Typical properties of epoxy resin at room temperature.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"7280",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Topics in Heart Failure Management",title:"Topics in Heart Failure Management",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This textbook represents a short update on original aspects of heart failure. It covers topics of heart failure management such as prevention, drug monitoring after heart transplant, and the critical care approach. There are also chapters on less common facets of this syndrome such as prevalence and features in a specific African region and the complexity of telemedicine in heart failure. In summary, it will be a valid adjunct to more exhaustive textbooks already available.",isbn:"978-1-83880-948-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-947-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-949-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74704",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"topics-in-heart-failure-management",numberOfPages:126,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"b5bb2a025687066e417525751fc81ce3",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Rescigno and Michael S. Firstenberg",publishedDate:"June 19th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7280.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6113,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:11,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 6th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 21st 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 20th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 8th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 7th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"163401",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Rescigno",slug:"giuseppe-rescigno",fullName:"Giuseppe Rescigno",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/163401/images/system/163401.jfif",biography:"Dr. Giuseppe Rescigno graduated in Pavia, Italy, where he completed the General Surgery training. \r\nThen he moved to France to become a Cardiac Surgeon of the adult. Back to Italy, he worked in several hospitals as a Consultant. \r\nHe is currently a Locum Consultant Cardiac Surgeon of the Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust in Wolverhampton, UK. \r\nClinical research has always been one of his main activities. \r\nHe has published more than 50 articles in peer-reviewed journals. \r\nHe was investigator surgeon of the STICH (Surgical Treatment for Ischemic Heart Failure) Trial in Bergamo, the eSVS Mesh Trial, and the Observant Study both in Ancona. In 2001-2002, he was Lecturer for the Ph.D. Course, University of Modena (Italy). \r\nHe holds one patent on an original technique to assess bronchial ischemia after lung transplantation.",institutionString:"Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"64343",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael S.",middleName:null,surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64343/images/system/64343.png",biography:"Dr. Michael S. Firstenberg is a thoracic surgeon at the St. Elizabeth Medical Center (Ascension), Appleton, Wisconsin. He attended Case Western Reserve University Medical School, Cleveland, OH, received his general surgery training at University Hospitals in Cleveland, and completed thoracic surgery fellowships at The Ohio State University and the Cleveland Clinic. He is an active member of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS), American Association of Thoracic Surgeons (AATS), American College of Cardiology (ACC), and American College of Academic International Medicine (ACAIM), for which he served as president in 2021–2022. He has authored more than 250 peer-reviewed manuscripts, abstracts, and book chapters and has edited several textbooks and lectured worldwide on topics ranging from medical leadership, COVID-19, endocarditis, and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).",institutionString:"St. Elizabeth Medical Center",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"25",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"12",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"170",title:"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine",slug:"cardiology-and-cardiovascular-medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"66290",title:"Introductory Chapter: Heart Failure - A Multifaceted Syndrome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85478",slug:"introductory-chapter-heart-failure-a-multifaceted-syndrome",totalDownloads:805,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Giuseppe Rescigno",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66290",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66290",authors:[{id:"163401",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",surname:"Rescigno",slug:"giuseppe-rescigno",fullName:"Giuseppe Rescigno"}],corrections:null},{id:"62968",title:"Telemedicine for Chronic Heart Failure: An Update",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80251",slug:"telemedicine-for-chronic-heart-failure-an-update",totalDownloads:997,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Background: This is a short narrative review of the literature pertaining to telemedicine projects developed in the field of chronic heart failure (CHF), with particular focus on non-invasive telemonitoring projects including the French ones.",signatures:"Emmanuel Andrès, Samy Talha, Mohamed Hajjam and Amir Hajjam El Hassani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62968",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62968",authors:[{id:"143493",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",surname:"Andrès",slug:"emmanuel-andres",fullName:"Emmanuel Andrès"}],corrections:null},{id:"63358",title:"Prevention of Heart Failure",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80528",slug:"prevention-of-heart-failure",totalDownloads:746,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Heart failure is a life-threatening disease, and its solution should be seen as a global health priority. Heart failure is indeed a complex disease and has until now been the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing and developed countries. Standardized medical therapy was successful in the early stages of heart failure. The advanced stages of heart failure require frequent hospitalization because of the presence of severe heart failure and/or associated comorbid conditions that require the strict implementation of an adequately individualized multidisciplinary approach and quality measures. Even after the development of heart failure, premature deaths can be prevented if they are taught to recognize symptoms and seek immediate medical attention. Public awareness campaigns on these messages have a great potential for improving outcomes for patients with heart failure and, ultimately, for saving lives. It is also quite possible that the prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the adult population of the current generation to some extent is only a delay of events or a reduction in mortality from the case, rather than complete prevention. Preventing premature death from cardiovascular disease and years of life adjusted for disability is large but may be due to an increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in the elderly and in very old cases with an epidemic of cardiovascular diseases in the terminal stage, such as chronic heart failure, renal insufficiency, and vascular dementia with all its consequences in terms of greater need for care than for treatment and increased costs of sanitation protection. Continuing research is needed if we want to solve the unmet need for care for patients with heart failure. New methods of treatment are needed for patients with types of heart failure, for which modern treatments ease the symptoms, but do not affect the disease. In the economically developing world, more accessible methods of treatment are desperately needed. International collaborative research on the causes and methods of treating heart failure around the world can benefit tens of millions of people. Compliance with the recommendations of clinical practice is also associated with improved results for patients with heart failure. However, there are significant differences in how closely the doctors follow the recommendations. In order to promote equitable care, improvements should be promoted through the use of indicators and incentives for hospitals that are appropriate to local conditions. To this end, the policy should facilitate the research needed to create an evidence base for performance indicators that reflect improved outcomes for patients.",signatures:"Oleksii Korzh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63358",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63358",authors:[{id:"259432",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleksii",surname:"Korzh",slug:"oleksii-korzh",fullName:"Oleksii Korzh"}],corrections:null},{id:"64129",title:"Critical Care of Acute Heart Failure",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81721",slug:"critical-care-of-acute-heart-failure",totalDownloads:1303,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Acute heart failure is a life-threatening medical condition. Improving acute heart failure care is important. Early diagnosis and evaluating the etiology are important in acute heart failure. Patients with suspected acute heart failure should have a diagnostic workup, and appropriate pharmacological and nonpharmacological management should be started promptly and in parallel. Diagnosis of acute heart failure should be based on history and symptoms. The physical examination typically presents with some combination of increased congestion and decreased peripheral perfusion, further confirmed by electrocardiogram, chest radiograph, biomarkers, and echocardiogram. The first step in the management of a patient is to address life-threatening issues. Patients with respiratory failure or cardiogenic shock should be treated soon. The next step is the identification of precipitants that needs urgent management. Evidence-based medication to reduce morbidity and mortality for patients with heart failure includes an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker, or angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; a beta blocker; and a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. During an acute heart failure episode, management of these agents depends upon whether the patient has contraindications to therapy such as hemodynamic instability or acute kidney injury. Once the patient is stable, therapies are carefully initiated, reinitiated, or titrated with appropriate follow-up.",signatures:"Chih-Hsin Hsu and Wei-Ting Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64129",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64129",authors:[{id:"259562",title:"Dr.",name:"Chih-Hsin",surname:"Hsu",slug:"chih-hsin-hsu",fullName:"Chih-Hsin Hsu"},{id:"270395",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei-Ting",surname:"Li",slug:"wei-ting-li",fullName:"Wei-Ting Li"}],corrections:null},{id:"66937",title:"Heart Failure in Sub-Saharan Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82416",slug:"heart-failure-in-sub-saharan-africa",totalDownloads:1320,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is currently experiencing multiple burden of disease as a result of demographic and epidemiologic transition. This is occasioned rapid urbanization, unhealthy diets rich in fats and salt, western lifestyle and sedentary living. Heart failure (HF) has become a global public health issue. It is associated with high morbidity and mortality, frequent hospitalization and high economic cost. In SSA, HF is a disease of young and middle-aged adults with the attendant high disability-adjusted life years. This is unlike to the clinical profile and pattern of HF in high-income countries of North America, Western Europe and Japan where HF is a disease of the elderly. In addition, while ischaemic heart disease is the commonest aetiologic risk factor for HF in high income countries, HF in SSA is essentially non-ischaemic in origin. Hypertensive heart failure, dilated cardiomyopathy, rheumatic heart disease, pericardial diseases and HIV associated cardiomyopathy are the common risk factors. The chapter reviews the contemporary information on HF in SSA in terms of socio-demographic features, clinical characteristics, aetiological risk factors, management, prognosis and economic burden.",signatures:"Okechukwu S. Ogah, Adewole Adebiyi and Karen Sliwa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66937",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66937",authors:[{id:"188089",title:"Dr.",name:"Okechukwu",surname:"Ogah",slug:"okechukwu-ogah",fullName:"Okechukwu Ogah"},{id:"257495",title:"Prof.",name:"Karen",surname:"Sliwa",slug:"karen-sliwa",fullName:"Karen Sliwa"},{id:"281621",title:"Dr.",name:"Adewole",surname:"Adebiyi",slug:"adewole-adebiyi",fullName:"Adewole Adebiyi"}],corrections:null},{id:"63001",title:"Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Micophenolate Mofetil in Cardiac Transplant Patients by Limited Sampling Strategy: An Update",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80027",slug:"therapeutic-drug-monitoring-of-micophenolate-mofetil-in-cardiac-transplant-patients-by-limited-sampl",totalDownloads:943,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the last few years, much progress in avoiding acute and chronic rejection in transplanted patients has been made by introducing new and more effective drugs with different formulations and combinations, and fewer side effects. Standardized protocols have been proposed for different organs, but individualized therapy based on immunosuppressive therapy blood monitoring is necessary because of pharmacological interaction, new generic drug introductions, and different absorptions and biodistributions. In specific mycophenolate mofetil dosing through mycophenolic acid (MPA), therapeutic drug monitoring has demonstrated minimal risk of organ transplant rejection. Even if the MPA area under the 12 h concentration–time curve is more accurate than MPA levels, it appears to be resource consuming and clinically impractical because of the need for numerous blood samples. Limited sampling strategy (LLS) has been proposed to overcome this problem. In heart-transplanted patients, MPA LSS is useful in guiding clinical management and dosing. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the state of the art of MPA LSS employment in heart transplantation and to perform an update of the scientific literature.",signatures:"Massimo Baraldo, Sandro Sponga and Ugolino Livi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63001",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63001",authors:[{id:"247950",title:"Prof.",name:"Massimo",surname:"Baraldo",slug:"massimo-baraldo",fullName:"Massimo Baraldo"},{id:"248185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandro",surname:"Sponga",slug:"sandro-sponga",fullName:"Sandro Sponga"},{id:"248186",title:"Prof.",name:"Ugolino",surname:"Livi",slug:"ugolino-livi",fullName:"Ugolino Livi"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6209",title:"Endothelial Dysfunction",subtitle:"Old Concepts and New Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6e76bbf7858977527679a6e6ad6a173",slug:"endothelial-dysfunction-old-concepts-and-new-challenges",bookSignature:"Helena Lenasi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6209.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68746",title:"Dr.",name:"Helena",surname:"Lenasi",slug:"helena-lenasi",fullName:"Helena Lenasi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7220",title:"Congenital Heart Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f59bacfffcccc636ec3082869d10a82e",slug:"congenital-heart-disease",bookSignature:"David C. 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Redman and Alan Richardson",authors:[{id:"69882",title:"Dr.",name:"Alan",middleName:null,surname:"Richardson",fullName:"Alan Richardson",slug:"alan-richardson"}]},{id:"28411",title:"Potential Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for the Treatment of Ovarian Cancer",slug:"potential-monoclonal-antibody-therapy-for-the-treatment-of-ovarian-cancer",signatures:"Gregory Lee, Mingang Zhu and Bixia Ge",authors:[{id:"70284",title:"Prof.",name:"Gregory",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Gregory Lee",slug:"gregory-lee"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3449",title:"Ovarian Cancer",subtitle:"A Clinical and Translational Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d86076194a3c65286c370cafd587fe7d",slug:"ovarian-cancer-a-clinical-and-translational-update",bookSignature:"Iván Díaz-Padilla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3449.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"157073",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Diaz-Padilla",slug:"ivan-diaz-padilla",fullName:"Ivan Diaz-Padilla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10342",title:"Ovarian Cancer",subtitle:"Updates in Tumour Biology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"25a0adac7f6afa7bcd0b6daa3ef6b538",slug:"ovarian-cancer-updates-in-tumour-biology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Gwo-Yaw Ho and Kate Webber",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10342.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"297757",title:null,name:"Gwo-Yaw",surname:"Ho",slug:"gwo-yaw-ho",fullName:"Gwo-Yaw Ho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10789",title:"Cervical Cancer",subtitle:"A Global Public Health Treatise",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3f7a79875d0d0ae71479de8c60276913",slug:"cervical-cancer-a-global-public-health-treatise",bookSignature:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10789.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"120109",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajamanickam",surname:"Rajkumar",slug:"rajamanickam-rajkumar",fullName:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"951",title:"Topics on Cervical Cancer With an Advocacy for Prevention",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fedfb0b32d856abf87bdb68b8ce9791c",slug:"topics-on-cervical-cancer-with-an-advocacy-for-prevention",bookSignature:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/951.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"120109",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajamanickam",surname:"Rajkumar",slug:"rajamanickam-rajkumar",fullName:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6707",title:"Caesarean Section",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5efff2e8c75a9e3dc96206b2929c59e7",slug:"caesarean-section",bookSignature:"Georgios Androutsopoulos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6707.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"173834",title:"Prof.",name:"Georgios",surname:"Androutsopoulos",slug:"georgios-androutsopoulos",fullName:"Georgios Androutsopoulos"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"3449",title:"Ovarian Cancer",subtitle:"A Clinical and Translational Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d86076194a3c65286c370cafd587fe7d",slug:"ovarian-cancer-a-clinical-and-translational-update",bookSignature:"Iván Díaz-Padilla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3449.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"157073",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",surname:"Diaz-Padilla",slug:"ivan-diaz-padilla",fullName:"Ivan Diaz-Padilla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"81458",title:"Epoxy Composites for Radiation Shielding",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104117",slug:"epoxy-composites-for-radiation-shielding",body:'For protecting humans and the environment from the hazardous effects of radiation, various forms of shields have been used in different fields in which radiation has been utilized. Shielding materials manufactured from lead, stainless steel, and concrete are heavy and rigid structures and also not resistant to corrosion. These structures have been generally used as blocks for shielding against radiation and have not sufficient flexibility and comfort properties in order to be used in shielding garments (Figure 1). Therefore, researchers have been focused on the manufacturing of advanced materials with good shielding capability, lightweight, high modulus, and mechanical properties. At this point, composite materials have taken the attention of researchers due to manufacturing of a unique material from different materials with dissimilar characteristics.
