Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\n
This achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\n
We are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\n
Thank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10548",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Lean Manufacturing",title:"Lean Manufacturing",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Lean manufacturing is a process used in production to maximize efficiency and minimize waste by considering sustainability and the environment. This book presents a comprehensive overview of lean manufacturing in various enterprises, including manufacturing, construction, and the fabric and textile industry, among others. Chapters cover such topics as barriers to lean manufacturing, enterprise modeling, lean practices and circular economies, and more.",isbn:"978-1-83969-150-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-149-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-151-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92922",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"lean-manufacturing",numberOfPages:244,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"7409b2acd5150a93004300800918b736",bookSignature:"Karmen Pažek",publishedDate:"November 3rd 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10548.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4070,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:4,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:8,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 20th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 17th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 16th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 6th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 5th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"179642",title:"Prof.",name:"Karmen",middleName:null,surname:"Pažek",slug:"karmen-pazek",fullName:"Karmen Pažek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/179642/images/system/179642.jpg",biography:"Karmen Pažek was born in 1976. She graduated from the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maribor, Slovenia, in 2000. In 2001 she was employed at the same faculty as an assistant for the field of grassland management. Between 2000 and 2003, she enrolled in the master\\'s study program in Agriculture Economics at the same faculty, and in 2003 she received her master\\'s degree. In the same year, she enrolled in a doctoral study in Agriculture Economics at the Faculty of Agriculture and obtained the status of a research assistant. In 2006 she successfully completed her Ph.D. in Agriculture Economics.\n\n\n\nSince 2006 she has been habilitated at the University of Maribor, and Life Sciences (she has been a full professor since 2016) for the field of Farm management. She holds several courses at all levels of study. She is currently the head of the 1st-degree study Agriculture Economics and Rural Development and the Vice Dean for Education.\n\n\n\nHer research includes the development of decision support tools and systems for farm management (simulation modeling, multicriteria decision analysis, option models, risk management), the economics of agricultural production, and other modern methods of operational research.",institutionString:"University of Maribor",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Maribor",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1360",title:"Production Engineering",slug:"technology-industrial-engineering-production-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"76130",title:"Application of Lean in a Small and Medium Enterprise",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97059",slug:"application-of-lean-in-a-small-and-medium-enterprise",totalDownloads:241,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Application of lean principles in manufacturing as well as services has been revolutionizing the operations for more than five decades. Many large as well as small enterprises have implemented lean and reported benefits in both direct and indirect activities of business. Due to advent of digital technologies and better understanding of process improvement approaches made lean much more effective across many sectors. In this chapter, we highlight various elements of lean and its application to a small enterprise in food processing sector in India. We draw some useful insights based on the implementation of lean and challenges faced by SMEs.",signatures:"Venkataramanaiah Saddikuti, Saketh Saddikuti Venkat and Ganesh Babu Shanmugam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76130",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76130",authors:[{id:"292211",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Venkataramanaiah",surname:"Saddikuti",slug:"venkataramanaiah-saddikuti",fullName:"Venkataramanaiah Saddikuti"},{id:"337430",title:"Mr.",name:"Saketh",surname:"Saddikuti Venkat",slug:"saketh-saddikuti-venkat",fullName:"Saketh Saddikuti Venkat"},{id:"349737",title:"Mr.",name:"Ganesh Babu",surname:"Shanmugam",slug:"ganesh-babu-shanmugam",fullName:"Ganesh Babu Shanmugam"}],corrections:null},{id:"75200",title:"Lean and Kaizen: The Past and the Future of the Methodologies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96169",slug:"lean-and-kaizen-the-past-and-the-future-of-the-methodologies",totalDownloads:417,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Lean and Kaizen improvement methodologies have been in the entrepreneurship spotlight for a long time. They can be adopted by any kind of enterprise, and they succeed in producing better long-term results, improving their performance, but most important, influencing the philosophy of the organizations implemented. In this research, many case studies and success stories of companies implementing Kaizen or/and Lean methodologies, or even the new Lean Kaizen methodology, will be introduced. We attempt to evaluate the performance of Lean and Kaizen implemented companies and distinguish the elements that made the difference. Maybe, it is some specific tool, or an aspect in the culture that was enhanced, since the implementation of these business process improvement methodologies. Finally, thoughts and estimations will be presented, regarding the future of these methodologies, in the unstable and rapidly changing economic environment.",signatures:"Vasileios Ismyrlis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75200",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75200",authors:[{id:"190036",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasileios",surname:"Ismyrlis",slug:"vasileios-ismyrlis",fullName:"Vasileios Ismyrlis"}],corrections:null},{id:"76432",title:"Introduction to Lean Waste and Lean Tools",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97573",slug:"introduction-to-lean-waste-and-lean-tools",totalDownloads:325,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the turbulent and complex business environments, many Indian SMEs are facing stiff competition in the domestic as well as in the global market from their multinational counterpart. The concept of lean has gained prominence due to the fact that the resource based competitive advantages are no longer sufficient in this economy. Hence, lean is no longer merely an option but rather a core necessity for engineering industries situated in any part of the globe, if they have to compete successfully. Lean Manufacturing (LM) which provides new opportunities to create and retain greater value from the employee of the industry based on their core business competencies. The challenge of capturing, organizing, and disseminating throughout the aggregate business unit is a huge responsibility of the top management. The success of any industry depends on how well it can manage its resources and translate in to action. The adoption of lean manufacturing through effective lean practices depends on interpretations of past experiences and present information resides in the industry. Generally, in an industry, some tangible and intangible factors exist in the form of non-value adding activities which hinder the smooth lean implementation are known as lean manufacturing barriers (LMBs).",signatures:"Shyam Sunder Sharma and Rahul Khatri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76432",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76432",authors:[{id:"311981",title:"Dr.",name:"Shyam Sunder",surname:"Sharma",slug:"shyam-sunder-sharma",fullName:"Shyam Sunder Sharma"},{id:"338090",title:"Mr.",name:"Rahul",surname:"Khatri",slug:"rahul-khatri",fullName:"Rahul Khatri"}],corrections:null},{id:"76093",title:"Effect of Lean Practices on Organizational Performance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96482",slug:"effect-of-lean-practices-on-organizational-performance",totalDownloads:164,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The study focuses on the analysis of the direct effect of Lean Manufacturing (LM) practices on operational performance in manufacturing industry. A model for evaluating the effect of LM is developed taking into consideration as a fundamental variable that affects the causal relationship between LM practices and operational performance. A structural equation model was proposed and investigated across the manufacturing industry in India. A structured survey questionnaire was used to collect empirical data from 400 Indian companies. A total of 203 usable responses were obtained giving a response rate of 53%. The data was analyzed using SPSS- AMOS software. The results revealed that LM practices directly and positively affected operational performance. The results indicated that the structural equation model remained invariant across the Industry. The study provides further evidence to managers and practitioner on the effect of LM practices on operational performance in developing countries like India.",signatures:"Lokpriya Mohanrao Gaikwad and Vivek K. Sunnapwar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76093",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76093",authors:[{id:"246830",title:"Prof.",name:"Lokpriya Mohanrao",surname:"Gaikwad",slug:"lokpriya-mohanrao-gaikwad",fullName:"Lokpriya Mohanrao Gaikwad"},{id:"251857",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivek K.",surname:"Sunnapwar",slug:"vivek-k.