Structural parameters of the CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03) nanoparticles.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5498",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Autism - Paradigms, Recent Research and Clinical Applications",title:"Autism",subtitle:"Paradigms, Recent Research and Clinical Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book opens with a discussion of neurodiversity and an elaboration of the diagnosis of autism. It then examines factors correlating with autism, including sex bias, month of birth, migration and impact of infant feeding. The next section is on the impact of autism. The neurobiology and genetic section deals with epigenetics and intracellular pathways associated with etiology. The development and behaviour section deals with proprioceptive profiles and joint attention in autism. The final section focuses on interventions including mindfulness, animal assisted activity, social/cultural perspective on autism intervention and physical activity. The book is relevant to all professionals and researchers working with persons with autism, including psychiatrists/psychologists, speech and language therapists, occupational therapists, teachers, nurses and care workers.",isbn:"978-953-51-3080-2",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3079-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4872-2",doi:"10.5772/63171",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"autism-paradigms-recent-research-and-clinical-applications",numberOfPages:344,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"7a4a04bc1ec60da290315a53de5043b8",bookSignature:"Michael Fitzgerald and Jane Yip",publishedDate:"April 12th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5498.jpg",numberOfDownloads:26121,numberOfWosCitations:38,numberOfCrossrefCitations:25,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:51,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:114,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 28th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 19th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 23rd 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 21st 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 22nd 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"205005",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Fitzgerald",slug:"michael-fitzgerald",fullName:"Michael Fitzgerald",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/205005/images/system/205005.jpg",biography:"Professor Michael Fitzgerald was the first Professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry in Ireland, specialising in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). He has diagnosed more than 5000 persons with ASDs. He has written many peer-reviewed publications and authored, co-authored and co-edited thirty-four books, some of which have been translated into Japanese, Dutch, and Polish. Professor Simon Baron-Cohen described one of Professor Fitzgerald’s books on autism as, ̔The best book on autism̕, and described him as an ̔exceptional scholar̕. He has lectured extensively throughout the world, including at The Royal Society/British Academy and the British Library in London. He was the overall winner of the ̔Excellence in Psychiatry̕ Award in 2017 and was nominated as one of the top four psychiatrists by Hospital Professional News Ireland. Professor Fitzgerald recently retired to spend more time in Brussels and continues to write on autism.",institutionString:"Independant Researcher",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Trinity College Dublin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"156214",title:"Dr.",name:"Jane",middleName:null,surname:"Yip",slug:"jane-yip",fullName:"Jane Yip",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/156214/images/system/156214.jpg",biography:"Jane Yip obtained her PhD from the University of Newcastle, Australia, specializing in neuropharmacology. She completed her post-doctoral training at Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, USA. Her research is on the brain circuit that underlies neurological disorders including autism, schizophrenia, and depression. She has published in peer-review journals. Although trained in drug development, she emphasizes the application of the science of behavior to treat mental disorders, and uses natural environment modification as a treatment modality. She pioneered the use of portable brain imaging to guide behavior treatment in autism. She has a practice that offers brain mapping. The practice also treats patients with autism using applied behavior analysis (ABA). She is the director of a clinical center for the treatment of autism, Autism Parent Care. As a member of ABA international, multicultural alliance, and an NGO member of United Nations, she works on outreach projects in Asia to advance the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Bill aiming to promote better recognition of individuals with mental disabilities, including autism. Her overarching aim to is advance treatment intervention for autism.",institutionString:"Autism Parent Care, LLC",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1055",title:"Neurodiversity",slug:"neurodiversity"}],chapters:[{id:"52521",title:"A Different Point of View: The Neurodiversity Approach to Autism and Work",doi:"10.5772/65409",slug:"a-different-point-of-view-the-neurodiversity-approach-to-autism-and-work",totalDownloads:2042,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"With this chapter, we want to open up the debate whether neurodiversity might be the next step of diversity. The term neurodiversity was first established in the online autism community in the 1990s and has since spread both off‐ and online. It describes the idea that, throughout the human population, different brain developments and structures exist. Neuronal variances such as Autism are therefore not to be seen as disorders but as variations different from the neurotypical brain. Instead of being considered ill and cure‐worthy, neurodiverse people should be included and integrated into society. In our current research, we follow the neurodiversity approach and focus on the subject of autism in the work context. We found that certain strengths and abilities are most prominent in autistic people (such as logical reasoning, visual perception) and that autistic people are able to find different effective solutions to overcome the barriers detaining them from entering the job market. Furthermore, while many autistic individuals are employed in regular competitive jobs, more focus on autism‐specific job environments is needed. These findings lead us to the conclusion that autistic individuals have potential that is beneficial for society.",signatures:"Timo Lorenz, Nomi Reznik and Kathrin Heinitz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52521",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52521",authors:[{id:"190954",title:"Dr.",name:"Timo",surname:"Lorenz",slug:"timo-lorenz",fullName:"Timo Lorenz"},{id:"195124",title:"Ms.",name:"Nomi",surname:"Reznik",slug:"nomi-reznik",fullName:"Nomi Reznik"},{id:"195125",title:"Prof.",name:"Kathrin",surname:"Heinitz",slug:"kathrin-heinitz",fullName:"Kathrin Heinitz"}],corrections:null},{id:"52787",title:"The Clinical Gestalts of Autism: Over 40 years of Clinical Experience with Autism",doi:"10.5772/65906",slug:"the-clinical-gestalts-of-autism-over-40-years-of-clinical-experience-with-autism",totalDownloads:1713,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The clinical gestalts of autism are very broad and much more heterogeneous than people realise. DSM V [1] gives a more narrow and condensed description of what autism is in the twentieth century. DSM focuses on problems with socioemotional reciprocity, non-verbal communication and difficult interpersonal relationships, restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, early onset and functional impairment. First, I want to flesh out the autism spectrum disorder gestalts as it presents to experienced clinical practitioners. It is the opposite of the “tick box” approach to diagnosis so common today. It focuses on the phenomena as they