Types and penetration depths of radiation.
Epoxy polymer is one of the most important thermoset polymers used in composite manufacturing due to its good wetting ability, low cure shrinkage, excellent chemical corrosion resistance, good dimensional stability, high tensile, fatigue, and compression strength. By courtesy of its use in composites, it contributes to the properties of the whole composite by means of good mechanical strength, high stiffness, excellent chemical resistance, flame retardancy, and high electrical strength [1, 2]. Solid epoxy polymer is the output material obtained by reaction of curing agent and liquid resin. There are various types of epoxy-based liquid resin because the numbers of epoxide groups on its starting material can be variable. Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) has two epoxide groups in its structure, which is the most common starting material used in the manufacturing of epoxy-based liquid resin. For solidification, liquid resin is treated with small amounts of reactive curing agent and then a tridimensional network occurs as a result of crosslinking. The use of different types of starting materials and reactive curing agents results in various types of solid epoxy polymers with different characteristics. Thereby, the properties of epoxy resin are given a range of values as it is seen in Table 1. In case of being cured, the system exhibits brittle characteristic due to crosslinking mentioned above, and this case causes incomparable decreases in their relevant mechanical properties, especially in impact strength [3]. In addition to crosslinking occurred by reaction between the curing agent and epoxy resin, some additional structural changes are observed in case of irradiation of epoxy-based system. The color of epoxy resin alters from transparent to yellow and resin can be even degraded depending on exposing dose and starting material used for manufacturing epoxy resin. Even so, epoxies are addressed as assuring matrix elements with high radiation stability for composite manufacturing [4]. In order to limit brittle characteristics and develop mechanical performance of epoxy-based systems, epoxy resins should be reinforced with flexible materials.
Property | Value |
---|---|
Density (gcm−3) | 1.2−1.3 |
Tensile strength (MPa) | 55−130 |
Tensile modulus (GPa) | 2.75−4.10 |
Poisson’s ratio | 0.2−0.33 |
Thermal expansion coefficient | 50−80 |
Cure shrinkage (%) | 1−5 |
Typical properties of epoxy resin at room temperature.
High strength-to-weight ratio is one of the advantages of fiber-reinforced composites. By increasing interactions between fiber and epoxy matrix, the resistance of the whole composite to many destructive forces is improved. The improvement can be successfully achieved by the incorporation of elastomeric/thermoplastic phases or by adding organic/inorganic particles into epoxy resins [5, 6, 7]. Gojny et al. dispersed carbon-based nanoparticles in epoxy resins and reported that fracture toughness of produced composites effectively improved at low nanoparticle concentration as well as stiffness [8]. In another study, carbon-based nanoparticles lead to the development of flexural strength and modulus of the epoxy composite [9]. There are numerous researches about the use of inorganic and organic particles in reinforcement of epoxies and improvement of composite properties in different ways [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20].
Polymers have been intensively used for fabricating radiation shields due to their lightness, low cost, and elasticity [21, 22]. However, polymers behave differently when they are irradiated. Under different radiation sources with variable frequency rays, crosslinking, chain scission or degradation may be observed in a polymer chain [23]. The behaviors of some irradiated polymers and classifications according to their radiation resistance are given in Table 2.
Polymer | Reaction when irradiated | Exposure dose | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Neutron (neutron/cm2) | Gamma (R) | |||
Polymers with very low radiation resistance | PTFE | Chain scission | 1013 | 105−106 |
PMMA | Chain scission | 1014 | 106 | |
Butyl rubber | Chain scission | — | 106 | |
Polymers with low radiation resistance | PVC | Chain scission or crosslinking and degradation | 1014 | 5*107−108 |
Cellulose acetate | Chain scission | 1014 −1015 | 5*106 − 4*107 | |
Phenol formaldehyde resins | — | 7*1014 | 107 | |
PA | Crosslinking | 4*1014 | 107−5*107 | |
Butadiene styrene rubber | Crosslinking | 1015−1016 | 107 | |
Polymers with medium radiation resistance | PE | Crosslinking | 1017 | 108 |
PET | Chain scission or crosslinking and degradation | 1017−1018 | 108−2*108 | |
Epoxy | Crosslinking | 1017 | 5*108 | |
Polymers with high radiation resistance | Polystyrene | Crosslinking | 1018−1019 | 5*109 |
In order to delay the degradation of polymeric structures and diminish the hazardous effect of radiation on polymers, fillers are added to the structure during manufacturing process. The radiation shielding efficiency of a filler depends on its atomic number and the atomic structure of filler is a crucial factor in order to fabricate functional structures from polymer and filler for intended end-use. Fillers with high atomic number are generally used for gamma radiation shielding (Table 3). However, the use of fillers with low atomic number is preferable for neutron radiation shielding. When considering that there are generally low atomic number elements in a polymer chain, compatibility of polymer/filler combination has a significant effect on radiation shielding efficiency of fabricated composite material [25]. Many researches have been performed on the use of polymers [26, 27, 28, 29, 30] and fillers [31, 32, 33] for the manufacturing of radiation shields.
Element | Atomic number | Density (gcm−3) | Absorption edge (keV) |
---|---|---|---|
Cadmium (Cd) | 48 | 8.65 | 26.7 |
Tin (Sn) | 50 | 7.30 | 29.2 |
Antimony (Sb) | 51 | 6.69 | 30.5 |
Cesium (Cs) | 55 | 1.87 | 26.0 |
Barium (Ba) | 56 | 3.50 | 37.4 |
Gadolinium (Gd) | 64 | 7.90 | 50.2 |
Tungsten (W) | 74 | 19.30 | 69.5 |
Lead (Pb) | 82 | 11.36 | 88.0 |
Bismuth (Bi) | 83 | 9.75 | 90.5 |
Comparison of some elements used in radiation shielding [34].