-sunnapwar",fullName:"Vivek K. Sunnapwar"}],corrections:null},{id:"75353",title:"Enhancement of Textile Supply Chain Performance through Optimal Capacity Planning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96292",slug:"enhancement-of-textile-supply-chain-performance-through-optimal-capacity-planning",totalDownloads:273,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Manufacturing companies in the textile and apparel field face stiff competition due to the globalization of trade between suppliers, producers and customers. To meet this challenge, they need to be efficient by adopting new lean manufacturing approaches and new analysis and management tools leading to more flexible and agile production and distribution processes. For the textile and apparel industry, where products’ life cycle is short due to fashion changes, a new integrated approach of production and distribution planning is needed. Based on linear programming techniques and integrating subcontracting activities, our approach takes into account the characteristics of demand, including its short life cycle, seasonality and fashion effect. For these reasons, a sequential approach is adopted, combining tactical and operational decision levels for production and distribution activities, in order to satisfy customer needs at lower cost by reacting quickly to changes and delivering on time. The deployed approach is structured according to the DMAIC lean tool. Validated on real instances, this approach proves its efficiency by achieving cost reduction when internal production capacity is adequately and efficiently planned.",signatures:"Imen Safra and Kaouther Ghachem",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75353",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75353",authors:[{id:"336845",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"safra",surname:"Imen",slug:"safra-imen",fullName:"safra Imen"},{id:"345868",title:"Dr.",name:"Kaouther",surname:"Ghachem",slug:"kaouther-ghachem",fullName:"Kaouther Ghachem"}],corrections:null},{id:"75657",title:"From Lean Manufacturing to Lean Construction: How Principles, Tools, and Techniques Evolved",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96191",slug:"from-lean-manufacturing-to-lean-construction-how-principles-tools-and-techniques-evolved",totalDownloads:342,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Lean manufacturing first emerged in the automotive industry. However, low productivity and low efficiency in production are major problems for the majority of industries relying on a heavy workforce. Being one of these, the construction industry suffers from low productivity rates along with inefficient work practices. To prevent those, the industry has shifted its focus from the traditional approach to a more innovative one, which is called Lean construction. Lean construction aims to maximize value while minimizing waste. Therefore, it intends to create safer, smoother, and more efficient processes to eliminate waste. This chapter focuses on Lean construction and highlights the generic Lean tools and techniques practiced in the construction industry indicating its historical journey from Lean manufacturing. The chapter aims to raise awareness towards the efficiency of Lean methods in the construction industry with respect to practices observed in manufacturing.",signatures:"Sevilay Demirkesen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75657",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75657",authors:[{id:"338001",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Sevilay",surname:"Demirkesen",slug:"sevilay-demirkesen",fullName:"Sevilay Demirkesen"}],corrections:null},{id:"75939",title:"Model-Based Enterprise Continuous Improvement",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96856",slug:"model-based-enterprise-continuous-improvement",totalDownloads:253,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The enterprise reengineering based on enterprise modelling is usually carried out within the framework of conventional projects. This leads to relatively long projects that are not compatible with a highly variable economic environment. The objective of the evolution management presented here is to use enterprise modelling and all the benefits it brings in a framework that allows for more continuous improvement than is generally observed. The proposed architecture is made up of three levels: a strategic level based on performance measurement, a tactical level that manages system migration and is based on enterprise models, and an operational level consisting of managing a portfolio of evolution projects. Together, these allow a shorter set of projects to be carried out, while remaining coherent and aligned with the company’s strategy. This approach puts enterprise modelling methods and continuous improvement/Lean management approaches into perspective, allowing complementarities and opening up interesting perspectives concerning enterprise re-engineering methods.",signatures:"Bruno Vallespir and Anne Zouggar-Amrani",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75939",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75939",authors:[{id:"345188",title:"Prof.",name:"Bruno",surname:"Vallespir",slug:"bruno-vallespir",fullName:"Bruno Vallespir"},{id:"348617",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",surname:"Zougar-Amrani",slug:"anne-zougar-amrani",fullName:"Anne Zougar-Amrani"}],corrections:null},{id:"75617",title:"Single Minute Exchange of Dies: Classical Tool of Lean Manufacturing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96665",slug:"single-minute-exchange-of-dies-classical-tool-of-lean-manufacturing",totalDownloads:311,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Effective utilization of the resources is the need of an hour particularly when it comes to the manufacturing industry. It is having a paramount importance to have a proper utilization of the resources, on the same line in any manufacturing industries to reduce the setup time is also one of the ways to do so. Single Minute Exchange of Dies (SMED) is one of the classical method which is normally used to reduce the setup time. In this technique complete videography of the existing changeover is done and then by analyzing it waste activities identified and other improvement plant has been done in each iteration. The chapter also showcases the SMED technique applications in a gear industry. Remarkable resources and results have been achieved through the implementation of classical tool of Lean manufacturing is made.",signatures:"Yash Dave",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75617",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75617",authors:[{id:"338618",title:"Dr.",name:"Yash",surname:"Dave",slug:"yash-dave",fullName:"Yash Dave"}],corrections:null},{id:"75408",title:"Lean Manufacturing as a Strategy for Continuous Improvement in Organizations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96427",slug:"lean-manufacturing-as-a-strategy-for-continuous-improvement-in-organizations",totalDownloads:358,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The implementation of lean manufacturing is one of the most discussed and studied topics in management; references are at the business, educational and public levels. However, the changes faced in the fourth industrial revolution generate challenges that will only encounter solution through innovative efforts and industrial improvements as well as a radical change in our way of interacting. In the current revolution, there are digital changes that cause ruptures in social, economic and political aspects, and the administrative process is part of it, this chapter proposes to analyze the implementation of lean manufacturing in the process of continuous improvement in business organizations through a literary review of the implementation of tools.",signatures:"María Marcela Solís-Quinteros, Carolina Zayas-Márquez, Luis Alfredo Ávila-López and Teresa Carrillo-Gutirrez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75408",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75408",authors:[{id:"281004",title:"Dr.",name:"María Marcela",surname:"Solís-Quinteros",slug:"maria-marcela-solis-quinteros",fullName:"María Marcela Solís-Quinteros"},{id:"343581",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Alfredo",surname:"Avila-Lopez",slug:"luis-alfredo-avila-lopez",fullName:"Luis Alfredo Avila-Lopez"},{id:"343697",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolina",surname:"Zayas-Márquez",slug:"carolina-zayas-marquez",fullName:"Carolina Zayas-Márquez"},{id:"343698",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa",surname:"Carrillo-Gutiérrez",slug:"teresa-carrillo-gutierrez",fullName:"Teresa Carrillo-Gutiérrez"}],corrections:null},{id:"74769",title:"Development of Integrated Lean Six Sigma-Baldrige Framework for Manufacturing Waste Minimization: A Case of NAS Foods Plc",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95279",slug:"development-of-integrated-lean-six-sigma-baldrige-framework-for-manufacturing-waste-minimization-a-c",totalDownloads:375,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The aim of this study objective is to develop an integrated constant quality improvement model so as to minimize unwanted biscuit processing industry wastes. The method used was lean- six- sigma elements to define measure and improve unwanted process company wastes. In other word, Baldrige with six-sigma were created to define, measure and improve management perspectives. The tasks were integrated using both quantitative and qualitative analyzing tools implementing mixed strategies. The result was improved by using FMEA analysis was carried out at each stage of the existing process used to determine the failure of the process and to analyses and improve the production quality. The SPSS software was also used. In the finding section, the correlation and regression analysis has shown that there is strong relationship between each variance. There are different wastes that identified in six sigma (DMAIC) on NAS food Plc as a result; the value of waste ratio indicated is 36.7%. This show non-lean of the food industry is practiced. The defect of the company also calculated and defect per million are 67,308. This shows that the biscuit production has a production capability with a failure of 67,308 every 1000,000 productions it high failure rate. The contribution of the paper has indicated that there are limited studies were conducted so far to implement waste minimization tools like six-sigma, lean and MBNQA framework approach integration for food processing industry.",signatures:"Kassu Jilcha Sileyew and Selamawit Gebreyohanis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74769",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74769",authors:[{id:"292841",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassu",surname:"Jilcha Sileyew",slug:"kassu-jilcha-sileyew",fullName:"Kassu Jilcha Sileyew"},{id:"338417",title:"Ms.",name:"Selamawit",surname:"Gebreyohanis",slug:"selamawit-gebreyohanis",fullName:"Selamawit Gebreyohanis"}],corrections:null},{id:"75149",title:"Analysis, an Anathema: Is That a Fervent Diatribe of Lean?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96166",slug:"analysis-an-anathema-is-that-a-fervent-diatribe-of-lean-",totalDownloads:242,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Should there be an understanding that rigor in analysis must be out-of-bounds for Lean initiatives? Will this rigor not facilitate a benchmarking of Lean initiatives? Why not a Lean initiative cause-consequence assessment not performed for building future fault tolerance? The effectiveness of a company’s strategy is critical to its success or failure. Lean strategy seems to be claimed as a widely recognized factor for business success and competitive advantage. However, empirical evidences do not promote the idea that Lean has delivered results every time. Study results indicate that success or failure of lean initiatives strongly depends on how companies approach it and on whether company has created their own curated philosophy towards Lean. Then, success is not dependent alone on a strategy, but on how daily operations are aligned to strategy. This chapter aims to address the above questions and a greater number of questions that we experience on a day-to-day basis with regard to Lean applications in the real world. Chapter Learning Objectives: Understanding Lean, Lean failure modes, and Lean initiative precautions.",signatures:"Sajit Jacob and Krishnamurthy Kothandaraman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75149",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75149",authors:[{id:"299036",title:"Mr.",name:"Sajit",surname:"Jacob",slug:"sajit-jacob",fullName:"Sajit Jacob"},{id:"299213",title:"Dr.",name:"Krishnamurthy",surname:"Kothandaraman",slug:"krishnamurthy-kothandaraman",fullName:"Krishnamurthy Kothandaraman"}],corrections:null},{id:"76883",title:"Lean Manufacturing towards Green Manufacturing Practices and Its Implementation in SME’s",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97389",slug:"lean-manufacturing-towards-green-manufacturing-practices-and-its-implementation-in-sme-s",totalDownloads:223,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The manufacturing SMEs are facing the burden of non-equilibrium of the supply–demand chain along with the global change in the climate. Several SMEs are looking for a substitute that can create a balance between performance and the environment. In spite of numerous studies related to green and lean that has been evolved, none of them is able to clearly define the spheres of green and lean. Here in this chapter, there is an exploration of advancement of lean and green manufacturing and its impact on other sectors. It also highlights the methodology adopted in implementing the same. This chapter recognizes the commonalities between lean and green approaches, the collaboration and impact, techniques involved. Also, the impediments and perplexities confronted by the manufacturing sector are examined. Further, this gives a better understanding of the challenges before implementing lean with green. This chapter also recognizes possible gaps in the literature that will help to eliminate the barrier toward this Neo manufacturing.",signatures:"J.P. Rishi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76883",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76883",authors:[{id:"339553",title:"Dr.",name:"J.P.",surname:"Rishi",slug:"j.p.