\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1358",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Knowledge-Oriented Applications in Data Mining",title:"Knowledge-Oriented Applications in Data Mining",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The progress of data mining technology and large public popularity establish a need for a comprehensive text on the subject. The series of books entitled by 'Data Mining' address the need by presenting in-depth description of novel mining algorithms and many useful applications.\nIn addition to understanding each section deeply, the two books present useful hints and strategies to solving problems in the following chapters. The contributing authors have highlighted many future research directions that will foster multi-disciplinary collaborations and hence will lead to significant development in the field of data mining.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-154-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5971-1",doi:"10.5772/1824",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"knowledge-oriented-applications-in-data-mining",numberOfPages:456,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"ab9e02a9453e1c7bd85182eb3f322e11",bookSignature:"Kimito Funatsu",publishedDate:"January 21st 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1358.jpg",numberOfDownloads:106744,numberOfWosCitations:75,numberOfCrossrefCitations:48,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:108,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:4,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:231,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 20th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 18th 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 22nd 2010",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 22nd 2010",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 21st 2010",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"16715",title:"Prof.",name:"Kimito",middleName:null,surname:"Funatsu",slug:"kimito-funatsu",fullName:"Kimito Funatsu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/16715/images/1609_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Kimito Funatsu was born on December 3, 1955 in Japan. He received his Doctor degree (Dr. Sci.; physical organic chemistry) from Kyushu University which is one of the oldest imperial universities (1983) and joined Prof. Shin-ichi Sasaki’s group, Toyohashi University of Technology (1984) as research-associate. During researching in Prof. Sasaki’s group he worked on chemoinformatics field, i.e., Structure elucidation system CHEMICS, organic synthesis design system AIPHOS, molecular design. In 1990 he took the post of associate-professor. In 2004 he moved to The University of Tokyo as full Professor to continue the same research work. Recently he is trying material design and soft sensor. 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surrounding environment. To make justified and timely decisions for sustainable existence, reliable and detailed information about environmental parameters is inevitable.
\r\n\tWe need such information of the environmental indicators day and night, from the crowded cities and the most remote locations. Therefore the study, development, and application of automated sensing systems have been booming during the last decades and the progress in this field is really fast.
\r\n\tThe current book intends to provide the reader with the most recent trends in the development of sensing technologies for environmental control and monitoring, application of these novel technologies for the detection and monitoring of different environmental indicators, but also identification of hazardous chemical compounds and pathogens, and to introduce various aspects of using the online sensing data for decision-making in different fields of social life.
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High-capacity, cost effective and durable electrochemical energy storage technologies are necessary to satisfy the growing uptake of intermittent renewable sources and maintain stable electrical-grid systems [1]. In this regard, redox flow batteries (RFBs) are ideally suited and have attracted considerable attention. RFBs differ from conventional batteries in that redox-active molecules, termed charge carriers, are dissolved into electrolyte and are stored in reservoirs external to the electrochemical cell. The charge carrier-containing electrolyte is pumped through electrodes in the electrochemical cell to charge/discharge the battery. Upon charge, energy is stored as the positive electrolyte (also termed catholyte or posolyte) is oxidised and the negative electrolyte (also termed anolyte or negolyte) is simultaneously reduced. Upon discharge, energy is released as the redox reactions are reversed. The electrolytes are separated in the cell by a membrane or separator, which allows transfer of charge-balancing counterions but prevents crossover of charge carriers to the opposite half-cell, thus preventing self-discharge. Figure 1 shows a schematic of a generic RFB under discharge conditions.
Schematic of a generic RFB under discharge conditions. Electrolytes are stored in reservoirs and are pumped through the electrochemical cell to charge and discharge the battery. Upon discharge the charge carriers in the positive electrolyte are reduced while those in the negative electrolyte are oxidised. Polarity is reversed to allow the opposite redox reactions to occur upon charge. Reproduced from [
The distinctive design of RFBs allows decoupling of energy and power, and therefore facile scale-up to high capacities [3]. Capacity can be enhanced by simply increasing the volume of electrolyte in the reservoirs, without the need to modify the electrochemical cell, while power is determined by the cell design (e.g. electrode surface area etc). Furthermore, in contrast to conventional batteries such as the lithium-ion battery (LIB), RFBs avoid the intercalation and deintercalation of redox-active molecules between the electrolyte and solid electrode material. Instead, redox reactions occur via solution phase charge carriers at the electrode surface. This underpins the long operational lifetimes of RFBs (15–20 years), making them particularly suited to grid-scale energy storage.
