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Choong",authors:[{id:"80820",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Choong",fullName:"Peter Choong",slug:"peter-choong"},{id:"82173",title:"Dr.",name:"Michelle",middleName:"Maree",surname:"Dowsey",fullName:"Michelle Dowsey",slug:"michelle-dowsey"},{id:"96112",title:"Dr.",name:"Trisha",middleName:null,surname:"Peel",fullName:"Trisha Peel",slug:"trisha-peel"}]},{id:"26873",title:"Infections in Hip and Knee Arthroplasty: Challenges to and Chances for the Microbiological Laboratory",slug:"infections-in-hip-and-knee-arthroplasty-challenges-to-and-chances-for-the-microbiological-laboratory",signatures:"Peter Schäfer, Bernd Fink, Dieter Sandow and Lars Frommelt",authors:[{id:"65326",title:"Dr",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Schäfer",fullName:"Peter Schäfer",slug:"peter-schafer"},{id:"73692",title:"Prof.",name:"Bernd",middleName:null,surname:"Fink",fullName:"Bernd Fink",slug:"bernd-fink"},{id:"73693",title:"Prof.",name:"Dieter",middleName:null,surname:"Sandow",fullName:"Dieter Sandow",slug:"dieter-sandow"},{id:"73694",title:"Dr",name:"Lars",middleName:"E.",surname:"Frommelt",fullName:"Lars Frommelt",slug:"lars-frommelt"}]},{id:"26874",title:"Staphylococcus Infection Associated with Arthroplasty",slug:"staphylococcus-infection-associated-with-arthroplasty",signatures:"Weisheng Ye, Wei Shang and Yaqiong Yang",authors:[{id:"64538",title:"Prof.",name:"Weisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Ye",fullName:"Weisheng Ye",slug:"weisheng-ye"},{id:"149402",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",fullName:"Wei Shang",slug:"wei-shang"},{id:"149403",title:"Dr.",name:"Yaqiong",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Yaqiong Yang",slug:"yaqiong-yang"}]},{id:"26875",title:"Arthroplasty in HIV/SCD Carriers",slug:"arthroplasty-in-hiv-scd-carriers",signatures:"J. Bahebeck, D. Handy Eone, B. Ngo Nonga and T. Kingue Njie",authors:[{id:"66353",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Bahebeck",fullName:"Jean Bahebeck",slug:"jean-bahebeck"},{id:"149344",title:"Dr.",name:"Ndjie Kingue",middleName:null,surname:"Thompson",fullName:"Ndjie Kingue Thompson",slug:"ndjie-kingue-thompson"},{id:"149345",title:"Dr.",name:"Eone Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Handy",fullName:"Eone Daniel Handy",slug:"eone-daniel-handy"},{id:"149346",title:"Dr.",name:"Ngo Nonga",middleName:null,surname:"Bernadette",fullName:"Ngo Nonga Bernadette",slug:"ngo-nonga-bernadette"}]},{id:"26876",title:"Cervical Disc Arthroplasty",slug:"cervical-disc-arthroplasty",signatures:"Bruce V. Darden",authors:[{id:"74274",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruce V.",middleName:null,surname:"Darden",fullName:"Bruce V. Darden",slug:"bruce-v.-darden"}]},{id:"26877",title:"Lumbar Spinal Arthroplasty: Clinical Experience",slug:"lumbar-spinal-arthroplasty-clinical-experience",signatures:"Fred H. 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Currently, only BoNT-A and B are commercially available and, the most widely used isoform in both cosmetic and clinical dermatology is BoNT-A.
To date, only four BoNT-A formulations have received FDA approval for several indications. These include OnabotulinumtoxinA, AbobotulinumtoxinA, IncobotulinumtoxinA and, ProatobotulinumtoxinA [2, 3].
Following the initial approval of BoNT-A for glabellar wrinkles by the US Food and Drug administration in 2002, it has been widely used in cosmetic dermatology, for the treatment of hyperdynamic lines and the rebalancing of facial muscles. BoNT-A is currently the leading non-surgical cosmetic procedure, world -wide [2].
The mechanism of action of importance to the aesthetic use of the neurotoxin is chemical denervation and consequent relaxation of skeletal muscle. Post injection, BoNT-A binds to specific presynaptic receptors on the nerve terminal and subsequently becomes internalised into the presynaptic nerve by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Within the nerve terminal, the light and heavy chain of BoNT-A dissociate by the breakage of the disulfide bonds. The light chain, responsible for the action of the neurotoxin, cleaves SNAP-25 docking protein on the internal neuronal membrane, which plays a key role in the release of acetylcholine during nerve stimulation. Consequently, acetylcholine can no longer be released into the synaptic cleft and muscle stimulation is inhibited until such time as the function of the neuromuscular junction is restored, which normally requires 3 to 6 months [2].
