Results of the Z-test QObservation and QSimulation in Sutami dam [21].
\r\n\tContaminated water is not suitable for drinking, or use in recreation, agriculture, and industrial activities. These waters cause poisoning of drinking water, deterioration of river and lake ecosystems, decrease in biological diversity as a result of the death of aquatic life, and various environmental problems.
\r\n\r\n\tWater resources are limited however, the need for water is gradually increasing. Considering that water quality deteriorates increasingly, the importance of preserving existing water resources in terms of quantity and quality is increasing day by day. So, it is important to determine the sources of contamination correctly and to take the necessary precautions.
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David",middleName:null,surname:"Puett",fullName:"J. David Puett",slug:"j.-david-puett"}]},{id:"28404",title:"Potential Tumor Biomarkers for Ovarian Cancer",slug:"potential-tumor-biomarkers-for-ovarian-cancer",signatures:"Ryan Serio and Blase Billack",authors:[{id:"73747",title:"Dr.",name:"Blase",middleName:null,surname:"Billack",fullName:"Blase Billack",slug:"blase-billack"},{id:"79214",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryan",middleName:null,surname:"Serio",fullName:"Ryan Serio",slug:"ryan-serio"}]},{id:"28405",title:"Ectoenzymes in Epithelial Ovarian Carcinoma: Potential Diagnostic Markers and Therapeutic Targets",slug:"ectoenzymes-in-epithelial-ovarian-carcinoma-potential-diagnostic-markers-and-therapeutic-targets",signatures:"Nicola Lo Buono, Simona Morone, Rossella Parrotta, Alice Giacomino, Erika Ortolan and Ada Funaro",authors:[{id:"73865",title:"Prof.",name:"Ada",middleName:null,surname:"Funaro",fullName:"Ada Funaro",slug:"ada-funaro"},{id:"80286",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Nicola",middleName:null,surname:"Lo Buono",fullName:"Nicola Lo Buono",slug:"nicola-lo-buono"},{id:"80287",title:"MSc.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Morone",fullName:"Simona Morone",slug:"simona-morone"},{id:"80289",title:"MSc.",name:"Rossella",middleName:null,surname:"Parrotta",fullName:"Rossella Parrotta",slug:"rossella-parrotta"},{id:"80290",title:"MSc.",name:"Alice",middleName:null,surname:"Giacomino",fullName:"Alice Giacomino",slug:"alice-giacomino"},{id:"80292",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika",middleName:null,surname:"Ortolan",fullName:"Erika Ortolan",slug:"erika-ortolan"}]},{id:"28406",title:"P53 Network in Ovarian Cancer",slug:"p53-network-in-ovarian-cancer",signatures:"Fabiola Moretti and Francesca Mancini",authors:[{id:"75285",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabiola",middleName:null,surname:"Moretti",fullName:"Fabiola Moretti",slug:"fabiola-moretti"},{id:"79048",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesca",middleName:null,surname:"Mancini",fullName:"Francesca Mancini",slug:"francesca-mancini"}]},{id:"28407",title:"Gene Amplification in Ovarian Carcinomas: Lessons from Selected Amplified Gene Families",slug:"gene-amplification-in-ovarian-carcinomas-lessons-from-selected-amplified-gene-families",signatures:"Stéphanie Gaillard",authors:[{id:"77976",title:"Dr.",name:"Tian-Li",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Tian-Li Wang",slug:"tian-li-wang"},{id:"125879",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephanie",middleName:null,surname:"Gaillard",fullName:"Stephanie Gaillard",slug:"stephanie-gaillard"}]},{id:"28408",title:"Nitric Oxide/Protein Kinase G-Iα Promotes c-Src Activation, Proliferation and Chemoresistance in Ovarian Cancer",slug:"nitric-oxide-protein-kinase-g-i-promotes-c-src-activation-proliferation-and-chemoresistance-in-ovari",signatures:"Ronald R. Fiscus, Elaine L. Leung, Janica C. Wong and Mary G. Johlfs",authors:[{id:"124786",title:"Dr.",name:"Elaine L.",middleName:null,surname:"Leung",fullName:"Elaine L. Leung",slug:"elaine-l.-leung"},{id:"124788",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Janica",middleName:"C.",surname:"Wong",fullName:"Janica Wong",slug:"janica-wong"},{id:"124789",title:"MSc.",name:"Mary G.",middleName:null,surname:"Johlfs",fullName:"Mary G. Johlfs",slug:"mary-g.