would have been focused on in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, an approach that has faded into the background in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century. It is critical at this point of the twenty-first century that we re-engage with phenomenology and with the clinical gestalt of psychiatric conditions which show a great deal of overlap with much mixed phenomenology. We will start by examining social relations in autism spectrum disorders. Clearly, this is central to autism.",signatures:"Michael Fitzgerald",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52787",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52787",authors:[{id:"191313",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",surname:"Fitzgerald",slug:"michael-fitzgerald",fullName:"Michael Fitzgerald"}],corrections:null},{id:"54098",title:"Sex Bias in Autism",doi:"10.5772/67402",slug:"sex-bias-in-autism",totalDownloads:1408,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder with unknown exact etiology. Interestingly, it affects males more than females in a striking ratio (4:1), respectively. This biased ratio served as a clue to search about the factors that are sex linked and hence sex hormones and X chromosomes were good candidates. Although understanding the basic sex dimorphism in male and female brains is essential to understand autism pathology. Theories regarding the biased sex ratio in autism have been raised, and some have been supported by evidence from human studies. Furthermore, sex-linked genetic dysregulation has also been reported in autism. In this chapter, an overview of what is known about sex bias in autism is reviewed, emphasizing the importance of carrying on in uncoding the sex bias in autism.",signatures:"Felwah S. Al-Zaid",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54098",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54098",authors:[{id:"191157",title:"Dr.",name:"Felwah",surname:"Al-Zaid",slug:"felwah-al-zaid",fullName:"Felwah Al-Zaid"}],corrections:null},{id:"54153",title:"Distribution of Month of Birth of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder Differs from the General Population in the Netherlands",doi:"10.5772/67205",slug:"distribution-of-month-of-birth-of-individuals-with-autism-spectrum-disorder-differs-from-the-general",totalDownloads:1269,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) is causally dependent on genetic and environmental influences. We investigated whether autism spectrum disorders are associated with month of birth compared to the general population using a retrospective study, comparing ASD cases (n = 3478) with the general population (n = 2,716,876) born between 1995 and 2008. Associations were examined using χ2 tests and Walter and Elwood’s seasonality χ2 tests for the total ASD group, and separately for autistic disorder and Asperger syndrome. For the total ASD group, the distribution of month of birth was different compared to the general population (p < 0.0001), with July as the highest contributor, and a season-of-birth effect was found for this group (p = 0.02). For the autistic disorder group, the months of birth distribution were different (p = 0.01), with July as the highest contributor. No season-of-birth effect over the year was found (p = 0.09). No association was found for the months of birth of individuals with Asperger syndrome (p = 0.06), with no seasonal trend over the year (p = 0.60). In conclusion, a drop in sun exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy might explain the peak in July births and the associated risk for ASD development.",signatures:"Anna Cieslinska, Jannicke Simmelink, Gosia Teodorowicz, Hans\nVerhoef, Hilde Tobi and Huub F. Savelkoul",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54153",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54153",authors:[{id:"191386",title:"Prof.",name:"Huub F.J",surname:"Savelkoul",slug:"huub-f.j-savelkoul",fullName:"Huub F.J Savelkoul"},{id:"194995",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",surname:"Cieslinska",slug:"anna-cieslinska",fullName:"Anna Cieslinska"},{id:"194996",title:"MSc.",name:"Jannicke",surname:"Simmelink",slug:"jannicke-simmelink",fullName:"Jannicke Simmelink"},{id:"194997",title:"Dr.",name:"Gosia",surname:"Teodorowicz",slug:"gosia-teodorowicz",fullName:"Gosia Teodorowicz"},{id:"194998",title:"Dr.",name:"Hans",surname:"Verhoef",slug:"hans-verhoef",fullName:"Hans Verhoef"},{id:"194999",title:"Dr.",name:"Hilde",surname:"Tobi",slug:"hilde-tobi",fullName:"Hilde Tobi"}],corrections:null},{id:"53764",title:"Migration and Autism Diagnosis",doi:"10.5772/65981",slug:"migration-and-autism-diagnosis",totalDownloads:1528,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Clinicians in many countries are increasingly working with children from migrant families. Although autism is diagnosed at an approximately equal rate in children in developed countries internationally (estimated 1% of the population), many studies report that children in migrant communities are at relatively higher risk for autism. Risk factors as well as symptom rates appear to vary across cultures. This chapter reviews the current state of the science and outlines conceptual considerations for clinicians assessing foreign, migrant, and minority children for diagnosis of autism. Possible reasons for higher rates among migrant children are discussed and suggestions for clinical evaluation are made.",signatures:"Daina Crafa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53764",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53764",authors:[{id:"192110",title:"Dr.",name:"Daina",surname:"Crafa",slug:"daina-crafa",fullName:"Daina Crafa"}],corrections:null},{id:"54644",title:"Impact of Infant Feeding Methods on the Development of Autism Spectrum Disorder",doi:"10.5772/67624",slug:"impact-of-infant-feeding-methods-on-the-development-of-autism-spectrum-disorder",totalDownloads:2097,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"There is strong and convincing evidence that infant’s sensory stimulation, which is associated with breastfeeding, contributes significantly to the infant’s neurodevelopment. Our study compared the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children who were breastfed, given breast milk through a bottle (breast-milk fed), or formula-fed. We reported significant association of ASD in children who were formula-fed from birth or weaned early from the breast. The statistical data revealed that increasing the duration of breastfeeding resulted in a decrease in prevalence of ASD. The odds ratio of a child not having autism was 0.27, 0.93, and 6.67 for breastfeeding for less than 6, 6–12, or longer than 12 months, respectively. There is significant evidence that this association is mediated by the ingredients of the breast milk and infant’s endogenous oxytocin. Oxytocin is a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator and we postulate that oxytocin may increase neuroplasticity, synaptic connections, and alter ASD genes’ expression. Animal experiments and imaging studies demonstrate the central role of oxytocin in maternal love and bonding. Currently, there are no specific treatments for patients diagnosed with autism; therefore, it is imperative to identify the risk factors that contribute to the development of ASD. In this communication, we demonstrate that lack of breastfeeding is highly associated with ASD development in children with genetic susceptibility.",signatures:"Touraj Shafai, Monika Mustafa, Jeffrey Mulari and Antonio Curtis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54644",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54644",authors:[{id:"192429",title:"M.D.",name:"Touraj",surname:"Shafai",slug:"touraj-shafai",fullName:"Touraj Shafai"}],corrections:null},{id:"52976",title:"Family Quality of Life in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)",doi:"10.5772/66201",slug:"family-quality-of-life-in-autism-spectrum-disorders-asd-",totalDownloads:1781,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In latest years the concept of quality of life (QoL) has been acknowledged as an important outcome in psychiatric pathology fields. Most researchers