There are many attempts for improving the shielding characteristics of epoxy or other polymer matrix with elemental particles. The researchers observed effects of particle loading via numerous trials by means of minimizing particle size, doping matrix with different particle concentration in weight, exposing composite specimens to different radiation sources, analyzing microstructural changes under different radiation doses, and testing failure mechanism of composites. Radiation shielding properties of epoxy-based composite panels were tested by Al-Sarray et al. Epoxy resin was loaded with different barite concentrations of 0−50 wt %, and the linear attenuation coefficient of fabricated composites was tested by Co60 and Cs137 radioactive sources. Radiation shielding efficiency improved with the increase in barite concentration [35]. Ergin et al. compared the effects of lead oxide and barium oxide on the radiation shielding performance of epoxy composites. They reported that gamma radiation performance handled by lead oxide/epoxy composites could be obtained by the addition of barium oxide but the weight percentage of barium oxide must be two times more than lead oxide addition. Besides, addition of barium oxide at 40 wt % in epoxy resin exhibited better radiation shielding performance than gadolinium oxide/epoxy composites, concrete, and steel [36]. Li et al. dispersed micro- and nano-gadolinium oxide particles into epoxy matrix and evaluated both mechanical properties and radiation shielding characteristics of fabricated composites. Gadolinium oxide addition enhanced shielding characteristics due to dominating photoelectric effect of the gadolinium element. Nano-gadolinium oxide/epoxy composites exhibited better X-ray and gamma shielding characteristics and had similar flexural strength but higher flexural modulus with those of micro-gadolinium oxide/epoxy composites [37]. More et al. determined radiation shielding parameters of metal chloride/epoxy composites. Doping epoxy resin with higher weight ratios of metal chloride lead to increase in attenuation parameters of epoxy composite and test results were comparable with those of pure lead metal [38].
Mechanical properties, structural characteristics, and gamma shielding efficiency of epoxy composites were reported by Alavian et al. Epoxy resin was doped with inorganic nanoparticles such as lead, zinc, zinc oxide, titanium, and titanium oxide. Increasing nanoparticle loading enhanced shielding efficiency. 25 wt% Pb/epoxy nanocomposites showed better shielding properties but low mechanical strength than those of their counterparts [39]. Degradation of epoxy composite by high-frequency rays was investigated by Saiyad et al. They fabricated three different composite materials by loading graphite, boron nitride, and lead into epoxy resin. They irradiated epoxy composites by Am-Be neutron sources. They reported that linear absorption coefficients of composites were strictly dependent on the dispersion of filler and the highest shielding performance was observed in graphite/epoxy composites [40]. Aldhuhaibat et al. examined gamma radiation shielding performance of pure epoxy resin and epoxy-based nanocomposites with aluminum oxide or ferrium oxide nanopowder at different concentrations of 10−15 wt %. Specimens were irradiated by Cs137(1.05 kBq with single gamma-ray emission energy of 0.662 MeV) and Co60 (74 kBq with two gamma-ray emission energies of 1.173 and 1.333 MeV) radioactive sources and linear attenuation coefficients of specimens were measured by NaI detector. They claimed that epoxy nanocomposites were potential gamma radiation shields with improved characteristics [41]. Another study was performed by Azman et al. Nano-sized tungsten oxide/epoxy composites had higher attenuation properties at 22–35 kV X-ray tube voltages used in mammography and radiography units. The particle size of tungsten was found as negligible by means of transmitted beam intensity at 40−120 kV tube voltages [42]. Cheng et al. studied the radiation degradation mechanism of tungsten/epoxy composites. They tested composites specimens under different activities of Co60 sources. Loading with tungsten improved shielding characteristic of composites. However, measurements showed that an increase in radiation dose caused a decrease, then a slight increase and a sharp decrease in thermal and mechanical properties of composites [43].
In recent years, studies performed on radiation shields have focused on developing failure mechanisms and decreasing the weight of shield for supplying personal comfort. For this goal, researchers offered dissimilar alternative shields by studying various polymeric matrices with different fillers. Kim observed the effect of particle size and dispersibility of tungsten particles on radiation shielding performance of samples. For this aim, three types of tungsten-loaded HDPE shields were manufactured with identical thickness and sizes by doping nanoparticles, microparticles, and their mixture. It was claimed that sufficient protection was handled against low dose exposure notwithstanding particle size. But nanoparticle loaded HDPE sheets were more resistant to high-energy radiation. The shielding sheets produced with a mixture of different particle sizes of tungsten showed similar shielding performance as microparticle tungsten-loaded sheets [44]. Manufacturing and radiation shielding properties of nano gadolinium oxide/PMMA composites were searched by Shreef and Abdulzahara. Composite shields were fabricated with varying concentrations of gadolinium oxide (10−40 wt %). The thickness of composites was measured and shielding performance was tested with Co60 and Cs137 radiation sources. Test results showed that increasing nanoparticle concentration lead to an increase in thickness and improvement in attenuation coefficient but a decrease in half-value layer values of epoxy composites [45]. Zheng et al. fabricated S-glass fabric/epoxy composites with a ratio of 1:1. Composites were irradiated by Co60 source and the effects of irradiation on properties of composites were compared. They claimed that gamma-ray irradiation caused negligible damage on S-glass fiber and possible degradation on epoxy resin. By increasing the exposing dose of gamma radiation, the color of composite altered from yellow to brown and tensile strength of composite reduced gradually. However, composite preserved its thermal and dimensional stability and exhibited excellent thermal conductivity after irradiation [46]. Li et al. tried to produce a novel radiation shielding composite with high mechanical strength. For this aim, they fabricated erbium oxide-loaded basalt fiber/epoxy composites by prepreg autoclave process and test shielding performance of composites by exposing them to X and gamma rays. They claimed that basalt fiber/erbium oxide/epoxy composites had high mass attenuation coefficient than aluminum at low photon energies ranging from 31 keV to 80 keV [47]. The fracture toughness of carbon fabric/epoxy composites was investigated by Phong et al. They produced micro/nano-sized bamboo fibrils and dispersed these fibrils into epoxy matrix. They reported that matrix cracking was delayed, crack growing was reduced, and fracture toughness of composites was improved [48]. Haque et al. reinforced epoxy matrix with layered nano silicate particles at very low concentrations (1 wt %) and claimed that flexural strength, toughness, decomposition temperature, and interlaminar shear strength of S2-glass/epoxy composites were improved due to enhanced fiber/matrix adhesion and reduced residual stresses [49]. Recycled PET fibers were used to mimic marble material. Nguyen et al. modified calcium carbonate particles with stearic acid in order to enhance compatibility between epoxy resin and calcium carbonate. They fabricated composites by positioning a single layer of recycled PET fiber mat in the core and by coating the front and backside of PET mat with epoxy/calcium carbonate mixture. They concluded that flexural properties, impact resistance, and thermal stability of epoxy composites were improved [50]. Saleem et al. presented an empirical approach and compared radiation shielding of lead nanoparticles loaded epoxy composites with glass or carbon fiber. The results showed that lead nanoparticles improved shielding characteristics and lead to an increase in mass attenuation coefficients of composites. Mass attenuation coefficients were 0.2145 cm2/g and 0.2152 cm2/g for carbon and glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites at lead nanoparticle concentration of 50 wt%. But half-value length of epoxy composite with glass fiber was reported as 1.431 cm, which was lower than epoxy composites with carbon fiber (1.756 cm) [51].
