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The World Health Organization has established the inorganic arsenic maximum tolerable daily intake at 2 μg kg−1 body weight [1]. Inorganic arsenic intake may lead to gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, central nervous system diseases, as well as bone marrow depression and selective cancers (kidney, lung, bladder) [1, 2]. The World Health Organization and the United States Environmental Protection Agency have established drinking water standards at 10 μg As L−1. Compounding the arsenic water and food threshold levels is problematic because arsenic speciation influences arsenic toxicity, with arsenite (As(III)) being perceived as appreciably more toxic than arsenate (As(V)) [3].
Arsenic soil surface horizon concentrations vary from 0.1 to 67 mg kg−1, with a geometric mean of 5.8 mg kg−1 [4]. Among sedimentary deposits, argillaceous sediments generally have greater arsenic concentrations (trace to 13 mg kg−1) [4]. In Missouri, Aide et al. [5] measured soil arsenic concentrations in 22 pristine soil profiles and reported that the epipedons exhibited arsenic concentrations from 2 to 12 mg kg−1, whereas the argillic and cambic horizons exhibited greater arsenic concentrations, ranging from 10 to 30 mg kg−1. The source of the observed arsenic was speculated to be simply inherited in the parent material. Naturally occurring As-bearing minerals include: arsenopyrite (FeAsS), cobaltite ((Co,Fe)AsS), enargite (Cu3AsS4), erythrite (Co3(AsO4)2 8H2O), orpiment (As2S3), proustite (Ag3AsS3), realgar (AsS), and tennantite (Cu12As4S13) [3, 4].
Arsenite (As(III)) exists as the hydroxyl species (H3AsO3 - H2AsO31−)), whereas arsenate (As(V)) exists as an oxyanion (H2AsO41− or HAsO42−). Arsenite and arsenate may: (i) form complexes with soil organic matter, (ii) become adsorbed onto Mn- Al- and Fe-oxyhydroxides, (iii) become adsorbed onto phyllosilicates, (iv) leach or percolate to deeper soil horizons, or (v) undergo plant uptake [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. Aide et al. [6] in a soil chemistry review of arsenic in the soil environment discussed (i) arsenic acid–base chemistry, (ii) commonly occurring As-bearing minerals, (iii) thermodynamics of arsenic oxidation – reduction, (iv) arsenic adsorption onto phyllosilicates and Fe-oxyhydroxides, and (v) competitive adsorption. Plant physiology and arsenic have recently been reviewed [7, 8].
Given the arsenite’s high pKa1 of 9.2, the dominant arsenite species will be H3AsO3 [14]. H2AsO3−1 is a weak acid with a pKa2 = 12.7, thus HAsO3−2 has a small activity within the normal alkaline pH range of most soil environments. Conversely, arsenate (H3AsO4) readily deprotonates to form H2AsO4−1 (pKa1 = 2.3). Additionally, H2AsO4−1 will deprotonate to form HAsO4−2 (pKa2 = 6.8), thus H2AsO4−1 and HAsO4−2 are the dominant arsenate species in most soils. HAsO4−2 will deprotonate to form AsO4−3 (pKa3 = 11.6); however, this species will only exist in the most extreme alkaline soil environments. Monomethylarsonic acid (MMA or CH3AsO(OH)2 with pK1 = 3.6 and pK2 = 8.2) and dimethylarsenic acid (DMA or (CH3)2AsO(OH) with pK1 = 6.2) may also readily exist in soil environments [17].
Wagman et al. [18] used standard free energies of formation to determine half-cell reactions for arsenate to arsenite reduction:
Using protocols from Essington [19], the predominance diagram (Figure 1) illustrates the relative stability regions for arsenite and arsenate species expected in the soil environment, ranging from pH 3 to pH 9. The Pourbaix diagram (predominance diagram) shows the transitional nature of As(V) as a proton donor and the reduction of As(V) to As(III). The demarcation of oxic, suboxic, and anoxic regimes was discussed in Essington and we note that arsenate largely exists in oxic to suboxic regimes [19]. Arsenite formation in anoxic soil environments is thermodynamically favored in increasingly acidic soil environments.