consider that social indicators and the perception of personal wellbeing also, should be considered when measuring the quality of life. Our purpose was to investigate the QoLof the families of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and to determine whether in this population, the potential mediators (irrational cognitions, negative automatic thoughts, coping strategies) relate significantly with the emotional distress reported. We also aimed to assess the parents’ irrational cognitions and negative automatic thoughts as mediators in the relationship between the overall assessment of family QoLand their emotional distress. We found significant correlations between the emotional distress reported by the parents and their automatic negative thoughts, irrational cognitions, and different coping strategies. The relationship between the overall assessment of family QoLand the parents’ emotional distress was partially explained by their negative automatic thoughts and irrational cognitions. In this view, the specialised services should include also interventions for the parents of children with developmental disorders (ASD, ADHD) in order to improve their overall assessment of familyQoL.",signatures:"Elena Predescu and Roxana Şipoş",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52976",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52976",authors:[{id:"191660",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",surname:"Predescu",slug:"elena-predescu",fullName:"Elena Predescu"},{id:"191661",title:"Dr.",name:"Roxana",surname:"Sipos",slug:"roxana-sipos",fullName:"Roxana Sipos"}],corrections:null},{id:"53617",title:"The Genetic and Epigenetic Basis Involved in the Pathophysiology of ASD: Therapeutic Implications",doi:"10.5772/66854",slug:"the-genetic-and-epigenetic-basis-involved-in-the-pathophysiology-of-asd-therapeutic-implications",totalDownloads:1778,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The prevalence of autism has increased in an exponential way in the past few years. Many monogenetic mutations as well as copy number variants and single nucleotide polymorphisms have been associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), a large proportion of which occur in genes associated with synaptogenesis and synaptic function. However, the increase in appearance of genetic alterations does not explain the etiology of an elevated number of ASD cases. Recent research is now focusing on the role of environmental/epigenetic factors, which by themselves and/or in combination with classical genetic factors, may be the root cause of a large number of ASDs. In this chapter we review the current literature regarding the epigenetic changes involved in ASD, including their possible mechanisms of action such as oxidative stress, altered fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA methylation and histone methylation (via the one‐carbon metabolism cycle), histone variants, and ATP‐dependent chromatin remodeling. We discuss possible new biochemical markers related to autism as well as new lines of research for therapeutic targets.",signatures:"Maria Carmen Carrascosa-Romero and Carlos De Cabo-De La Vega",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53617",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53617",authors:[{id:"61718",title:"Dr.",name:"María Carmen",surname:"Carrascosa-Romero",slug:"maria-carmen-carrascosa-romero",fullName:"María Carmen Carrascosa-Romero"},{id:"61719",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"De Cabo De La Vega",slug:"carlos-de-cabo-de-la-vega",fullName:"Carlos De Cabo De La Vega"}],corrections:null},{id:"53845",title:"Intracellular Pathways Associated with the Etiology of Autism",doi:"10.5772/67206",slug:"intracellular-pathways-associated-with-the-etiology-of-autism",totalDownloads:1490,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter explores the relationship between the genes and proteins of the Akt and MAPK pathways and autism. This chapter presents the biology of these two pathways, their genes and cascading proteins, and then, it looks at the research that has connected these molecules to autism. Finally, it imparts current and future therapeutic modalities that might exploit abnormalities in these genes and proteins, change them and ultimately alter aberrant autistic behaviors.",signatures:"Anthony J. Russo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53845",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53845",authors:[{id:"191116",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Aj",surname:"Russo",slug:"aj-russo",fullName:"Aj Russo"}],corrections:null},{id:"54101",title:"Proprioceptive and Kinematic Profiles for Customized Human‐ Robot Interaction for People Suffering from Autism",doi:"10.5772/67339",slug:"proprioceptive-and-kinematic-profiles-for-customized-human-robot-interaction-for-people-suffering-fr",totalDownloads:1215,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we presented a method to define individual profiles in order to develop a new personalized robot‐based social interaction for individual with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) with the hypothesis that hyporeactivity to visual motion and an overreliance on proprioceptive information would be linked to difficulties in integrating social cues and in engaging in successful interactions. We succeed to form three groups among our 19 participants (children, teenagers, and adults with ASD), describing each participant's response to visual and proprioceptive inputs. We conducted a first experiment to present the robot Nao as a social companion and to avoid fear or stress toward the robot in future experiment. No direct link between the behavior of the participants toward the robot and their proprioceptive and visual profiles was observed. Still, we found encouraging results going in the direction of our hypothesis. In addition, almost all of our participants showed great interest to Nao. Defining such individual profiles prior to social interactions with a robot could provide promising strategies for designing successful and adapted human‐robot interaction (HRI) for individuals with ASD.",signatures:"Pauline Chevalier, Brice Isableu, Jean‐Claude Martin, Christophe\nBazile and Adriana Tapus",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54101",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54101",authors:[{id:"192386",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriana",surname:"Tapus",slug:"adriana-tapus",fullName:"Adriana Tapus"},{id:"197131",title:"Dr.",name:"Pauline",surname:"Chevalier",slug:"pauline-chevalier",fullName:"Pauline Chevalier"},{id:"197135",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Claude",surname:"Martin",slug:"jean-claude-martin",fullName:"Jean-Claude Martin"},{id:"197136",title:"Dr.",name:"Brice",surname:"Isableu",slug:"brice-isableu",fullName:"Brice Isableu"},{id:"197137",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",surname:"Bazile",slug:"christophe-bazile",fullName:"Christophe Bazile"}],corrections:null},{id:"52566",title:"Joint Attention Impairment in Autism: Clinical Picture, Rationale and Functional MRI Findings",doi:"10.5772/65662",slug:"joint-attention-impairment-in-autism-clinical-picture-rationale-and-functional-mri-findings",totalDownloads:1863,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Joint attention is a keystone in social cognitive development and a skill acquired early in life. It is the triadic coordination of attention between two people and an object or event in which they are commonly interested. Language development follows in its tracks and is dependent on this early acquired skill. Its deviation from typical development is considered one of the earliest signs of autism. Consequently, its remediation has gained intensive focus in therapy. In this review, the development of joint attention skill in initiating (IJA) and responding (RJA), and its atypical development in autism and related spectrum disorders would be discussed. This would include existing problems in pointing, sharing attention with the participant, and facial recognition; and the rationale behind these deviations as covert attention. Related fMRI findings