-rishi",fullName:"J.P. Rishi"}],corrections:null},{id:"75839",title:"Lean Manufacturing Practices and Environmental Performance",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96973",slug:"lean-manufacturing-practices-and-environmental-performance",totalDownloads:359,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Lean manufacturing is considered a rewarding production strategy due to its positive effects on organizational and economic efficiency in various industries. Given the growing ecological consciousness, environmental achievements of lean manufacturing also incorporate a strong economic relevance. The main objective of this chapter is, therefore, to investigate the impact of lean manufacturing practices on environmental performance and the existing coherences between Lean and ecologically oriented variables such as resource usage, energy consumption, and air pollution. The methodology is literature review evaluating the findings of research in this sphere. Besides the discussion of its principles and methods, current trends and challenges regarding lean production as a business model that supports eco-efficiency are presented. The implications of this study will allow executives to better recognize and simultaneously solve both the economic and environmental problems posed by their companies.",signatures:"Ruhet Genç",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75839",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75839",authors:[{id:"340234",title:"Prof.",name:"Ruhet",surname:"Genç",slug:"ruhet-genc",fullName:"Ruhet Genç"}],corrections:null},{id:"78284",title:"Circular and Lean Food Supply Chains",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99769",slug:"circular-and-lean-food-supply-chains",totalDownloads:187,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Circular economy (CE) refers to the industrial economy that aims to achieve enriched sustainability through restorative objects and supply chain design. Many governments have put in place different initiatives in line with the CE. On the other hand, the term Lean operations refers to the reduction of the non-value adding activities and waste in a supply chain. The food sector has been criticized for its sustainability and circularity due to the high levels of food and packaging waste and at the same time the increasing costs. Although food supply chain entities have started to implement circular economy and lean practices, the current efforts do not seem to be sufficient to achieve a circular and lean food system. The aim of this chapter is to explore the possibility of a circular and at the same lean food supply chain.",signatures:"Stella Despoudi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78284",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78284",authors:[{id:"338855",title:"Dr.",name:"Stella",surname:"Despoudi",slug:"stella-despoudi",fullName:"Stella Despoudi"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2020",title:"New Technologies",subtitle:"Trends, Innovations and Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"170d84903f390df23023d0623d8577d3",slug:"new-technologies-trends-innovations-and-research",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-review-of-liquid-filled-optical-fibre-based-temperature-sensing",title:"Corrigendum to Review of Liquid-Filled Optical Fibre-Based Temperature Sensing",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/65367.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65367",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65367",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/65367",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/65367",chapter:{id:"63471",slug:"review-of-liquid-filled-optical-fibre-based-temperature-sensing",signatures:"Fintan McGuinness, Gabriel Leen, Elfed Lewis, Gerard Dooly, Daniel Toal\nand Dinesh Babu Duraibabu",dateSubmitted:"May 22nd 2018",dateReviewed:"August 1st 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"April 24th 2019",book:{id:"8271",title:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",slug:"applications-of-optical-fibers-for-sensing",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",bookSignature:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8271.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220902",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Cuadrado-Laborde",slug:"christian-cuadrado-laborde",fullName:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"27036",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Toal",fullName:"Daniel Toal",slug:"daniel-toal",email:"daniel.toal@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"85846",title:"Prof.",name:"Elfed",middleName:null,surname:"Lewis",fullName:"Elfed Lewis",slug:"elfed-lewis",email:"Elfed.Lewis@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"259703",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh Babu",middleName:null,surname:"Duraibabu",fullName:"Dinesh Babu Duraibabu",slug:"dinesh-babu-duraibabu",email:"dineshbabu.duraibabu@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269578",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Leen",fullName:"Gabriel Leen",slug:"gabriel-leen",email:"Gabriel.Leen@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269579",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Fintan",middleName:null,surname:"McGuinness",fullName:"Fintan McGuinness",slug:"fintan-mcguinness",email:"Fintan.McGuinness@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269580",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerard",middleName:null,surname:"Dooly",fullName:"Gerard Dooly",slug:"gerard-dooly",email:"Gerard.Dooly@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"63471",slug:"review-of-liquid-filled-optical-fibre-based-temperature-sensing",signatures:"Fintan McGuinness, Gabriel Leen, Elfed Lewis, Gerard Dooly, Daniel Toal\nand Dinesh Babu Duraibabu",dateSubmitted:"May 22nd 2018",dateReviewed:"August 1st 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"April 24th 2019",book:{id:"8271",title:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",slug:"applications-of-optical-fibers-for-sensing",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",bookSignature:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8271.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220902",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Cuadrado-Laborde",slug:"christian-cuadrado-laborde",fullName:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"27036",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Toal",fullName:"Daniel Toal",slug:"daniel-toal",email:"daniel.toal@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"85846",title:"Prof.",name:"Elfed",middleName:null,surname:"Lewis",fullName:"Elfed Lewis",slug:"elfed-lewis",email:"Elfed.Lewis@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"259703",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh Babu",middleName:null,surname:"Duraibabu",fullName:"Dinesh Babu Duraibabu",slug:"dinesh-babu-duraibabu",email:"dineshbabu.duraibabu@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269578",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Leen",fullName:"Gabriel Leen",slug:"gabriel-leen",email:"Gabriel.Leen@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269579",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Fintan",middleName:null,surname:"McGuinness",fullName:"Fintan McGuinness",slug:"fintan-mcguinness",email:"Fintan.McGuinness@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269580",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerard",middleName:null,surname:"Dooly",fullName:"Gerard Dooly",slug:"gerard-dooly",email:"Gerard.Dooly@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}}]},book:{id:"8271",title:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",slug:"applications-of-optical-fibers-for-sensing",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",bookSignature:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8271.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220902",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Cuadrado-Laborde",slug:"christian-cuadrado-laborde",fullName:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"12040",leadTitle:null,title:"Advances in Lean Manufacturing",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"280b436c389c11cac34db042d0ea4f21",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12040.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"February 28th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"March 21st 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"May 20th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"August 8th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"October 7th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"5 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"11",title:"Engineering",slug:"engineering"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10198",title:"Response Surface Methodology in Engineering Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1942bec30d40572f519327ca7a6d7aae",slug:"response-surface-methodology-in-engineering-science",bookSignature:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10198.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"321730",title:"Prof.",name:"Palanikumar",surname:"Kayaroganam",slug:"palanikumar-kayaroganam",fullName:"Palanikumar Kayaroganam"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3569",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Life of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb737eb528a53e5106c7e218d5f12ec6",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"26425",title:"Occurrence of Salmonella in Minimally Processed Vegetables",doi:"10.5772/29049",slug:"occurrence-of-salmonella-in-minimally-processed-vegetables",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/26425.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/26425",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/26425",totalDownloads:2737,totalViews:114,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:56,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"March 4th 2011",dateReviewed:"August 25th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"January 20th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/26425",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/26425",book:{id:"799",slug:"salmonella-a-dangerous-foodborne-pathogen"},signatures:"Silvana Mariana Srebernich, Neliane Ferraz de Arruda Silveira and Gisele Mara Silva Gonçalves",authors:[{id:"76344",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvana",middleName:"Mariana",surname:"Srebernich",fullName:"Silvana Srebernich",slug:"silvana-srebernich",email:"srebernich@uol.com.br",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"799",type:"book",title:"Salmonella",subtitle:"A Dangerous Foodborne Pathogen",fullTitle:"Salmonella - A Dangerous Foodborne Pathogen",slug:"salmonella-a-dangerous-foodborne-pathogen",publishedDate:"January 20th 2012",bookSignature:"Barakat S. M. Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/799.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-782-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4378-9",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:115,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"92016",title:"Dr.",name:"Barakat",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"barakat-mahmoud",fullName:"Barakat Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1046"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"26420",type:"chapter",title:"The Burden of Salmonellosis in the United States",slug:"the-burden-of-salmonellosis-in-the-united-states",totalDownloads:5032,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Patricia L. Cummings, Frank Sorvillo and Tony Kuo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"72463",title:"Ms.",name:"Patricia",middleName:"Lynn",surname:"Cummings",fullName:"Patricia Cummings",slug:"patricia-cummings"},{id:"82437",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Sorvillo",fullName:"Frank Sorvillo",slug:"frank-sorvillo"},{id:"82439",title:"Dr.",name:"Tony",middleName:null,surname:"Kuo",fullName:"Tony Kuo",slug:"tony-kuo"}]},{id:"26421",type:"chapter",title:"The Role of Foods in Salmonella Infections",slug:"the-role-of-foods-in-salmonella-infections",totalDownloads:5074,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Carlos Alberto Gómez-Aldapa, Ma. del Refugio Torres-Vitela, Angélica Villarruel-López and Javier Castro-Rosas",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"73501",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Castro-Rosas",fullName:"Javier Castro-Rosas",slug:"javier-castro-rosas"},{id:"83393",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos A.",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez-Aldapa",fullName:"Carlos A. Gómez-Aldapa",slug:"carlos-a.-gomez-aldapa"},{id:"83394",title:"Dr.",name:"Ma. Refugio",middleName:null,surname:"Torres-Vitela",fullName:"Ma. Refugio Torres-Vitela",slug:"ma.-refugio-torres-vitela"},{id:"83396",title:"Dr.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Villarruel-Lopez",fullName:"Angelica Villarruel-Lopez",slug:"angelica-villarruel-lopez"}]},{id:"26422",type:"chapter",title:"Food as Cause of Human Salmonellosis",slug:"food-as-cause-of-human-salmonellosis",totalDownloads:3763,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Valerio Giaccone, Paolo Catellani and Leonardo Alberghini",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"82729",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Catellani",fullName:"Paolo Catellani",slug:"paolo-catellani"},{id:"83944",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerio",middleName:null,surname:"Giaccone",fullName:"Valerio Giaccone",slug:"valerio-giaccone"},{id:"83947",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonardo",middleName:null,surname:"Alberghini",fullName:"Leonardo Alberghini",slug:"leonardo-alberghini"}]},{id:"26423",type:"chapter",title:"The Occurrence of Salmonella in Various Marine Environments in Turkey",slug:"the-occurrence-of-salmonella-in-various-marine-environments-in-turkey",totalDownloads:3943,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gülşen Altuğ",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"75806",title:"Prof.",name:"Gulsen",middleName:null,surname:"Altug",fullName:"Gulsen Altug",slug:"gulsen-altug"}]},{id:"26424",type:"chapter",title:"Salmonella in Fish and Fishery Products",slug:"salmonella-in-fish-and-fishery-products",totalDownloads:7324,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"İlkan Ali Olgunoğlu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"72713",title:"Dr.",name:"İlkan",middleName:"Ali",surname:"Olgunoglu",fullName:"İlkan Olgunoglu",slug:"ilkan-olgunoglu"}]},{id:"26425",type:"chapter",title:"Occurrence of Salmonella in Minimally Processed Vegetables",slug:"occurrence-of-salmonella-in-minimally-processed-vegetables",totalDownloads:2737,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Silvana Mariana Srebernich, Neliane Ferraz de Arruda Silveira and Gisele Mara Silva Gonçalves",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"76344",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvana",middleName:"Mariana",surname:"Srebernich",fullName:"Silvana Srebernich",slug:"silvana-srebernich"}]},{id:"26426",type:"chapter",title:"Isolation and Identification of Salmonellas from Different Samples",slug:"isolation-and-identification-of-salmonellas-from-different-samples",totalDownloads:14648,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Birol Özkalp",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"73236",title:"Prof.",name:"Birol",middleName:null,surname:"Özkalp",fullName:"Birol Özkalp",slug:"birol-ozkalp"}]},{id:"26427",type:"chapter",title:"Attachment and Biofilm Formation by Salmonella in Food Processing Environments",slug:"attachment-and-biofilm-formation-by-salmonella-in-food-processing-environments",totalDownloads:5997,totalCrossrefCites:10,signatures:"Efstathios Giaouris, Nikos Chorianopoulos, Panagiotis Skandamis and George-John Nychas",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"16399",title:"Prof.",name:"Panagiotis",middleName:null,surname:"Skandamis",fullName:"Panagiotis Skandamis",slug:"panagiotis-skandamis"},{id:"72757",title:"Dr.",name:"Efstathios",middleName:"D",surname:"Giaouris",fullName:"Efstathios Giaouris",slug:"efstathios-giaouris"},{id:"79744",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikos",middleName:null,surname:"Chorianopoulos",fullName:"Nikos Chorianopoulos",slug:"nikos-chorianopoulos"},{id:"79747",title:"Prof.",name:"George-John",middleName:null,surname:"Nychas",fullName:"George-John Nychas",slug:"george-john-nychas"}]},{id:"26428",type:"chapter",title:"Important Aspects of Salmonella in the Poultry Industry and in Public Health",slug:"important-aspects-of-salmonella-in-the-poultry-industry-and-in-public-health",totalDownloads:7187,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Eliana N. Castiglioni Tessari, Ana Maria Iba Kanashiro, Greice F. Z. Stoppa, Renato L. Luciano, Antonio Guilherme M. De Castro and Ana Lucia S. P. Cardoso",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"84373",title:"MSc.",name:"Eliana",middleName:null,surname:"N. Castiglioni Tessari",fullName:"Eliana N. Castiglioni Tessari",slug:"eliana-n.-castiglioni-tessari"},{id:"84565",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Iba Kanashiro",fullName:"Ana Maria Iba Kanashiro",slug:"ana-maria-iba-kanashiro"},{id:"84566",title:"MSc.",name:"Greice",middleName:null,surname:"F. Z. Stoppa",fullName:"Greice F. Z. Stoppa",slug:"greice-f.-z.-stoppa"},{id:"84567",title:"MSc.",name:"Renato",middleName:null,surname:"L. Luciano",fullName:"Renato L. Luciano",slug:"renato-l.-luciano"},{id:"84568",title:"Mr.",name:"Antonio Guilherme",middleName:null,surname:"M. De Castro",fullName:"Antonio Guilherme M. De Castro",slug:"antonio-guilherme-m.-de-castro"},{id:"84570",title:"MSc.",name:"Ana Lucia",middleName:null,surname:"S. P. Cardoso",fullName:"Ana Lucia S. P. Cardoso",slug:"ana-lucia-s.-p.-cardoso"}]},{id:"26429",type:"chapter",title:"Salmonella Saintpaul Outbreak: Export and Trade Economic Impact",slug:"salmonella-saintpaul-outbreak-export-and-trade-economic-impact",totalDownloads:2845,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nohelia Castro-del Campo, Cristóbal Chaidez, José A. Medrano-Félix, J. Basilio Heredia, Josefina León-Félix, Gustavo González Aguilar and J. Fernando Ayala Zavala",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"74325",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo A.",middleName:null,surname:"González-Aguilar",fullName:"Gustavo A. González-Aguilar",slug:"gustavo-a.-gonzalez-aguilar"},{id:"74964",title:"Dr.",name:"Nohelia",middleName:null,surname:"Castro-Del Campo",fullName:"Nohelia Castro-Del Campo",slug:"nohelia-castro-del-campo"},{id:"84618",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristobal",middleName:null,surname:"Chaidez",fullName:"Cristobal Chaidez",slug:"cristobal-chaidez"},{id:"84638",title:"Dr.",name:"Josefina",middleName:null,surname:"León-Félix",fullName:"Josefina León-Félix",slug:"josefina-leon-felix"},{id:"84639",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Ayala-Zavala",fullName:"J. Fernando Ayala-Zavala",slug:"j.-fernando-ayala-zavala"},{id:"84647",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Basilio",middleName:null,surname:"Heredia",fullName:"J. Basilio Heredia",slug:"j.-basilio-heredia"},{id:"125637",title:"MSc.",name:"Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Medrano–Felix",fullName:"Andres Medrano–Felix",slug:"andres-medrano-felix"}]},{id:"26430",type:"chapter",title:"Antimicrobial Drug Resistance and Molecular Characterization of Salmonella Isolated from Domestic Animals, Humans and Meat Products",slug:"antimicrobial-drug-resistance-and-molecular-characterization-of-salmonella-isolated-from-domestic-an",totalDownloads:2930,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Margaret. L. Khaitsa and Dawn Doetkott",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"73213",title:"Dr.",name:"Margaret",middleName:null,surname:"Khaitsa",fullName:"Margaret Khaitsa",slug:"margaret-khaitsa"},{id:"81265",title:"MSc.",name:"Dawn",middleName:null,surname:"Doetkott",fullName:"Dawn Doetkott",slug:"dawn-doetkott"}]},{id:"26431",type:"chapter",title:"Alternative Strategies for Salmonella Control in Poultry",slug:"alternative-strategies-for-salmonella-control-in-poultry",totalDownloads:4292,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"G. Tellez, Lisa R. Bielke and B. M. Hargis",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez"},{id:"76651",title:"Dr.",name:"Billy",middleName:null,surname:"Hargis",fullName:"Billy Hargis",slug:"billy-hargis"},{id:"95302",title:"Dr.",name:"Lisa",middleName:null,surname:"Bielke",fullName:"Lisa Bielke",slug:"lisa-bielke"}]},{id:"26432",type:"chapter",title:"Recent Advances in the Application of Non Thermal Methods for the Prevention of Salmonella in Foods",slug:"recent-advances-in-the-application-of-non-thermal-methods-for-the-prevention-of-salmonella-in-foods",totalDownloads:5403,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shilpi Gupta and Nissreen Abu-Ghannam",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"77947",title:"Dr.",name:"Nissreen",middleName:null,surname:"Abu-Ghannam",fullName:"Nissreen Abu-Ghannam",slug:"nissreen-abu-ghannam"},{id:"83504",title:"Dr.",name:"Shilpi",middleName:null,surname:"Gupta",fullName:"Shilpi Gupta",slug:"shilpi-gupta"}]},{id:"26433",type:"chapter",title:"Use Thyme Essential Oils for the Prevention of Salmonellosis",slug:"use-thyme-essential-oils-for-the-prevention-of-salmonellosis",totalDownloads:5447,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Abderrahmane Romane, Rajae Harrak and Fouad Bahri",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"77428",title:"Dr.",name:"Abderrahmane",middleName:null,surname:"Romane",fullName:"Abderrahmane Romane",slug:"abderrahmane-romane"},{id:"84404",title:"Dr.",name:"Bahri",middleName:null,surname:"Fouad",fullName:"Bahri Fouad",slug:"bahri-fouad"},{id:"84407",title:"Dr.",name:"Harrak",middleName:null,surname:"Rajae",fullName:"Harrak Rajae",slug:"harrak-rajae"}]},{id:"26434",type:"chapter",title:"Inhibitory Effect of Plant Extracts on Salmonella spp.",slug:"inhibitory-effect-of-plant-extracts-on-salmonella-spp-",totalDownloads:5139,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Krittika Norajit and Gi-Hyung Ryu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"84217",title:"Prof.",name:"Gi-Hyung",middleName:null,surname:"Ryu",fullName:"Gi-Hyung Ryu",slug:"gi-hyung-ryu"}]},{id:"26435",type:"chapter",title:"Laboratory Typing Methods for Diagnostic of Salmonella Strains, the “Old” Organism That Continued Challenges",slug:"laboratory-typing-methods-for-diagnostic-of-salmonella-strains-the-old-organism-that-continued-chall",totalDownloads:20825,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ben Salem Imen, Mzoughi Ridha and Aouni Mahjoub",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"76184",title:"Dr.",name:"Imen",middleName:null,surname:"Ben Salem",fullName:"Imen Ben Salem",slug:"imen-ben-salem"},{id:"82760",title:"Prof.",name:"Ridha",middleName:null,surname:"Mzoughi",fullName:"Ridha Mzoughi",slug:"ridha-mzoughi"},{id:"82765",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahjoub",middleName:null,surname:"Aouni",fullName:"Mahjoub Aouni",slug:"mahjoub-aouni"}]},{id:"26436",type:"chapter",title:"Salmonella Detection Methods for Food and Food Ingredients",slug:"salmonella-detection-methods-for-food-and-food-ingredients",totalDownloads:18938,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Joseph A. Odumeru and Carlos G. León-Velarde",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"78241",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph A.",middleName:null,surname:"Odumeru",fullName:"Joseph A. Odumeru",slug:"joseph-a.