Effects of radiation on neat epoxy resin and carbon fiber/epoxy composites were studied by Hoffman and Skidmore (2009). Front and back surfaces of plain woven carbon fabrics were treated with epoxy/hardener mixture (2:1). Prepared composites were exposed to mechanical and thermal testing and also analyzed by means of microstructural properties and radiation characteristics. After being irradiated, there were no remarkable changes in mechanical resistance of composites but significant variations were observed in thermal properties, spectroscopic analysis, and hardness value of neat epoxy samples as a result of gamma radiation [52]. Zhong et al. examined the cosmic radiation shielding properties of hot-pressed UHMWPE/nano-epoxy composites and they concluded that epoxy composites with the combination of continuous fibers such as UHMWPE and/or graphite nanofibers found as multifunctional hybrid systems by means of good structural properties, cost-effectiveness, and high radiation shielding performance [53]. In another study, UHMWPE/epoxy composites were fabricated by Mani et al. and test results showed that composites containing gadolinium and boron nanoparticles had good neutron shielding performance [54]. Condruz et al. suggested coating carbon/epoxy composites with different types of functional materials such as tantalum foil, babbitt and Monel for protecting hazardous effects of proton radiation. They impregnated 2 × 2 twill woven carbon fabric into epoxy resin and then coated polymeric substrates with zinc, Babbitt or zinc/Monel particles by thermal spray technique. They concluded that the coating process reduced penetration depth of ion beam and produced composites were lightweight shields for proton radiation [55]. The effects of hybridization on mechanical, thermal and radiation shielding efficiency of composites were also examined and reported by Zagaoui et al. They blended epoxy resin (90 wt%) with benzoxazine resin (10 wt%) and reinforced bicomponent matrix with silane-treated glass and basalt fibers. Hybridization of different types of resins developed mechanical and thermal properties and excellent shielding characteristic was gained by integrating hybrid fibers into bicomponent matrix system [56].
Heavy concretes, lead plates, and stainless steel blocks or plaques are known as conventional radiation shielding materials but they are heavy and not suitable for individual protective equipment. Polymers are functional lightweight materials but do not supply adequate protection on their own. Thereby advanced radiation shields should be fabricated by the composition of polymer-based materials and substances with high radiation shielding activity. At this point, material selection has crucial importance on the efficiency of protection by which radiation source it is irradiated.
The destructive effect of radiation on the material is related to the type of radiation source, exposing dose rate, exposure period, radiation absorption rate of material and strength of interbonding forces between components if a composite material is used. By taking into consideration the advantages introduced with composite manufacturing, the destructive effect of radiation can be limited by a combination of materials with high attenuation rates. At this point, the shielding efficiency of composite material depends on how components in a composite behave in case of irradiation. Epoxies, the mostly used matrix elements in composite manufacturing, exhibit physical changes such as color transition and low shrinkage percentage and mechanical changes such as a decrease in flexural and impact strength due to crosslinking when they are irradiated. Despite these changes, they are known as reliable materials for being used as matrix elements in radiation shielding. Undesired physical and mechanical changes observed in irradiated epoxies tried to be eliminated by fiber and/or filler loading for handling effective radiation shields with long life. Fiber addition into epoxy matrix causes an increase in hardness, fracture toughness, impact resistance, flexural strength and modulus, and also consistency in dimensional stability and thermal properties with respect to neat epoxy. However, loading fillers into epoxy matrix outputs composite material with inconsistent mechanical and thermal properties, especially in heterogenic filler dispersion and inappropriate particle size. Modification of epoxy with fillers having high radiation absorption rate develops radiation shielding efficiency of the whole composite but not mechanical or thermal characteristics for long-term use of composite. Thereby epoxy-based composites, which are designed to be used for radiation shields, should contain both fillers and fibers. Epoxy-based radiation shields serve as effective protectors in the case of reinforcing with fiber-based structures and fillers having high radiation absorption rate and photoelectric properties.
Fiber and filler reinforced epoxy composites are functional engineering materials and compete with some conventional radiation shields by means of strength and modulus properties per unit weight. The functionality is improved by proper fiber/matrix combination, high interfacial bonding between these constituents, functional additive/filler loading, modification of fiber surface with an appropriate sizing agent, well-dispersed nano-sized filler addition, and suitable manufacturing technique. In this way, epoxy composite serves as a unique shielding material for which goal it is fabricated and in which field it is intended to be used. Moreover, there is a need to figure out the best alternative to be used in medical diagnostics and nuclear industry.