would also be reviewed, outlining the integration between the posterior involuntary parietal and superior temporal cortices (RJA) and the anterior volitional prefrontal and orbital frontal areas (IJA) in typical development, and the long‐distance underconnectivity and local overconnectivity in autism. Several cortical regions are implicated in autism, revealing the heterogeneity of the findings, but general conclusions could be drawn.",signatures:"Marwa Saleh and Aya Adel",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52566",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52566",authors:[{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh"},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel"}],corrections:null},{id:"52480",title:"Mindfulness and Autism Spectrum Disorder",doi:"10.5772/65394",slug:"mindfulness-and-autism-spectrum-disorder",totalDownloads:2379,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The use of mindfulness interventions for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a relatively new research area, which has followed a more established body of research investigating the efficacy of mindfulness interventions for parents of children with ASD. Given the chronic stress levels experienced by parents and high anxiety and stress levels in individuals with ASD, such research is well justified. The utility of mindfulness in clinical practice for individuals with ASD and their parents will be discussed. This chapter aims to evaluate the research literature, identify important limitations, and propose crucial directions for future research. Acknowledgment of the impact of attitudes, social bias, and a generational shift that may be accelerating the salience of mindfulness is discussed. The author aims to emphasize the importance of high-quality future research with robust methodological designs to clearly identify the potential role for mindfulness in this population. Despite having a solid foundation of preliminary findings, it is important that researchers refine current procedures and evaluation of mindfulness interventions for individuals with ASD and their parents while carefully selecting measures that are not solely self-report or parent report.",signatures:"Renee L. Cachia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52480",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52480",authors:[{id:"190422",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Renee",surname:"Cachia",slug:"renee-cachia",fullName:"Renee Cachia"}],corrections:null},{id:"52453",title:"Constructing Healthy Experiences through Human-Animal Interactions for Autistic Children and Their Families: Implications for Research and Education",doi:"10.5772/65395",slug:"constructing-healthy-experiences-through-human-animal-interactions-for-autistic-children-and-their-f",totalDownloads:1485,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A significant body of research in the field of animal assistance in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) therapy indicates that positive human-animal interactions (HAIs), such as playing with therapy dogs or dogs presence while reading Social Stories, improve the social interactions and the level of the behavioral indicators of positive moods (smiling, laughing) in autistic children. In this chapter, we aim to present a series of evidence-based modalities of including animal-assisted activities in standard therapeutic settings but also in the home environment (e.g., interactions with family animals), targeting the socio-emotional development of autistic children and their optimal communication with the family members, including the companion animals. The studies presented here are discussed from the perspective of potential mechanisms, such as oxytocin system, and several attachment-related views. Our studies point toward the valorization of companion animals in the process of development and optimizing the interpersonal communication abilities of ASD children in a positive and engaging manner for both humans and animals.",signatures:"Alina S. Rusu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52453",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52453",authors:[{id:"191006",title:"Dr.",name:"Alina",surname:"Rusu",slug:"alina-rusu",fullName:"Alina Rusu"}],corrections:null},{id:"52764",title:"Sociocultural Perspective on Autism Intervention",doi:"10.5772/65965",slug:"sociocultural-perspective-on-autism-intervention",totalDownloads:1877,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The landscape of the population in the United States is diversifying, as are the individuals who have a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. Autism spectrum disorder now affects one of out every 68 children. Although the diagnostic criteria do not differ, there are differences in time of diagnosis, treatment and acceptability of the diagnosis in various cultures, which is important for clinicians to understand. One approach to autism intervention is applied behavior analysis (ABA), which seeks to intervene on socially significant behavior. In addition, to using an approach such as ABA, which emphasis social significance, individuals may also use a cultural broker. The cultural broker can help to bridge the gap between parties and promote more effective treatment experience and thus help to ensure a more culturally sensitive approach to intervention.",signatures:"Elizabeth Hughes Fong and Helen Lee",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52764",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52764",authors:[{id:"195244",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Elizabeth",surname:"Hughes Fong",slug:"elizabeth-hughes-fong",fullName:"Elizabeth Hughes Fong"},{id:"195269",title:"Dr.",name:"Helen",surname:"Lee",slug:"helen-lee",fullName:"Helen Lee"}],corrections:null},{id:"53550",title:"Physical Activity in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD): A Review",doi:"10.5772/66680",slug:"physical-activity-in-individuals-with-autism-spectrum-disorders-asd-a-review",totalDownloads:2198,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Current recommendations indicate that children and youth ages 5–17 should participate in 60 min and adults in 150 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity daily. Research suggests that physical activity levels of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are lower than typically developing and developed peers. Despite evidence for PA decreasing negative behaviors and promoting positive behaviors, individuals with ASD may be less motivated and less likely to participate. Individuals with ASD may be more likely to be overweight or obese than their typically developing counterparts as a result of decreased activity levels. Conflicting findings regarding PA levels in individuals with ASD have been reported. Given mixed evidence, further inquiry is warranted. The present chapter provides a review of literature pertaining to PA in individuals with ASD. Four databases were searched. Predetermined search terms and inclusion/exclusion criteria were clearly outlined to identify relevant articles which were then critically appraised. This research provides a greater understanding of the status of PA participation of individuals with ASD.",signatures:"Sara M. Scharoun, Kristen T. Wright, Jennifer E. Robertson-Wilson,\nPaula C. Fletcher and Pamela J. 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In recent years, the great developments in the applications of larger ionic rare earth-doped ferrites have been effectively realized in many prominent fields mainly in sensors, communication, and electronics. Copper ferrite metal oxide is a
In the present work, spinel copper ferrites were prepared by solution combustion method and then in Eu3+ ions will be incorporated to investigate its structural, morphological, dielectric, and humidity sensing behavior at room temperature.
\nThe required oxidizers (metal nitrates), viz., copper nitrate [Cu(NO3)2·3H2O], europium nitrate [Eu(NO3)3·5H2O], and ferric nitrate [Fe(NO3)2·9H2O], and reducing agents, viz., carbamide [NH2CONH2] and glucose [C6H12O6], all were purchased from S.D. Fine Chemicals, Mumbai, India.