Historically, RFBs have relied on charge carriers based on metals such as iron, chromium, zinc, or cerium, dissolved in aqueous electrolyte [4]. The earliest investigations were conducted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in the 1970s. Their most notable development was the iron-chromium RFB which used Fe2+/Fe3+ and Cr2+/Cr3+ in the positive and negative electrolytes respectively [5]. Scale-up and commercialisation of the system were hindered by several technical challenges including the slow electron transfer kinetics of Cr2+/Cr3+ [4]. Today, the most commercially advanced RFB system is the symmetric, all-vanadium RFB developed by Skyllas-Kazacos and co-workers in the late 1980s [6, 7]. The charge carriers in the system are VO2+/VO2+ (V5+/V4+) in the positive electrolyte and V2+/V3+ in the negative electrolyte. Vanitec lists 33 companies commercialising all-vanadium RFBs [8] and several plants have been installed globally. The largest electrochemical energy storage plant in the world is forecast to be a 200 MW/800 MWh all-vanadium RFB and is under construction by Ronge Power of China [3].
Despite their advantages for grid-scale energy storage, commercial uptake of the all-vanadium RFB is dwarfed by that of LIBs due to several drawbacks. Firstly, the cost of the all-vanadium RFB was estimated at $500 kWh−1 in 2014 [9], which far exceeds the target of $100 kWh−1 set by the US Department of Energy [10], and the ever decreasing cost of LIBs estimated at $156 kWh−1 in 2020 [11]. Secondly, the energy density of the all-vanadium RFB is an order of magnitude lower than LIBs [2]. The limited solubility of vanadium sulphate in aqueous solution and the cell voltage of approximately 1.3 V (dictated by the difference in redox potential between the reaction at the positive and negative electrode), limits the energy density to 25–35 Wh L−1 [12]. While lower energy densities are generally more tolerable for stationary rather than portable applications, there is a demand to enhance RFB energy density to cut cost, reduce space requirements and access new markets.
Energy density is a measure of the energy output per unit volume of total electrolyte and is defined in Eq. (1);
where
As indicated in Eq. (1), an effective strategy to enhance the energy density of RFBs is to increase the value of
In the last two decades, research has shifted from metal-based charge carriers in aqueous solution to a new generation of charge carriers with tuneable physical and electrochemical properties to include inorganic, organic, and hybrid materials. In an effort to increase
Figure 2 shows the components of a typical laboratory-scale RFB used for assessing the performance of charge carriers. Electrolyte is circulated via tubing between the reservoirs and electrochemical cell (typically powered by a peristaltic pump). Within the electrochemical cell, electrolyte is flowed through high surface area electrodes where the redox reactions occur upon charge/discharge. The electrodes are typically composed of a carbon-based material such as graphite felt and are electrically connected to the current collectors and external circuit. The flow field (available in several configurations) ensures consistent flow of electrolyte to the porous electrode while minimising pressure drop across the cell.
Schematic of a typical laboratory-scale RFB used for assessing the performance of charge carriers. Battery components include the membrane/separator, electrodes, gaskets, flow frames, flow fields, current collectors, end plates, tubing*, pump*, and electrolyte reservoirs*. * not pictured in schematic.
The membrane/separtor divides the two half-cells and should be highly conductive, selective, and stable towards the electrolyte. High ionic conductivity is key to reduce ohmic resistance and thereby enable high power densities to be achieved. Membranes should allow transport of inert salts while preventing crossover of charge carriers, which can lead to capacity fade and reduced coulombic efficiency. Membranes/separators can be broadly classified as porous separators (separating based on size) and ion exchange membranes (separating based on charge). Identifying the most appropriate membrane/separator for novel RFB systems, where the chemistry is not fully understood, can be challenging. This is particularly true in the case of non-aqueous RFBs because very few commercially available membrane/separators have adequate performance in organic solvents [14]. Membranes present a barrier towards commercialisation for many next-generation RFBs since their inadequate performance reduces energy efficiency and they contribute up to 20% of the battery cost [15].