In the past few years, the neuromodulator has gained attention in the field of a clinical dermatology, as an off-label treatment for inflammatory skin diseases and wound healing [4]. The skin is known to interact with the nervous system and there is accumulating evidence that the neurological system has a direct impact on cutaneous inflammation and wound healing. Hence a number of research groups have shown the benefit of BoNT-A injections in acne, rosacea, psoriasis, scar prevention and hypertophic scar treatment, androgenic alopecia and alopecia aerate as well as hyperhidrosis and several conditions exacerbated by sweating [4, 5].
Apart from chemical denervation of cholinergic nerves, other mechanisms have also been postulated as being responsible for the treatment of these conditions includes the inhibition of substance P, glutamate release and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and, the suppressions of mast cell activity [6, 7].
This review will address the role of BoNT-A in several non-cosmetic dermatological conditions for which there is current evidence.
Oily skin is a common dermatological condition reported by many patients, with and without acne. Clinically, the skin appears greasy and unclean with large open pores. Oily skin is troublesome and despite the several topical and systemic treatment options available, it is often difficult to control excessive serum secretion.
The treatment of oily skin with BoNT-A skin was first reported by Shah et al. in 2008 [8]. Twenty subjects with oily skin and large pores were injected intradermally with BoNT-A in the T-zone and evaluated one month post treatment. Photographic evidence of improvement in sebum secretion as well as patient satisfaction was noted in 17 of the 20 subjects [8].
In a prospective study, 25 patients were treated with intradermal injection of BoNT-A on the forehead and followed up for to three months. Sebum production, measured with a sebumeter, revealed a significant reduction in sebum secretion at 1 week and 1, 2 and 3 months after treatment [9]. Furthermore, twenty-one patients (91%) reported that they were satisfied (50–75% improvement) with intradermal botulinum toxin as a treatment for oily skin [9].
A recent split face-controlled study with BoNT-A on one cheek and saline on the other cheek showed a significant decrease in pore size and sebum score at four months in the BoNT-A side as compared to the saline control [10].
Within the sebaceous gland, sebocyte differentiation and sebum secretion are under the control of acetylcholine, since both immature and mature sebocytes express mucarinic acetylcholine receptors. Hence the mechanism of action of BoNT-A is postulated to be due to the inhibition of acetylcholine release into the synaptic cleft, where it normally binds to muscarinic receptors on the postsynaptic membrane [9, 10].
The initial step in Acne vulgaris is the formation of the microcomedo [12]. Several factors have been implicated including increased sebum secretion, ductal hyper-cornification and bacterial colonisation of the pilosebaceous unit by
Hence changes in sebaceous gland function and increased production of sebum are important causative factors in acne [13].
Li et al. showed immunohistochemical and immune-cytofluorescence evidence for the presence of cholinergic receptors in sebaceous glands [14]. Furthermore, the clinical relevance of these findings was assessed by a double-blind, split-face, placebo-controlled study on 20 volunteers. A marked decrease in sebum production was seen in the BoNT-A treated side as compared to the control involunteers with oily skin [14].
Therefore, the modulation of sebum secretion by blocking the activity of acetylcholine in sebocytes and suppression of the sebaceous gland may have a beneficial action in acne, especially in individuals with oily skin [14, 15]. Although there are no systematic clinical trials in this regard, there are some clinical observations to indicate that BoNT-A reduces acne flares. Patients with Tourette syndrome injected with 20–25 units of BoNT-A into the paranasal facial expression muscles, have shown a clearance of perinasal acne one to two weeks post-treatment with improvement persisting for four months [16]. An interesting outcome of a controlled study on BoNT-A treatment for facial wrinkles was the observation that the rate of acne breakouts in the treatment group was lower than that in the placebo group [17].
An additional benefit of BoNT-A in acne may be due to its inhibition of substance P, since it is known that this inflammatory intermediate stimulates lipogenesis in the sebaceous gland and contributes to the onset and aggravation of inflammation in acne [18].
Facial flushing, occurs due to the dilatation of facial capillaries which may be idiopathic or secondary to rosacea. It may be sporadic in nature, initiated by agents that act directly on blood vessels as well as due to stimuli such as alcohol, drugs, food additives, and neurological and hormonal stimuli including menopause. In the majority of cases, the treatment of flushing depends on the management of the underlying cause.
Many rosacea patients have morphological characteristics of more than one subtype of rosacea.