\nThe CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) nanoparticles were synthesized by solution combustion method by using stoichiometry amount of copper nitrate, europium nitrate, and ferric nitrate as metal nitrates and carbamide and glucose as fuels. The weighed metal nitrates and fuels were taken in 250 ml borosil glass beaker; then all nitrates and fuels were diluted with distilled water and kept on magnetic stirrer about 45 min to obtain a homogeneous solution. This solution was kept in preheated muffle furnace at 450 ± 10°C temperature to ignite, to get a copper ferrite nanoparticle. Obtained CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) nanoparticles were taken in to mortar and then pestle it for getting fine powder of nanoparticles. The solution combustion technique flowchart for europium-doped copper ferrite as shown in Figure 1.
\nFlowchart to show solution combustion technique of synthesizing europium-doped copper ferrite.
For as-synthesized CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) nanoparticles, X-ray diffraction characterization was carried out by using Cu-Kα radiation of wavelength 1.5404 Å and the diffractogram run with two theta (2θ) range from 10o to 80o. The XRD data were refined by using full proof software. The Rietveld refined XRD pattern peaks confirm the polycrystalline spinel cubic structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were carried out by using JEOL (Model JSM-840) instrument respectively to understand structural morphology and elemental analysis. The mean grain size of the particles was estimated from SEM micrographs by using ImageJ software. From SEM and EDS to understand structural morphology and elemental analysis. The AC eclectic parameters were measured over a range of frequencies from 50 Hz to 10 MHz using Wayne Kerr 6500B series impedance analyzer. For humidity sensing AC conduction studies, powder samples were pressed in the form of pellet under the hydraulic pressure of 5 tons. Further, two faces of these pellets were painted with silver paste for electrical contact. The pellet was held between two probes and then placed in a glass chamber through a rubber cork and the other end of the electrodes connected to the programmable HIOKI Digital Multimeter to record the resistance corresponding to various RH relative humidities from 11% RH to 97%. The schematic illustration of humidity sensing setup is shown in Figure 2.
\nSchematic illustration of humidity sensing setup.
\nFigure 3 shows the Rietveld refined XRD patterns of as-synthesized CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) nanoparticles. XRD patterns of all samples show the polycrystalline spinel cubic structure with space group Fd3m with a small amount of CuO impurity phase. The indexed XRD peaks are well matched with spinel cubic structure of JCPDS card number 74-2400 and the CuO impurity peaks observed at 38.87° and 48.96° (JCPDS 80-1268) [7, 8]. The lattice parameter is found to increase with increase in Eu3+ concentration due to difference in ionic radius. The ionic radii of Fe3+ (0.67 Å) are lesser than that of Eu3+ (0.99 Å) ions; this confirms the occupancy of europium on an octahedral site. The average crystallite size of CuFe2−xEuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) nanoparticles estimated from the Debye-Scherrer relation and the average particle size of all the samples were found to be in the range of 16–51 nm [9]. The strain values are calculated by using equation\n
Rietveld refined XRD patterns of the CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) nanoparticles.
Eu3+ content | \nLattice parameters (Å) | \nCrystallite size D in nm | \nVolume (Å3) | \nStrain Є (radian) | \nSpace group | \nAverage grain size | \nHopping length (Å) | \n|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LA\n | \nLB\n | \n|||||||
x = 0.0 | \n8.126 | \n25 | \n539.29 | \n1.38 × 10−3\n | \nFd3m | \n28 | \n3.518 | \n2.873 | \n
x = 0.01 | \n8.131 | \n16 | \n540.23 | \n2.14 × 10−3\n | \nFd3m | \n30 | \n3.520 | \n2.874 | \n
x = 0.02 | \n8.143 | \n21 | \n542.71 | \n1.63 × 10−3\n | \nFd3m | \n40 | \n3.526 | \n2.879 | \n
x = 0.03 | \n8.154 | \n51 | \n544.91 | \n6.98 × 10−3\n | \nFd3m | \n33 | \n3.531 | \n2.883 | \n
Structural parameters of the CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03) nanoparticles.
The surface morphology and elemental analysis of the CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) nanoparticles were performed with scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope. From Figure 4(left) we can clearly see that all the particles are spherical in shape and exhibit smooth surface with an average grain size of 20–40 nm. All samples of the SEM micrographs show highly porous nature, and the appearance of the dry foamy powder is due to the evolution of the gases during the combustion process [10]. Figure 4(right) shows the EDS spectrum of CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) nanoparticles. The CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) of EDS spectrum depicts Cu, Fe, Eu, and O peaks are clearly seen with Cuo impurity peaks (Figure 4(right)). CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00) of EDS spectrum depicts Cu, Fe, and O peaks are clearly seen with Cuo impurity peak. The Eu3+ peak appeared in all samples except when x = 0, and its intensity of Eu3+ peak increase with europium concentration increases. The grain size distribution histogram of CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) nanoparticles is shown in Figure 4(left), and the average grain size of CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) nanoparticles is estimated from SEM micrographs using ImageJ software. The average grain sizes of all the particles are well matched with the crystallite size as shown in Table 1.
\n(Left) SEM micrographs and (right) EDS spectra of the CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03) nanoparticles.
\nFigure 5 shows the variation of frequency with AC conductivity plots, respectively, for CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) nanoparticles measured over the frequency range of 0.1 kHz to 1 MHz at room temperature. The figure clearly reveals the AC conductivity of each sample increases linearly with frequency. The exchange of electrons between A site and B site enhances the AC conductivity. The sample with a higher concentration of europium ions shows high values of AC conductivity. The substitution of europium ions on the copper ferrites obstructs the exchange of electrons between A sites and B sites, resulting in the decrease in the AC conductivity. At the lower-frequency region, the effect of grains and grain boundary is dominant, and it causes decreases in the exchange of electron between Fe2+ ions and Fe3+ ions, so small AC conductivity values have been observed. The polarization of all the samples of spinel copper ferrites is increased at high frequency. In the copper ferrite, the part of the grains is very essential at greater frequency than grain boundary’s part; it causes the conduction to be enhanced in spinel ferrites [11]. The doping of europium ions to the Fe3+ ions from the octahedral site disrupts the conduction mechanism, and the AC conductivity decreases. The maximum value of AC conductivity is found to be x = 0.00 concentration.