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by",editors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10475",title:"Smart Biofeedback",subtitle:"Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d2bd9997707c905959eaa41e55ba8f1",slug:"smart-biofeedback-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Edward Da-Yin Liao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10475.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3875",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward Da-Yin",middleName:null,surname:"Liao",slug:"edward-da-yin-liao",fullName:"Edward Da-Yin Liao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8059",title:"Neurostimulation and Neuromodulation in Contemporary Therapeutic Practice",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cc2c649900edf37ff3374fdc96a1586",slug:"neurostimulation-and-neuromodulation-in-contemporary-therapeutic-practice",bookSignature:"Denis Larrivee and Seyed Mansoor Rayegani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8059.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206412",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",middleName:null,surname:"Larrivee",slug:"denis-larrivee",fullName:"Denis Larrivee"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8851",title:"Advances in Neural Signal Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a44ac118b233b29a3d5b57d61680ec38",slug:"advances-in-neural-signal-processing",bookSignature:"Ramana Vinjamuri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8851.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8751",title:"Somatosensory and Motor Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86191c18f06e524e0f97a5534fdb2b4c",slug:"somatosensory-and-motor-research",bookSignature:"Toshiaki Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8751.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70872",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshiaki",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"toshiaki-suzuki",fullName:"Toshiaki Suzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9347",title:"Neuroimaging",subtitle:"Neurobiology, Multimodal and Network Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a3479e76c6ac538aac76409c9efb7e41",slug:"neuroimaging-neurobiology-multimodal-and-network-applications",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9347.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8938",title:"Inhibitory Control Training",subtitle:"A Multidisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bd82354f3bba4af5421337cd42052f86",slug:"inhibitory-control-training-a-multidisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Sara Palermo and Massimo Bartoli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8938.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"233998",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6998",title:"Synucleins",subtitle:"Biochemistry and Role in Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2b4b802fec508928ce8ab9deebd1375f",slug:"synucleins-biochemistry-and-role-in-diseases",bookSignature:"Andrei Surguchov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6998.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"266540",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Surguchov",slug:"andrei-surguchov",fullName:"Andrei Surguchov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:65,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"46296",doi:"10.5772/57398",title:"Physiological Role of Amyloid Beta in Neural Cells: The Cellular Trophic Activity",slug:"physiological-role-of-amyloid-beta-in-neural-cells-the-cellular-trophic-activity",totalDownloads:5886,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:null,book:{id:"3846",slug:"neurochemistry",title:"Neurochemistry",fullTitle:"Neurochemistry"},signatures:"M. del C. Cárdenas-Aguayo, M. del C. Silva-Lucero, M. Cortes-Ortiz,\nB. Jiménez-Ramos, L. Gómez-Virgilio, G. Ramírez-Rodríguez, E. Vera-\nArroyo, R. Fiorentino-Pérez, U. García, J. Luna-Muñoz and M.A.\nMeraz-Ríos",authors:[{id:"42225",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Luna-Muñoz",slug:"jose-luna-munoz",fullName:"Jose Luna-Muñoz"},{id:"114746",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Meraz-Ríos",slug:"marco-meraz-rios",fullName:"Marco Meraz-Ríos"},{id:"169616",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Cardenas-Aguayo",slug:"maria-del-carmen-cardenas-aguayo",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Cardenas-Aguayo"},{id:"169857",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria del Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Silva-Lucero",slug:"maria-del-carmen-silva-lucero",fullName:"Maria del Carmen Silva-Lucero"},{id:"169858",title:"Dr.",name:"Maribel",middleName:null,surname:"Cortes-Ortiz",slug:"maribel-cortes-ortiz",fullName:"Maribel Cortes-Ortiz"},{id:"169859",title:"Dr.",name:"Berenice",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Ramos",slug:"berenice-jimenez-ramos",fullName:"Berenice Jimenez-Ramos"},{id:"169860",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Gomez-Virgilio",slug:"laura-gomez-virgilio",fullName:"Laura Gomez-Virgilio"},{id:"169861",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerardo",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez-Rodriguez",slug:"gerardo-ramirez-rodriguez",fullName:"Gerardo Ramirez-Rodriguez"},{id:"169862",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Vera-Arroyo",slug:"eduardo-vera-arroyo",fullName:"Eduardo Vera-Arroyo"},{id:"169863",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosana Sofia",middleName:null,surname:"Fiorentino-Perez",slug:"rosana-sofia-fiorentino-perez",fullName:"Rosana Sofia Fiorentino-Perez"},{id:"169864",title:"Dr.",name:"Ubaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia",slug:"ubaldo-garcia",fullName:"Ubaldo Garcia"}]},{id:"58070",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72427",title:"MRI Medical Image Denoising by Fundamental Filters",slug:"mri-medical-image-denoising-by-fundamental-filters",totalDownloads:2564,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:"Nowadays Medical imaging technique Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) plays an important role in medical setting to form high standard images contained in the human brain. MRI is commonly used once treating brain, prostate cancers, ankle and foot. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images are usually liable to suffer from noises such as Gaussian noise, salt and pepper noise and speckle noise. So getting of brain image with accuracy is very extremely task. An accurate brain image is very necessary for further diagnosis process. During this chapter, a median filter algorithm will be modified. Gaussian noise and Salt and pepper noise will be added to MRI image. A proposed Median filter (MF), Adaptive Median filter (AMF) and Adaptive Wiener filter (AWF) will be implemented. The filters will be used to remove the additive noises present in the MRI images. The noise density will be added gradually to MRI image to compare performance of the filters evaluation. The performance of these filters will be compared exploitation the applied mathematics parameter Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR).",book:{id:"6144",slug:"high-resolution-neuroimaging-basic-physical-principles-and-clinical-applications",title:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging",fullTitle:"High-Resolution Neuroimaging - Basic Physical Principles and Clinical Applications"},signatures:"Hanafy M. Ali",authors:[{id:"213318",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanafy",middleName:"M.",surname:"Ali",slug:"hanafy-ali",fullName:"Hanafy Ali"}]},{id:"41589",doi:"10.5772/50323",title:"The Role of the Amygdala in Anxiety Disorders",slug:"the-role-of-the-amygdala-in-anxiety-disorders",totalDownloads:9671,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:28,abstract:null,book:{id:"2599",slug:"the-amygdala-a-discrete-multitasking-manager",title:"The Amygdala",fullTitle:"The Amygdala - A Discrete Multitasking Manager"},signatures:"Gina L. Forster, Andrew M. Novick, Jamie L. Scholl and Michael J. Watt",authors:[{id:"145620",title:"Dr.",name:"Gina",middleName:null,surname:"Forster",slug:"gina-forster",fullName:"Gina Forster"},{id:"146553",title:"BSc.