Typical health impacts of some common pollutants found indoors.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6986",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Telomerase and non-Telomerase Mechanisms of Telomere Maintenance",title:"Telomerase and non-Telomerase Mechanisms of Telomere Maintenance",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book, Telomerase and non-Telomerase Mechanisms of Telomere Maintenance, is a collection of reviewed and relevant research chapters, offering a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the field of biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology. The book comprises single chapters authored by various researchers and edited by an expert active in the molecular biology research area. All chapters are individually complete but united under a common research topic. This publication aims to provide a thorough overview of the latest research efforts by international authors on biochemistry, genetics,and molecular biology, and open new possible research paths for further novel developments.\n\nA note from the publisher:\n\nIt is with great sadness and regret that we inform the contributing authors and readers of this book that the Editor, Dr Tammy A. Morrish, passed away during the publishing process of the book and before having a chance to see its publication. The book Telomerase and non-Telomerase Mechanisms of Telomere Maintenance was her first edited volume with us. Fruitful collaboration continued until her final days. We would like to acknowledge Dr Morrish's contribution to scientific publishing, which she made during years of dedicated work, and express our gratitude for her pleasant cooperation with us.",isbn:"978-1-78984-575-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-574-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-281-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73734",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"telomerase-and-non-telomerase-mechanisms-of-telomere-maintenance",numberOfPages:130,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"79b7d4e97e1e0722f4ce1309a2088be3",bookSignature:"Tammy A. Morrish",publishedDate:"April 1st 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6986.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4361,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:4,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 31st 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 19th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 17th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 8th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 7th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"275021",title:"Dr.",name:"Tammy A.",middleName:null,surname:"Morrish",slug:"tammy-a.-morrish",fullName:"Tammy A. Morrish",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275021/images/system/275021.jpeg",biography:"Tammy A. Morrish’s scientific interests were focused on understanding mechanisms of non-LTR retrotransposition during DNA repair and telomere maintenance in tumors and primary cells. From 2012-2015, she was an Assistant Professor at the Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology at the University of Toledo. Her postdoctoral training was at Johns Hopkins University in the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics where she received the Howard Temin Pathway to Independence Award from the NIH/NCI. Dr Morrish was also an American Society of Hematology Fellow Scholar and received funding from the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Michigan in the Department of Human Genetics and was awarded a Rackham Predoctoral Fellowship and an Overall Excellence in Research and Service Award. She also had a B.A. in biochemistry from the University of Texas.\n\nA note from publisher:\n\nIt is with great sadness and regret that we inform the contributing authors and readers of this book that the Editor, Dr Tammy A. Morrish, passed away during the publishing process of the book and before having a chance to see its publication. The book Telomerase and non-Telomerase Mechanisms of Telomere Maintenance was her first edited volume with us. Fruitful collaboration continued until her final days. We would like to acknowledge Dr Morrish\\'s contribution to scientific publishing, which she made during years of dedicated work, and express our gratitude for her pleasant cooperation with us.",institutionString:"Independent Scientist",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"47",title:"Cell Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology-cell-biology"}],chapters:[{id:"70617",title:"Telomerase Structure and Function, Activity and Its Regulation with Emerging Methods of Measurement in Eukaryotes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89506",slug:"telomerase-structure-and-function-activity-and-its-regulation-with-emerging-methods-of-measurement-i",totalDownloads:881,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The telomerase reverse transcriptase has an essential role in telomere maintenance which is very important in aging process and cancer biology. Recent studies have revealed three-dimensional architecture of both human and ciliate telomerase at about 25 Å resolution, using single particle electron microscopy (EM). Telomerase supplements the tandem array of simple-sequence repeats at chromosome ends to compensate for the DNA erosion inherent in genome replication which makes it to be distinct among polymerases. Telomeres are found at the end of eukaryotic linear chromosomes and proteins that bind to them and help to protect DNA from being recognized as double-strand breaks thus preventing end-to-end fusions. The activity of telomerase is tightly regulated at multiple levels of cellular development, from transcriptional regulation of the telomerase components to holoenzyme biogenesis and recruitment to the telomere site for activation and processing. Commonly used methods in telomere biology are telomere restriction fragment (TRF), telomere repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) and telomere dysfunction induced foci (TIF) analysis. This chapter summarizes our current knowledge on the mechanisms of telomerase recruitment and activation using insights from studies in mammals and budding and fission yeasts. Finally, we discuss the differences in telomere homeostasis between different cell types and non-telomerase telomere maintenance mechanisms.",signatures:"Prem Singh Yadav and Abubakar Muhammad Wakil",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70617",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70617",authors:[{id:"289144",title:"Prof.",name:"Prem Singh",surname:"Yadav",slug:"prem-singh-yadav",fullName:"Prem Singh Yadav"},{id:"296640",title:"Dr.",name:"Abubakar Muhammad",surname:"Wakil",slug:"abubakar-muhammad-wakil",fullName:"Abubakar Muhammad Wakil"}],corrections:null},{id:"67277",title:"Telomerase in Space and Time: Regulation of Yeast Telomerase Function at Telomeres and DNA Breaks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85750",slug:"telomerase-in-space-and-time-regulation-of-yeast-telomerase-function-at-telomeres-and-dna-breaks",totalDownloads:943,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A development of new strategies against telomerase-associated disorders, such as dyskeratosis congenita, aplastic anemia or cancer, relies on a detailed understanding of telomerase life cycle and the multiple layers of its regulation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a prime model to study telomerase function and it has already revealed many conserved pathways for telomerase biology. In this chapter, we review the current knowledge of the regulatory pathways that control telomerase function in budding yeast. In particular, we discuss the cell cycle-dependent assembly of telomerase and its recruitment to telomeres. We also focus on the mechanisms that target telomerase to short telomeres. Finally, we discuss possible pathways that inhibit telomerase function at DNA double-strand breaks, thus limiting deleterious de novo telomere addition events.",signatures:"Yulia Vasianovich, Alexandra Krallis and Raymund Wellinger",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67277",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67277",authors:[{id:"289209",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Raymund J.",surname:"Wellinger",slug:"raymund-j.