There is a growing interest in the development of organic charge carriers as alternatives to metal-centred species, due to their tuneable properties and natural abundance of their elemental building blocks (C, H, N and O). Organic charge carriers investigated to date include nitroxide radicals such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl (TEMPO), carbonyls such as fluorenone, benzophenone, phthalimides, quinones and anthraquinones, heterocyclic aromatics such as viologens, phenazines and phenothiazine, and cationic radicals such as dialkoxybenzenes and cyclopropenium, to name a few. Figure 3 showcases a ‘potential map’ of organic charge carriers developed for next-generation RFBs in recent years. We direct the interested reader to consult review articles for further reading on organic charge carriers [13, 16, 17, 18, 19].
Schematic showing the structure of organic charge carriers investigated for RFBs and the potential region in which they are redox-active. Orange bars indicate species that undergo one-electron redox reactions while those with blue bars are multi-electron charge carriers.
Several organic charge carriers such as viologens, quinones and phenazines, undergo two-electron redox reactions and have been investigated for RFBs. However, the π-conjugated cage structure of fullerene gives it uniquely rich electrochemical properties compared to other organic redox-active molecules. It can be reversibly reduced by up to six electrons at negative redox potentials, making it a desirable charge carrier for the negative electrolyte in RFBs. Without molecular modification, fullerene is nonpolar and unable to partake in hydrogen bonding, meaning its solubility in many solvents is poor [20]. Consequently, fullerene was first investigated as a charge carrier in RFBs as a bifunctional molecule where ferrocene groups (Fc) were covalently grafted to a C60 fullerene cage [21]. The functionalisation significantly enhanced the solubility of fullerene in ortho-dichlorobenzene (oDCB) from 0.037 M [22] to 0.12 M for the tetra-adduct of C60Fc. The ferrocene groups served as the redox centre for the positive electrolyte, while the multi-electron redox processes of fullerene were accessed in the negative electrolyte. To balance the redox processes of fullerene, multiple ferrocene moieties were grafted to C60 (x = 1–4, where x indicates the number of ferrocene groups). The redox processes of the positive and negative electrolyte were separated by approximately 1.3 V and 1.8 V for the first and second reduction of C60 respectively. Figure 4 shows the structure of the fullerene-ferrocene bifunctional charge carriers, termed C60Fc, and the redox reactions occurring in the positive and negative electrolytes upon charge in the RFB.
Schematic showing the redox reactions of C60Fc (bis-adduct) in a symmetric non-aqueous RFB. Upon charge, C60Fc in the positive electrolyte undergoes a two-electron oxidation centred at the two ferrocene moieties. Simultaneously, C60Fc in the negative electrolyte is reduced by two electrons at the fullerene core to a dianion. The reverse reactions occur upon discharge.
The performance of C60Fc charge carriers with x = 2–4 were investigated by galvanostatic cycling in coin cells. Charge carriers were assessed in symmetric and asymmetric configurations where indene-C60 bis-adduct was used as negative electrolyte. The coil cells were successfully cycled for 100 charge-discharge cycles but experienced considerable capacity fade which was attributed to three causes: (1) the low volume of electrolyte (~1 mL) in the coin cell assemblies meant that a significant proportion of capacity fade was attributed to electrolyte soaking into the absorbent glass fibre separator, (2) significant membrane crossover, which was alleviated by using the symmetric system rather than an analogous asymmetric system with indene-C60 bis-adduct negative electrolyte, (3) degradation of C60Fc charge carriers, which was not explored in detail. Considering the rich electrochemistry and plentiful opportunities for functionalisation of fullerene, there is great scope for development of new fullerene-based charge carriers in the future.
The concept of combining two redox-active components into one bifunctional molecule was first demonstrated by Schubert and co-workers, who tethered TEMPO and phenazine moieties to a single molecule [23]. Upon charge, TEMPO was oxidised to an oxoammonium cation in the positive electrolyte while phenazine was simultaneously reduced to a dianion in the negative electrolyte. As shown in Figure 5, the bifunctional charge carrier contains two TEMPO groups (red) per phenazine (blue) in order to balance its two-electron redox chemistry. Both redox groups were covalently bonded via a water-soluble triethylene glycol linker (black), yielding a single charge carrier with
Schematic showing the structure, redox reactions and cyclic voltammogram of a TEMPO-phenazine bifunctional charge carrier. Figure was adapted with permission form [
The advantage of symmetric systems in minimising capacity fade upon crossover can also be achieved by using a mixture of the positive and negative charge carriers in each half-cell. To justify the synthetic effort of bifunctional charge carriers, they must show advantageous properties compare to a mixture of the two individual redox-active molecules. In the two examples highlighted above, the bifunctional charge carriers have greater solubility than the individual redox-active groups and therefore a great theoretical energy density is achieved.