BoNT-A injections have been shown to be of value in the prevention of the erythema and flushing of rosacea. Case studies of two patients treated with intradermal injection of OnabotulinumtoxinA showed improvement in flushing within 2 weeks and the effect lasted for four months post treatment [22].
A case report involving mesotherapy with BoNT-A for the treatment of refractory erythematotelengiectatic and papulopustular rosacea showed significant reduction in erythema, telangiectasia and flushing [23].
In a larger double-blind split-face study, 24 participants with rosacea were randomised to receive intradermal injection of either BoNT-A or normal saline in both cheeks. On the BoNT-A treated side, the Clinician Erythema Assessment (CEA) score significantly decreased, and the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) score significantly increased up to 12 weeks post treatment [24].
BoNT-A injections may also be used in combination treatment protocols with energy based devices. In a recent study by Al-Niaimi and co-workers, intradermal BoNT-A injections were used following pulsed dye laser treatments for rosacea. Evaluation of erythema index by 3D camera showed a positive synergistic effect of the treatments with a reduction in grading scores of flushing and erythema [25]. In another study, 16 patients were treated with a Tixel device which causes mechanical disruption of the stratum corneum, followed by topical application of 100iu of Abobotulinumtoxin A. significant improvement of the maxameter sore, clinical erythema assessment (CEA) and patient self-assessment was shown for up to 6 months [26].
To date, the pathogenesis of rosacea has not been fully elucidated. However, several mechanisms have been postulated as being involved including acetylcholine release, imbalance of the innate immune system and the skin microbiota as well as abnormal neurovascular signalling [22]. The release of vasoactive neuropeptides including substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide and vascular endothelial growth factor as well as cathelicidins are believed to lead to rosacea flares. Cathelicidins are antimicrobial peptides that play a major role in the pathogenesis of rosacea [27]. Recently mast cells have been proposed as being responsible for cathelicidin-induced skin inflammation [6].
Hence the postulated mechanism of BoNT-A in the reduction of Rosacea flares could be due to inhibition of acetylcholine release from peripheral nerves in the cutaneous vasodilator system [22], the inhibition of the vasoactive neuropeptides and cathelicidins as well as the inhibition of mast cell degranulation [6, 27].
BoNT-A injections have been studied in the treatment of certain non-scarring alopecias including alopecia areata and androgenic alopecia.
Thus far, the only study in the literature on the use of BoNT-A in AA is by Cho et al. [30]. The investigation involved the intradermal injections of 10 U of the neurotoxin in seven patients with AA and the results showed that BoNT-A cannot be used as an alternative treatment for recalcitrant androgenic AA [30]. Nonetheless, since BoNT-A has an effect on neuro-immunogenic mechanisms, namely the prevention of the release of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide, which modulate hair growth [31], further studies concerning the treatment efficacy of BoNT-A for mild to moderate AA are warranted.
The current hypothesis for the pathophysiology of androgenetic alopecia involves the role of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a metabolite of testosterone, as the causative factor. DHT is synthesised from testosterone via type II 5-alpha reductase enzyme (5-αR2). DHT accumulates in AGA-prone hair follicles which are sensitive to DHT resulting in the miniaturisation of the hair follicles and ultimately hair thinning, finally culminating in AGA. Consequently, most treatments for AGA target 5 alpha reductase enzyme. The commonly prescribed effective therapy for AGA is Finasteride. The drug reduces serum DHT and scalp tissue DHT by inhibiting 5-αR2. Apart from the genetic predisposition, hypoxia of the scalp is believed to increase the concentrations of DHT by reducing its clearance from the blood [33, 34, 35].
Pilot studies [33, 34, 35] have shown injections of BoNT-A in various areas of the scalp to be effective in the treatment of AA, resulting in an increase in mean hair count and a reduction in hair loss. The mechanism responsible has been postulated to be due to the relaxation of scalp muscles, thereby relieving scalp tension and resulting in a vasodilator effect. Ultimately the improved perfusion of the scalp along with the enhanced clearance of DHT are responsible for the potential efficacy in the treatment of AGA. A further benefit of the enhanced perfusion is the increased conversion of testosterone to oestradiol, which is known to enhance hair growth.
However, despite the promising results shown in these studies, further investigations such as randomised controlled trials are necessary to establish the benefit of BoNT-A in AGA.