Predominance diagram showing arsenic species predominance zones for given pe and pH as master variables (created by authors of this manuscript).
Arsenic reduction is mediated by the soil’s microbial population, effectively supporting electron donation from suitable organic substrates. Dissimilatory arsenate-reducing bacteria can effectively reduce arsenate to arsenite by using arsenate as a terminal electron acceptor [20, 21, 22]. Xu et al. [23] demonstrated that reduction of arsenate to arsenite post root uptake, coupled with efflux from the root to the rhizosphere, also contributes to arsenate reduction. Qiao et al. [24] employed anaerobic microcosms to demonstrate that humic substances facilitate arsenic reduction. Fulvic acid was more effective in reducing arsenic than humic acid, and humic acid was more effective in reducing arsenic than humin. As a carbon source, fulvic acid supported microbial activity and reduced fulvic acid acted as an electron shuttle to reduce Fe(III)-oxyhydroxides and As(V). Arsenic may be co-precipitated with Fe-oxyhydroxides, and the reductive dissolution of these Fe-oxyhydroxides may promote the release of arsenate, which may then be subsequently reduced to arsenite. Mn-oxyhydroxides have been implicated in the oxidation of arsenite to arsenate [25, 26, 27, 28, 29].
In the Indo-Gangetic Plain, Vicky-Singh et al. [30] documented arsenic concentrations of soil surface horizons and surface and groundwater resources. They reported that tube-well water ranged from 5.3 to 17.3 μg L−1 and soil horizons ranged 1.09 to 2.48 mg kg−1, with data showing that tube well water irrigation was contributing arsenic to soil. In the Mekong Delta (Vietnam), Huang et al. [31] documented multiple groundwater samples having arsenic concentration greater than 50 μg L−1 and demonstrated that As(III) was the more abundant valance state. The historical applications of As-bearing groundwater correlated with arsenic soil accumulation. Radu et al. [28] performed a batch experiment involving pyrolusite (MnO2) to show that second order kinetics, which incorporated MnO2 concentrations, described arsenite oxidation. Subsequent arsenate adsorption was appropriate described using the Langmuir equation.
Farooq et al. [32] investigated arsenic accumulation associated with irrigation and agronomic practices in the Bengal Delta. Two different fields were irrigated with different arsenic concentrations in the groundwater, with one field planted to wheat and the other field planted to rice. These authors indicated that the more concentrated As-bearing groundwater in the rice field did not increase the arsenic soil concentrations as significantly as the wheat field, which was irrigated with less concentrated As-bearing groundwater. The authors proposed and provided evidence that greater quantities of rice plant residue, with its production of organic acids, supported arsenic diffusion to deeper soil horizons. Arsenic concentrations exceeding 10 μg L−1 appear to be more frequent in the western United States, demonstrating that the local geology is important in influencing water quality [33]. In a recent review, Mohanty [2] documented the efficacy and deficiencies of technologies involving treatment of arsenic-bearing groundwater, which may be employed to improve irrigation water quality.
Arsenite and arsenate species experience pH-dependent adsorption and co-precipitation with Fe-oxyhydroxides, most notably ferrihydrate (β-FeOOH), lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH), goethite (α-FeOOH), and hematite (Fe2O3) [3, 17]. Surface protonation of goethite (pK = −9.6) permits the interface to acquire amphoteric positive charge densities sufficient to promote monodentate or bidentate arsenite adsorption [6, 29]. Arsenite and arsenate adsorption may result in both monodentate and bidentate bonding structures [3, 10, 14, 17, 22, 34, 35, 36].