-wellinger",fullName:"Raymund J. Wellinger"},{id:"289211",title:"BSc.",name:"Alexandra",surname:"Krallis",slug:"alexandra-krallis",fullName:"Alexandra Krallis"},{id:"294988",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",surname:"Vasianovich",slug:"yulia-vasianovich",fullName:"Yulia Vasianovich"}],corrections:null},{id:"66947",title:"Telomere Formation Systems in Budding and Fission Yeasts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86176",slug:"telomere-formation-systems-in-budding-and-fission-yeasts",totalDownloads:922,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Telomeres are specialized structures essential for genomic stability in eukaryotic cells. Inducible systems causing telomere shortening or telomere formation from short tracts of telomere repeats were developed in the late 1990s in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and have been adapted to investigate multiple aspects of telomere biology. In the formation system, an internal tract of telomere repeats is placed next to an inducible double-strand break. Inducing the break converts the telomere tract into a functional telomere whose fate can be followed kinetically and allows one to assay elongation, protein recruitment, and the DNA damage checkpoint activation. This work was extended to Schizosaccharomyces pombe, as it shares some features of telomeric chromatin with mammalian cells that are missing in S. cerevisiae. The S. pombe system has revealed novel aspects of telomeric chromatin formation and similarities with S. cerevisiae. This chapter will review these past discoveries in different yeast model organisms, and what they reveal about telomere physiology that may well be conserved in mammals.",signatures:"Julien Audry and Kurt W. Runge",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66947",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66947",authors:[{id:"119877",title:"Dr.",name:"Kurt",surname:"Runge",slug:"kurt-runge",fullName:"Kurt Runge"},{id:"292616",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Julien",surname:"Audry",slug:"julien-audry",fullName:"Julien Audry"}],corrections:null},{id:"68983",title:"Syndromes Associated with Telomere Shortening",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88792",slug:"syndromes-associated-with-telomere-shortening",totalDownloads:939,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"We know that chromosomes are threadlike structures of nucleic acids and proteins, which are found in the nucleus of most living cells. They carry genetic information in the form of genes. Chromosomes are protected at their ends by a specialized structure called telomere. With each replicative cycle, the telomeres get shortened preventing uncontrolled replications. Telomeres perform several functions like protect the chromosome ends from sticking together, solve the end of replication problem, and limit the number of cell divisions. It is considered that telomeres are associated with cancer incidence and mortality. Telomere DNA has repetitive sequences (5′-TTAGGG-3′ in human), which is lengthened at the 3′ end by a special ribonucleoprotein enzyme called telomerase. Short telomeres are associated with early senescence, genomic instability, and apoptosis of cells. Short telomeres can result due to several factors including environmental factors, external factors like smoking, stress, as well as due to mutations in the components of telomere or telomerase. Short telomeres are associated with several disorders and diseases, such as dyskeratosis congenita, aplastic anemia, pulmonary fibrosis, and even cancer. Thus, it is important to understand how telomeres are associated with these diseases and what can be done to prevent such conditions.",signatures:"Snehasish Nag",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68983",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68983",authors:[{id:"289022",title:"Mr.",name:"Snehasish",surname:"Nag",slug:"snehasish-nag",fullName:"Snehasish Nag"}],corrections:null},{id:"67048",title:"Telomeres and Telomerase Activity in the Human Placenta",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86327",slug:"telomeres-and-telomerase-activity-in-the-human-placenta",totalDownloads:679,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Placenta is a transient organ ensuring the intrauterine development of the individual. To meet fetal requirements, rapid and continuous cell proliferation enlarges the areas of tissues maintaining maternofetal transport. The cell division in placenta is accompanied with shortening of telomeres leading to cell senescence. Telomerase activity, on the other hand, ensures replication of telomeres and allows the organ to serve till the end of pregnancy. This balanced process may be negatively influenced by unfavorable circumstances. Here, we summarize available data on telomere length as well as telomerase activity in placentas from normal and complicated pregnancies; attention is also paid to the comparison of methods used in relevant studies.",signatures:"Marie Jirkovská, Marie Korabečná and Soňa Laššáková",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67048",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67048",authors:[{id:"90383",title:"Prof.",name:"Marie",surname:"Jirkovská",slug:"marie-jirkovska",fullName:"Marie Jirkovská"},{id:"289686",title:"Prof.",name:"Marie",surname:"Korabečná",slug:"marie-korabecna",fullName:"Marie Korabečná"},{id:"295751",title:"MSc.",name:"Soňa",surname:"Laššáková",slug:"sona-lassakova",fullName:"Soňa Laššáková"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6964",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"045f3a964a9628162956abc06ef5777d",slug:"cell-culture",bookSignature:"Radwa Ali Mehanna",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6964.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182118",title:"Dr.",name:"Radwa Ali",surname:"Mehanna",slug:"radwa-ali-mehanna",fullName:"Radwa Ali Mehanna"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",slug:"keratin",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6683",title:"Ion Channels in Health and Sickness",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8b02f45497488912833ba5b8e7cdaae8",slug:"ion-channels-in-health-and-sickness",bookSignature:"Kaneez Fatima Shad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6683.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31988",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaneez",surname:"Fatima Shad",slug:"kaneez-fatima-shad",fullName:"Kaneez Fatima Shad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8774",title:"Programmed Cell Death",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0459d0c7a518f61817a48fd4709c35bd",slug:"programmed-cell-death",bookSignature:"Hala Gali-Muhtasib and Omar Nasser Rahal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8774.