Transition metal coordination complexes are promising candidates for non-aqueous RFBs as they are often stable over multiple oxidation states and their properties are tuneable [24]. The first metal coordination complex to be investigated as charge carrier for non-aqueous RFBs was the ruthenium bipyridine (bpy) complex, [Ru(bpy)3]2+ [25]. Bpy ligands not only solubilise the metallic cation, they also provide additional redox activity to the molecule. In a symmetric system the Ru2+/Ru3+ transition was targeted in the positive electrolyte while the bpy-centred reduction was targeted in the negative electrolyte. The redox processes were separated by 2.6 V, allowing for a high
The chromium-centred bpy coordination complex, [Cr(bpy)3]3+ is of particular note due to its six one-electron reversible redox processes over a 2 V window (see Figure 6) [27]. The three most positive redox couples were attributed to the Cr3+/Cr2+, Cr2+/Cr1+ and Cr1+/Cr0 transitions, while the three most negative redox processes were ascribed to reduction of the three bpy ligands. The authors sought to enhance solubility in acetonitrile through ester-functionalisation of the bpy ligands. The complex functionalised with the most polar and flexible R group (2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl) showed the most promising redox properties and solubility and was selected for battery testing. Galvanostatic cycling in a H-cell showed poor cycling stability when charged by three electrons but relatively stable performance when charged by two. The saturation concentration of both the neutral and 3+ complexes was tested and as anticipated the solubility was dramatically reduced in the neutral form. Despite the promising multi-electron redox properties of [Cr(bpy)3]3+, the poor solubility of the neutral complex (0.21 M in acetonitrile) and inadequate stability upon cycling, meant that the energy density of the system was limited to 10.2 Wh L−1.
Structure and cyclic voltammogram of functionalized [Cr(bpy)3]3+ coordination complex investigated for symmetric non-aqueous RFBs. Figure was adapted with permission form [
Polyoxometalates (POMs) are a class of discrete metal-oxide nano clusters composed of early transition metals (group 5 and 6) in their highest oxidation states. They can be represented by the general formula [XxMmOy]n− where X is a hetero atom (usually P, Si, Ge, As) and M is a transition metal (typically V5+, Mo6+ or W6+). Their vast structural diversity, excellent stability and rich electrochemistry has seen their investigation for many energy conversion and storage technologies [28].
The earliest work on POM-based charge carriers for RFBs was conducted by Anderson and co-workers, who used the tri-vanadium substituted silicotungstate Keggin, K6H[SiV3W9O40] (SiV3W9), in a symmetric aqueous system [29]. The POM undergoes a three-electron reduction centred at the vanadium metals and a further two, two-electron reduction processes centred at the tungsten metals. The vanadium-centred redox processes were separated from those of the tungsten by 0.8 V allowing for the application of SiV3W9 in a symmetric system. Prior to galvanostatic cycling, the charge carrier was reduced to [SiV3W9O40]13− by bulk electrolysis to generate the fully charged negative electrolyte. Galvanostatic cycling in a 5 cm2 RFB showed coulombic efficiency of >95% and modest capacity fade of <2% after 100 cycles (0.02% per cycle). Following 100 cycles, the electrolyte solution was recovered and used in a fresh cell with a new membrane. Full cell performance was restored suggesting that any capacity losses observed were not the result of POM degradation. Given the saturation concentration of SiV3W9 in water of 0.45 M, the three-electron redox reaction upon charge/discharge and
Lu and Xiang extended the library of POM-based charge carriers to include the cobalt-centred tungstic acid, H6[CoW12O40] (CoW12) [30]. Similarly to SiV3W9, the tungsten-centred redox processes of the POM were targeted in the negative electrolyte (two, two-electron reduction processes), while in this case, the one-electron oxidation of the central cobalt atom from 2+ to 3+ was targeted in the positive electrolyte. The separation of the cobalt- and tungsten-centred redox processes allowed for a larger