\nThe variation of frequency with AC conductivity for the CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03) nanoparticles.
\nFigure 6 shows the variation of frequency with real and imaginary parts of electric modulus plots respectively for CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) nanoparticles. These were studied over the frequency range of 0.1 kHz to 1 MHz at room temperature. To study the character of grain boundary and grains over the frequency range of 0.1 kHz to 1 MHZ, electric modulus analysis was taken out. For this basis, the graphs plot between real and imaginary parts of electric modulus along the y-axis and the frequency along the x-axis were taken. In copper ferrites, the real parts of the electric modulus \n
The variation of frequency with real and imaginary parts of electric modulus for the CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03) nanoparticles.
\nFigure 7 shows the imaginary part of electric modulus with real part of electric modulus plots, respectively, for CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) nanoparticles at room temperature. To examine the effect of grain boundaries and grains within spinel ferrites, a plot can be drawn between real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant and dielectric loss or using the values of the real and imaginary parts of impedance, but no satisfactory results were obtained from the aforesaid formalisms. The figure plot between real and imaginary parts of dielectric modulus clearly shows the semicircles within the given range of these quantities. The Cole-Cole plots between the real part of the electric modulus and imaginary parts of the electric modulus can give good results. The role of grains and grain boundaries is very good because semicircles are observed at all the samples [9, 12]. The maximum peak of the diameter observed semicircle increases with the substitution of europium rare earth ions. The maximum intensity of peak is observed at x = 0.03 concentration.
\nImaginary part of electric modulus with real part of electric modulus and the imaginary part of impedance with real part impedance, respectively, for CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03) nanoparticles.
\nFigure 7 shows Cole-Cole (the imaginary part of impedance with real part impedance) plots for CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) nanoparticles at room temperature.
\nIn these impedance analysis plots, we observed only one semicircle clearly at x = 0.00 concentration, this study indicating the role of grain boundaries predominated, and the contribution from the grain was not resolved from this impedance analysis [13]. Sivakumar et al. reported a similar result from nanocrystalline cobalt ferrites [14]. The radii of the semicircles decreased with increasing concentration; this sign indicates a decrease in relaxation.
\nIn Figure 8, the curves are plotted between the relative humidity along the x-axis and resistance along the y-axis for CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) nanoparticles at room temperature. For all samples, the resistances are decreased from 1 × 107 Ω to 100 × 107 Ω for relative humidity varying from 11 to 97% RH. From the figure, the maximum variation in resistance is observed for CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.03) sample as compared to other samples. So, the humidity sensing response of each sample was calculated by using the following equation and plotted against %RH shown in Figure 9.
\nThe variation of resistance with relative humidity for CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03) nanoparticles.
The variation of sensing response (%) with relative humidity for CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03) nanoparticles.
The CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.03) has shown the maximum sensing response; hence it is essential to know its sensing mechanism. The sensing mechanism is discussed on the basis of three sequential steps: chemisorptions, first step of physisorption, and second step of physisorption, followed by capillary condensation. In the initial stage, the water molecule adsorbed to the sensing surface and gets self-ionized to form H+ and OH− ions [15].
\nIn the beginning stage, the dissociated OH− ions get attached to the sensing surface forming a chemisorption layer, and H+ ions are released. These chemisorbed two OH− ions form a hydrogen bond with the neighboring water molecule to form bulk water (H3O+). This forms the first physisorbed layer. Thus formed bulk water dissociates to form H2O and H+ ion. The released H+ ions transfer from one water molecule to another through the braking and making of bonds. This is in accordance with the Grotthuss mechanism [16].
\nAs the RH increases, the physisorbed water molecules get piled up on one another forming the second step of physisorption. At the last stage, the adsorbed water molecule condenses in the capillary pores, leading to increase in the protonation. These results in the decrease in the resistance and in turn increase in its conductivity.
\nNowadays, the sensing response and recovery time characteristics and stability testing are required for device fabrication of humidity sensing material. The response and recovery time were measured only for CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.03) because of good sensing response as compared to other samples. In response and recovery time studies, we used two chambers, in that one chamber containing lower relative humidity of 11% RH another of higher relative humidity of 95% RH. The sensing response time of 63 s was recorded when the sample was moved from relative humidity of 11% RH to relative humidity of 97% RH, and the recovery time of 164 s was recorded when sample was moved from relative humidity of 97% RH to relative humidity of 11% RH (Figure 10). The difference between sensing response time and recovery time is small. These studies clearly show that the response and recovery time of Eu3+-doped CuFe2O4 sample is slightly better than response and recovery time of nickel copper-zinc ferrite synthesized by coprecipitation method [17].
\nThe sensing response and recovery characteristic for CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03) nanoparticles.
Stability testing is one of the important tests for practical application in device fabrication of sensing material. For stability testing, CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.03) sample pellet was tested at relative humidity of 97% RH and 55% RH for every 10 days in 2 months. Figure 11 shows the stability curves at 55% RH and 97% RH for CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.03) sample at room temperature. The figure clearly indicates that both relative humidity samples show highly stable response at room temperature during that period. So, sample shows that humidity sensing material is highly stable at larger concentration of europium-doped copper ferrite at room temperature and this is the proof for good practical application. The less concentration of europium-doped copper ferrite sample was not tested for stability because at lower concentration samples show less sensing response compared to higher concentration. However low sensing response ferrites also have good potential applications such as electronic and battery applications [17, 18].
\nThe humidity sensing stability characteristic for CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03) nanoparticles.
The CuFe(2−x)EuxO4 (where x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03) nanoparticles were synthesized by solution combustion method using mixture of fuels for the first time. XRD patterns reveal the polycrystalline spinel cubic structure having space group Fd3m with small amount of impurity phases at 38.87° and 48.96°. The SEM micrograph reveals the formation of dry foamy powders during combustion process and porous nature of the sample. The average grain size of the samples was measured from SEM micrographs. The chemical composition was analyzed by using EDS analysis. The dielectric parameters vary with frequency. In the copper ferrite, the role of the grains is very essential at greater frequency as compared to grain boundary’s role. The radii of the semicircles decreased with increasing concentration; this sign indicates a decrease in relaxation. The humidity sensing response at higher concentration is very good as compared to other concentration. The response and recovery curve time was good as compared to other ferrite samples. The sample shows high stability at higher concentration with good sensing response for sensor applications. At lower concentration, europium-doped sample shows low sensing response; however, the low sensing responsible ferrites are used in battery and electronic applications.