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"57145",title:"Prof.",name:"Hala",surname:"Gali-Muhtasib",slug:"hala-gali-muhtasib",fullName:"Hala Gali-Muhtasib"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. 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Heller, Preeta Dasgupta, Nicolas J. Dorsey, Svetlana P. Chapoval and Achsah D. Keegan",authors:[{id:"64023",title:"Prof.",name:"Achsah",middleName:"Dorsey",surname:"Keegan",fullName:"Achsah Keegan",slug:"achsah-keegan"},{id:"70016",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicola",middleName:null,surname:"Heller",fullName:"Nicola Heller",slug:"nicola-heller"},{id:"70017",title:"Ms.",name:"Preeta",middleName:null,surname:"Dasgupta",fullName:"Preeta Dasgupta",slug:"preeta-dasgupta"},{id:"70019",title:"Ms.",name:"Nicolas",middleName:null,surname:"Dorsey",fullName:"Nicolas Dorsey",slug:"nicolas-dorsey"},{id:"70021",title:"Dr.",name:"Svetlana P.",middleName:null,surname:"Chapoval",fullName:"Svetlana P. Chapoval",slug:"svetlana-p.-chapoval"}]},{id:"31773",title:"Enzymatic and Chemical Modifications of Food Allergens",slug:"enzymatic-and-chemical-modifications-of-food-allergens",signatures:"Dragana Stanić-Vučinić and Tanja Ćirković Veličković",authors:[{id:"69834",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Stanic-Vucinic",fullName:"Dragana Stanic-Vucinic",slug:"dragana-stanic-vucinic"},{id:"69858",title:"Prof.",name:"Tanja",middleName:null,surname:"Cirkovic Velickovic",fullName:"Tanja Cirkovic Velickovic",slug:"tanja-cirkovic-velickovic"}]},{id:"31774",title:"Characterization of Seafood Proteins Causing Allergic Diseases",slug:"characterization-of-seafood-proteins-causing-allergic-diseases",signatures:"Anas M. Abdel Rahman, Robert J. Helleur, Mohamed F. Jeebhay and Andreas L. Lopata",authors:[{id:"62982",title:"Dr.",name:"Anas",middleName:"M",surname:"Abdel Rahman",fullName:"Anas Abdel Rahman",slug:"anas-abdel-rahman"},{id:"115468",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Helleur",fullName:"Robert Helleur",slug:"robert-helleur"},{id:"115470",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:"Fareed",surname:"Jeebhay",fullName:"Mohamed Jeebhay",slug:"mohamed-jeebhay"},{id:"115472",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Lopata",fullName:"Andreas Lopata",slug:"andreas-lopata"}]},{id:"31775",title:"Birch Pollen-Related Food Allergy: An Excellent Disease Model to Understand the Relevance of Immunological Cross-Reactivity for Allergy",slug:"birch-pollen-related-food-allergy-an-excellent-disease-model-to-understand-the-relevance-of-immunolo",signatures:"Brinda Subbarayal, Marija Geroldinger-Simic and Barbara Bohle",authors:[{id:"67762",title:"Prof.",name:"Barbara",middleName:null,surname:"Bohle",fullName:"Barbara Bohle",slug:"barbara-bohle"},{id:"68331",title:"MSc.",name:"Brinda",middleName:null,surname:"Subbarayal",fullName:"Brinda Subbarayal",slug:"brinda-subbarayal"},{id:"68332",title:"Dr.",name:"Marija",middleName:null,surname:"Geroldinger-Simic",fullName:"Marija Geroldinger-Simic",slug:"marija-geroldinger-simic"}]},{id:"31776",title:"Anaphylaxis: Etiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis and Management",slug:"anaphylaxis-etiology-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-management",signatures:"Aslı Gelincik and Suna Büyüköztürk",authors:[{id:"68677",title:"Dr.",name:"Asli",middleName:null,surname:"Gelincik",fullName:"Asli Gelincik",slug:"asli-gelincik"},{id:"69179",title:"Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Buyukozturk",fullName:"Suna Buyukozturk",slug:"suna-buyukozturk"}]},{id:"31777",title:"Allergic Airway Inflammation",slug:"allergic-airway-inflammation",signatures:"Gabriel Morán, Claudio Henriquez and Hugo Folch",authors:[{id:"64090",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Morán",fullName:"Gabriel Morán",slug:"gabriel-moran"},{id:"129881",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Henriquez",fullName:"Claudio Henriquez",slug:"claudio-henriquez"},{id:"129882",title:"Dr.",name:"Hugo",middleName:null,surname:"Folch",fullName:"Hugo Folch",slug:"hugo-folch"}]},{id:"31778",title:"Asthma and Sensitization Pattern in Children",slug:"asthma-and-sensitization-pattern-in-children",signatures:"Ute Langen",authors:[{id:"64581",title:"Dr.",name:"Ute",middleName:null,surname:"Langen",fullName:"Ute Langen",slug:"ute-langen"}]},{id:"31779",title:"Wheezing Infant",slug:"wheezing-infant",signatures:"Yukinori Yoshida, Tomoshige Matsumoto, Makoto Kameda, Tomoki Nishikido, Isamu Takamatsu and Satoru Doi",authors:[{id:"70150",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomoshige",middleName:null,surname:"Matsumoto",fullName:"Tomoshige Matsumoto",slug:"tomoshige-matsumoto"},{id:"97712",title:"Dr.",name:"Yukinori",middleName:null,surname:"Yoshida",fullName:"Yukinori Yoshida",slug:"yukinori-yoshida"},{id:"103503",title:"Dr.",name:"Makoto",middleName:null,surname:"Kameda",fullName:"Makoto Kameda",slug:"makoto-kameda"},{id:"103522",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomoki",middleName:null,surname:"Nishikido",fullName:"Tomoki Nishikido",slug:"tomoki-nishikido"},{id:"103679",title:"Dr.",name:"Isamu",middleName:null,surname:"Takamatsu",fullName:"Isamu Takamatsu",slug:"isamu-takamatsu"},{id:"103682",title:"Dr.",name:"Satoru",middleName:null,surname:"Doi",fullName:"Satoru Doi",slug:"satoru-doi"}]},{id:"31780",title:"Comorbidities of Allergic Rhinitis",slug:"co-morbidities-of-allergic-rhinitis",signatures:"Doo Hee Han and Chae-Seo Rhee",authors:[{id:"65555",title:"Prof.",name:"Chae-Seo",middleName:null,surname:"Rhee",fullName:"Chae-Seo Rhee",slug:"chae-seo-rhee"},{id:"68110",title:"Dr.",name:"Doo Hee",middleName:null,surname:"Han",fullName:"Doo Hee Han",slug:"doo-hee-han"}]},{id:"31781",title:"Allergy and Benign Lesions of the Vocal Cord Mucosa",slug:"the-role-of-allergy-in-the-etiology-of-reinke",signatures:"Alenka Kravos",authors:[{id:"65009",title:"MSc.",name:"Alenka",middleName:null,surname:"Kravos",fullName:"Alenka Kravos",slug:"alenka-kravos"}]},{id:"31782",title:"Drug Hypersensitivity",slug:"cellular-tests-in-the-diagnosis-of-drug-hypersensitivity",signatures:"María L. Sanz, Cristobalina Mayorga, Ruben Martínez-Aranguren and Pedro M. Gamboa",authors:[{id:"69766",title:"Prof.",name:"María L",middleName:null,surname:"Sanz",fullName:"María L Sanz",slug:"maria-l-sanz"}]},{id:"31783",title:"Diagnosis and Management of Cows' Milk Protein Allergy in Infants",slug:"diagnosis-and-management-of-cows-milk-protein-allergy-in-infants",signatures:"Elisabeth De Greef, Thierry Devreker, Bruno Hauser and Yvan Vandenplas",authors:[{id:"68130",title:"Prof.",name:"Yvan",middleName:null,surname:"Vandenplas",fullName:"Yvan Vandenplas",slug:"yvan-vandenplas"},{id:"126163",title:"Dr.",name:"Gigi",middleName:null,surname:"Veereman-Wauters",fullName:"Gigi Veereman-Wauters",slug:"gigi-veereman-wauters"},{id:"127716",title:"Dr.",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Veereman-Wauters",fullName:"Veereman-Wauters",slug:"veereman-wauters"}]},{id:"31784",title:"Natural Rubber Latex Allergy",slug:"natural-rubber-latex-allergy",signatures:"Ana Maria Sell and Jeane Eliete Laguila Visentainer",authors:[{id:"63282",title:"PhD.",name:"Jeane",middleName:"Eliete Laguila",surname:"Visentainer",fullName:"Jeane Visentainer",slug:"jeane-visentainer"},{id:"64275",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",middleName:"Maria",surname:"Sell",fullName:"Ana