The optimal pH for arsenic adsorption depends on (i) experimental protocols, and (ii) the presence of phosphate, silicic acid, naturally occurring organic acids, and other competing anions. The optimal pH for the adsorption of arsenite on Al- and Fe-oxyhydroxides ranges from pH 7 to 10, [14, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43], whereas the optimal pH for the adsorption of arsenate on Al- and Fe-oxyhydroxides varies across the pH range of 4 to 7 [17, 37, 44, 45, 46]. Cornu et al. [13] observed an arsenate adsorption pH dependency with both kaolinite and humic acid treated kaolinite. Interestingly, Cornu et al. [13] observed that arsenate adsorption onto humic acid treated kaolinite was greater than for untreated kaolinite when the electrolyte solution was a Ca(NO3)2 media, whereas arsenate adsorption was substantial decreased on humic acid treated kaolinite in NaNO3 media. Goldberg [14] investigated arsenic adsorption on Al-oxides, Fe-oxides and reference phyllosilicates (kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite). Arsenate adsorption was pH-dependent with arsenate adsorption less evident on transition to alkaline media. Arsenate adsorption decreased above pH 9 for Al-oxides, above pH 7 for Fe-oxides and pH 5 for the reference clays. Arsenite adsorption showed a maximum adsorption near pH 8 for non-crystalline aluminum oxides and exhibited little pH dependence on non-crystalline Fe-oxides [14].
Jackson and Miller [17] evaluated various concentrations of phosphate (pH 3 and 7) to extract arsenite, arsenate, dimethylarsinic acid, and monoethylarsonic acid adsorbed onto goethite and non-crystalline Fe-oxyhydroxides. Phosphate was demonstrated to displace arsenite and arsenate. Khaodhiar et al. [47] prepared iron oxide coated sand (Fe2O3) to show that arsenate adsorption was strongly adsorbed at acidic to slightly acidic pH values and adsorption decreased with increasing pH. Grafe et al. [35] investigated arsenite and arsenate adsorption on goethite and observed that arsenate adsorption decreased gradually and continuously from pH 3 to pH 11. Arsenite adsoption was shown to have a maximum adsorption at pH 9. The influence of either fulvic acid or humic acid addition resulted in a reduction in adsorption for both arsenite and arsenate.
Sulfate, carbonate, and dissolved organic matter have been shown to be relatively less effective than phosphate in displacing arsenic [37]. Using goethite as the bonding surface, Luxton et al. [34] showed that silicic acid (H4SiO4) was able to effectively displace arsenic. Swedlund and Webster [48] demonstrated that H4SiO4 may displace arsenite from ferrihydrate. Zhang and Selim [39] observed arsenic desorption by phosphate, whereas Xu et al. [43] documented arsenic phosphorus-induced desorption from crystalline and non-crystalline aluminum oxides. Smith and Naidu [46] provided data on the kinetics of arsenic desorption, illustrating the importance of studies to understand the equilibrium is rarely achieved in natural systems.
Yamamura et al. [20] amended soils with As(V) laden Fe oxyhydroxides with solution supplemented with either lactate or acetate. After 40 days, there was a greater arsenic release rate in lactate amended systems, suggesting that lactate is a suitable carbon source and both dissimilatory metal(loid) reducers and anaerobic fermenters support arsenic extraction. Razzak et al. [49] documented oxidation–reduction processes in groundwater support simultaneous release of iron and arsenic, thus demonstrating that groundwater irrigation may be an effective arsenic source.
Aquatic plants frequently show accumulations of iron and manganese coatings (Fe-plaque) on root systems, commonly attributed to more oxidized soil conditions in the root rhizosphere leading to ferrous to ferric ion production and subsequent hydrolysis to a Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide status. Many researchers have investigated whether Fe-plaque on rice root systems act as a preferential adsorption site for arsenic, thus limiting the potential for arsenic accumulation in plant organs [12, 43, 50, 51, 52]. Most authors acknowledge that the degree of arsenic adsorption by Fe-plaque and the protection afforded towards limiting arsenic accumulation in plant tissue is dependent on (i) soil pH, (ii) the soils oxidation oxidation–reduction status of the bulk soil and the rhizosphere, (iii) the microbial composition, (iv) the quantity of Fe-plaque present on the rice roots, (v) the stage of growth of the rice plant, (vi) the arsenic flux towards the root system and (vii) the presence of competing anionic species in the adsorption processes.