-johlfs"},{id:"162990",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronald",middleName:null,surname:"Fiscus",fullName:"Ronald Fiscus",slug:"ronald-fiscus"}]},{id:"28409",title:"VEGF Targeting Agents in Ovarian Cancer",slug:"vegf-targeting-agents-in-ovarian-cancer",signatures:"Seiji Mabuchi, Atsuko Wakabayashi and Tadashi Kimura",authors:[{id:"73265",title:"Prof.",name:"Seiji",middleName:null,surname:"Mabuchi",fullName:"Seiji Mabuchi",slug:"seiji-mabuchi"}]},{id:"28410",title:"Autotaxin – A Target for the Treatment of Drug-Resistant Ovarian Cancer?",slug:"autotaxin-a-target-for-the-treatment-of-drug-resistant-ovarian-cancer-",signatures:"John King-Underwood, Steven M. Allin, Charles W. Redman and Alan Richardson",authors:[{id:"69882",title:"Dr.",name:"Alan",middleName:null,surname:"Richardson",fullName:"Alan Richardson",slug:"alan-richardson"}]},{id:"28411",title:"Potential Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer",slug:"potential-monoclonal-antibody-therapy-for-the-treatment-of-ovarian-cancer",signatures:"Gregory Lee, Mingang Zhu and Bixia Ge",authors:[{id:"70284",title:"Prof.",name:"Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Gregory Lee",slug:"gregory-lee"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"951",title:"Topics on Cervical Cancer With an Advocacy for Prevention",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fedfb0b32d856abf87bdb68b8ce9791c",slug:"topics-on-cervical-cancer-with-an-advocacy-for-prevention",bookSignature:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/951.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"120109",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajamanickam",surname:"Rajkumar",slug:"rajamanickam-rajkumar",fullName:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3449",title:"Ovarian Cancer",subtitle:"A Clinical and Translational Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d86076194a3c65286c370cafd587fe7d",slug:"ovarian-cancer-a-clinical-and-translational-update",bookSignature:"Iván Díaz-Padilla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3449.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"157073",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Diaz-Padilla",slug:"ivan-diaz-padilla",fullName:"Ivan Diaz-Padilla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10342",title:"Ovarian Cancer",subtitle:"Updates in Tumour Biology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"25a0adac7f6afa7bcd0b6daa3ef6b538",slug:"ovarian-cancer-updates-in-tumour-biology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Gwo-Yaw Ho and Kate Webber",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10342.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"297757",title:null,name:"Gwo-Yaw",surname:"Ho",slug:"gwo-yaw-ho",fullName:"Gwo-Yaw Ho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10789",title:"Cervical Cancer",subtitle:"A Global Public Health Treatise",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3f7a79875d0d0ae71479de8c60276913",slug:"cervical-cancer-a-global-public-health-treatise",bookSignature:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10789.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"120109",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajamanickam",surname:"Rajkumar",slug:"rajamanickam-rajkumar",fullName:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6191",title:"Selected Topics in Breastfeeding",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3334b831761ffa52e78de6fc681e33b3",slug:"selected-topics-in-breastfeeding",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría P.",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6191.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82110",title:"Hydrological Drought Index Based on Discharge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104625",slug:"hydrological-drought-index-based-on-discharge",body:'Drought is a condition when there is very little extreme rainfall or no rainfall for a relatively long period outside the dry season [1, 2]. Its occurrence in a watershed is recommended to be analyzed using discharge data in addition to the rainfall data [3]. Moreover, the hydrological drought index (HDI) is normally used to describe the drought severity based on discharge data which is indicated as HDI1, and simulation which is denoted as HDI2. The discharge prediction model, which is known as the Artificial Neural Network model, is based on a flexible mathematical structure and has the ability to identify a complex nonlinear relationship between input and output [4]. The characters of the rainfall and discharge data were also observed to be adaptable to the method. The purpose of this research is to answer the following questions:
What is the estimated discharge calculation model based on rainfall data?
How can the dry duration and deficit be determined?
What is the hydrological drought index (HDI) in the watershed of the research location?