Sell",slug:"ana-sell"}]},{id:"31785",title:"Psychological Factors in Asthma and Psychoeducational Interventions",slug:"psychological-factors-in-asthma-and-psychoeducational-interventions",signatures:"Lia Fernandes",authors:[{id:"67367",title:"Prof.",name:"Lia",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandes",fullName:"Lia Fernandes",slug:"lia-fernandes"}]},{id:"31786",title:"Obesity, Diet, Exercise and Asthma in Children",slug:"diet-obesity-exercise-and-asthma-in-children",signatures:"Luis Garcia-Marcos and Manuel Sanchez-Solis",authors:[{id:"67592",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Garcia-Marcos",fullName:"Luis Garcia-Marcos",slug:"luis-garcia-marcos"}]},{id:"31787",title:"Asthma and Health Related Quality of Life in Childhood and Adolescence",slug:"health-related-quality-of-life-in-children-with-asthma",signatures:"Esther Hafkamp-de Groen and Hein Raat",authors:[{id:"65735",title:"Dr.",name:"Hein",middleName:null,surname:"Raat",fullName:"Hein Raat",slug:"hein-raat"},{id:"134155",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Hafkamp - de Groen",fullName:"Esther Hafkamp - de Groen",slug:"esther-hafkamp-de-groen"}]},{id:"31788",title:"Specific Immunotherapy and Central Immune System",slug:"specific-immunotherapy-and-central-immune-system-",signatures:"Celso Pereira, Graça Loureiro, Beatriz Tavares and Filomena Botelho",authors:[{id:"66336",title:"Prof.",name:"Celso",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",fullName:"Celso Pereira",slug:"celso-pereira"},{id:"66342",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Tavares",fullName:"Beatriz Tavares",slug:"beatriz-tavares"},{id:"66343",title:"Dr.",name:"Graça",middleName:null,surname:"Loureiro",fullName:"Graça Loureiro",slug:"graca-loureiro"},{id:"66344",title:"Prof.",name:"Filomena",middleName:null,surname:"Botelho",fullName:"Filomena Botelho",slug:"filomena-botelho"}]},{id:"31789",title:"β2-Adrenoceptor Agonists and Allergic Disease: The Enhancing Effect of β2-Adrenoceptor Agonists on Cytokine-Induced TSLP Production by Human Lung Tissue Cells",slug:"beta2-adrenoceptor-agonists-and-allergic-disease-the-enhancing-effect-of-beta2-adrenoceptor-agonists",signatures:"Akio Matsuda and Kyoko Futamura",authors:[{id:"63896",title:"Dr.",name:"Akio",middleName:null,surname:"Matsuda",fullName:"Akio Matsuda",slug:"akio-matsuda"},{id:"66899",title:"Dr.",name:"Kyoko",middleName:null,surname:"Futamura",fullName:"Kyoko Futamura",slug:"kyoko-futamura"}]},{id:"31790",title:"Microbiota and Allergy: From Dysbiosis to Probiotics",slug:"microbiota-and-allergy-from-dysbiosis-to-probiotics",signatures:"Anne-Judith Waligora-Dupriet and Marie-José Butel",authors:[{id:"65930",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne-Judith",middleName:null,surname:"Waligora-Dupriet",fullName:"Anne-Judith Waligora-Dupriet",slug:"anne-judith-waligora-dupriet"},{id:"69522",title:"Prof.",name:"Marie-José",middleName:null,surname:"Butel",fullName:"Marie-José Butel",slug:"marie-jose-butel"}]},{id:"31791",title:"Natural Products and Dermatological Hypersensitivity Diseases",slug:"naturally-sourced-bioactives-are-a-promising-source-of-novel-allergy-therapies",signatures:"Clayton MacDonald and Marianna Kulka",authors:[{id:"63821",title:"Dr.",name:"Marianna",middleName:null,surname:"Kulka",fullName:"Marianna Kulka",slug:"marianna-kulka"}]},{id:"31792",title:"Preventive Phytotherapy of Anaphylaxis and Allergic Reactions[MSOffice1]",slug:"preventive-phytotherapy-of-anaphylactic-shock",signatures:"Elaine A. Cruz, Michelle F. Muzitano, Sonia S. Costa and Bartira Rossi-Bergmann",authors:[{id:"64710",title:"Prof.",name:"Bartira",middleName:null,surname:"Rossi-Bergmann",fullName:"Bartira Rossi-Bergmann",slug:"bartira-rossi-bergmann"},{id:"119635",title:"Dr.",name:"Elaine",middleName:null,surname:"Cruz",fullName:"Elaine Cruz",slug:"elaine-cruz"}]},{id:"31793",title:"Cissampelos sympodialis (Menispermaceae): A Novel Phytotherapic Weapon Against Allergic Diseases?",slug:"cissampelos-sympolialis-menispermaceae-a-novel-phytotherapic-weapon-against-allergic-diseases-",signatures:"M.R. Piuvezam, C.R. Bezerra-Santos, P.T. Bozza, C. Bandeira-Melo, G. Vieira and H.F. Costa",authors:[{id:"64380",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcia",middleName:"Regina",surname:"Piuvezam",fullName:"Marcia Piuvezam",slug:"marcia-piuvezam"},{id:"117360",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Bezerra-Santos",fullName:"Claudio Bezerra-Santos",slug:"claudio-bezerra-santos"},{id:"117362",title:"Dr.",name:"Christianne",middleName:null,surname:"Bandeira-Melo",fullName:"Christianne Bandeira-Melo",slug:"christianne-bandeira-melo"},{id:"117363",title:"MSc.",name:"Giciane",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Giciane Vieira",slug:"giciane-vieira"},{id:"117364",title:"MSc.",name:"Hermann",middleName:null,surname:"Costa",fullName:"Hermann Costa",slug:"hermann-costa"},{id:"117365",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozza",fullName:"Patricia Bozza",slug:"patricia-bozza"}]},{id:"31794",title:"Derived Products of Helminth in the Treatment of Inflammation, Allergic Reactions and Anaphylaxis",slug:"anaphylaxis-an-overview-of-immune-mechanisms-and-therapeutic-strategies-using-helminth-products",signatures:"C.A. Araujo and M.F. Macedo-Soares",authors:[{id:"67870",title:"PhD.",name:"Maria Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Macedo Soares",fullName:"Maria Fernanda Macedo Soares",slug:"maria-fernanda-macedo-soares"},{id:"70139",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Araujo",fullName:"Claudia Araujo",slug:"claudia-araujo"}]},{id:"31795",title:"Parasite-Derived Proteins Inhibit Allergic Specific Th2 Response",slug:"parasite-derived-proteins-inhibit-allergic-specific-th2-response-",signatures:"Hak Sun Yu",authors:[{id:"65987",title:"Prof.",name:"Hak Sun",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Hak Sun Yu",slug:"hak-sun-yu"}]},{id:"31796",title:"Pharmaceutical Treatment of Asthma Symptoms in Elite Athletes - Doping or Therapy",slug:"pharmaceutical-treatment-of-asthma-symptoms-in-elite-athletes-doping-or-therapy",signatures:"Jimmi Elers and Vibeke Backer",authors:[{id:"71053",title:"Dr",name:null,middleName:null,surname:"Backer",fullName:"Backer",slug:"backer"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5872",title:"Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3033eede333da3fe931089b0791c52bd",slug:"nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs",bookSignature:"Ali Gamal Ahmed Al-kaf",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"191580",title:null,name:"Ali Gamal",surname:"Al-kaf",slug:"ali-gamal-al-kaf",fullName:"Ali Gamal Al-kaf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6351",title:"Vasculitis In Practice",subtitle:"An Update on Special Situations - Clinical and Therapeutic Considerations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9213792932243386d6a3875223e8f474",slug:"vasculitis-in-practice-an-update-on-special-situations-clinical-and-therapeutic-considerations",bookSignature:"Reem Hamdy Abdellatif Mohammed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6351.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36290",title:"Prof.",name:"Reem Hamdy A.",surname:"Mohammed",slug:"reem-hamdy-a.-mohammed",fullName:"Reem Hamdy A. Mohammed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7073",title:"Lupus",subtitle:"New Advances and Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72a1c80811ab9ff742c3d3ebefada247",slug:"lupus-new-advances-and-challenges",bookSignature:"Sophia Lionaki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7073.