Dong et al. [50] observed that Fe-Mn plaque formation on rice roots was increased because of inoculation with Fe/Mn-oxidizing bacterial strains. The activity of bacterial strains, in combination with exogenous ferrous iron, significantly decreased As and Cd uptake in rice. Interestingly the untreated check showed the following rice plant arsenic concentrations: 354 mg kg−1 for roots, 14.2 mg kg−1 for stem (culm), 24.4 mg kg−1 for leaf, and 0.81 mg kg−1 for brown rice. Conversely, the bacterial strains plus exogenous Fe(II) showed the following rice plant organ arsenic concentrations: 259 mg kg−1 for roots, 13.0 mg kg−1 for stem (culm), 19.2 mg kg−1 for leaf, and 0.72 mg kg−1 for brown rice.
Arsenic may limit rice growth and development [1]. Finnegan and Chen [7] and Sharma et al. [8] each reviewed the plant physiology of arsenic on plant growth and development. These authors discussed evidence that arsenite and arsenate are taken up by root cells, but arsenate is rapidly reduced to arsenite. Cellular disruption may be caused by both arsenite and arsenate; however, the mechanisms are distinctly different.
Arsenite is dithiol reactive and readily binds and potentially inactivates selective cysteine containing enzymes and dithiol co-factors. As(III) enters root cells via aquaporin (nodulin26-like intrinsic proteins) and xylem export to stems may occur. Arsenite may bind from one to three sulfhydryl groups, influencing the physiologic behavior of transcription factors, signal transduction proteins, proteolytic proteins, metabolic enzymes, redox regulatory enzymes, and structural proteins. The binding of As(III) to thiols may constitute the main detoxification pathways [7, 8]. Arsenate may replace Pi in critical biochemical reactions: (i) glycolysis, (ii) oxidative phosphorylation, (iii) phospholipid metabolism, (iv) DNA and RNA metabolism, and (v) cellular signaling [7, 8]. Both arsenite and arsenate may increase oxidative stress by inducing the production of reactive oxygen species; that is, the production of superoxide (O2•−), hydroxyl radical (•OH), and peroxide (H2O2). Glutathione (a tripeptide with linkage between the carboxyl group of the glutamate side-chain and cysteine) is an antioxidant that assists in preventing reactive oxygen species from disrupting cellular function. Ascorbate may also limit reactive oxygen species damage [7, 8].
Other metabolic consequences of arsenic include: (i) chloroplast shape irregularities and reduction of chlorophyll content, (ii) altered carbohydrate metabolism involving sucrose and starch, (iii) reduced micronutrient uptake, (iv) altered ATP synthesis, (v) altered stomatal conductance, (vi) altered lipid metabolism and the integrity of cellular membranes [8]. Belefant-Miller and Beaty [53] observed the plant distribution of arsenic in rice plants might influence “straighthead”. Yan et al. [54] identified soil arsenic bioavailability is associated with “straighthead” disorder in rice. Lim et al. [55] reviewed the effect of arsenic compounds on plant growth. In a subsequent review, Kofronova et al. [56] focused on arsenic physiology in hyperaccumulating plants and documented the following research outcomes: (i) arsenic interfered with basic cellular metabolism, including carbohydrate metabolism in photosynthesis, (ii) arsenite and arsenate were xylem transported, (iii) arsenate reduction was associated with arsenate reductase and arsenite interacted with glutathione for passage into the cell’s vacuole, (iv) arsenate interfered with cell wall physiology, decreased ribulose-1,5 biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, and competed with phosphorus in oxidative phosphorylation. Arsenite interfered with hormonal physiology and restricted pigment system II and chlorophyll functioning.