Stimming and colleagues sought to maximise the rich electrochemistry of POMs by designing a asymmetric RFB with different POM-based charge carriers in the positive and negative electrolyte [31]. They investigated an asymmetric aqueous RFB using [PV14O42]9− (PV14) and [SiW12O40]4− (SiW12) as charge carriers for the positive and negative electrolyte respectively. PV14 is reversibly reduced by seven electrons in a single process at a relatively positive redox potential of 0.60 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode (SHE). The cyclic voltammogram of SiW12 has two reversible one-electron reduction processes with redox potentials of 0.01 V and − 0.21 V vs. SHE. SiW12 can be reduced by a further two-electrons but only the first two one-electron redox couples are accessible without significant hydrogen evolution. Consequently, a flow cell was assembled with two equivalents of SiW12 (
A step change in energy density came from the work of Cronin and co-workers where Li6[P2W18O40] (P2W18) was reversibly reduced by 18 electrons in aqueous acidic conditions [33]. The authors found that the electrochemical properties of P2W18 was highly dependent on pH and concentration and that reversible reduction by 18 electrons was only achievable at concentrations >100 mM under acidic conditions. Paired with HBr/Br2 positive electrolyte, the asymmetric RFB demonstrated a
RFBs based on aqueous electrolyte, such as those highlighted above, are limited to a maximum
Barteau and colleagues were the first to report the application of POMs as charge carrier in non-aqueous RFBs [35]. They investigated the lithium salt of the Keggin phosphomolybdate, Li3[PMo12O40] (PMo12), in acetonitrile with lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiTf) supporting electrolyte. PMo12 undergoes two, one-electron quasi-reversible reductions centred at −0.21 V and − 0.57 V vs. Ag/Ag+. For application in a symmetric system, the PMo12 electrolyte was first electrochemically reduced by one-electron to generate the discharged positive and negative electrolyte. Galvanostatic cycling was conducted with a one-electron redox reaction upon charge/discharge. As stated by the authors, this system does not exploit the full capabilities of POMs as multi-electron charge carriers nor the wide electrochemical stability window of non-aqueous solvents. Coulombic efficiency of 68% was achieved, which was substantially lower than that achieved for aqueous POM-based RFB. The low coulombic efficiency was attributed to crossover of the POM through the membrane, a common cause of inefficiency in non-aqueous RFBs. The saturation concentration of PMo12 in acetonitrile is relatively high at 0.8 M, but with only a one-electron redox reaction and
While PMo12 can be reversibly reduced by two electrons in acetonitrile, the authors report the advantage of dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent in enhancing the electrochemical properties of the charge carrier [36]. In DMF, PMo12 can be reduced by an additional two electrons, enhancing the number of electrons transferred in the charge/discharge redox reaction to two and increasing
The first example of significant molecular engineering of POMs to enhance solubility in non-aqueous solvent came from Matson and co-workers who investigated polyoxovanadate (POV) alkoxide clusters of the general formula V6O7(OR)12 (where R = CH3, C2H5) [37]. These materials display four one-electron redox couples over a potential range of 2 V, enabling their application in a symmetric system with two-electron transfer upon charge/discharge. Upon charge the POV undergoes a two-electron reduction at the negative electrode concurrently with a two-electron oxidation at the positive electrode. The research was extended to investigate alternative organic functionalisation of the POV surface. Introduction of a tridentate tris(hydroxymethyl)methane (TRIOL) ligand, increases solubility in acetonitrile to 0.6 M and retains the charge carriers cycling stability [38]. In a separate study, the solubility of POVs was increased by replacing several surface alkoxy groups with ethers, R = C2H4OCH3, C2H4OC2H5 [39]. Clusters with a mixture of alkoxide and ether groups showed an impressive solubility of 1.2 M in 0.1 M [TBA][PF6] in acetonitrile. While the increased solubility in organic solvent and multi-electron redox chemistry is promising for enhanced energy density, preliminary testing of the alkoxide-ether functionalised POVs in a laboratory-scale RFB showed steady capacity fade. Cyclic voltammetry of electrolytes following 30 cycles in a RFB indicated partial degradation of the POV clusters. For further reading on POV-based charge carriers for RFBs, we direct readers to a recent review article [40].