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"213115",title:"M.D.",name:"Sophia",surname:"Lionaki",slug:"sophia-lionaki",fullName:"Sophia Lionaki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7099",title:"Chronic Autoimmune Epithelitis",subtitle:"Sjogren's Syndrome and Other Autoimmune Diseases of the Exocrine Glands",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9f4f8334c0cc376a9b3022e256e847f2",slug:"chronic-autoimmune-epithelitis-sjogren-s-syndrome-and-other-autoimmune-diseases-of-the-exocrine-glands",bookSignature:"Maria Maślińska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7099.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Maślińska",slug:"maria-maslinska",fullName:"Maria Maślińska"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7168",title:"Sarcoidosis and Granulomatosis",subtitle:"Diagnosis and Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"af4ff1c85383b3aa8131e3475e235654",slug:"sarcoidosis-and-granulomatosis-diagnosis-and-management",bookSignature:"Mohammad Hosein K. 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Pruitt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"80573",title:"Impacts of the Indoor Air Quality on the Health of the Employee and Protection against These Impacts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102708",slug:"impacts-of-the-indoor-air-quality-on-the-health-of-the-employee-and-protection-against-these-impacts",body:'Oxygen is a basic need for the survival of human beings who can stand its deficiency only for a certain period of time which is shorter when compared with their other needs. Human beings receive oxygen from air through respiration. It is a right for them to have clean air around them. Pollution of air have adverse effects on the health of living things. The relation between health and air quality has been a fact acknowledged since Hippocrates. Indoor environments may pollute the air with the outdoor pollutants and indoor pollutants. Indoor air quality is of particular importance for people who spend 90% of their time in public or private indoors such as houses, schools, fitness centers, shopping malls, supermarkets, workplaces and transportation vehicles. The health risks accompanying exposure to indoor air pollution can be worse for many people when compared with those of the outdoor air pollution. Unhealthy indoor air may be harmful particularly for risk groups, such as children, the elderly or the patients suffering chronic disorders. Workplace indoor air quality is equally important for those spending at least 1/3 of their lifetime in workplace [1, 2].
Workplace indoor factors are among the factor which affect the health of workers most in all sectors. Another important one of these factors is the air quality of the workplace. One of the focal points of occupational health is environmental effect on the workers working in the indoors of workplaces, when compared to those working in industrial workplaces, such as construction, mining and agricultural workplaces which are very dangerous or dangerous. Furthermore, workers working indoors are less prepared or experienced against environment risks in comparison to the ones working in industrial workplaces. Overview of relevant legislation shows control mechanisms used in such workplaces are not sufficient [3]. Workplace indoor air quality is an optimal indoor requirement which ensures health, comfort and wellbeing of workers and includes minimum air pollutants. Indoor air quality varies according to air temperature, relative humidity, air speed and chemicals at workplace [4]. In today’s workplaces, materials, equipment, various cleaning products and chemical and particle emissions determine the indoor air quality. Indoor air quality affect workers’ health, incidence of occupational accidents, nonattendance and productivity. For this reason, ensuring that the workplace indoor air quality conforms to the norms is of particular importance. Indoor air quality affects workers’ health, emergence of occupational accidents, in attendance and productivity [5]. This article aims at shedding light on the adverse effects of workplace indoor air quality on the health of workers and also the measures which need to be taken for preventing such effects. For this reason, this part covers information on factors deteriorating indoor air pollution, health problems which might develop in workers as a result of the indoor air quality, workplace indoor air quality assessment criteria stemming from international and national source data, the measures to be taken to protect workers from indoor air pollution, indoor air quality and Covid-19.
Healthy indoor air quality (IAQ) is defined as the indoor air which does not contain hazardous substances and does not create sense of discomfort in at least 80% of the workers in the workplace [8, 9, 10]. Poor indoor may result in a variety of health problems, from headache, dizziness and nausea, to asthma, cardiovascular diseases, cancer and death. The typical effect of some common indoor air pollutants on the health and wellbeing of the residents can be seen in Table 1. Poor air quality may also have adverse impact on workplace performance, learning at the education/training institutions and improvement of health services, in addition to being hazardous in terms of health and comfort. The impact of indoor air pollutants on the health of the people depends on the concentration of the concerned pollutant, exposure duration, age and gender of the people exposed to it. As for the industrial workplaces, most of the primary risks are evaluated in terms of use of personal protection equipment (PPE), exposure risk and local air conditioning [7, 8, 9, 10].
Pollutant | Impact on health |
---|---|
Carbon monoxide can cause headaches, dizziness, nausea and at very high levels, death. Elderly people, pregnant women, young children and people with heart disease and lung disease are more sensitive to the adverse effects of carbon monoxide. | |
Formaldehyde can cause eye, nose and throat irritation and is considered a potential human carcinogen. | |
Exposure to nitrogen dioxide can cause inflammation of the airways, respiratory illnesses and possibly increases the risk of lung infections. Young children and people with asthma are the most sensitive to NO2. It plays a major role in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults which will affect more people than heart disease by 2020 (Environmentalist 2012). Long-term exposure may also affect lung function and can enhance responses to allergens in sensitized individuals. | |
Odorous discharges are subjective and cause nausea and irritation for some people. | |
Ozone exposure can cause asthma, irritation and damage to the eyes, nose and airways. Prolonged exposure to high levels may result in damage to the lungs and airway linings. | |
Inhalable particles have been linked with a number of respiratory illnesses, including asthma and chronic bronchitis. Long-term exposure to fine particles can cause premature death from heart disease and lung disease including cancer. Short-term exposure to higher levels of fine particle concentrations have also been linked with cardio-vascular problems and increased death rates. Exposure to fine particles has also been linked to prevalent anxiety and hypertensive disorders. | |
Key symptoms associated with exposure to VOCs include eye irritation, nose and throat discomfort, headache and allergic skin reaction. |
Typical health impacts of some common pollutants found indoors.