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The concepts and concept relations around metrological traceability are presented. An important element of providing the metrological traceability is the evaluation of measurement uncertainty. The procedure of linking of key and supplementary comparison results is described. Linking of key and supplementary comparison results of the Regional Metrology Organization for some quantities according to the described procedure was presented. Results for all participants of presented key and supplementary comparisons are satisfactory for chi-square test and En number. The procedure of linking of key or supplementary comparison and national inter-laboratory comparison results is described. This procedure can be used for practical evaluation of specific inter-laboratory comparison results on a national level in different countries by means of laboratory results of the National Metrology Institute and Designated Institute. This procedure can contribute the mutual recognition of measurement and testing results by different countries. Linking of key comparison and inter-laboratory comparison results for some quantities according to the described procedure was presented. Results for all participants of presented key comparison and inter-laboratory comparison are satisfactory for chi-square test, En number, z scores and ζ scores.",book:{id:"7669",slug:"standards-methods-and-solutions-of-metrology",title:"Standards, Methods and Solutions of Metrology",fullTitle:"Standards, Methods and Solutions of Metrology"},signatures:"Oleh Velychko and Tetyana Gordiyenko",authors:[{id:"94982",title:"Prof.",name:"Tetyana",middleName:null,surname:"Gordiyenko",slug:"tetyana-gordiyenko",fullName:"Tetyana Gordiyenko"},{id:"223340",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleh",middleName:null,surname:"Velychko",slug:"oleh-velychko",fullName:"Oleh Velychko"}]},{id:"61607",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77951",title:"Scientometrics of Scientometrics: Mapping Historical Footprint and Emerging Technologies in Scientometrics",slug:"scientometrics-of-scientometrics-mapping-historical-footprint-and-emerging-technologies-in-scientome",totalDownloads:1395,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Scientometrics is the study of quantitative aspects of science, technology, and innovation. This chapter identifies thematic patterns and emerging trends of the published literature in scientometrics using a variety of tools and techniques, including CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and dynamic topic modeling. Using 8098 bibliographic records of published scientometrics research, we explored domain-level citation paths, subject category assignment, keyword co-occurrence, topic models, and document co-citation network to map and characterize the intellectual landscapes of scientometrics. Findings reveal that the domain is multidisciplinary in that a wide range of disciplines contribute to the growth of literature, but only partially interdisciplinary as some works heavily cites from similar domains. Early literature was interested in measuring the impact of a science and evaluating research performance and productivity. Modeling scientometrics laws and indicators is also of greatest interest. Later work explored applications of scientometrics to a variety of domains such as material sciences, medicine, environmental sciences, and social media analytics. Impact measure and science mapping are among the topics receiving consistent attention.",book:{id:"6760",slug:"scientometrics",title:"Scientometrics",fullTitle:"Scientometrics"},signatures:"Meen Chul Kim and Yongjun Zhu",authors:[{id:"239684",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Meen Chul",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"meen-chul-kim",fullName:"Meen Chul Kim"},{id:"247267",title:"Prof.",name:"Yongjun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",slug:"yongjun-zhu",fullName:"Yongjun Zhu"}]},{id:"61596",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77389",title:"Progress of Studies of Citations and PageRank",slug:"progress-of-studies-of-citations-and-pagerank",totalDownloads:828,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"A number of citations have been used to measure the value of paper. However, recently, Google’s PageRank is also extensively applied to quantify the worth of papers. In this chapter, we summarize the recent progress of studies on citations and PageRank. We also show our latest investigations of the citation network consisting of 34,666,719 articles and 591,321,826 citations. We propose the generalized beta distribution of the second kind to explain the distribution of citation and introduce the stochastic model with aging effect and super preferential attachment. Furthermore, we clarify the positive linear relation between citations and Google’s PageRank. By using this relationship as the benchmark to classify papers, we extract extremely prestigious papers, popular papers, and rising papers.",book:{id:"6760",slug:"scientometrics",title:"Scientometrics",fullTitle:"Scientometrics"},signatures:"Wataru Souma and Mari Jibu",authors:[{id:"238741",title:"Dr.",name:"Wataru",middleName:null,surname:"Souma",slug:"wataru-souma",fullName:"Wataru Souma"}]},{id:"61604",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77130",title:"Exploring Characteristics of Patent-Paper Citations and Development of New Indicators",slug:"exploring-characteristics-of-patent-paper-citations-and-development-of-new-indicators",totalDownloads:1112,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"In this study, the characteristics of “papers cited in patents” are examined and impact indicators of them based on existing bibliometric indicators are developed. First, the nature of patent-paper citations is examined for Japanese scientific papers as the basic knowledge for developing indicators. Second, the patent-paper citation index (PPCI) indicator, which was proposed in the previous study, is revised. Third, a set of indicators, named High Feature Valued Patent-Paper Citation Index, which is based on three feature values of citing patents, is proposed. Evidence using our new indicators is presented and the tendency of patent-paper citations of Japanese three sectors such as university, public institute, and corporation is discussed. Finally, issues to be addressed are discussed.",book:{id:"6760",slug:"scientometrics",title:"Scientometrics",fullTitle:"Scientometrics"},signatures:"Yasuhiro Yamashita",authors:[{id:"239637",title:"M.A.",name:"Yasuhiro",middleName:null,surname:"Yamashita",slug:"yasuhiro-yamashita",fullName:"Yasuhiro Yamashita"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"61607",title:"Scientometrics of Scientometrics: Mapping Historical Footprint and Emerging Technologies in Scientometrics",slug:"scientometrics-of-scientometrics-mapping-historical-footprint-and-emerging-technologies-in-scientome",totalDownloads:1395,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Scientometrics is the study of quantitative aspects of science, technology, and innovation. This chapter identifies thematic patterns and emerging trends of the published literature in scientometrics using a variety of tools and techniques, including CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and dynamic topic modeling. Using 8098 bibliographic records of published scientometrics research, we explored domain-level citation paths, subject category assignment, keyword co-occurrence, topic models, and document co-citation network to map and characterize the intellectual landscapes