Scars and keloids are a consequence of a dysregulation of the normal wound healing reaction. Wound healing occurs through organised sequential steps of haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and tissue remodelling. Each of steps of the wound healing cascade is dependent upon several cytokines and growth factors. Interaction among these processes results in the synthesis of collagen over the surface of the wound. On a contrary note, an alteration in the molecular factors, complex network of pro-fibrotic, and anti-fibrotic molecules such as growth factors, proteolytic enzymes, and extracellular matrix proteins may lead to the formation of hypertrophic scars and keloids [36].
Scars have a negative effect on the patient’s quality of life as they may impact on the patient both functionally and cosmetically. There are currently various therapeutic approaches in the management of scars including silicone dressings, energy-based devices, surgical excision, cryotherapy and intralesional steroid injections. However, to date, there is not definitive cure and typically combination approaches are employed for the management of scars [37].
The mechanism of action of BoNT-A in the prevention of hypertrophic and keloid scar formation is partially believed to be due to a reduction in fibroblast proliferation and the expression of the inflammatory cytokineTGF-β, one of the main intermediates responsible for scar formation [38]. The neuromodulator also suppresses the proliferation of fibroblasts in hypertrophic scar tissue [39].
An additional contributing factor to hypertrophic scar and keloid formation is tension on the scar [40]. Hence, BoNT-A may modulate and possibly prevent scar formation by reducing muscle contraction and decreasing skin tension in the scar area.
In a double-blind, split-scar randomised controlled trial in 15 patients with post-thyroidectomy scars. Patients were injected within 10 days of surgery and evaluated at 6 months. Results showed a significant improvement in the BoNT-A treated half of the scar as compared to the saline-treated control [41].
A recent randomised controlled trial in 24 patients with keloids revealed that 5 iu/sq.cm of BoNT-A, injected every 8 weeks for a total of three session, was as effective in softening the keloids and reducing their volume, as intralesional corticosteroids, which are considered the first-line treatment for keloids [42]. Both lesion height and volume were decreased in both cases, however BoNT-A was found to be superior in reducing pain and itch associated with keloids [42]. However, in a prospective uncontrolled study by Gauglitz, patients were injected every 2 months for up to 6 months and the results showed no differences in expression of markers and no regression of keloid tissue was found [43].
Despite the inconsistency in results found in the various studies to date, the role of BoNT-A in the prevention and treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids does show potential. As such, more structured large- scale double-blind, controlled trials and long-term follow up are warranted to determine the value of BoNT-A in the management and prevention of hypertrophic scars and keloids.
Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a very painful conditions which typically occurs post herpes zoster virus infection and can last up to three months, following the initial viral infection. The local neuropathic pain and the sleep disturbances associated with PHN, impacts negatively on the patients quality of life. Conventional treatment approaches include topical agents such as capsaicin and topical anaesthetics as well as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, gabapentin and tricyclic antidepressants [44]. However the pain and discomfort may be resistant to all of these drugs.
Xiao et all enrolled 60 patients in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study whereby patients were divided into three groups; BoNT-A group, saline group and 0.5% lidocaine group. All patients were treated once, with the BoNT-A group receiving a maximum dose of 200iu by intra and subcutaneous injections. The patients were followed up for a period of three months. Of the three groups, the BoNT-A group exhibited the most significant improvement in the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and sleep quality [45].
In another randomised control trial where 30 patients with PHN were treated with either placebo or a total dose of 200iu BoNT-A, the BoNT-A patients showed a significant reduction in Visual Analog Scale pain sores and which lasted for 16 weeks [46].
The mechanism of pain reduction by BoNT-A is believed to be due to the inhibition of various inflammatory intermediates including calcitonin gene-related peptide, glutamate and substance P.
BoNT-A is an established treatment option for primary axillary and focal idiopathic hyperhydrosis and in 2004 OnabotulinumtoxinA received FDA approval for severe primary axillary hyperhidrosis [47, 48]. BoNT-A inhibits the release of acetylcholine from sympathetic nerve fibres that stimulate the eccrine sweat glands and leads to a decrease in sweat production. Several dermatological conditions are exacerbated by sweat and these include Hidradenitis suppurativa, pompholyx, and several genodermatoses including Haily-Haily disease, Darrier disease, Epidermolysis bullosa simplex and Epidemolysis bullosa simples Weber-Cockayne Type, and Pachyonychia Congenita.
The first case report of HS of the axillae treated with BoNT-A was in 2005 in a young female who was successfully treated with a single dose of the neurotoxin and remained symptom free for ten months [50].
Thereafter, other case reports confirmed the efficacy of BoNT-A in cases of recalcitrant HS [51, 52, 53].