In a greenhouse project, Jung et al. [57] amended soil at arsenic rates of 0 (untreated check), 25, 50 and 75 mg As kg−1. The 50 mg As kg−1 amended level inhibited shoot growth. Chauhan et al. [58] observed that the presence of increased heavy metal activity and arsenic availability reduced the activity of key soil enzymes, suggesting that bacterial diversity and microbial functioning were impaired.
Considerable research has focused on the subtropical fern
Numerous rice researchers have documented the effectiveness of soil amendments to mitigate rice arsenic accumulation. Toor and Haggard [44] and Wu et al. [62] investigated the effectiveness of phosphate, whereas Li et al. [63], Wei et al. [64] and Swedlund and Webster [48] each investigated the effectiveness of silicon (Si). Wei et al. [64] evaluated several Si-bearing products to evaluate their efficacy to increase rice yield and reduce rice uptake of arsenic, lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). The Si-bearing materials increased rice yield and reduced root to shoot transfer of As, Pb and Cd. Zou et al. [65] and Gemeinhardt et al. [66] investigated the effectiveness of ferrous sulfate, demonstrating that Fe2+ oxidation and Fe-oxyhydroxide synthesis in the rhizosphere may provide a substrate for arsenic adsorption. Wu et al. [62] investigated biochar modified with Fe compounds as soil amendments to reduce arsenic bioavailability, with Fe-oxyhydroxide-sulfate showing promise as an effective amendment by reducing arsenic extraction with NaHCO3.
The application of phosphorus amendments in greenhouse pot culture experiments with wheat in dry cultures and rice in flood cultures revealed that phosphorus applications increased arsenic concentrations in both the wheat and rice experiments [67]. Thin film diffusive gradient technology showed that arsenic release from the soil’s solid phase was augmented by phosphorus competition. Kaur et al. [68] documented that selenium was effective in reducing arsenic uptake. Arsenic concentrations were lowered in the roots, straw, and seed because of the selenium amendments. Future research is desired to explore selenium as an effective soil amendment to reduce arsenic rice accumulation. Wang et al. [69] showed promise that microalgae in paddy fields could sequester arsenic prior to rice root uptake, thus limiting arsenic accumulation in rice.
Irrigation management of rice has been extensively studied to determine if restricted water application may result in reduced arsenic uptake [70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75]. In Missouri, Aide et al. [71], in a two-year rice study, investigated two irrigation regimes involving delayed flood and furrow irrigation on silt loam and clayey soils to assess arsenic uptake. Across both years and soil-types, rice total arsenic uptake was substantially reduced in rough rice seed for the furrow irrigated regime. Aide and Goldschmidt [72] in a two-year project involving 20 rice varieties similarly demonstrated that furrow irrigated rice had dramatically reduced arsenic concentrations in paddy (rough) rice compared to delayed flood irrigated rice. All furrow irrigated rice had rough rice total arsenic concentration below 0.1 mg kg−1, with 17 of the 20 rice varieties having less than 0.05 mg As kg−1. The mean arsenic concentrations for the delayed flood rice regime were approximately 0.28 mg As kg−1.
Aide demonstrated that furrow irrigation, involving three rice varieties in 2018 [75] and six varieties in 2019 [73], resulted in substantially smaller arsenic concentrations in rice straw and rough rice seed than delayed flood. Aide [74] in a review of water availability and research involving water-restricting irrigation regimes in Egypt, India and Eastern Asia demonstrated that alternate wetting and drying irrigation frequently was water conserving and limited arsenic uptake. Many of the research citations documented rice yields that were comparable to traditional irrigation regimes; however, additional research remains to be performed to provide consistency in yield attainment. An additional benefit of reduced irrigation of rice was a reduction in methane emission, a potent greenhouse gas [70].