The concept of organofunctionalisation of POMs to enhance solubility in non-aqueous solvent was expanded in a recent publication, to include organic–inorganic hybrid POMs [41]. A phosphotungstate Keggin was hybridised with phenyl siloxane moieties to produce TBA3[PW11O39(SiC6H5)2O)] (PW11SiPh). Hybridisation enhanced solubility in acetonitrile by two orders of magnitude (0.6 M) compared to the parent POM (<1 mM). Similarly to POVs, PW11SiPh displays four one-electron redox couples over a potential range of 2 V. Prior to galvanostatic cycling the electrolyte was reduced by bulk electrolysis to attain the discharged positive and negative electrolyte for application in a symmetric system. Upon charge, PW11SiPh undergoes a two-electron reduction at the negative electrode concurrently with a two-electron oxidation at the positive electrode. The laboratory-scale RFB achieved high coulombic efficiency of >98% but capacity fade was observed. Similarly to Stimming and colleagues, the capacity fade was attributed to reoxidation of the reduced POM by trace oxygen in the electrolyte. Capacity fade was shown to be recoverable by bulk reduction of the electrolytes to the desired oxidation state. Organic-inorganic hybridisation is applicable to a broad range of POM geometries and elemental compositions, unlocking the possibility for the development of multi-electron charge carriers across a wide potential range (Figure 7).
Structure, cyclic voltammogram and RFB schematic of PW11SiPh, an organic-inorganic hybrid POM charge carrier. Figure was adapted with permission form [
Yan and colleagues explored the use of a sulphur-templated Wells-Dawson POM, TBA4[S2W18O62] (S2W18), as charge carrier in both symmetric and asymmetric non-aqueous RFBs [42]. In the asymmetric system benzophenone was chosen as the negative electrolyte. Benzophenone undergoes a reversible one-electron reduction with redox potential of −1.75 V vs. Ag+|Ag (see Figure 3), while S2W18 can be reversible reduced by one, one, then two electrons with redox potentials of 0.23, −0.15 and − 0.49 V vs. Ag+|Ag. In the asymmetric RFB, four equivalents of benzophenone were used to balance the four-electron redox process of S2W18. Although not stated by the authors, reduction of S2W18 to generate discharged positive electrolyte (or reduction of benzophenone to generate charged negative electrolyte) would have been necessary prior to galvanostatic cycling. The flow cell cycled successfully with
The use of multi-electron charge carriers is an effective approach to enhance the energy density of next-generation RFBs. Polyoxometalates stand out as a particularly promising class of materials due to their remarkably rich and reversible electrochemical properties. This is elegantly demonstrated by the 18-electron reversible reduction of P2W18, yielding an asymmetric RFB with practical energy density of 225 Wh L−1. Organofunctionalisation of polyoxometalates is a valuable strategy to enhance solubility in non-aqueous solvent and for the tuning of redox properties and chemical stability. Other multi-electron charge carriers, such as metal-coordination complexes and bifunctional molecules, are realised through targeted molecular design and synthesis. Their rich electrochemical properties allow for their application in symmetric RFBs, thereby reducing the risk of capacity fade by membrane crossover. The bifunctional charge carriers also benefit from higher solubility than the isolated redox-active molecules.
Increasing the number of electrons transferred per molecule is a valuable strategy to enhance the energy density of RFBs. However, this parameter should not be targeted in isolation and should be considered alongside solubility, redox potential targeting, stability, cost and sustainability. In addition, the development of charge carriers for next-generation RFBs requires consideration of the flow cell assembly used for testing. Charge carrier performance depends on components such as membrane and tubing, and on the testing conditions such as flow rate, current density, and voltage thresholds. The lack of standardisation in testing conditions make it challenging to compare the performance of charge carriers.
The research reviewed here focuses on the development of novel charge carriers to enhance RFB performance. Most testing is conducted at low concentrations and in laboratory-scale RFBs. As the research matures, testing at scales more representative of the commercial product and detailed techno-economic analysis of the charge carrier-containing electrolyte will be required. Assessment of the costs of charge carriers, sustainability, safety, and practicality of synthesis will become increasingly important in the development of commercially viable next-generation RFBs.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) for funding through the Centre for Doctoral Training in Sustainable Chemistry (EP/L015633/1). We also thank the University of Nottingham Propulsion Futures Beacon of Excellence for support.