The precise mechanism of action of BoNT-A in HS is unclear but it is believed to be due to the inhibition of sweat production. A moist environment in the inguinal folds and axillae predisposes to maceration and the proliferation of bacteria that precipitate the inflammation and symptoms of HS. Hence the maintenance of a dry environment in the affected areas reduces the population of skin flora and potentially relieves the condition [54].
Improvement in vesiculation and itch has been shown with intradermal injections of BoNT-A in seven out of ten patients, where one hand was injected with 100 iu of the neurotoxin and the other hand was injected with a saline control. The efficacy of BoNT-A in pompholyx is not solely due to its anhidrotic action but due to its inhibition of substance P [55].
Certain genodermatoses such as
Recently a retrospective study of eight patients who were treated with topical BoNT-A post application of the Tixel thermo-mechanical ablative system, showed positive results, with seven patients (87.5%) experiencing good or partial response [59].
A recent systematic review of sixteen publications including a total of 38 patients revealed that of all the cases, only one patient did not have a response while all the other patients had partial or complete remission.
BoNT-A was found to be an encouraging treatment option in recalcitrant HH disease [60].
Case reports on the use of BoNT-A injections have been shown to significantly improve the lesions and symptoms of Dariers disease.
A recent open label 6-month interventional study in three patients with the neurotoxin resulted in a reduction in skin lesions in the affected area and consequently had a positive impact on the patients quality of life [58].
In a case series, three patients with PC injected with BoNT-A, experienced decrease in pain and discomfort [64]. A report of two cases treated with plantar injection of BoNT-A for PC, resulted in marked improvement for a duration of six months with no adverse effects or tachyphylaxis [65].
In a recent study, Koren et al. treated five patients with PC and found significant improvement of between 20 and 72% in the PC specific quality of life questionnaire. The duration of effect lasted between 3 and 4 months [66].
Plaque Psoriasis is an inflammatory disease that presents as small to large, well-demarcated dry and red scaly plaques covered with silvery flakes, which may be painful and itchy. Typically, the lower back, trunk, elbows and knees are involved but it may occur on any part of the body. Inverse psoriasis, sometimes also known as intertriginous psoriasis, is a form of psoriasis that affects skin folds.
Psoriasis is often associated with nail and scalp psoriasis. The condition is associated with multiple comorbidities and markedly diminishes the patients’ quality of life.
Whilst topical therapies remain the basis for treating mild psoriasis, currently, biologics that inhibit inflammatory intermediates such as TNF-α and IL-17 are the treatments of choice for moderate to severe disease [67].
Psoriasis is associated with high levels of Calcitonin Gene-related peptide and Substance P and consequently BoNT-A has been shown to be effective in managing both, consequently reducing both itch and pain [68, 69].
G Gonzales et al. treated eight patients with stable and recalcitrant plaque psoriasis, with subcutaneous injections of AbobotulinumtoxinA at a dose of 5 units every square cm. The patients were then evaluated at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment. The outcome was a significant improvement in all patients, 4 weeks after treatment, with no significant side effects [70].
In a split body comparative study, thirty five patients with chronic plaque psoriasis were treated with either intradermal BoNT-A or 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Treatment outcomes were assessed by two blinded observers and the criteria included induction scores, erythema, scaling and induration were evaluated. No significant difference was found between the two sides regarding the clinical response. The response rate was found to be 85% on the BoNT-A side and 90% on the 5-FU side [71].
In this chapter the current off-label use of BoNT-A in various clinical, non-cosmetic dermatological conditions, has been reviewed. The neuromodulator has a complex mechanism of action, which to date has not been fully elucidated. However, it is clear that there is great potential for its therapeutic use in various skin condition associated with pain, inflammation and with hyperhydrosis.
Many of these disorders are chronic conditions and consequently will require repeat injections of BoNT-A, hence it is important to establish the long-term safety and efficacy of the neuromodulator.
The long-term safety of BoNT-A is well-established, yet there remains the potential for tachyphylaxis with cyclical treatments since we know that BoNT-A has an immunogenic potential.
Experience with BoNT-A for cosmetic indications, where doses of up to 100 units are injected every 4–6 months, has shown a very low incidence of immunoresistance. Hence we may assume that the development of neutralising antibodies to BoNT-A is very rare. However, it appears that the key factors in this regard may be the treatment frequency and the dose injected per session.
The evidence to date for the clinical efficacy of BoNT-A in many of these conditions is based on Level V case reports, with diverse treatment protocols, and a very few randomised controlled trials.
Hence further systematic double-blind randomised trials with larger patient populations are warranted to establish the role of BoNT-A in these clinical non-cosmetic dermatological conditions. Furthermore, basic research into the role of BoNT-A in the modulation of neuropeptides and hence it effects on the cutaneous neuroimmune system are required. In conclusion, a consensus on the injection protocol and dosing regimen for each indication is essential.