Carrijo et al. [76] performed a compelling rice meta-study involving 56 studies comparing continuous flood with alternate wetting and drying (introduction of unsaturated soil water conditions), with most of the studies derived from Asia. They defined and partitioned alternate wetting and drying irrigation regimes into “safe” or “mild” (where the soil water matric potential was equal to or smaller than −20 kPa) and “severe” (where the soil water matric potential was below −20 kPa). The meta study documented the following: (i) the presence of unsaturated soil water conditions imposed during the entire growing season depressed rice yields, whereas unsaturated soil water conditions prior to either heading only (vegetative) or post heading (reproductive) only demonstrated little to zero yield loss, (ii) in most cases mild or safe alternate wetting and drying do not depress rice yields, whereas severe alternate wetting and drying showed yield reductions, (iii) yield losses were more significant in low organic matter soils or soils having alkaline pH levels, (iv) compared to the continuous flood system the alternate wetting and drying systems exhibited smaller water use rates and where mild alternate wetting and drying was practiced the water use efficiency was greater.
In China, He et al. [77] compared rice growth characteristics and yields in flood and non-flood systems and documented that rice root length density, leaf dry weight, shoot dry weight, and root activity were greater in the non-flood irrigation system at mid-tillering. Yields were typically greater in the flood system across all treatments. In California, Li et al. [78] investigated several alternate wetting-drying irrigation systems with respect to continuous flood. The alternate wetting and drying were imposed at panicle initiation or 50% heading, with various degrees of drying established for each crop growth stage. At crop maturity total arsenic concentrations were greatest for the root system (14.8 mg As kg−1), whereas straw arsenic concentrations were 0.64 mg As kg−1. The arsenic concentrations in the root systems were primarily associated with Fe-plaque. Grain arsenic concentrations, when compared to continuous flood, were 57% redcued for brown rice and 63% reduced for polished rice. As the driest alternate wetting-drying episode, rice grain exhibited 78% less DMA and 40% less inorganic arsenic when compared to continuous flood. In California, Carrijo et al. [79] observed rice irrigation involving continuous flood and three alternate wetting and drying irrigation regimes with differences in drying severity (low, medium (−71 kPa) and high (−154 kPa) and three timings of the drying episodes (panicle initiation, booting and heading. Imposition of the medium and high drying episodes decreased arsenic uptake by 41 to 61%. The booting and heading drying episodes showed better arsenic mitigation responses.
Arsenic accumulation in rice is a substantial global concern [1, 4, 6]. The soil chemistry of arsenic accumulation in rice is rapidly being elucidated; however, studies have yet to develop consistent desirable outcomes with respect to irrigation technology, soil amendments, phytoremediation, and yield maintenance. Alternate wetting and drying and furrow irrigation are competing irrigation regimes, with research showing substantial reductions in arsenic accumulation. However, rice yield maintenance, implementing reliable nitrogen fertilization practices, and providing effective weed management programs remain problematic, especially when food security and traditions may be compounding realities. Water scarcity and climate change provide both opportunities and setbacks to altering irrigation methods [80].
The understanding of rice physiology and arsenic is beginning to be formulated. Das et al. [81] illustrated the importance of biochemical relationships involving ascorbate-glutathione cycle and thiol metabolism to support reducing yield suppression in arsenic impacted rice. Wu et al. [82] showed the promise of arsenic-phosphate interactions involving phosphate transporter expression in rice. Thus, understanding arsenic root uptake at the cellular membrane level and its subsequent movement within the plant, combined with rice breeding and cultivar selection, remain clear avenues of research to reduce the human daily uptake of arsenic.
The prospect of reducing arsenic uptake rests with a global effort to: (i) produce cultivars that restrict arsenic uptake to root cells and exude arsenic to the rhizosphere, and (ii) alter irrigation practices to provide sufficient intervals of oxic soil environment to mitigate arsenic bioavailability. These approaches will also provide other environmental advantages, including water conservation and reduced methane emission [83].