EU-OFFICER research Project showed the association between the indoor chemicals in the office and sick building syndrome-SBS symptoms. The most expressed complaints are ocular irritation (dry eyes, watering eyes or itching, burning or irritation), headache, lethargy, extraordinary tiredness. The researchers also reported that xylene, ethylbenzene, α-pinene, d-limonene, styrene, formaldehyde, acrolein, propionaldehyde, hexane and ozone might increase in the incidence of the symptoms. They concluded by underlining the need for further research in order to better depict the complicated relationship between IAQ and health interaction symptoms [11]. A research conducted on the effects of indoor air quality on the health of workers in Middle East showed that the first most affected part of workers’ bodies is their respiratory system; the second most affected one is their cardiovascular system, and the third most affected one is their visual system [12].
People living in developed European and American countries are reported to be more exposed to airborne substances deriving from indoors where they spend most of their time (>90%) causing environmentally associated symptoms that should be evaluated by health professionals. However, this percentage is expected to be higher for infants and the elderly, chronically ill people and in urban settings [13]. Many pollutants present with higher concentrations indoor than outdoor, especially in case of longer and non-intermittent exposure like in the home, workplace and school. It should be taken into account that some of the signs and symptoms presented in the text may occur only in the case of significant exposures. However, lower or shorter exposures with milder or indeterminate symptoms, or atypical presentation (noted in the text) in younger aged children render the diagnosis more difficult. The cooperation of the individual and the health care professional is essential for the correct diagnosis noting clues suggestive of indoor air pollution, like time patterns or location of occurrence by the help of a log or diary of symptoms. In the absence of this cooperation, the following questions in addition to the medical history may be useful.
Start, duration and periodicity (diurnal, daily, weekly, seasonally) of symptom or complaints.
Their relation with location under consideration (cessation when away or reoccurrence when returning)
The work type, work place, any change including moving or decoration.
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at work, school, home, etc.
Place of residence including internal change or moving
Exposure to a new hobby etc., a new pet.
Similar problem in anybody in close contact at home or work (Table 2).
Signs and symptoms | Environmental tobacco smoke | Other combustion products | Biological pollutants | Volatile organics | Heavy metals | Sick building syndrome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Respiratory | ||||||
Rhinitis, nasal congestion | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
Epistaxis | No | No | No | Yes1 | No | No |
Pharyngitis, cough | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
Wheezing, worsening asthma | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes |
Dyspnea | Yes2 | No | Yes | No | No | Yes |
Severe lung disease | No | No | No | No | No | Yes3 |
Other | ||||||
Conjunctival irritation | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
Headache or dizziness | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Lethargy, fatigue, malaise | No | Yes4 | Yes5 | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Nausea, vomiting, anorexia | No | Yes4 | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Cognitive impairment, personality change | No | Yes4 | No | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Rashes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
Fever, chills | No | No | Yes6 | No | Yes | No |
Tachycardia | No | Yes4 | No | No | Yes | No |
Retinal hemorrhage | No | Yes4 | No | No | No | No |
Myalgia | No | No | No | Yes5 | No | Yes |
Hearing loss | No | No | No | Yes | No | No |
Diagnostic quick reference.
Associated especially with formaldehyde.
In asthma.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, Legionnaires’ Disease.
Particularly associated with high CO levels.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, humidifier fever.
With marked hypersensitivity reactions and Legionnaires’ Disease.
It is the most observed indoor air contaminants. It easily disperses and it is hard not be inhaled by workers in the workplace.
ETS is also defined as Group A human carcinogen by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and related to three thousand pulmonary cancers per year among people who do not smoke in the U.S [14, 15, 16]. Among very young children, the incidence of pneumonia, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis is reported to increase two-fold and the effects to be proportional with the frequency of smoking and smokers at the home [17].
The odor of ETS can be eliminated by ventilation, but not meaning that health risks are also removed as it is not possible to totally remove tobacco smoke [18]. The most effective remedy is strict smoking prohibition in the work-place or adapting special smoking rooms with separate ventilation to the outside [19].
Diagnostic Leads
Types of heating, cooking or similar equipment and used combustion material (especially charcoal).
Similar findings/symptoms among households in heating season.
Odor felt during heating or any damage in the equipment, if they undergo periodic professional inspection.
Remedial Action.
All equipment should be periodically checked by specialized services, especially before each cold season. The ventilation of equipment (including kitchens) is required to be connected to the outdoor environment.
Health Problems Caused By Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs).
Even at room temperature certain solids or liquids may emit VOCs like formaldehyde, benzene, perchloroethylene for different length of time. They have been observed indoors than outdoors up to 10 times in six locations of the United States as reported by the EPA, even where there were petrochemical plants in use [21].
Diagnostic Leads
Presence and quantity of pressed wood products at the resident.
Exposure to VOCs at work, home, school.
Exposure to pesticides, paints, or solvents.
Formaldehyde.
Formaldehyde is a possible human carcinogen (EPA). It may irritate ocular (burning or tingling sensations) or respiratory mucosa (dyspnea or wheezing). Formaldehyde vapor may result in hypersensitivity reactions including asthmatics [22].
Pesticides.
They are used in daily life as pesticides and harmful when inhaled or exposed to their vapors or contaminated dusts. Cephalgia, dizziness, muscular weakness, and nausea are the main symptoms. Some of them are considered possible human carcinogens [23].
Remedial Action.
A forced ventilation is required when such products are used. Avoid storage of opened containers of unused paints etc. at home or workplace and similar materials within home or office.
Key Signs/Symptoms.
Lead Poisoning.
Diagnostic Leads
Housing or working in old or restored buildings or nearby busy highway or industrial area.
Working with lead material (automobile radiators, solder etc.)
Lead poisoning among people in close contact.
Exposure to mercury in latex paints or in religious or cultural activities
Remedial Action.
The possible lead dust should be cleaned by wet-mopping. Professional intervention should be sought when handling paints containing lead and adequate protective gear and good-ventilation provided in work areas.
Diagnostic Leads
Temporal ceasing or aggravation of problems in relation to exposure frequency to suspected building, or seasonality
Similar complaints in co-workers or peers.
Remedial Action.
The building, HVAC systems or possible conditions should be investigated and examined appropriately.
Asbestos and radon are among the most publicized indoor air pollutants. Both are known as carcinogens. Their carcinogenic effects are not immediate after prolonged exposure.
Asbestos.
Materials containing asbestos can lose its integrity with time releasing microscopic fibers into the environment. If they remain present in the lungs for many decades as in the case of heavy occupational exposure, they may lead to asbestos-caused pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary, pleural or peritoneal (including gastrointestinal) carcinoma, or mesothelioma [24].
Radon.
Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas resulting from the decay of radium, itself a decay product of uranium, follows smoking for causing pulmonary malignancies due to the emitted alpha-particles during the decay. It has no odor, color, and taste. Tobacco smoke has a synergistic effect to radon exposure putting smokers and ex-smokers in increased risk.