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",metaTitle:"Waiver Policy",metaDescription:"We feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their research. With the need to make scientific research more publically available and support the benefits of Open Access, more institutions and funders have dedicated funds to assist their faculty members and researchers cover the APCs associated with publishing in Open Access. Below we have outlined several options available to secure financing for your Open Access publication.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/waiver-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
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\n\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\n\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\n\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\n\nFor Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\n\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
\n\nWhile providing support and advice to all our international Authors, waiver priority will be given to those Authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an Author might live.
\n\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
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The basis for calculating the optimal movement route is a ground surface layer, which is then modified by algorithmic and criterion relationships with the layers of hypsometry, weather attack, and the activities of enemy and friendly units. The result of mathematical model calculations is a time-optimized and safe movement route displayed on the topographic basis. The experiments realized have verified the function of the optimal movement route model when neither the reconnaissance group nor the autonomous vehicle was observed by the enemy. The total time of the UGV with the use of the TDSS to cover the route of maneuver was 67 minutes shorter than the real time of the BRAVO group movement with the use of the TDSS and 105 minutes shorter than the real time of the ALFA group without the use of the TDSS. The comparison of responses to the attack shows that the BRAVO group using the Maneuver Control System (MCS CZ) as part of the TDSS has destroyed the attackers faster by 71 seconds than the ALFA group without the use of the TDSS.",book:{id:"7779",slug:"path-planning-for-autonomous-vehicles-ensuring-reliable-driverless-navigation-and-control-maneuver",title:"Path Planning for Autonomous Vehicle",fullTitle:"Path Planning for Autonomous Vehicles - Ensuring Reliable Driverless Navigation and Control Maneuver"},signatures:"Jan Nohel, Petr Stodola and Zdeněk Flasar",authors:[{id:"162332",title:"Prof.",name:"Petr",middleName:null,surname:"Stodola",slug:"petr-stodola",fullName:"Petr Stodola"},{id:"286639",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Nohel",slug:"jan-nohel",fullName:"Jan Nohel"},{id:"287297",title:"Prof.",name:"Zdenek",middleName:null,surname:"Flasar",slug:"zdenek-flasar",fullName:"Zdenek Flasar"}]},{id:"51781",doi:"10.5772/64730",title:"Application of Sampling-Based Motion Planning Algorithms in Autonomous Vehicle Navigation",slug:"application-of-sampling-based-motion-planning-algorithms-in-autonomous-vehicle-navigation",totalDownloads:2407,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"With the development of the autonomous driving technology, the autonomous vehicle has become one of the key issues for supporting our daily life and economical activities. One of the challenging research areas in autonomous vehicle is the development of an intelligent motion planner, which is able to guide the vehicle in dynamic changing environments. In this chapter, a novel sampling-based navigation architecture is introduced, which employs the optimal properties of RRT* planner and the low running time property of low-dispersion sampling-based algorithms. Furthermore, a novel segmentation method is proposed, which divides the sampling domain into valid and tabu segments. The resulted navigation architecture is able to guide the autonomous vehicle in complex situations such as takeover or crowded environments. The performance of the proposed method is tested through simulation in different scenarios and also by comparing the performances of RRT and RRT* algorithms. The proposed method provides near-optimal solutions with smaller trees and in lower running time.",book:{id:"5285",slug:"autonomous-vehicle",title:"Autonomous Vehicle",fullTitle:"Autonomous Vehicle"},signatures:"Weria Khaksar, Khairul Salleh Mohamed Sahari and Tang Sai Hong",authors:[{id:"182534",title:"Dr.",name:"Weria",middleName:null,surname:"Khaksar",slug:"weria-khaksar",fullName:"Weria Khaksar"}]},{id:"70899",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90552",title:"Traditional and New Types of Passive Flow Control Techniques to Pave the Way for High Maneuverability and Low Structural Weight for UAVs and MAVs",slug:"traditional-and-new-types-of-passive-flow-control-techniques-to-pave-the-way-for-high-maneuverabilit",totalDownloads:969,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Prevailing utilization of airfoils in the design of micro air vehicles and wind turbines causes to gain attention in terms of determination of flow characterization on these flight vehicles operating at low Reynolds numbers. Thus, these vehicles require flow control techniques to reduce flow phenomena such as boundary layer separation or laminar separation bubble (LSB) affecting aerodynamic performance negatively. This chapter presents a detailed review of