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These characteristics also figure prominently in the environmental lifetimes of polymers or plastics. Recently, reports of microbial degradation of polymeric materials offer new emerging technological opportunities to modify the enormous pollution threat incurred through use of polymers/plastics. A significant literature exists from which developmental directions for possible biological technologies can be discerned. Each report of microbial mediated degradation of polymers must be characterized in detail to provide the database from which a new technology developed. Part of the development must address the kinetics of the degradation process and find new approaches to enhance the rate of degradation. The understanding of the interaction of biotic and abiotic degradation is implicit to the technology development effort.",book:{id:"7479",slug:"plastics-in-the-environment",title:"Plastics in the Environment",fullTitle:"Plastics in the Environment"},signatures:"John A. 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This chapter seeks to address the limitation of employing inorganic coagulants by evaluating the efficiency of organic coagulants and exploring the factors and mechanism governing coagulation in a physiochemical treatment process of water and wastewater resources. The effect of pH, coagulant type and dosage to ease the high sludge production and discharge of residual metals into the downstream waters is addressed. 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In this regard, recycling enables conserving raw materials, reducing energy use in order to produce virgin PET, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Today, PET is the most widely recycled plastic in the world. Eco-friendly products obtained by recycling of PET are mainly used as textile fibers. In addition, both brands and consumers are seen to be enthusiastic in order to minimize the environmental effects of PET wastes. This study is concerned with the use of textile fiber from recycled PET (r-PET) bottles to produce a cotton blended ring and compact yarns. Undoubtedly, the study also includes comparison of cotton blended virgin polyester fiber (v-PET) with r-PET fiber to determine the advantages and disadvantages of r-PET fiber. 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The objective of this chapter is to discuss the structure, function, possible applications, as well as novel biotechnological trends of cellulase enzymes. Furthermore, possible low-cost, enzymatic pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic material in order to use it as an efficient raw material for biofuel production will be discussed.",book:{id:"7363",slug:"cellulose",title:"Cellulose",fullTitle:"Cellulose"},signatures:"Sandhya Jayasekara and Renuka Ratnayake",authors:null},{id:"67840",title:"Thermal Resistance Properties of Polyurethanes and Its Composites",slug:"thermal-resistance-properties-of-polyurethanes-and-its-composites",totalDownloads:1359,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"The nature of starting materials and the condition of polyurethane (PU) preparation are regarded as the main general parameters that determine PU thermal resistance. The effect of structure and presence of additives were identified as the major general factors on this regard. Structural factors include phase microstructure, i.e., chemical structure, proportion, and segregation of soft and hard segments, polyol type (petrochemical or natural oil-based), isocyanate and chain extender type, and thermoplasticity of PU. In respect to the effect of additives, the incorporation of fillers is the most direct strategy to increase PU heat resistance. With respect to fiber additives, in general a positive effect is found on improving thermal resistance, although this generalization could not apply, considering the large number of different PU and environmental conditions of usage.",book:{id:"9319",slug:"thermosoftening-plastics",title:"Thermosoftening Plastics",fullTitle:"Thermosoftening Plastics"},signatures:"Javier Carlos Quagliano Amado",authors:null},{id:"67083",title:"An Update on Overview of Cellulose, Its Structure and Applications",slug:"an-update-on-overview-of-cellulose-its-structure-and-applications",totalDownloads:2739,totalCrossrefCites:20,totalDimensionsCites:52,abstract:"Cellulose (C6H10O5)n is one of the most ubiquitous organic polymers on the planet. It is a significant structural component of the primary cell wall of green plants, various forms of algae and oomycetes. It is a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1 → 4) linked d-glucose units. There are various extraction procedures for cellulose developed by using different processes like oxidation, etherification and esterification which convert the prepared celluloses in to cellulose derivatives. Since it is a non-toxic, bio-degradable polymer with high tensile and compressive strength, it has widespread use in various fields such as nanotechnology, pharmaceutical industry, food industry, cosmetics, textile and paper industry, drug-delivery systems in treating cancer and other diseases. Micro-crystalline cellulose in particular is among the most frequently used cellulose derivatives in the food, cosmetics, pharma industry, etc. and is an important excipient due to its binding and tableting properties, characterized by its plasticity and cohesiveness when wet. Bacterial cellulose’s high dispensability, tasteless and odourless nature provides it with lot of industrial applications. Currently, about half of the waste produced in