What are the HDI criteria in the watershed of the research location?
The rainfall data consistency was tested using multiple mass curves [5, 6], while the discharge data normality test was conducted using probability density function (pdf) analysis with the criterion being that normally distributed data will form a linear or straight line. Moreover, the discharge probability was analyzed using the cumulative distribution function (CDF).
The statistical analysis is usually conducted to determine:
Threshold (X0) is the limit determined based on the analysis requirements [7] and according to the selected distribution.
X0 as Q50 or Q80 such that Q50 is a normal Q with a probability of 0.5 or data median, while Q80 is a dependable Q with a probability of 0.2.
The criteria are divided into two, which are as follows:
The drought index is a comparison of the deficit to the watershed area as indicated in the following Equation [8]:
Drought severity involves the analysis of the duration and deficit in dry conditions.
The rainfall and runoff data were simulated through the artificial neural network method using several inputs and outputs [9, 10]. This method imitates the function of the human nervous system and works in line with human learning patterns [11]. The backpropagation using a binary sigmoid activation function has been discovered to be a good ANN model for hydrology. This is due to the fact that the activation function is the net (network) of the linear combination of the inputs and their weights. It is important to note that this model fits the pattern characteristics of the input and output data which are required to follow a normal distribution in the range of 0–1 (0,10,9) [12, 13].
The determination of the hydrological data requires that the parameters recorded for January be influenced by the hydrological conditions in January of the previous year and the same trend is expected to continue from February to December. The data were also sorted from January to December at the end of the time series and the estimation was continued for the next few years. Moreover, the runoff model was designed in line with the rainfall data input based on the analysis of variables in the HDI analysis. Meanwhile, the architecture and equations of the backpropagation method used in this research are presented in Figure 1 [14, 15].
Where P1 is the 1st data input, Pn is the nth data input, Z1.1 is the 1st auxiliary variable in hidden layer 1, Z1.2 is the 2nd auxiliary variable in hidden layer 1, Z2.1 is the 1st auxiliary variable in hidden layer 2, Z2.2 is the 2nd auxiliary variable in hidden layer 2, b (=1) is the specified bias value which is equal to one, and Qn is the nth data output.
ANN for discharge calculation.
The results from the model analysis were examined based on the theory of runs which involves the analysis of two processes of sequential and opposite events at a boundary which is within a certain period [16].
The two kinds of “runs” available are run-length and run-sum with the run-length usually used for hydrological analysis related to the prediction of time which is also known as the frequency analysis while the run-sum is for those related to the prediction of rainfall duration and intensity within the analysis season. The overview of these runs is presented in the following Figure 2.
Overview of positive run-length, m, positive run-sum, S, negative run-length, n, and negative run-sum, D, on a discrete series [
The run test was conducted on the simulated data, and since m is a positive run-length while n is a negative run-length as indicated in Figure 2, the total run-length (r) is m + n. Moreover, the estimated value of r, E(r), was expressed using the probability (q) for the estimated positive run-length, m, and (p) as the estimated probability value for the negative run-length, n. This relationship was expressed as follows [16]:
with boundary conditions 0 < q < 1
where
It is also important to note that the estimated output in the model analysis is expected to be within the tolerance limit formulated as follows:
where α is the tolerance limit (5%) and t is the normal distribution value from the “t-table.”
The parameter reliability analysis was conducted because the model describes the sample to be generalized to the population and this led to the application of a sample-based model suitability test. In mathematical analysis, reliability is the ratio of the total items to the total variance and was applied to the dry duration and deficit variables of the applied watershed. The general formula used is the Cronbach’s alpha equation as follows [17]:
Where
The rationale of the research concept was used with the drought processes observed to have occurred sequentially starting from meteorological drought, agronomical drought, hydrological, to socioeconomical droughts, as indicated in Figure 3 [18, 19, 20]. The concept was further used to create an operational research framework that starts from the preparation of the model through the collection and processing of rainfall, discharge, and climate data of the research location followed by the modeling and verification as well as the calculation of HDI. The model was later applied and tested on the selected watershed as presented in Figure 4. The model is built based on historical data in the observation Catchment Area. Then applied to the simulation Catchment Area.
Concept of research.
Research framework.