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Novick",slug:"andrew-novick",fullName:"Andrew Novick"},{id:"146554",title:"MSc.",name:"Jamie",middleName:null,surname:"Scholl",slug:"jamie-scholl",fullName:"Jamie Scholl"},{id:"146555",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Watt",slug:"michael-watt",fullName:"Michael Watt"}]},{id:"26258",doi:"10.5772/28300",title:"Excitotoxicity and Oxidative Stress in Acute Ischemic Stroke",slug:"excitotoxicity-and-oxidative-stress-in-acute-ischemic-stroke",totalDownloads:7157,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:25,abstract:null,book:{id:"931",slug:"acute-ischemic-stroke",title:"Acute Ischemic Stroke",fullTitle:"Acute Ischemic Stroke"},signatures:"Ramón Rama Bretón and Julio César García Rodríguez",authors:[{id:"73430",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramon",middleName:null,surname:"Rama",slug:"ramon-rama",fullName:"Ramon Rama"},{id:"124643",title:"Prof.",name:"Julio Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"García",slug:"julio-cesar-garcia",fullName:"Julio Cesar García"}]},{id:"62072",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78695",title:"Brain-Computer Interface and Motor Imagery Training: The Role of Visual Feedback and Embodiment",slug:"brain-computer-interface-and-motor-imagery-training-the-role-of-visual-feedback-and-embodiment",totalDownloads:1439,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:23,abstract:"Controlling a brain-computer interface (BCI) is a difficult task that requires extensive training. Particularly in the case of motor imagery BCIs, users may need several training sessions before they learn how to generate desired brain activity and reach an acceptable performance. A typical training protocol for such BCIs includes execution of a motor imagery task by the user, followed by presentation of an extending bar or a moving object on a computer screen. In this chapter, we discuss the importance of a visual feedback that resembles human actions, the effect of human factors such as confidence and motivation, and the role of embodiment in the learning process of a motor imagery task. Our results from a series of experiments in which users BCI-operated a humanlike android robot confirm that realistic visual feedback can induce a sense of embodiment, which promotes a significant learning of the motor imagery task in a short amount of time. We review the impact of humanlike visual feedback in optimized modulation of brain activity by the BCI users.",book:{id:"6610",slug:"evolving-bci-therapy-engaging-brain-state-dynamics",title:"Evolving BCI Therapy",fullTitle:"Evolving BCI Therapy - Engaging Brain State Dynamics"},signatures:"Maryam Alimardani, Shuichi Nishio and Hiroshi Ishiguro",authors:[{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro"},{id:"231131",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Alimardani",slug:"maryam-alimardani",fullName:"Maryam Alimardani"},{id:"231134",title:"Dr.",name:"Shuichi",middleName:null,surname:"Nishio",slug:"shuichi-nishio",fullName:"Shuichi Nishio"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"29764",title:"Underlying Causes of Paresthesia",slug:"underlying-causes-of-paresthesia",totalDownloads:192666,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"1069",slug:"paresthesia",title:"Paresthesia",fullTitle:"Paresthesia"},signatures:"Mahdi Sharif-Alhoseini, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar and Alexander R. Vaccaro",authors:[{id:"91165",title:"Prof.",name:"Vafa",middleName:null,surname:"Rahimi-Movaghar",slug:"vafa-rahimi-movaghar",fullName:"Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar"}]},{id:"63258",title:"Anatomy and Function of the Hypothalamus",slug:"anatomy-and-function-of-the-hypothalamus",totalDownloads:4558,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"The hypothalamus is a small but important area of the brain formed by various nucleus and nervous fibers. Through its neuronal connections, it is involved in many complex functions of the organism such as vegetative system control, homeostasis of the organism, thermoregulation, and also in adjusting the emotional behavior. The hypothalamus is involved in different daily activities like eating or drinking, in the control of the body’s temperature and energy maintenance, and in the process of memorizing. It also modulates the endocrine system through its connections with the pituitary gland. Precise anatomical description along with a correct characterization of the component structures is essential for understanding its functions.",book:{id:"6331",slug:"hypothalamus-in-health-and-diseases",title:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases",fullTitle:"Hypothalamus in Health and Diseases"},signatures:"Miana Gabriela Pop, Carmen Crivii and Iulian Opincariu",authors:null},{id:"57103",title:"GABA and Glutamate: Their Transmitter Role in the CNS and Pancreatic Islets",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-their-transmitter-role-in-the-cns-and-pancreatic-islets",totalDownloads:3478,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the major neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain. Inhibitory GABA and excitatory glutamate work together to control many processes, including the brain’s overall level of excitation. The contributions of GABA and glutamate in extra-neuronal signaling are by far less widely recognized. In this chapter, we first discuss the role of both neurotransmitters during development, emphasizing the importance of the shift from excitatory to inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission. The second part summarizes the biosynthesis and role of GABA and glutamate in neurotransmission in the mature brain, and major neurological disorders associated with glutamate and GABA receptors and GABA release mechanisms. The final part focuses on extra-neuronal glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling in pancreatic islets of Langerhans, and possible associations with type 1 diabetes mellitus.",book:{id:"6237",slug:"gaba-and-glutamate-new-developments-in-neurotransmission-research",title:"GABA And Glutamate",fullTitle:"GABA And Glutamate - New Developments In Neurotransmission Research"},signatures:"Christiane S. Hampe, Hiroshi Mitoma and Mario Manto",authors:[{id:"210220",title:"Prof.",name:"Christiane",middleName:null,surname:"Hampe",slug:"christiane-hampe",fullName:"Christiane Hampe"},{id:"210485",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Manto",slug:"mario-manto",fullName:"Mario Manto"},{id:"210486",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Mitoma",slug:"hiroshi-mitoma",fullName:"Hiroshi Mitoma"}]},{id:"35802",title:"Cross-Cultural/Linguistic Differences in the Prevalence of Developmental Dyslexia and the Hypothesis of Granularity and Transparency",slug:"cross-cultural-linguistic-differences-in-the-prevalence-of-developmental-dyslexia-and-the-hypothesis",totalDownloads:3601,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"673",slug:"dyslexia-a-comprehensive-and-international-approach",title:"Dyslexia",fullTitle:"Dyslexia - A Comprehensive and International Approach"},signatures:"Taeko N. Wydell",authors:[{id:"87489",title:"Prof.",name:"Taeko",middleName:"N.",surname:"Wydell",slug:"taeko-wydell",fullName:"Taeko Wydell"}]},{id:"58597",title:"Testosterone and Erectile Function: A Review of Evidence from Basic Research",slug:"testosterone-and-erectile-function-a-review-of-evidence-from-basic-research",totalDownloads:1331,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Androgens are essential for male physical activity and normal erectile function. Hence, age-related testosterone deficiency, known as late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), is considered a risk factor for erectile dysfunction (ED). This chapter summarizes relevant basic research reports examining the effects of testosterone on erectile function. Testosterone affects several organs and is especially active on the erectile tissue. The mechanism of testosterone deficiency effects on erectile function and the results of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) have been well studied. Testosterone affects nitric oxide (NO) production and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) expression in the corpus cavernosum through molecular pathways, preserves smooth muscle contractility by regulating both contraction and relaxation, and maintains the structure of the corpus cavernosum. Interestingly, testosterone deficiency has relationship to neurological diseases, which leads to ED. Testosterone replacement therapy is widely used to treat patients with testosterone deficiency; however, this treatment might also induce some problems. Basic research suggests that PDE-5 inhibitors, L-citrulline, and/or resveratrol therapy might be effective therapeutic options for testosterone deficiency-induced ED. Future research should confirm these findings through more specific experiments using molecular tools and may shed more light on endocrine-related ED and its possible treatments.",book:{id:"5994",slug:"sex-hormones-in-neurodegenerative-processes-and-diseases",title:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases",fullTitle:"Sex Hormones in Neurodegenerative Processes and Diseases"},signatures:"Tomoya Kataoka and Kazunori Kimura",authors:[{id:"219042",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tomoya",middleName:null,surname:"Kataoka",slug:"tomoya-kataoka",fullName:"Tomoya Kataoka"},{id:"229066",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazunori",middleName:null,surname:"Kimura",slug:"kazunori-kimura",fullName:"Kazunori Kimura"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"18",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"81646",title:"Cortical Plasticity under Ketamine: From Synapse to