India contains about 50% cellulose which can be used productively. This chapter deals with the chemistry of cellulose, its extraction and its properties which help various industries to make the most of it.",book:{id:"7363",slug:"cellulose",title:"Cellulose",fullTitle:"Cellulose"},signatures:"Praveen Kumar Gupta, Shreeya Sai Raghunath, Deepali Venkatesh Prasanna, Priyadharsini Venkat, Vidhya Shree, Chandrananthi Chithananthan, Shreya Choudhary, Krithika Surender and Keerthana Geetha",authors:null},{id:"69803",title:"Properties and Applications of Acrylates",slug:"properties-and-applications-of-acrylates",totalDownloads:1208,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Acrylates are the esters, salts and conjugate bases of acrylic acid with its derivatives. They are made from acrylate monomer, which usually comprises of esters which contains vinyl groups, that is two carbon atoms that are double-bonded to each other, and directly attached to the carbonyl carbon of the ester group. Acrylates possess very diverse characteristic properties ranging from super-absorbency, transparency, flexibility, toughness and hardness, among others. These kinds of materials are used in sundry applications such as diapers, cosmetics, orthopedics, paints and coatings, adhesives, textiles, and many biomedical applications such as contact lenses and bone cements. This book chapter highlights the characteristic properties and applications of acrylates, its derivatives and copolymers.",book:{id:"7750",slug:"acrylate-polymers-for-advanced-applications",title:"Acrylate Polymers for Advanced Applications",fullTitle:"Acrylate Polymers for Advanced Applications"},signatures:"Kingsley Kema Ajekwene",authors:[{id:"296289",title:"Dr.",name:"Kingsley Kema",middleName:null,surname:"Ajekwene",slug:"kingsley-kema-ajekwene",fullName:"Kingsley Kema Ajekwene"}]},{id:"68596",title:"Thermoplastic Recycling: Properties, Modifications, and Applications",slug:"thermoplastic-recycling-properties-modifications-and-applications",totalDownloads:1589,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"The increasing rate of plastic waste generation coupled with undesirable disposal, especially in the urban areas, has resulted to environmental threat in the globe which has been attributed to legislation, poor biodegradability, economic growth, rural to urban migration, increase in consumption, and standard or cost of living. This chapter will focus on overview, properties of virgin and recycled thermoplastics, recycling techniques, and applications of different types of thermoplastic articles such as HDPE, LDPE, PVC, PET, and polypropylene (PP) with improved properties based on modifications using eco-friendly materials for sustainable applications in order to save human existence from the menace of environmental and economic issues.",book:{id:"9319",slug:"thermosoftening-plastics",title:"Thermosoftening Plastics",fullTitle:"Thermosoftening Plastics"},signatures:"Taofik Oladimeji Azeez",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1415",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"65119",title:"Introductory Chapter: Polyaniline - From Synthesis to Practical Applications",slug:"introductory-chapter-polyaniline-from-synthesis-to-practical-applications",totalDownloads:967,totalDimensionsCites:2,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83397",abstract:null,book:{id:"7503",title:"Polyaniline - From Synthesis to Practical Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7503.jpg"},signatures:"Florin Nastase"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:1},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. 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He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. 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Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. 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His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. 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Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. 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He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. 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He obtained a Master’s degree in Public Health and PhD in Public Health and Epidemiology. He has a background in Clinical Medicine and has taken courses at higher diploma levels in public health from University of Transkei, Republic of South Africa, and African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Kasenga worked in different places in and outside Malawi, and has held various positions, such as Licensed Medical Officer, HIV/AIDS Programme Officer, HIV/AIDS resource person in the International Department of Diakonhjemet College, Oslo, Norway. He also managed an Integrated HIV/AIDS Prevention programme for over 5 years. He is currently working as a Director for the Health Ministries Department of Malawi Union of the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dr. Kasenga has published over 5 articles on HIV/AIDS issues focusing on Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT), including a book chapter on HIV testing counseling (currently in press). 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My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. 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Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. 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In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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