The data from the rainfall stations in the selected watershed area, including Kedungsangku, Senduro, and Ranupakis stations, were tested for consistency and the results showed that they are consistent. The same process was conducted on the rainfall data from the applied watershed, such as Dampit, Poncokusumo, Sengguruh, Tangkil, and Wagir stations, and the results also showed that the data are consistent.
The normality test was conducted on the discharge data using pdf analysis with the indicator for the normal distribution being the formation of a straight line when the data are plotted visually. The results showed that the discharge data at Automatic Water Level Record (AWLR) and Umbul Dam (observation CA) are not normally distributed and the same trend was also observed for the data from Sutami Dam (Simulation CA).
The distribution analysis showed that the discharge data from AWLR and Umbul Dams follow the gamma distribution and the same was also reported for the rainfall data from Kali Asem Catchment Area and Umbul sub-watersheds as well as the discharge data from Sutami Dam.
The next analysis conducted based on the gamma distribution showed the following results for the Kali Asem and Umbul sub-watersheds:
Qaw50 = 16.27(m3/sec) which is interpreted as normal discharge in AWLR.
Qd50 = 21.31(m3/sec) which is interpreted as normal discharge in Umbul Dam.
Qaw80 = 11.31(m3/sec) which is interpreted as dependable discharge in
Qd80 = 14.32(m3/sec) which is interpreted as dependable discharge in Umbul Dam.
P50 = 36.84(mm) which means normal rainfall.
The same method was used to obtain the threshold values for Sutami Dam as follows:
P50 = 30.68(mm) which is interpreted as normal rainfall.
Q50 = 64.34(m3/sec) which is interpreted as normal discharge in Sutami Dam.
Q80 = 40.03(m3/sec) which is interpreted as normal discharge in Sutami Dam.
WL50 = +267.91(m) which is interpreted as the dependable elevation of the water level in Sutami Dam.
WL80 = +264.29(m) which is interpreted as the dependable elevation of the water level in Sutami Dam.
The deficit is the difference between the volume of water shortage and the threshold, while duration is defined as the total time the deficit occurred. The results of the analysis showed that the duration and deficit do not have the same visual pattern and this means the deficit value does not describe the duration value and vice versa.
The debit deficit on the Very Dry criteria (based on Qaw80), consecutive (run-length) (d), and the total deficit (run-sum) was recorded from January 3 to October 3, 1991, with a total deficit of 142,928 (m3/sec. Ten daily) and 27 ten daily followed by May 1 to Dec 1, 1997 with 15.88 (m3/sec. Ten daily) and 22 ten daily, and Jan 1 to Aug 2, 2003 with 46,725 (m3/sec. Ten daily) and 25 ten daily, respectively, as indicated in Figures 5 and 6.
Deficit based on Qaw50 and Qaw80 in the AWLR of the Kali Asem sub-watershed [
Deficit of discharge, Qaw in 1991, 1997, 2003 [
The calculation showed that the HDI1 for the Kali Asem sub-watershed at Qaw80 was 0.00, the HDI1 limit at Qaw50 was 0.0180, and at 70% Qaw80 was recorded to be −0.0123. Moreover, the result for the HDI1 in the Umbul sub-watershed at Qd80 was found to be 0.00, the HDI1 limits at Qd50 were 0.0200 while at 70% Qd80 was −0.0123.
The discharge prediction simulation model implemented the backpropagation ANN using the following parameters:
The model consists of one input, two hidden, and two output layers.
The network was formed using Descant Gradient Learning (trainingdm) with
The model simulation stops at the specified epoh of 1000 epoh or a mean square error (MSE) of 0.05.
The “scatterplot” of the Qsimulated and Qobserved in Figure 7 shows a straight line and coincides. This means the simulation data has a statistical character that is not significantly different from the observation data.
Suitability analysis for the simulation results based on the discharge at Umbul dam [
The HDI1 value also ranged from 0.002 to 0.024 while the HDI2 value ranged from 0.001 to 0.022 (Extremely Dry). Moreover, a shift was observed in the dry time and this means it is difficult for the simulation to accurately predict the start or end time for the drought condition (see Figure 8).
FDC analysis on the Q observation and simulation (Qobservation and Qsimulation, as well as IK observation and IK simulation [
The calculation showed that the equation can be written in the form of a matrix as follows:
The model was simulated at Umbul Dam for verification and the results showed that the simulation data is within the tolerance limit (α) of 5% which indicates that it is not significantly different. A run test was also conducted on the drought parameter.