Every home, school, and workplace are subject to biological air pollutants. Some reside outdoor or in human (viruses and bacteria), some in animals or insects (allergens), and some indoor and in water reservoirs (fungi and bacteria), such as humidifiers. High relative humidity is the most important factor contributing to the growth and dissemination of biological agents like house-dust mite populations or fungal growth on damp surfaces. They may cause infections by invading human tissues; hypersensitivity by activating the immune system; and toxicosis by direct effects of toxins [25].
Diagnostic Leads.
Infectious disease:
Mounting evidence regarding the workplace, home, etc. as a source place (although very difficult) like presence of a reservoir or disseminator of biologicals
Evidence of mold growth (visible growth or odors)?
Hypersensitivity disease:
Relative humidity consistently above 50%.
Presence of humidifiers or other water-spray systems, proper maintenance.
History of flooding or leaks or other sources of surface wetting.
Pets, cockroaches or rodents in the place.
Toxicosis and/or irritation:
Appropriate ventilation with fresh air.
Relative humidity consistently above 50% or below 30%.
Presence of humidifiers or other water-spray systems.
Evidence of mold growth (visible growth or odors)?
Presence of bacterial odors (fishy or locker-room smells)?
Remedial Action
Adequate outdoor air ventilation.
Cleaning of water reservoirs and chlorination of potable water systems
Repairing of leaks and seepage.
Keeping relative humidity below 50%
Controlling exposure to pets.
Regular vacuuming of carpets and furniture.
Covering of mattresses. Washing in hot water (>54.4°C to kill dust mites in soft materials)
Distinguishing whether indoor air pollution originates from the home or workplace.
Some information may help to determine the presence of an indoor air quality problem at workplace:
Symptoms observed to occur at workplace and to disappear when leaving the workplace, their temporal or locality pattern (day, season or location at work)
Similar complaint in co-workers.
Any diagnosis related to IAQ by a physician [26].
There are some international guiding principles set for indoor air quality. The recommended guidelines define indoor air quality issues with legal standards. These guidelines are prepared and updated by professionals. There is limited information in the World, particularly on concentration guidelines and standards proposed for indoor air pollutants. Only in the United Kingdom and USA, there are concentration guidelines and standards proposed for indoor air pollutants.
Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (COMEAP) issued “Report on the Impact of Air Pollution on Health for public institutions and agencies. It determined allowed amounts of indoor air pollutants (COMEAP-2004);, formaldehyde, benzene, PAHs (as the equivalent of benzo[α]piren), NO2 ve CO for indoors. Air Quality Strategy for England, Wales and Northern Ireland (DETR, 2000; Defra, 2007) sets out policies for the management of indoor air quality. These include air quality targets for ten basic air pollutants for protecting the health of people and the environment, without bearing unacceptable “economic and social costs. These are Particles (PM10 and PM2.5), NO2, O3, Sulfur dioxide (SO2), PAHs, benzene, 1,3 butadiene, carbon monoxide (CO) and lead. Health and Safety Executive (HSE) supports the regulatory framework for the workplace health and safety in England, Wales and Scotland, in line with the Occupational Health and Safety Law (HSE, 1974).
Regulation on Control of Substances Hazardous on Health 2002 (HSE, 2002) set out Official Workplace Exposure Limits (WELs) for 500 substances which are listed in the EH40 document (HSE, 2011 and the following revisions), as an action against specific pollutants. These limits include maximum concentrations for short term (15 minutes) and long term (8 hours) exposure in any period of 24 hours. Although it is mostly related about indoor emissions, exposure limits determine the indoor values which should not be exceeded, no matter what the source is. HSE does not set limits for continuous (24 hours) exposure. For this reason, WELs are not considered as safe concentrations for periods longer than those specified [7].
A research conducted in Europe in 2005 collected formaldehyde, CO, NO2, benzene and naphthalene under “Group 1: High Risk Chemicals”, as they can form in high concentration and impose a significant risk for the health of residents of the building (INDEKS, 2005). “Group 2” included acetaldehyde, toluene, xylene, styrene as the chemicals of second highest risk. These compounds may occur in high concentrations in indoors, but they require less urgent action under risk management practice [7]. Leading institutions regulating the national official rules are American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and American Society of Heating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) [8, 9, 10].
The focus point of EPA air quality is to protect the human health against outdoor air. The objective of this Standard is to control emissions of six pollutants during the release of large amounts of vehicle exhaust gas and industrial waste. These standards can be used for the indoor air quality researches as outdoor air quality offer potential contribution to the indoor exposure (Table 3) [8, 9, 10].
Indoor air pollutants | Permissible concentrations |
---|---|
Carbon monoxide (CO) | < 9 ppm |
Carbon dioxide (CO | < 800 ppm |
Mold | Indoor and outdoor values should be the same |
Formaldehyde (CH | < 20 μg/m3* |
Total volatile organic compounds (VOC) | < 200 μg/m3* |
4-Phenyl Cyclohexane (4-PC) | < 3 μg/m3 |
Total particles (PM) | < 20 μg/m3 |
Regular pollutants | < National indoor standard |
Other pollutants | < 5% of the limit value |
EPA maximum indoor air standards.
Above outdoor air concentrations.
OSHA claims that it has jurisdiction in all workplace environments. These standards are concerned about indoor air quality at office buildings, industrial and construction workplaces. However, OSHA standards have limitations in terms of knowledge of pollutants and limited exposure limits, as OSHA’s standards are based on old limits issued by ACGIH in 1968. Original OSA exposure limits were developed out of ACGIH recommendations dated 1968. Up to now, only limits for some chemical pollutants (for example, asbestos and benzene) have been updated. For this reason, general tendency of industrial hygienists to prefer ACGIH Instructions to OSHA limits. Although backed up by federal laws, OSHA limits are rarely exceeded in office environments where one or more pollutant substances are correctly defined. The complicated nature of the indoor air quality is not supported by the OSHA limits [8, 9, 10].
ACGIH is a professional institution which revises and recommends user manuals used for evaluation of Professional workplace exposure by industrial hygienists every year. There are approximately 400 chemicals that are listed with exposure limits of 15 minutes and 8 hours. These directives were prepared to treat the workplace exposure. Professional exposure is generally limited with a period of 8 hour exposure for healthy individuals aged between 18 and 65. For this reason, ACGIH exposure rules do not apply for house exposure for which exposure parameters are different [7, 8, 9, 10].