of scientometrics. Findings reveal that the domain is multidisciplinary in that a wide range of disciplines contribute to the growth of literature, but only partially interdisciplinary as some works heavily cites from similar domains. Early literature was interested in measuring the impact of a science and evaluating research performance and productivity. Modeling scientometrics laws and indicators is also of greatest interest. Later work explored applications of scientometrics to a variety of domains such as material sciences, medicine, environmental sciences, and social media analytics. Impact measure and science mapping are among the topics receiving consistent attention.",book:{id:"6760",slug:"scientometrics",title:"Scientometrics",fullTitle:"Scientometrics"},signatures:"Meen Chul Kim and Yongjun Zhu",authors:[{id:"239684",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Meen Chul",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"meen-chul-kim",fullName:"Meen Chul Kim"},{id:"247267",title:"Prof.",name:"Yongjun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhu",slug:"yongjun-zhu",fullName:"Yongjun Zhu"}]},{id:"67258",title:"Biotoxicological Monitoring of Organic Solvents in the Tunisian Footwear Industry",slug:"biotoxicological-monitoring-of-organic-solvents-in-the-tunisian-footwear-industry",totalDownloads:776,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Organic solvents (OS) are widely used in Tunisian footwear industry; however, there are no data related to employees’ exposure. The objective of this study was therefore to adjust analytical methods in our laboratory for exposure assessment purposes. The predominant solvents are acetone, cyclohexane, hexane, methyl ethyl ketone, and toluene. Eighteen companies benefited from 55 airborne and 190 urine samples. Quantification of solvents and their metabolites was achieved by analytical methods that were adapted and validated in our laboratory. Airborne solvents were determined using gas chromatography (GC-FID). Urinary solvents or metabolites were measured either by GC or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Validation criteria were determined and used to judge the methods reliability. For airborne solvents, the concentrations exceeding the threshold limit value are mainly for hexane. For urines, the hippuric acid concentrations exceeded the biological limit value in semi-industrial process. Surprisingly, trans, trans-muconic acid was found in industrial and artisanal processes even though benzene was not among the used products. GC and HPLC methods have been adjusted, optimized, and effectively used to quantify OS and their metabolites in airborne and urine samples. Thus, a process of occupational risk assessment via a biotoxicological and airborne monitoring for solvents is now set.",book:{id:"7669",slug:"standards-methods-and-solutions-of-metrology",title:"Standards, Methods and Solutions of Metrology",fullTitle:"Standards, Methods and Solutions of Metrology"},signatures:"Imed Gargouri, Fatma Omrane and Moncef Khadhraoui",authors:[{id:"186371",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Imed",middleName:null,surname:"Gargouri",slug:"imed-gargouri",fullName:"Imed Gargouri"},{id:"188100",title:"Dr.",name:"Moncef",middleName:null,surname:"Khadhraoui",slug:"moncef-khadhraoui",fullName:"Moncef Khadhraoui"},{id:"294793",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma",middleName:null,surname:"Omrane",slug:"fatma-omrane",fullName:"Fatma Omrane"}]},{id:"61604",title:"Exploring Characteristics of Patent-Paper Citations and Development of New Indicators",slug:"exploring-characteristics-of-patent-paper-citations-and-development-of-new-indicators",totalDownloads:1112,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"In this study, the characteristics of “papers cited in patents” are examined and impact indicators of them based on existing bibliometric indicators are developed. First, the nature of patent-paper citations is examined for Japanese scientific papers as the basic knowledge for developing indicators. Second, the patent-paper citation index (PPCI) indicator, which was proposed in the previous study, is revised. Third, a set of indicators, named High Feature Valued Patent-Paper Citation Index, which is based on three feature values of citing patents, is proposed. Evidence using our new indicators is presented and the tendency of patent-paper citations of Japanese three sectors such as university, public institute, and corporation is discussed. Finally, issues to be addressed are discussed.",book:{id:"6760",slug:"scientometrics",title:"Scientometrics",fullTitle:"Scientometrics"},signatures:"Yasuhiro Yamashita",authors:[{id:"239637",title:"M.A.",name:"Yasuhiro",middleName:null,surname:"Yamashita",slug:"yasuhiro-yamashita",fullName:"Yasuhiro Yamashita"}]},{id:"65687",title:"Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Quantum Dots",slug:"third-order-nonlinear-optical-properties-of-quantum-dots",totalDownloads:1376,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconducting nanocrystalline particles. QDs are attractive photonic media. In this chapter, we introduce third-order nonlinear optical properties and a brief idea about the physics of QDs. Z-scan technique and theoretical analysis adopted to obtain nonlinear parameters will be discussed. Analysis of third-order nonlinear optical parameters for PbS QDs suspended in toluene with radii 2.4 and 5.0 nm under different excitation beam power level and three different wavelengths (488, 514, and 633 nm) will be detailed. Third-order optical susceptibility χ(3) and optical-limiting behavior of PbS QD suspended in toluene are presented. Irrespective of their size, QDs are a good example of optical limiters with low threshold.",book:{id:"7669",slug:"standards-methods-and-solutions-of-metrology",title:"Standards, Methods and Solutions of Metrology",fullTitle:"Standards, Methods and Solutions of Metrology"},signatures:"Khalil Ebrahim Jasim",authors:[{id:"36065",title:"Dr.",name:"Khalil",middleName:"Ebrahim",surname:"Jasim",slug:"khalil-jasim",fullName:"Khalil Jasim"}]},{id:"67358",title:"Analysis of Pulsating White Dwarf Star Light Curves",slug:"analysis-of-pulsating-white-dwarf-star-light-curves",totalDownloads:710,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Analysis techniques are presented for extracting the frequencies contained in the light curves of pulsating white dwarf stars. In several surface temperature regimes, these astronomical objects are unstable to gravity mode pulsations which result in brightness variations corresponding to the periods of the excited modes. There is a rich array of possible periods with values ranging from about 100 to 1000 seconds. Mode periods present in the light curve are detected by undertaking a Fourier analysis of the time series light curve; theoretical models of the star can be refined with this information. The Fourier analysis needs to take into account such things as finite length, data gaps and the presence of noise.",book:{id:"7669",slug:"standards-methods-and-solutions-of-metrology",title:"Standards, Methods and Solutions of Metrology",fullTitle:"Standards, Methods and Solutions of Metrology"},signatures:"Denis J. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. 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International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. 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He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"17",type:"subseries",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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