-odumeru"}]},{id:"26437",type:"chapter",title:"Detection of Salmonella spp. Presence in Food",slug:"detection-of-salmonella-spp-presence-in-food",totalDownloads:12605,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Anna Zadernowska and Wioleta Chajęcka",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"78376",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Zadernowska",fullName:"Anna Zadernowska",slug:"anna-zadernowska"},{id:"83347",title:"MSc",name:"Wioleta",middleName:null,surname:"Chajęcka",fullName:"Wioleta Chajęcka",slug:"wioleta-chajecka"}]},{id:"26438",type:"chapter",title:"Studies on PCR-Based Rapid Detection Systems for Salmonella spp.",slug:"studies-on-pcr-based-rapid-detection-systems-for-salmonella-spp-",totalDownloads:6365,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Jeongsoon Kim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"75665",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeongsoon",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Jeongsoon Kim",slug:"jeongsoon-kim"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8063",title:"Food Security in Africa",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8cbf3d662b104d19db2efc9d59249efc",slug:"food-security-in-africa",bookSignature:"Barakat Mahmoud",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8063.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92016",title:"Dr.",name:"Barakat",surname:"Mahmoud",slug:"barakat-mahmoud",fullName:"Barakat Mahmoud"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"71718",title:"Understanding Africa’s Food Security Challenges",slug:"understanding-africa-s-food-security-challenges",signatures:"Mahamat Kabirou Dodo",authors:[{id:"301440",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mahamat Kabirou",middleName:null,surname:"Dodo",fullName:"Mahamat Kabirou Dodo",slug:"mahamat-kabirou-dodo"}]},{id:"67794",title:"Regime Switch and Effect on Per Capita Food Security Issues in South Africa",slug:"regime-switch-and-effect-on-per-capita-food-security-issues-in-south-africa",signatures:"Sunday Yiseyon Hosu and Lubabalo Qamata",authors:[{id:"298121",title:"Dr.",name:"Yiseyon",middleName:"Sunday",surname:"Hosu",fullName:"Yiseyon Hosu",slug:"yiseyon-hosu"},{id:"298126",title:"Mr.",name:"Lubabalo",middleName:null,surname:"Qamata",fullName:"Lubabalo Qamata",slug:"lubabalo-qamata"}]},{id:"67624",title:"Unlocking Water Issues Towards Food Security in Africa",slug:"unlocking-water-issues-towards-food-security-in-africa",signatures:"Nokuthula Vilakazi, Kumbukani Nyirenda and Emmanuel Vellemu",authors:[{id:"298005",title:"Dr.",name:"Nokuthula",middleName:null,surname:"Vilakazi",fullName:"Nokuthula Vilakazi",slug:"nokuthula-vilakazi"},{id:"298042",title:"Dr.",name:"Kumbukani",middleName:null,surname:"Nyirenda",fullName:"Kumbukani Nyirenda",slug:"kumbukani-nyirenda"},{id:"298043",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Vellemu",fullName:"Emmanuel Vellemu",slug:"emmanuel-vellemu"}]},{id:"71000",title:"Food Safety and Food Security in the Informal Sector",slug:"food-safety-and-food-security-in-the-informal-sector",signatures:"Bukelwa Grwambi",authors:[{id:"295945",title:"Ms.",name:"Bukelwa",middleName:null,surname:"Grwambi",fullName:"Bukelwa Grwambi",slug:"bukelwa-grwambi"}]},{id:"72086",title:"The Role of Small-Scale Farmers in Ensuring Food Security in Africa",slug:"the-role-of-small-scale-farmers-in-ensuring-food-security-in-africa",signatures:"Samkelisiwe Nosipho Hlophe-Ginindza and N.S. Mpandeli",authors:[{id:"301810",title:"Dr.",name:"Samkelisiwe Nosipho",middleName:null,surname:"Hlophe-Ginindza",fullName:"Samkelisiwe Nosipho Hlophe-Ginindza",slug:"samkelisiwe-nosipho-hlophe-ginindza"},{id:"308051",title:"Prof.",name:"N.S.",middleName:null,surname:"Mpandeli",fullName:"N.S. Mpandeli",slug:"n.s.-mpandeli"}]},{id:"74369",title:"Food and Nutrition Security in East Africa (Rwanda, Burundi and South Sudan): Status, Challenges and Prospects",slug:"food-and-nutrition-security-in-east-africa-rwanda-burundi-and-south-sudan-status-challenges-and-pros",signatures:"Michael N.I. Lokuruka",authors:[{id:"306514",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michael N.I.",middleName:null,surname:"Lokuruka",fullName:"Michael N.I. Lokuruka",slug:"michael-n.i.-lokuruka"}]},{id:"74388",title:"Food and Nutrition Security in East Africa (Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania): Status, Challenges and Prospects",slug:"food-and-nutrition-security-in-east-africa-kenya-uganda-and-tanzania-status-challenges-and-prospects",signatures:"Michael N.I. Lokuruka",authors:[{id:"306514",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michael N.I.",middleName:null,surname:"Lokuruka",fullName:"Michael N.I. Lokuruka",slug:"michael-n.i.-lokuruka"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"322",title:"Flavivirus Encephalitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"269535b3a2f21a46216f4ca6925aa8f1",slug:"flavivirus-encephalitis",bookSignature:"Daniel Růžek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/322.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33830",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Ruzek",slug:"daniel-ruzek",fullName:"Daniel Ruzek"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1283",title:"HIV Infection in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment and Some of Its Associated Complications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d3fa78206cb5f30100cddec4f94100d2",slug:"hiv-infection-in-the-era-of-highly-active-antiretroviral-treatment-and-some-of-its-associated-complications",bookSignature:"Elaheh Aghdassi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1283.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"44127",title:"Dr.",name:"Elaheh",surname:"Aghdassi",slug:"elaheh-aghdassi",fullName:"Elaheh Aghdassi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3353",title:"Preterm Birth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"19bf50c744af96b04deaaf1024fcf25d",slug:"preterm-birth",bookSignature:"Offer Erez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3353.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65432",title:"Dr.",name:"Offer",surname:"Erez",slug:"offer-erez",fullName:"Offer Erez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5515",title:"HIV/AIDS",subtitle:"Contemporary Challenges",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"582947a2824374b53c1daae073d045f2",slug:"hiv-aids-contemporary-challenges",bookSignature:"Nancy Dumais",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5515.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"40783",title:"Dr.",name:"Nancy",surname:"Dumais",slug:"nancy-dumais",fullName:"Nancy Dumais"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7209",title:"Prions",subtitle:"Some Physiological and Pathophysiological Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2968d5c19e2c5c51f45c21c7021605aa",slug:"prions-some-physiological-and-pathophysiological-aspects",bookSignature:"Ivo Nikolaev Sirakov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7209.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176634",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ivo Nikolaev",surname:"Sirakov",slug:"ivo-nikolaev-sirakov",fullName:"Ivo Nikolaev Sirakov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82662",title:"Applied Problems in the Rheology of Structured Non-Newtonian Oils",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105948",slug:"applied-problems-in-the-rheology-of-structured-non-newtonian-oils",body:'
1. Introduction
The world has huge reserves of heavy oils that show non-Newtonian properties, and their use is limited by a lack of efficient extraction, transport, and refining technologies.
Non-Newtonian oils are characterized by a fairly high content of asphalt-resinous substances and paraffinic compounds that are prone to coagulation structures and aggregates. This factor significantly affects the rheological properties of the oil, primarily its effective viscosity and diffusion, making its transport and storage difficult. At the same time, there are many methods of improving the rheological properties of oils required in the production, transportation, and refining of the latter. They are associated with improving temperature conditions, as well as creating efficient technologies using various chemical reagents that reduce the surface tension and viscosity of rheological fluids and many other factors that enable intensification of the extraction, transport, and refining processes. The flow of highly viscous fluids and dispersed systems with a high content of dispersed particles is characterized by certain complexities, mainly related to the non-linearity of the disordered structure and the properties of the carrier phase. Accordingly, the rheology of such systems, at present, can be classified as:
the rheology of highly viscous systems (oils, greases, gels, oils, heavy refinery fractions, etc.) which do not obey Newtonian fluid flow laws [1, 2, 3, 4] τ=−η∂U/∂x
the rheology of dispersed systems (oil suspensions and emulsions) is characterized by the formation and collapse of coagulation structures due to the hydrodynamic interaction of different particles, whereby the rheological flow properties depend on particle content and properties as well as on shear stress and elasticity limit [5, 6, 7]
a special class of problems related to the rheology of non-Newtonian oils or oil dispersion systems containing, in addition to solid-phase particles, liquid water droplets and gas bubbles, asphaltenes, resins, and, at low temperatures, paraffin particles dissolved in oil [8, 9, 10]. The presence of this spectrum of particles of various varieties and nature leads to the formation of highly complex coagulation structures, subsequently transforming into aggregates, clusters of aggregates, up to the formation of a viscoelastic framework [6, 11, 12, 13].
Analysis of the literature studies [1, 6, 11, 13, 14, 15] showed that the most widespread in engineering practice are rheological empirical or semi-empirical equations. For heavy viscoplastic oil, s the following rheological equations are the most acceptable: Bingham mod: τ=τ0+ηγ•; Ostwald-de-Ville model: τ=k0γn•=k0γn−1•γ•; Hershel-Bulkley model (Hershel-Bulkley): τ=τ0+k0γn•. In practical calculations, various modifications of these equations using are possible.