The statistical tests conducted using analysis of variance showed that the statistical value in Levene’s test for the data that was not necessarily normally distributed was 1.38 with p = 0.123. The p-value α > (0.05) means the null hypothesis was not rejected and this indicates the same variance.
The Bartlett test also showed that p = 0.995 > α = 0.05 and this means the simulation data are not the same as the observation data while the median analysis conducted using Levene’s test also obtained p = 0.123 > α (0.05) and this means the null hypothesis was not rejected (same median). Moreover, the run analysis showed that E(r) Qdsim4 was 4.049 and the E(r)Qdsim was 4.016, which lies within the tolerance limit of 4.701–3.331 at α of 5%. This means the simulation data are not the same as the observation data.
The threshold analysis for the Sutami sub-watershed using observational data from 1991 to 2006 showed the value for Q50 was 64.34 m3/sec and Q80 was 40.03 m3/sec. Meanwhile, HDI1 for Q80 was calculated to be 0.00 while the limit at Q50 was 0.0119 and at 70% Q80 was −0.0059.
The calculation showed that HDI1 ranged from 0.000 to 0.007 while HDI2 was from 0.000 to 0.007 in line with the severe drought criteria and this means the simulation was unable to determine the exact time the drought starts and ends. Moreover, the dry deficit duration calculation showed that the simulation data was accepted at α = 5% while the median test indicated that the simulation data have the same characteristics and are not significantly different from the observation data. The “scatterplot” test of the simulation data presented in Figure 9 and the Flow Duration Curve test in Figure 10 also showed that there was a match between the observation and simulation data.
The suitability analysis of the simulated scatterplot in Sutami dam [
Flow duration curve conformity analysis of the simulation results at Sutami dam [
The Z test analysis showed that p = 0.064 > α = 0.05 and this means the simulation and observation are not the same as the mean test while Mann–Whitney median test also showed the value of p = 0.0547 > α = 0.05 and this also indicates the same trend as indicated in Table 1.
Variable | N | Mean | StDev | SE-Mean | 95% CI | Z | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q | 288 | 71,676 | 35,894 | 2,115 | (67,531; | 75,821) | 0 | 0,999 |
Qsim | 288 | 75,603 | 33,244 | 2,115 | (71,458; | 79,748) | 1,86 | 0,064 |
Results of the Z-test QObservation and QSimulation in Sutami dam [21].
The Qsimulation mean value was observed to be within the tolerance range of the Qobservation while the p-value > α = 0.05 indicates the simulation is not the same as the observation data but the analysis conducted at Sutami Dam showed that the simulation data can be accepted.
The results showed that the simulation can be used to predict the drought in the Sutami sub-watershed for 2007–2014 with the dry limit observed to be at 0.000 < HDI < 0.0119, the very dry limit at −0.0059 < HDI < 0.000, and the extremely dry limit at HDI < −0.0059. The analysis further indicates that the lowest HDI value that has ever occurred was −0.006 which is included in the extremely dry criteria.
The reliability calculated using Eq. (9) showed that the analysis value for Q50 was 79% and Q80 was 81%.
The research concludes that:
The calculation model for the estimated discharge is based on the ten daily rainfall data from the selected watershed which includes Kali Asem Catchment Area and Umbul sub-watersheds. This is in the form of a mathematical equation which is stated as follows
where:
And,
The simulation test showed that the model was accepted at α = 5% or 95% confidence level and the reliability of its parameters, when applied to Sutami sub-watershed, was found to be only 80%.:
The dry duration and deficit were determined based on the threshold value obtained from historical discharge data using pdf and CDF analysis. The criteria used were that the watershed is believed to be dry to wet when the discharge is above the threshold and dry when it is below the threshold. Moreover, the analysis showed that the data were gamma distributed with a threshold value of:
P50 = 36.84 which means the normal rainfall in the analysis period was 36.84 mm/ten daily.
Qaw50 = 16.27 which means the normal discharge at AWLR during the analysis period was 16.27 m3/sec. Ten daily.
Qd50 = 21.31 which means the normal discharge at AWLR in the analysis period was 16.27 m3/sec. Ten daily.