traditional passive control techniques for flight vehicle applications operating at low Reynolds numbers. In addition to the traditional methods, a new concept of the pre-stall controller by means of roughness material, flexibility and partial flexibility is highlighted with experimental and numerical results. Results indicate that passive flow control methods can dramatically increase the aerodynamic performance of the aforementioned vehicles by controlling the LSB occurring in the pre-stall region. The control of the LSB with new concept pre-stall control techniques provides lift increment and drag reduction by utilizing significantly less matter consumption and low energy. In particular, new types of these methods presented for the first time by the chapter’s authors have enormously influenced the progress of separation and LSB, resulting in postponing of the stall and enhancing the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine applications.",book:{id:"6864",slug:"autonomous-vehicles",title:"Autonomous Vehicles",fullTitle:"Autonomous Vehicles"},signatures:"Mustafa Serdar Genç, Kemal Koca, Hacımurat Demir and Halil Hakan Açıkel",authors:null},{id:"50979",doi:"10.5772/64064",title:"Cloud Robotics and Autonomous Vehicles",slug:"cloud-robotics-and-autonomous-vehicles",totalDownloads:2398,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Recently, a good amount of research has been focused on the development of the autonomous vehicles. Autonomous vehicles possess great potential in numerous challenging applications, for example, autonomous armoured fighting vehicles, automated highway systems, etc. To enable the usage of autonomous vehicles in such challenging applications, it is important to ensure the safety, efficiency, reliability and robustness of the system. Most of the existing implementations of the autonomous vehicles operate as standalone systems limited to onboard capabilities (computations, memory, data, etc.), which limit their potential and performance in real-world applications. The advent of the Internet and emerging advances in the cloud infrastructure suggests new methodologies where vehicles are not limited to onboard capabilities. Processing is also performed remotely on cloud to support different operations and to increase the proficiency of decision-making. This chapter surveys the research to date in the evolution of autonomous vehicles, cloud and cloud-enabled autonomous vehicles, with the limitations of existing systems, research challenges and possible future directions. The chapter can help new researchers in the field to understand and evaluate different approaches for the design of the autonomous vehicular systems.",book:{id:"5285",slug:"autonomous-vehicle",title:"Autonomous Vehicle",fullTitle:"Autonomous Vehicle"},signatures:"Khuram Shahzad",authors:[{id:"176926",title:"Mr.",name:"Khuram",middleName:null,surname:"Shahzad",slug:"khuram-shahzad",fullName:"Khuram Shahzad"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70899",title:"Traditional and New Types of Passive Flow Control Techniques to Pave the Way for High Maneuverability and Low Structural Weight for UAVs and MAVs",slug:"traditional-and-new-types-of-passive-flow-control-techniques-to-pave-the-way-for-high-maneuverabilit",totalDownloads:968,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Prevailing utilization of airfoils in the design of micro air vehicles and wind turbines causes to gain attention in terms of determination of flow characterization on these flight vehicles operating at low Reynolds numbers. Thus, these vehicles require flow control techniques to reduce flow phenomena such as boundary layer separation or laminar separation bubble (LSB) affecting aerodynamic performance negatively. This chapter presents a detailed review of traditional passive control techniques for flight vehicle applications operating at low Reynolds numbers. In addition to the traditional methods, a new concept of the pre-stall controller by means of roughness material, flexibility and partial flexibility is highlighted with experimental and numerical results. Results indicate that passive flow control methods can dramatically increase the aerodynamic performance of the aforementioned vehicles by controlling the LSB occurring in the pre-stall region. The control of the LSB with new concept pre-stall control techniques provides lift increment and drag reduction by utilizing significantly less matter consumption and low energy. In particular, new types of these methods presented for the first time by the chapter’s authors have enormously influenced the progress of separation and LSB, resulting in postponing of the stall and enhancing the aerodynamic performance of wind turbine applications.",book:{id:"6864",slug:"autonomous-vehicles",title:"Autonomous Vehicles",fullTitle:"Autonomous Vehicles"},signatures:"Mustafa Serdar Genç, Kemal Koca, Hacımurat Demir and Halil Hakan Açıkel",authors:null},{id:"70496",title:"Sky-Farmers: Applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) in Agriculture",slug:"sky-farmers-applications-of-unmanned-aerial-vehicles-uav-in-agriculture",totalDownloads:1886,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are unpiloted flying robots. The term UAVs broadly encompasses drones, micro-, and nanoair/aerial vehicles. UAVs are largely made up of a main control unit, mounted with one or more fans or propulsion system to lift and push them through the air. Though initially developed and used by the military, UAVs are now used in surveillance, disaster