2. Formation of disordered coagulation structures and aggregates in oils
The flow of oil disperse systems is accompanied by various physical phenomena of hydrodynamic interaction, and collision, resulting in the formation of coagulation structures and aggregates, in which energy dissipation plays an important role. Hydrodynamic interaction of particles among itself is observed at their high concentrations when the distance between the particles allows them to collide: l≈80a3ρd/Cm. The probability of a particle collision is determined by many factors: the number of particles itself per unit volume, their shape and properties, the properties of the medium, the flow velocity, and temperature, on which important parameters such as diffusion coefficient and viscosity depend. In viscous fluid flow, the dissipative function is determined as
φD=2ηC∂Vx∂x+2ηC∂Vy∂y2+ηC∂Vx∂y+∂Vy∂x2E1
The energy dissipated in the volume of the liquid is expressed by the formula
−dEdt=∫ηC2∂V1∂x1+∂Vk∂xi2dυE2
Energy dissipation per unit mass of flow is defined as follows
εR=−dEdtdm=ηC2∂V1∂xr+∂Vk∂xi2E3
(where)
dm=ρCdυ
For non-Newtonian oils, expression (Eq. (3)) will be written as
εR=−dEdtdm=k0∂V1∂xr+∂Vk∂xin+1E4
where k0=ηC2∂V∂yn−1 – consistency coefficient. In the one-dimensional case for viscoplastic oil flow, by applying expression (Eq. (4)), we have
εR=k0γ·n+1E5
Coagulation structures are formed by intermolecular bonds between the particles, moreover if liquid interlayers remain between the particles, then the thickness of these interlayers significantly affects the strength of the coagulation structure. Aggregate-unstable oil systems are characterized by the inconstancy of the medium due to continuous structuring and changes in the physical properties of the particles, i.e. changes in volume and size of asphaltene particles caused by their interaction, collision, coagulation, and crushing at a certain concentration in an enclosed volume [16]. The connection between the structure and viscosity of oil dispersal systems as well as the features of their non-Newtonian flow is explained by a change in structure resulting from the emergence and collapse of aggregates from asphaltene particles in the presence of resins. Oil structured systems containing high molecular paraffin crystals, resins, and asphaltene particles at very low laminar flow velocities or in absence of flow form a chain or in the extreme case a continuous grid (frame) between itself and the structure of the porous medium. Figure 1 shows the formation of a framework of asphaltene particles contained in oil [5, 9].
Figure 1.
Asphaltene particle aggregation in oils: I- single molecules and particles; II- nanoaggregates; III- clusters of nanoaggregates; IV- unstable suspension; V- viscoelastic framework; VI- stable emulsion with toluene.
In [17] it is noted that real oil disperse systems are classified by activation energies into two structural groups differing by the nature of intermolecular interaction of particles in an oil disperse medium. These groups are distinguished from each other by their asphaltene and resin content and, they can be classified into immobile with low asphaltene content, and, interacting with high asphaltene content. Figure 2 illustrates the characteristic changes in activation energies for the two groups.
Figure 2.
Dependence of activation energy on asphaltene content for the stationary group (I) and the interacting group (II).
A large amount of asphalt-resin substances in the oil reduces the activation energy and creates more favorable conditions for the formation of coagulation structures. The change in mass of non-deformable nanoaggregates is defined as
dmdt=m∞−mωt=0,m=m0E6
where ω is the frequency of particle collision.
The solution to this equation will be represented as
m=m∞−m0−m∞expωtE7
If assume that m∞>>m0, we will get
m=m∞1−exp−ωtE8
where m∞- is the limiting steady mass of the aggregate, m0 - is the initial mass of the aggregate.
Assuming the spherical shape of nanoaggregates and imagine that, m=π6a3ρ, the size of the nano-aggregates, will be defined the following form, considering (Eq. (7)),
ag=ag∞1−exp−C0ϕ0εRνc1/2t1/3E9
For laminar flow, the formation of aggregates is expressed by an equation of the form.
αg=αg∞1−exp−8πDN0α0tE10
According to Figure 3, the size of the nano-aggregates fluctuates in range and the maximum size of the framework is limited by the presence of pore or tube walls. The frequency of collisions between asphaltenes increases as the rises of volume fraction of asphaltene particles. The relaxation time for turbulent flow is defined by the expression τR=νC/εR1/2 and for laminar flow τR=3νC/8kTN0, which leads to a rapid reaching of the final aggregate size. With increasing oil viscosity, for both laminar and turbulent flows, the collision frequency of asphaltene particles decreases, which inhibits the rate of nanoaggregate formation.
Figure 3.
Variation of nano-aggregate size over time depending on the content of asphaltene particles in the oil: 1−φ=0.05;2−0.1;3−0.2;4−0.3..
Maxwell’s rheological equation for a viscoelastic fluid in substantive derivatives is written as 3
λ∂τ∂t+U∂τ∂y+τ=ηcγ•t=0,τ=τ0,γ•=0E11
A special form of equation (Eq. (11)), is given in the following form
Substituting this solution into (Eq. (13)) we obtain the identity. Here λ=ηcG - is the relaxation time by Maxwell, U - is the rate of displacement of the deformation front, fy−Ut- is the function defining the deformation displacement front in the framework, y- is the coordinate, G- is the modulus of shear elasticity, γ˙=dγ/dt - is the rate of shift, y- is the shifting gradient, τ0 - is the ultimate shift stress or the yield stress.
Moreover, if τ≤τ0, then γ˙=0. The complete solution of equation (Eq. (13)) will be
τ=C1fy−Utexp−τλτ0E14
Otherwise, the equation can be represented in logarithmic form
lnτ=lnτ0−tλ+lnC1fy−Ut,τ0=ηcγ˙E15
Obviously, the value t/λ in equation (Eq. (15)) characterizes the deformation of the viscoelastic framework in time and depends on the velocity or pressure gradient. In approximation, this dependence can be presented as tλ=tγ˙/WefgradP/gradP0n, (where We=λγ˙) is the Weissenberg number).
As can be seen from Figure 1, the reduction in asphalt-resin content while dissolving them in aromatic hydrocarbons inhibits the formation of various disordered structures.
3. Mechanism and kinetics of dissolution of asphalt-resinous substances in aromatic hydrocarbons
The presence of asphalt-resin compounds in high-viscosity oil, in heavy oil products (tar, bitumen), and in waste oil water has a negative effect on oil extraction, transport, treatment, and refining processes. Due to their high adhesion and cohesion capacity, asphalt-resin compounds adhere and precipitate on equipment surfaces, forming deposits of a certain thickness. In refining processes at high temperatures, asphalt-resin substances form heavier remains (coke) which deposit on the surface of water droplets in oil emulsions, and form adsorption layers which complicate the coalescence and aggregation of water droplets, thereby inhibiting the stratification and separation of the oil–water system. The presence of asphaltenes in oil determines its rheological properties through the formation of coagulation structures - nanoaggregates, nanoaggregate clusters, and eventually a viscoelastic framework, which worsens the rheological properties of the fluid and complicates oil filtration in the porous reservoir, its production, and transport. As noted above, the usage of different reagents prevents the formation of certain structures in the oil volume, which leads to a decrease in its effective viscosity and an improvement in rheological properties. According to the work, asphalt-resin substances are very soluble in hexane and aromatic hydrocarbons (gasoline, toluene, xylene) and poorly soluble in alcohols and esters.
The problem of dissolving asphaltenes is an important one for improving the rheological properties of oil and for processes of cleaning waste oil water from asphalt-resin compounds by liquid-phase extraction.
Along with asphalt-resinous substances, crude oil contains some by-products: format the ion water, solid phase, and other impurities that also affect the rheological properties of the oil. Usually, the formation water in an oil volume is in a dispersed form, that is, in other words, the form of droplets, which under different flow conditions can form coagulation structures (flocculus) that significantly affect rheological properties. The separation of water from oil, or a significant reduction in the water content of oil, also has a positive effect on the rheological properties of the last.
The present section will be considered only improving the rheological properties of the crude oil by partial dissolution of asphalt-resinous substances in aromatic hydrocarbon. Experimental studies have shown that the best characteristics of mixability and solubility in heavy oil asphaltenes have been obtained with aromatic solvents and solvent mixtures at different temperatures. It has been discovered that temperature and solvent properties are the physical parameters that most affect the dissolution phenomenon of asphaltenes in oil. The aromatic hydrocarbon content is a key chemical property of solvent blends that improves their solubility properties. Works, [17, 18, 19] presented the degree of asphaltene deposition depending on the toluene content for different oilfields.
It has been noted that the degree of asphaltene deposition using a solution of 65–69% normal heptane and toluene decreases to 30–35% (wt.). In works [21, 22, 23], is offered a model of the kinetics of asphaltene-resin substances dissolution in hexane and in a mix of hexane and benzene for the Russian oils.
The presented model has an empirical character, although satisfactorily describes the experimental data
α=1−exp−ktnE16
where α - dissolution degree, k - dissolution rate constant, n- index of degree n=0.5−1.05. Moreover, the kinetics of the process is not built on the phenomena of mass transfer under certain flow conditions, but is regarded simply as a heterogeneous process.
In work [22] for the convenience of determining the kinetic parameters, the exponential model is decomposed into a McLaren series, which reduces the non-linear model to a two-parameter Langmuir model. Many experimental data and kinetic curves of dissolution of asphaltenes in aromatic hydrocarbons are given in [21, 22, 23].
The most widespread model of particle dissolution kinetics is the membrane model, according to which in each phase there are fixed or moving laminar boundary layers directly adjacent to the particle boundary, in which the transport is carried out by molecular diffusion. Therefore, there is a scheme for a stationary unit particle in which the whole boundary layer is considered as an area where turbulent pulsations do not excite, and the variation of the solute concentration is characterized by a linear dependence. Unlike laminar flow, in turbulent flow the buffer sublayer plays this role. At intensive mixing in the apparatus, due to the appearance of developed isotropic turbulence, the kinetic curves may differ from the linear dependence, because of the complex distribution profile of the turbulent diffusion coefficient and flow velocity in the boundary layer. Dissolution of asphaltene particles belongs to mass-exchange processes and, depending on the hydrodynamic flow regime, is characterized by different mechanisms. Especially, in the fixed-film model, there is a thin boundary diffusion layer at the interface, in which the entire concentration gradient of the substance is concentrated, and the transfer through this layer is carried out only by molecular diffusion. The turbulent boundary layer model describes the mass transfer between a fixed boundary and a turbulent fluid flow with a complex turbulent diffusion coefficient profile. According to this model, the concentration of substance in the flow is constant and in the turbulent sublayer gradually decreases as it approaches the buffer sublayer, where the turbulence gradually attenuates, passing into laminar mode. Usually, the diffusive boundary layer are taking into account: a) the nature of fluid flow and convective transport of substance; b) molecular and convective diffusion in the transverse and tangential direction; c) the absence of a pronounced border between sublayers. The process of dissolution of asphaltene-resin substances in aromatic hydrocarbons is characterized by nonstationary behavior, in connection with which the models of mass transfer differ significantly according to the nature of the hydrodynamic flow around the particle. In particular, at laminar flow around the particle, the diffusion flux of dissolved substance per unit time from the surface of asphaltene particles can be defined by the following expression (23).