Qaw80 = 11.31 which means that the dependable discharge in AWLR in the analysis period is 11.31 m3/sec. Ten daily.
Qd80 = 14.32 which means the dependable discharge at Umbul Dam during the analysis period was 14.32 m3/sec. Ten daily.
HDI for Kali Asem and Umbul sub-watersheds have the following limitations:
Dry when 0.000 < HDI < 0.018,
Very Dry when −0.012 < HDI < 0.00,
Extremely Dry when HDI < −0.012.
HDI in Sutami sub-watershed has the following limits:
Dry when 0,000 < HDI < 0,012,
Very Dry when −0,006 < HDI < 0,00,
Extremely Dry when HDI < −0,006.
The criteria for IK at Kali Asem and Umbul sub-watersheds based on the research results showed the extremely dry (ED) with duration sharpness in zone 2 which occurred in 1991 and very dry (VD) with a sharpness of zone 2 in 2003. Meanwhile, the lowest HDI value in 1991 was −0.024 and the duration was 23 ten daily. In 2003, the lowest HDI value was −0.016 with a mean value of −0.007 and a duration of 23 ten daily. This means the drought occurred twice during the analysis period, in 1991 and 2003, with a duration sharpness of more than 7 months which exceeds the usual 6 months for the dry season.
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His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. 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Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329248",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Faheem",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"md.-faheem-haider",fullName:"Md. Faheem Haider",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329248/images/system/329248.jpg",biography:"Dr. Md. Faheem Haider completed his BPharm in 2012 at Integral University, Lucknow, India. In 2014, he completed his MPharm with specialization in Pharmaceutics at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, India, in 2018. He was selected for the GPAT six times and his best All India Rank was 34. Currently, he is an assistant professor at Integral University. Previously he was an assistant professor at IIMT University, Meerut, India. He has experience teaching DPharm, Pharm.D, BPharm, and MPharm students. He has more than five publications in reputed journals to his credit. Dr. Faheem’s research area is the development and characterization of nanoformulation for the delivery of drugs to various organs.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"333824",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad Farouk",middleName:null,surname:"Musa",slug:"ahmad-farouk-musa",fullName:"Ahmad Farouk Musa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333824/images/22684_n.jpg",biography:"Dato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa\nMD, MMED (Surgery) (Mal), Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery (Monash Health, Aust), Graduate Certificate in Higher Education (Aust), Academy of Medicine (Mal)\n\n\n\nDato’ Dr Ahmad Farouk Musa obtained his Doctor of Medicine from USM in 1992. He then obtained his Master of Medicine in Surgery from the same university in the year 2000 before subspecialising in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Institut Jantung Negara (IJN), Kuala Lumpur from 2002 until 2005. He then completed his Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Surgery at Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia in 2008. He has served in the Malaysian army as a Medical Officer with the rank of Captain upon completing his Internship before joining USM as a trainee lecturer. He is now serving as an academic and researcher at Monash University Malaysia. He is a life-member of the Malaysian Association of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery (MATCVS) and a committee member of the MATCVS Database. He is also a life-member of the College of Surgeons, Academy of Medicine of Malaysia; a life-member of Malaysian Medical Association (MMA), and a life-member of Islamic Medical Association of Malaysia (IMAM). Recently he was appointed as an Interim Chairperson of Examination & Assessment Subcommittee of the UiTM-IJN Cardiothoracic Surgery Postgraduate Program. As an academic, he has published numerous research papers and book chapters. He has also been appointed to review many scientific manuscripts by established journals such as the British Medical Journal (BMJ). He has presented his research works at numerous local and international conferences such as the European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the European Society of Cardiovascular Surgery (ESCVS), to name a few. He has also won many awards for his research presentations at meetings and conferences like the prestigious International Invention, Innovation & Technology Exhibition (ITEX); Design, Research and Innovation Exhibition, the National Conference on Medical Sciences and the Annual Scientific Meetings of the Malaysian Association for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. He was awarded the Darjah Setia Pangkuan Negeri (DSPN) by the Governor of Penang in July, 2015.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Monash University Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"20",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Nutrition",keywords:"Sustainable Animal Diets, Carbon Footprint, Meta Analyses",scope:"An essential part of animal production is nutrition. Animals need to receive a properly balanced diet. 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Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. 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