management, firefighting, border-patrol, and courier services. In this chapter, applications of UAVs in agriculture are of particular interest with major focus on their uses in livestock and crop farming. This chapter discusses the different types of UAVs, their application in pest control, crop irrigation, health monitoring, animal mustering, geo-fencing, and other agriculture-related activities. Beyond applications, the advantages and potential benefits of UAVs in agriculture are also presented alongside discussions on business-related challenges and other open challenges that hinder the wide-spread adaptation of UAVs in agriculture.",book:{id:"6864",slug:"autonomous-vehicles",title:"Autonomous Vehicles",fullTitle:"Autonomous Vehicles"},signatures:"Chika Yinka-Banjo and Olasupo Ajayi",authors:null},{id:"63245",title:"Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Guidance, Navigation, and Control",slug:"autonomous-underwater-vehicle-guidance-navigation-and-control",totalDownloads:1285,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"A considerable volume of research has recently blossomed in the literature on autonomous underwater vehicles accepting recent developments in mathematical modeling and system identification; pitch control; information filtering and active sensing, including inductive sensors of ELF emissions and also optical sensor arrays for position, velocity, and orientation detection; grid navigation algorithms; and dynamic obstacle avoidance among others. In light of these modern developments, this article develops and compares integrative guidance, navigation, and control methodologies for the Naval Postgraduate School’s Phoenix, a submerged autonomous vehicle. The measure of merit reveals how well each of several methodologies cope with known and unknown disturbance currents that can be constant or harmonic while maintaining safe passage distance from underwater obstacles, in this case submerged mines.",book:{id:"6864",slug:"autonomous-vehicles",title:"Autonomous Vehicles",fullTitle:"Autonomous Vehicles"},signatures:"Timothy Sands and Kevin Bollino",authors:[{id:"258189",title:"Prof.",name:"Timothy",middleName:null,surname:"Sands",slug:"timothy-sands",fullName:"Timothy Sands"}]},{id:"70382",title:"Lunar Science: Internet for Space Tourism",slug:"lunar-science-internet-for-space-tourism",totalDownloads:684,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The increased interest in space exploration drives the development of novel technologies that are useful in other areas, such as aviation. The use of these technologies gives rise to new challenges and applications. Space tourism is an emerging application due to advances in space exploration technologies. This paper addresses two challenges aimed at ensuring continued internet access in space tourism. The first is designing network architecture to ensure continued internet access for space tourists aboard a space vehicle. The second is using aerial vehicle technology to enhance access to cloud content in areas with poor telecommunication infrastructure. The paper proposes the distributed handover algorithm ensuring that the space vehicle can execute handover from terrestrial wireless networks to aerial platforms and satellites as a last mile connection. It also proposes the concept of aerial diversity ensuring low cost access to cloud content. Performance simulation shows that the use of the distributed handover algorithm enhances channel capacity by 18.4% on average and reduces latency by 11.6% on average. The use of the cloud content access system incorporating aerial diversity enhances the channel capacity of terrestrial wireless networks by up to 85% on average.",book:{id:"6864",slug:"autonomous-vehicles",title:"Autonomous Vehicles",fullTitle:"Autonomous Vehicles"},signatures:"Ayodele Abiola Periola",authors:[{id:"278676",title:"Dr.",name:"Periola",middleName:null,surname:"Ayodele",slug:"periola-ayodele",fullName:"Periola Ayodele"}]},{id:"62626",title:"Virtual Simulation Platform for Training Semi-Autonomous Robotic Vehicles’ Operators",slug:"virtual-simulation-platform-for-training-semi-autonomous-robotic-vehicles-operators",totalDownloads:1190,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter covers the development of a virtual simulation platform for training a semiautonomous robotic vehicle (SARV) operator via an open-source game engine called Unity3D. The SARV such as remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) is becoming increasingly popular in the maritime industry for risky jobs in inhospitable environments. The primary element in carrying out underwater missions in a hostile environment lies within the skills and experience of an ROV pilot. Training for ROV pilots is essential to prevent damage to expensive field equipment during the real operations. The proposed simulator differs from the existing simulators in the market is the use of modern game engine software to develop a “serious game” for ROV pilot trainee at much lower cost and shorter time-to-market. The results revealed that proposed virtual simulator can develop a high-fidelity virtual reality training for the underwater operation guided by classification society.",book:{id:"6864",slug:"autonomous-vehicles",title:"Autonomous Vehicles",fullTitle:"Autonomous Vehicles"},signatures:"Cheng Siong Chin, Xionghu Zhong, Rongxin Cui, Chenguang Yang and Mohan Venkateshkumar",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1284",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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