Map",slug:"cortical-plasticity-under-ketamine-from-synapse-to-map",totalDownloads:14,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104787",abstract:"Sensory systems need to process signals in a highly dynamic way to efficiently respond to variations in the animal’s environment. For instance, several studies showed that the visual system is subject to neuroplasticity since the neurons’ firing changes according to stimulus properties. This dynamic information processing might be supported by a network reorganization. Since antidepressants influence neurotransmission, they can be used to explore synaptic plasticity sustaining cortical map reorganization. To this goal, we investigated in the primary visual cortex (V1 of mouse and cat), the impact of ketamine on neuroplasticity through changes in neuronal orientation selectivity and the functional connectivity between V1 cells, using cross correlation analyses. We found that ketamine affects cortical orientation selectivity and alters the functional connectivity within an assembly. These data clearly highlight the role of the antidepressant drugs in inducing or modeling short-term plasticity in V1 which suggests that cortical processing is optimized and adapted to the properties of the stimulus.",book:{id:"11374",title:"Sensory Nervous System - Computational Neuroimaging Investigations of Topographical Organization in Human Sensory Cortex",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11374.jpg"},signatures:"Ouelhazi Afef, Rudy Lussiez and Molotchnikoff Stephane"},{id:"81582",title:"The Role of Cognitive Reserve in Executive Functioning and Its Relationship to Cognitive Decline and Dementia",slug:"the-role-of-cognitive-reserve-in-executive-functioning-and-its-relationship-to-cognitive-decline-and",totalDownloads:22,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104646",abstract:"In this chapter, we explore how cognitive reserve is implicated in coping with the negative consequences of brain pathology and age-related cognitive decline. Individual differences in cognitive performance are based on different brain mechanisms (neural reserve and neural compensation), and reflect, among others, the effect of education, occupational attainment, leisure activities, and social involvement. These cognitive reserve proxies have been extensively associated with efficient executive functioning. We discuss and focus particularly on the compensation mechanisms related to the frontal lobe and its protective role, in maintaining cognitive performance in old age or even mitigating the clinical expression of dementia.",book:{id:"11742",title:"Neurophysiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11742.jpg"},signatures:"Gabriela Álvares-Pereira, Carolina Maruta and Maria Vânia Silva-Nunes"},{id:"81488",title:"Aggression and Sexual Behavior: Overlapping or Distinct Roles of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B Receptors",slug:"aggression-and-sexual-behavior-overlapping-or-distinct-roles-of-5-ht1a-and-5-ht1b-receptors",totalDownloads:19,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104872",abstract:"Distinct brain mechanisms for male aggressive and sexual behavior are present in mammalian species, including man. However, recent evidence suggests a strong connection and even overlap in the central nervous system (CNS) circuitry involved in aggressive and sexual behavior. The serotonergic system in the CNS is strongly involved in male aggressive and sexual behavior. In particular, 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptors seem to play a critical role in the modulation of these behaviors. The present chapter focuses on the effects of 5-HT1A- and 5-HT1B-receptor ligands in male rodent aggression and sexual behavior. Results indicate that 5-HT1B-heteroreceptors play a critical role in the modulation of male offensive behavior, although a definite role of 5-HT1A-auto- or heteroreceptors cannot be ruled out. 5-HT1A receptors are clearly involved in male sexual behavior, although it has to be yet unraveled whether 5-HT1A-auto- or heteroreceptors are important. Although several key nodes in the complex circuitry of aggression and sexual behavior are known, in particular in the medial hypothalamus, a clear link or connection to these critical structures and the serotonergic key receptors is yet to be determined. This information is urgently needed to detect and develop new selective anti-aggressive (serenic) and pro-sexual drugs for human applications.",book:{id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS - New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg"},signatures:"Berend Olivier and Jocelien D.A. Olivier"},{id:"81093",title:"Prehospital and Emergency Room Airway Management in Traumatic Brain Injury",slug:"prehospital-and-emergency-room-airway-management-in-traumatic-brain-injury",totalDownloads:49,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104173",abstract:"Airway management in trauma is critical and may impact patient outcomes. Particularly in traumatic brain injury (TBI), depressed level of consciousness may be associated with compromised protective airway reflexes or apnea, which can increase the risk of aspiration or result in hypoxemia and worsen the secondary brain damage. Therefore, patients with TBI and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤ 8 have been traditionally managed by prehospital or emergency room (ER) endotracheal intubation. However, recent evidence challenged this practice and even suggested that routine intubation may be harmful. This chapter will address the indications and optimal method of securing the airway, prehospital and in the ER, in patients with traumatic brain injury.",book:{id:"11367",title:"Traumatic Brain Injury",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11367.jpg"},signatures:"Dominik A. Jakob, Jean-Cyrille Pitteloud and Demetrios Demetriades"},{id:"81011",title:"Amino Acids as Neurotransmitters. The Balance between Excitation and Inhibition as a Background for Future Clinical Applications",slug:"amino-acids-as-neurotransmitters-the-balance-between-excitation-and-inhibition-as-a-background-for-f",totalDownloads:19,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103760",abstract:"For more than 30 years, amino acids have been well-known (and essential) participants in neurotransmission. They act as both neuromediators and metabolites in nervous tissue. Glycine and glutamic acid (glutamate) are prominent examples. These amino acids are agonists of inhibitory and excitatory membrane receptors, respectively. Moreover, they play essential roles in metabolic pathways and energy transformation in neurons and astrocytes. Despite their obvious effects on the brain, their potential role in therapeutic methods remains uncertain in clinical practice. In the current chapter, a comparison of the crosstalk between these two systems, which are responsible for excitation and inhibition in neurons, is presented. The interactions are discussed at the metabolic, receptor, and transport levels. Reaction-diffusion and a convectional flow into the interstitial fluid create a balanced distribution of glycine and glutamate. Indeed, the neurons’ final physiological state is a result of a balance between the excitatory and inhibitory influences. However, changes to the glycine and/or glutamate pools under pathological conditions can alter the state of nervous tissue. Thus, new therapies for various diseases may be developed on the basis of amino acid medication.",book:{id:"10890",title:"Recent Advances in Neurochemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10890.jpg"},signatures:"Yaroslav R. Nartsissov"},{id:"80821",title:"Neuroimmunology and Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19",slug:"neuroimmunology-and-neurological-manifestations-of-covid-19",totalDownloads:41,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103026",abstract:"Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is causing coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19). Besides respiratory symptoms due to an attack on the broncho-alveolar system, COVID-19, among others, can be accompanied by neurological symptoms because of the affection of the nervous system. These can be caused by intrusion by SARS-CoV-2 of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) and direct infection of local cells. In addition, neurological deterioration mediated by molecular mimicry to virus antigens or bystander activation in the context of immunological anti-virus defense can lead to tissue damage in the CNS and PNS. In addition, cytokine storm caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19 can lead to nervous system related symptoms. Endotheliitis of CNS vessels can lead to vessel occlusion and stroke. COVID-19 can also result in cerebral hemorrhage and sinus thrombosis possibly related to changes in clotting behavior. Vaccination is most important to prevent COVID-19 in the nervous system. 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MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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