There are no conflicts to declare.
bpy | bipyridine |
DMF | dimethylformamide |
LIB | lithium-ion battery |
POM | polyoxometalate |
POV | polyoxovanadate |
RFB | redox flow battery |
TBA | tetrabutylammonium |
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Climate change induced heat stress is thus one of the complex factors making sheep management and husbandry challenging in many geographical locations in the world. Within the sheep industry, reproductive wastage (RW) is a major challenge throughout the varying breeding landscapes. Reproductive wastage is defined as the early losses of embryos undergoing natural and/or artificial breeding programs. Our previous research showed that heat stress (THI > 75) and elevated glucocorticoid levels (indexed using faecal glucocorticoid metabolites) are linked to embryo loss in Merino ewes. This mini review discusses how extreme variation in climate such as heat stress affects the maternal reproductive performance in the Merino sheep and the impacts on the wool industry. 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The normal duration of estrus cycle is 21 days in cow, sow, and mare, 17 days in ewe, and 20 days in doe. The species which exhibit a single estrus cycle are known as monstrous and species which come into estrus twice or more are termed polyestrous animals. Among them some species have estrus cycles in a particular season and defined as seasonal polyestrous. It includes goats, sheep, and horses. On the other hand, cattle undergo estrus throughout the year. The estrus inducers can grossly be divided into two parts, that is, non-hormonal and hormonal. Non-hormonal treatments include plant-derived heat inducers, mineral supplementation, uterine and ovarian massage, and use of Lugol’s iodine. The hormones that are used in estrus induction are estrogen, progesterone, GnRH, prostaglandin, insulin, and anti-prolactin-based treatment. Synchronization can shorten the breeding period to less than 5 days, instead of females being bred over a 21-day period, depending on the treatment regimen. The combination of GnRH with the prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)- and progesterone-based synchronization program has shown a novel direction in the estrus synchronization of cattle with the follicular development manipulation.",book:{id:"8545",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine"},signatures:"Prasanna Pal and Mohammad Rayees Dar",authors:[{id:"299126",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Rayees",middleName:null,surname:"Dar",slug:"mohammad-rayees-dar",fullName:"Mohammad Rayees Dar"},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal"}]},{id:"16102",title:"Sperm Preparation Techniques for Artificial Insemination - Comparison of Sperm Washing, Swim Up, and Density Gradient Centrifugation Methods",slug:"sperm-preparation-techniques-for-artificial-insemination-comparison-of-sperm-washing-swim-up-and-den",totalDownloads:30025,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"185",slug:"artificial-insemination-in-farm-animals",title:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals",fullTitle:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals"},signatures:"Ilaria Natali",authors:[{id:"27026",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilaria",middleName:null,surname:"Natali",slug:"ilaria-natali",fullName:"Ilaria Natali"}]},{id:"71105",title:"Understanding Sow Sexual Behavior and the Application of the Boar Pheromone to Stimulate Sow Reproduction",slug:"understanding-sow-sexual-behavior-and-the-application-of-the-boar-pheromone-to-stimulate-sow-reprodu",totalDownloads:1168,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In this chapter, we review the sexual behavior of domestic pigs, and the visible or measurable anatomical features of the pig that will contribute to detecting sows in estrus. We also summarize olfactory organs, and the effects of a sexual pheromone on pig’s biology and sow reproductive performance. We discuss the role of a live boar in the heat detection where the female is in breeding crates. However, there is an increasing interest in being able to breed sows without a boar present. Farm workers must be trained on the fine points of estrus detection so that they can work in a safe and productive setting. After a review of olfactory biology of the pig, the chapter explains how new pheromonal technology, such as BOARBETTER®, aids in the process of heat detection with or without a live boar. 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Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"19",type:"subseries",title:"Animal Science",keywords:"Animal Science, Animal Biology, Wildlife Species, Domesticated Animals",scope:"The Animal Science topic welcomes research on captive and wildlife species, including domesticated animals. The research resented can consist of primary studies on various animal biology fields such as genetics, nutrition, behavior, welfare, and animal production, to name a few. 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The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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