods, and case-study enhance creativity development.
These findings add to a growing body of literature on the issue of how creativity development can be supported in the educational process and everyday life. Future studies on the current topic are therefore required experimental research in order for the proposed model of creativity development in the educational process to be verified by a larger sample size.
This research was supported by the Department of English Language for Humanities and Faculty of Linguistics, Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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",metaTitle:"About Open Access",metaDescription:"Open access contributes to scientific excellence and integrity. It opens up research results to wider analysis. It allows research results to be reused for new discoveries. And it enables the multi-disciplinary research that is needed to solve global 21st century problems. Open access connects science with society. It allows the public to engage with research. To go behind the headlines. And look at the scientific evidence. And it enables policy makers to draw on innovative solutions to societal challenges.\n\nCarlos Moedas, the European Commissioner for Research Science and Innovation at the STM Annual Frankfurt Conference, October 2016.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"about-open-access",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
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The Open Access publishing movement started in the early 2000s when academic leaders from around the world participated in the formation of the Budapest Initiative. They developed recommendations for an Open Access publishing process, “which has worked for the past decade to provide the public with unrestricted, free access to scholarly research—much of which is publicly funded. Making the research publicly available to everyone—free of charge and without most copyright and licensing restrictions—will accelerate scientific research efforts and allow authors to reach a larger number of readers” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nIntechOpen’s co-founders, both scientists themselves, created the company while undertaking research in robotics at Vienna University. Their goal was to spread research freely “for scientists, by scientists’ to the rest of the world via the Open Access publishing model. The company soon became a signatory of the Budapest Initiative, which currently has more than 1000 supporting organizations worldwide, ranging from universities to funders.
\n\nAt IntechOpen today, we are still as committed to working with organizations and people who care about scientific discovery, to putting the academic needs of the scientific community first, and to providing an Open Access environment where scientists can maximize their contribution to scientific advancement. By opening up access to the world’s scientific research articles and book chapters, we aim to facilitate greater opportunity for collaboration, scientific discovery and progress. We subscribe wholeheartedly to the Open Access definition:
\n\n“By “open access” to [peer-reviewed research literature], we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited” (reference: http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org)
\n\nOAI-PMH
\n\nAs a firm believer in the wider dissemination of knowledge, IntechOpen supports the Open Access Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH Version 2.0). Read more
\n\nLicense
\n\nBook chapters published in edited volumes are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (CC BY 3.0). IntechOpen upholds a very flexible Copyright Policy. There is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their work. All Monographs/Compacts are distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0). Read more
\n\nPeer Review Policies
\n\nAll scientific works are Peer Reviewed prior to publishing. Read more
\n\nOA Publishing Fees
\n\nThe Open Access publishing model employed by IntechOpen eliminates subscription charges and pay-per-view fees, enabling readers to access research at no cost. In order to sustain operations and keep our publications freely accessible we levy an Open Access Publishing Fee for manuscripts, which helps us cover the costs of editorial work and the production of books. Read more
\n\nDigital Archiving Policy
\n\nIntechOpen is committed to ensuring the long-term preservation and the availability of all scholarly research we publish. We employ a variety of means to enable us to deliver on our commitments to the scientific community. Apart from preservation by the Croatian National Library (for publications prior to April 18, 2018) and the British Library (for publications after April 18, 2018), our entire catalogue is preserved in the CLOCKSS archive.
\n\nOpen Science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.
\n\nOpen Science is about increased rigour, accountability, and reproducibility for research. It is based on the principles of inclusion, fairness, equity, and sharing, and ultimately seeks to change the way research is done, who is involved and how it is valued. It aims to make research more open to participation, review/refutation, improvement and (re)use for the world to benefit.
\n\nOpen Science refers to doing traditional science with more transparency involved at various stages, for example by openly sharing code and data. It implies a growing set of practices - within different disciplines - aiming at:
\n\nWe aim at improving the quality and availability of scholarly communication by promoting and practicing:
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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Dr. Şentürk serves as the editorial board member of several international journals.",institutionString:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry"},selectedSubseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry"}}},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/28647",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"28647"},fullPath:"/chapters/28647",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()