ASHRAE issued a revised mechanical ventilation standard namely “Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality Standard” in 1981. ASHRAE developed consensus principles for the indoor air quality in public buildings. The Standard aims at “stating minimum ventilation rates and indoor air quality”. Health effects and acceptable exposure limits are based on specific authorized people and their recommendations. For this reason, ASRAE Standard “Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality” has become the guideline which is most widely used for the evaluation of indoor air quality in commercial facilities and enterprises. ASHRAE previously issued Standard 62 which is a ventilation standard. This Standard was revised a few times in the following years. The amount of fresh air was specified for smokers and non-smokers separately in 1981. This value was 2,5 L/s foreseen for non-smokers and 10 L/s for smokers, which is four times higher than the one for nonsmokers. Cigarette monopolies prevented the recognition of this Standard by American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and its integration to the building regulations, by conducting intensive propagandas. Application of this Standard will increase the ventilation cost by four times in the buildings where smokers work. In 1989, the acceptable fresh air was accepted to be the amount for which 80% of the people did not express dissatisfaction. The dissatisfaction rate was increased to 20% of the people in the place.
ASHRAE’s Standard numbered 1989–2062 introduced the limit of 1000 ppm carbon dioxide for office workers. OHSA in USA defined a limit of 5000 ppm, on the condition that it does not exceed 40 hours a week. ASHRAE’s Standard 62 recognized that carbon dioxide is not a pollutant by itself, but it is one of the indicators of air polluted by people. This CO
An employer should use a systematic approach is needed when treating the air quality at the workplace. The systematic approach to indoor air quality (IAQ) comprise commitment of the management, training, participation of employees, hazard definition, control and program inspection. A management coordinator needs to be assigned for IAQ and a management plan needs to be developed.
There are three main control methods used to decrease the concentration of the indoor air pollutants:
Source Management
It includes eliminating the pollutant or replacement of pollutant with a less hazardous one. It is the most effective control method in practice. For example, an employer may install temporary barriers in order to prevent pollutants during construction activity or impose negative pressure on the field in Ref. to the adjacent fields.
Engineering Controls
Management Controls
Eliminate or decrease the duration in which one worker is exposed to a pollutant (in other words, programming the maintenance or cleaning work in the absence of inhabitants)
Decrease the amount of chemical substances used by workers or used near to workers (limit the amount of chemicals used by workers for maintenance or cleaning activities during the activity).
Control the place where the chemicals are used (conduct maintenance on moving equipment in a maintenance workshop or place equipment- printers, copy machines to a separate room).
COVID-19 spreads through particles and droplets in the air. Individuals infected by COVID may release particles and droplets of inspiration liquids containing SARS CoV-2 virus to the air (by breathing, talking, singing, exercising, coughing and sneezing). Droplets- particles may continue to disseminate and accumulate indoors of workplaces. Infection may happen in case of inhaling the COVID-19 virus from air in a distance shorter than six feet. The particles from an infected person may move along all room or closed area. The particles may hang in the air for hours even after the person leaves the room. A worker may be exposed to it, if respiration liquids directly jump to the mucosa membrane and if it is sprayed on him or her. The following cases may increase the infection risk:
Spending time indoors where the amount of outdoor air and ventilation is poor
Performing activities which increases emission of respiration liquids, such as talking loudly, singing, exercising
Long term exposure (longer than a few minutes)
Spending time in crowded areas (especially without proper mask protection).
Measures to decrease the infection potential of COVID-19:
Layout, design of a building, occupancy state, heating, ventilation and acclimatization (HVAC) system may affect the spread potential of virus through air. Although improvements made on ventilation and air cleaning do not alone eliminate of risk of spread for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, EPA recommends that physical distance should be maintained and ventilation should be improved by using outdoor air and air filtering, as the important components of a strategy which includes hygiene and clothing.
Cloth masks, face guards or masks should be used. Attention should be paid to surface cleaning, hand washing, disinfection, personal and environment hygiene [8, 30].
WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury (2000–2016: Global Monitoring Report) revealed that approximately 450.000 workers’ deaths were associated with air pollution (particle substances, gas, smoke, etc.). This association was reported to be the second most important factor which comes after the factor of working for long hours among the risk factors causing death of workers. Workplace indoor air pollution can significantly increase the health risks of workers, including asthma, allergenic reactions, lung cancer and death as a result of occupational accident [1, 29].
1989 EPA Report showed that improved indoor air quality may result in higher productivity and less working day loss. EPA stated that the poor indoor air quality may bring a cost of tens of million dollars to the respective country, employer and the enterprise every year, due to the loss of productivity and medical care cost [8].
Further research is needed to detect new indoor pollutants which are increasing in number and control their effects. Lifelong awareness, elimination of potential indoor hazards, increased awareness of health service providers and professionals are reported to be important to encourage long term lung health and wellbeing [1].
Indoor air quality can be defined as an optimal indoor requirement specifying the possible minimum amount of air pollutants to ensure the health, comfort and wellbeing of majority of the workers in any closed workplace, at any given time. Temperature at the workplace depends on relative humidity and flow of air in industry. In addition, indoor air at industrial facilities is associated with the technological processes conducted and contents of the chemicals used. Workplace risk assessment is a means which helps creation of a safer environment and it is a process allowing determination of potential adverse effects imposed on the health of workers. The obligation to determine risk assessments which are both correct and simple led to the development of approaches to asses and control risks, including COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health) and “Chemical Control Kit” designed to assess chemical risks. Enterprises developed Process Route Healthiness Index (PRHI) to analyze new processes which are not yet in implementation [3].
It was seen that some people had health symptoms although concentrations of indoor air pollutants are below the indoor air quality guidelines. For this reason, further research is needed to better understand and explain the complicated relationships between IAQ and health symptoms [11].
A multidisciplinary team comprising experts of occupational medicine, IAQ, building physics and toxicology is recommended for evaluation and management of IAQ problems [5].
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Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. 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She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. 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He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"186048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Drenjančević",slug:"ines-drenjancevic",fullName:"Ines Drenjančević",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186048/images/5818_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Osijek",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/79615/images/system/79615.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"84459",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerie",middleName:null,surname:"Chappe",slug:"valerie-chappe",fullName:"Valerie Chappe",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84459/images/system/84459.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalhousie University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. 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His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 255 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 2 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",institution:{name:"Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. degree in chemistry in 2000 and Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. He moved to School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia in 2009 and joined Dr. Ron Clarke as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+/K+-ATPase and dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+/K+-ATPase by ATP; then he went back to Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum as an assistant professor, and in 2014 he was promoted as an associate professor. In 2011, he joined the staff of Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant professor. His research interests include the following: P-Type ATPase enzyme kinetics and mechanisms, kinetics and mechanisms of redox reactions, autocatalytic reactions, computational enzyme kinetics, allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP, exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases, and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424836",title:"Dr.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Borsai",slug:"orsolya-borsai",fullName:"Orsolya Borsai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"422262",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paola Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Palmeros-Suárez",slug:"paola-andrea-palmeros-suarez",fullName:"Paola Andrea Palmeros-Suárez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Guadalajara",country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"8",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11404,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",slug:"hitoshi-tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",slug:"marcus-vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7004",title:"Metabolomics",subtitle:"New Insights into Biology and Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7004.jpg",slug:"metabolomics-new-insights-into-biology-and-medicine",publishedDate:"July 1st 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Wael N. 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In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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