J=3π3DMU2R1/2ΔC,0λ≥λ0E17
In isotropic turbulent viscous streamline, with some assumptions, the same flow is defined as.
J=3πεRνC1/4UR1/2ΔC,λ<λ0E18
Here ΔC=C0−C1 - driving force of the dissolution process, C0,C1- concentration of dissolved substance far from the particle surface and on the surface, DM- coefficient of molecular diffusion, U- flow velocity, εR - dissipation of turbulent flow energy in the unit of mass, R - particle radius, νc- viscosity of the medium, α - coefficient. Both solutions were obtained at boundary conditions:
r→∞,C=C0;r=R,C=C1
As follows from equation (Eq. (16)), the flow of asphaltene mass from the particle surface is directly proportional to the dissipation of turbulent flow energy and inversely proportional to toluene viscosity, εR/νc=k0γn+1˙/νC i.e., at high viscosity values corresponding to low temperatures, the dissolution rate decreases and, similarly, at high rotation frequencies corresponding to high energy dissipation values, the dissolution rate increases.
It should be noted that the main requirement for dissolution of particles is the condition of equality of diffusive and convective fluxes on the surface of the boundary layer
−Deff∂C∂rr=δ=βC−C∗E19
where r- is the coordinate in the thickness of the interfacial layer, C- is the concentration of the absorbed substance, C∗- is the equilibrium concentration, δ- is the thickness of the interfacial layer, which is proportional to δ∼αDM/V01/2 where V0- is the streamline velocity at the particle surface, β- is the mass transfer coefficient, DE- is the effective diffusion coefficient.
The effective coefficient of diffusion is defined as the sum of molecular DM and turbulent DE diffusion DE, with molecular diffusion dominating in the viscous sublayer as it approaches the surface of the dissolving particle, and with sufficient distance from the surface, turbulent diffusion DT≫DM.
The coefficient of turbulent diffusion is a function not only of the physical characteristics of the medium, but also the turbulent characteristics of the flow and the transverse coordinate. According to the statistical theory of turbulent diffusion, the value of mean square displacement of particles of dissolved medium from initial position in radial direction, is defined by dependence
r−2=2DMΔtE20
The dissolution of asphalt-resin substances in toluene depends on the nature and properties of the particle and the solvent.
It can be assumed that the dissolution process is determined by softening of the upper layers of asphaltene particles as a result of diffusion penetration of the solvent into the near-surface layers. In this aspect, expression (Eq. (19)) is the basic condition for dissolution of asphaltene particles. It should be mentioned that in mixing devices the level of turbulence of flow in the apparatus is determined by the rotation frequency of the stirrer. Usually, at sufficiently high rotational speeds, achieved isotropic turbulence, which dampens as it approaches the surface of the particle. The mass flow from the unit surface of asphaltene particles is determined by Eq. (E18), where the dissipation specific energy is proportional to εR∼n03d2,n0,d- rotation frequency and diameter of the mixer. Hence, the dissolution process intensifies with increasing frequency of rotation. In isotropic turbulent flow, the turbulent diffusion coefficient included in equation (Eq. (19)) depends on the dissipation energy and viscosity of the medium
DT∼εRν01/2∼n03/2d/vcE21
In order to study the kinetics of asphalt-resin substances dissolution process in toluene experimental studies were carried out in stirrers in the temperature range 20–600С for 60 min at stirrer speed 1000–1200 min−1. Asphalt-resinous substances were extracted by additional evaporation of bituminous tar fraction with density 1280kq/m3, with asphaltene content of 14.28% and paraffin content of 7.15% from Azerbaijan oils mixture.
The dissolution mechanism of asphalt-resin substances in aromatic solvents is based on three stages: a) diffusive transfer of solvent to the surface of asphaltene particles; b) physical dissolution of surface layers at certain temperatures; and b) diffusive transfer of dissolution products to the volume through the boundary layer. Experimental studies on dissolution of asphalt-resin substances in toluene are presented in Table 1. It should be noted that with the increase of stirrer rotation frequency, the process of asphalt-resin substances dissolution in toluene is intensified to a certain limit and is improved by increasing the intensity of turbulent flow, turbulent diffusion and mass transfer coefficients. On the other hand, an increase in turbulence intensity leads to the growth of a number of collisions and turbulent diffusion of asphaltene particles, which may contribute to the development of their coagulation processes. At low turbulence intensity, the disperse system tends to structure formation, with visco-elastic rheological properties manifested.
t, min
T=250C
T=400C
T=600C
C, mass of unit
C, mass of unit
C, mass of unit
2.5
0.048
0.085
0.125
10
0.32
0.38
0.47
15
0.48
0.60
0.70
20
0.65
0.73
0.83
25
0.67
0.75
0.91
30
0.71
0.80
0.96
35
0.72
0.83
0.97
40
0.72
0.84
0.96
50
0.72
0.84
0.99
60
0.72
0.84
0.98
Table 1.
Dependence of asphalt-resin solubility on time at different temperatures.
Experimental studies show that at low temperatures the dissolution of asphalt-resinous substances is incomplete T=250C- at −72% and at T=400C-84%.
Using condition (Eq. (19)) and replacing the variables in expression (E20) dr=2Deff1/2t−1/2dt, write the expression as follows
∂C∂t=−KC−C∗Ctt=0=C0E22
here K=2Defft1/2β - coefficient of mass transfer for the dissolution process, C0 - initial concentration of asphaltenes in toluene, Ct- concentration of dissolved asphaltene-resin substances in toluene. Expression (E22) is an equation for the kinetics of the mass-exchange diffusion process of dissolution. For the non-stationary process of dissolution, at the value of the coefficient K, depending on time, the solution of equation (Eq. (22)) will be presented as
Ct=C∗−C∗−C0exp−∫0tKtdtE23
For pure solvent, this equation is simplified to
Ct=C∗1−exp∫0tKtdtE24
Using experimental studies and expression (E23), can be placed.
Kt=K0t−1/2,K0=2Dtff1/2β and C∗T=57.33+0.7T0C.
Using the above-mentioned expressions for the dissolution of a single particle from expression (Eq. (24)) we will obtain dependencies, and ultimately the equation for the dissolution of asphalt-resinous substances in toluene will be given as
Ct=C∗1−exp−αt1/2E25
where α=2K0.
For the “collective” dissolution of more particles, should be used the effective time-averaged value of the mass transfer coefficient
βE=∫0TPβdtTP=βtTPE26
where TP - is the complete dissolution time of the particles. As follow from the Table 1 the time for the complete dissolution of asphaltene particles is about 50–60 min. Considering this expression, the solution (Eq. (26)) will be
Ct=C∗1−exp−αt3/2E27
where α=2K03TP. The results of experimental studies and calculated values according to formula (Eq. (27)) for different temperatures are shown in Figure 2.
Practical calculations show that in the indicated range the temperature changes insignificantly α=0.025−0.030. Eq. 23 adequately describes experimental data on the dissolution of asphalt-resinous substances in toluene. Figure 4 shows the areas corresponding to the approximate direct dependence of asphalt-resin dissolution kinetics in the form of the equation Ct=KTt.
Figure 4.
Kinetic curves of dissolution of asphaltene-resin substances in toluene at temperatures equal to: 1-200С; 2- 400С; 3- 600С. The straight lines correspond to the linear kinetics of asphaltene dissolution in toluene at temperatures equal to:1′ –200С; 2′–400С; 3′–600С.
For a straight line dependence, the dissolution constant can be approximated by an expression depending on the temperature
lnK=−752.087T−0.8507E28
with a correlation coefficient equal to r2=0.992. In this dependence T- is the absolute temperature. As Figure 4 shows, the linear correlation of the direct solubility is only observed at t≤20 min. and within the viscous sublayer of the entire boundary layer volume.
4. Rheology of structured non-Newtonian oils in gas lift method extraction
The gas lift method is based on the principle of displacing oil from a reservoir by applying compressed gas (air) to its surface. Different schemes for the gas lift method are shown in Figure 5. High-pressure gas is injected into the annulus, which will lower the liquid level in the annulus and raise the level in the main pipe where the oil-gas mixture rises. When the liquid level drops to the lower end of the main pipe, the compressed gas will begin to mix with the oil, resulting in a gas–liquid mixture of lower density and viscosity than the liquid coming from the reservoir, while the level in this liquid in the main pipe rises. The more gas is applied, the less dense the mixture will be and it will rise to a higher altitude. In a continuous gas injection into the well, the liquid (mixture) rises to the wellhead and pours to the surface, while a new portion of the liquid is constantly flowing from the reservoir into the well.
Figure 5.
Principle installations of gas lift extraction. (–)-oil, (o)-gas bubbles, (…)- sand.
Despite the great advantages and disadvantages of the gas-lift method of oil extraction, significant attention is paid to improving the efficiency of this method of extraction of heavy oils, because the formation of gas–liquid mixture significantly affects the rheological properties, which is associated with a decrease in density and viscosity. In the case of a high-pressure gas supply at the gas–liquid interface, the gas is crushed into bubbles of a large range of sizes due to turbulization of the flow [24].
Research has shown that non-Newtonian oils have anomalous properties that are expressed primarily in the variability of their viscosity, their dependence on the effective shear stress, and the content of various dispersed particles (water droplets, gas bubbles, solid particles, asphalt-resinous substances). An increase in the content of high molecular weight compounds such as paraffin, resins, and asphaltenes in hydrocarbon liquids leads to the formation of spatial structural meshes and stable oil emulsions.
The composition of the oil and its various heavy fractions determine the structure of the rheological model. Currently, there are many rheological models, whose main tasks are to determine the dependence of shear stress on shear rate and identify a formula for calculating the effective viscosity of the medium. The rheological model does not reflect the essence of the process, but it is an important characteristic for evaluating the state of a complex medium.
Rheological properties of oil disperse systems are determined both by a high content of disperse particles (asphalt-resin compounds, water droplets, solids) in oil and by their ability to form different structures due to the physical interaction of particles between each other. Coagulation structures are formed by intermolecular links between particles, and if liquid interlayers remain between particles, the thickness of these interlayers significantly affects the strength of the coagulation structure. Aggregate-unstable oil systems are characterized by an unstable state of the medium due to continuous structuring and changes in the physical properties of the particles, i.e. changes in the volume and size of asphaltene particles due to their interaction, collision, coagulation and crushing at a certain concentration in a confined volume. The connection between the structure and viscosity of petroleum disperse systems, as well as the features of their non-Newtonian flow, is explained by a change in structure resulting from the emergence and collapse of aggregates of asphaltene particles. The successive coagulation or agglomeration of individual asphaltene nanoparticles into nanoaggregates and into clusters of nanoaggregates eventually form a viscoelastic framework that gives oils certain rheological properties characteristic of non-Newtonian fluids.
The structural and mechanical stability of emulsion systems is related to the formation of adsorption layers at the oil–water and oil-gas interface on the surface of water droplets and gas bubbles, whose composition consists of asphaltenes, resins, paraffins, mineral salts and solids. Analysis of the composition of adsorption films on the surface of water droplets and gas bubbles in crude oil from various fields shows that the main stabilizers are asphaltenes and resins, which are composed of high-melting paraffins and inorganic mechanical impurities. The creation and formation of an adsorption layer on the surface of water droplets and gas bubbles with elastic and viscous properties contribute to the stabilization of oil emulsions, which significantly affects the structure formation and rheological properties of the whole oil. The mechanism for the formation of adsorption layers on the surface is determined by the diffusive transfer of mass of substance (asphaltenes) from the volume of oil to the surface of water droplets and gas bubbles. The viscosity of oil with different water content increases up to a certain value of the water volume fraction, after which it decreases. Using experimental data, the effective viscosity of an oil emulsion can be determined using the formula
η−ηWη−ηW=1+2.5ϕ+a0ϕ2exp−a1ϕ2E29
here ηη0,W - is the viscosity of oil and water. As follows from expression (E28) at high water content we have ϕ→1,η→ηW. Figure 6 shows dependence of effective oil viscosity on water content calculated by formula (Eq. (29)) with coefficients a0=150,a=14.88.
Figure 6.
The viscosity of oil emulsion at different water concentrations.
At low water concentrations in oil φ≪0.1, expression (Eq. (29) can be simplified to the form: η=η01+2.5ϕ. It should be noted that the coefficients of expression (Eq. (29)) α0,α1 will depend on the nature and deposit of the oil.
The viscosity of oil is also significantly affected by its gas content. Figure 7 shows a graph of the viscosity of oil. The viscosity of oil is plotted as a function of its gas content, with the viscosity of the oil/gas mixture φ≪0.1 calculated according to the formula: η=η01+2.5ϕ. At large gas concentrations in the oil, should be used an expression such as E29
Figure 7.
Dependence of oil viscosity on low gas content for different oil.
η−ηgη0−ηg=1+2.5ϕ+b0ϕ2exp−b1ϕ2E30
Here ηg- viscosity of the gas contained in the oil, b0,b1- coefficients determined on the basis of experimental data.
Although many advantages and disadvantages of the gas lift method of oil extraction, considerable attention has been paid to improving the technical and economic performance of gas lift wells producing non-Newtonian oil.
In order to develop a rheological model in non-Newtonian oil extraction by gas lift method, laboratory research was carried out on an experimental setup, the scheme of which is shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8.
Scheme of experimental setup: 1- model of stratum (column with porous medium); 2- high-pressure capacity; 3- hand-operated press; 4-manifold; 5- fluid capacity; 6-thermostat; 7-model of gas–liquid-lift consisting of pipe d = 8. 10−3 m length 3,4 m, which is located inside the pipe d = 20.10−3 m length 3,5 m - 8; 9-gas cylinder; 10- pressure controller; 11-gas meter; 12- metering capacity; 13- model pressure gauge; 14- control valves.
As tested liquids are used a model fluid consisting of transformer oil with a density of 820 kg/m3 and viscosity of 3.8 mPa.s and tar oil with different percentages. It is known, that viscous liquid at the addition of high-molecular compounds of vacuum residue is transformed into a non-Newtonian system. After setting the lift operating mode, both the lift capacity and the gas meter readings are measured.
Analysis of the results of the experiments shows that at the same rate of pressure change in the porous medium and lifter, degassing of viscoelastic oil in the stratum is difficult due to the non-equilibrium of this process and the oil coming into the well containing an increased amount of formation gas, which performs useful work when lifting the liquid. Lifting of viscoelastic oils excludes such phenomena as breakthrough and slippage of compressed gas, whose work is close to the moment of piston oil squeezing. The analysis of the experimental results shows that the viscoelastic properties of the lifted fluids can be used to improve the technological processes of oil production.
On a rotary viscometer, are investigated the rheological properties of non-Newtonian oils. As a model of non-Newtonian oil, a solution of vacuum residue in transformer oil was chosen (at different percentages) with shear rates in the range γ˙=100−1300 s-1 and their corresponding values of shear tangential stress τ (Table 2).
System
Density ρ,kq/м3
Viscosity μ, mPa s
Measurement interval
ηtf Pa s
1/ηэф2, Pa−2 s−2
τ2, Pa2
τ, Pa
γ, s−1
Transformer oil
878
10.0
-
-
-
-
-
Transformer oil +5% tar
890
12.6
9.5
364,5
0.0261
1470
90
11.1
437,4
0.0255
1538
123
16.3
656
0.0248
1639
266
17.5
729
0.0240
1736
306
31.2
1312
0.0238
1770
973
Transformer oil+10% tar
900
17.2
12.5
364.5
0.0342
855
156
13.7
437.4
0.0313
1021
188
17.7
656
0.0270
1371
313
18.9
729
0.0259
1492
357
32.5
1312
0.0248
1639
1056
Transformer oil +15% tar
915
20.5
12.7
218.7
0.0580
294
161
13.2
243
0.0543
344
174
14.5
364.5
0.0398
633
210
15.2
437.4
0.0347
833
231
20.3
656
0.0309
1048
412
21.2
729
0.0291
1182
449
35.4
1312
0.0270
1371
1253
Table 2.
Rheological fluid properties in different percentages (mixture of transformer oil and tar).
It should be noted that the shear creeps deformation of oil media is many times greater than the elastic deformation. Rheological properties of dispersed oil media are determined by the movement of particles during volumetric change and, in particular, during structure formation, which is associated with different manifestations of rheological properties of non-Newtonian oils during shear and volumetric deformation. Shear deformation can progress over time at a decaying, constant, and progressing rate, while bulk deformation is obviously always at a decaying rate.
a) The Bingham model. Non-Newtonian fluids are primarily characterized by the fact that their character and flow patterns are predetermined by the particular influence of the velocity gradient on the shear resistance. The general equation is described by which the rheological curve for a non-Newtonian viscoplastic oil:
τ=τ0+kdVdyn=τ0+kγn•E31
here τ0- limit of fluidity, γ˙=dVdy - gradient of velocity, n - index of degree. Let us consider characteristic features of non-Newtonian fluids: a) viscoplastic fluids, for which n<1,τ0=0. Examples of such fluids are polymer solutions, suspensions, and emulsions, including oil emulsions, oil sludge, and many oil products; b) dilatant fluids, for which n>1,τ0=0.
Concentrated suspensions, pastes, etc. are examples of such fluids; c) Bingham fluids, which n=1,τ0>0 and characterized by the fact that they can only flow at shear stress greater than the limit of fluidity τ0. In most cases, crude oil exhibits Bingham’s rheological properties.
Using the experimental data in Table 2, the rheological model can be represented as
τ=τ0ϕ+ηeffγ˙E32
where ϕ- is the tar content of the transformer oil.
Using the experimental data in Table 2, the rheological model can be represented as
τ=τ0ϕ+ηeffγ˙E33
where ϕ- is the tar content of the transformer oil.
Figure 9 have been shown the experimental data and the calculated curve for model (Eq. (33)), using the expression τ0=0.06ϕ1.8.
Figure 9.
Dependence of shear stress on shear rate at values ϕ equal to: 1–5%; 2–10%; 3–15%.
b) Maxwell’s model of a viscoelastic body. By connecting elastic and viscous elements in the sequence, we reach the Maxwell model characterizing the equation of state:
γ˙=τη+τGE34
where G- is the modulus of shear elasticity of the studied liquid; ηt- is true viscosity.
To estimate the relaxation properties, the data were processed according to the method proposed in [25] and developed in [26, 27], the essence of which is to relate the shear tangential stress (τ) to the effective viscosity (ηeff), in the form of a relation:
1ηeff2=1ηt2+τ24G2ηt2E35
It should be emphasized that Eq. (E28) will hold if ηtand G take constant values, i.e. provided that the system is linear. The dependence curves τ=fγ˙ have been recalculated in coordinates1/ηeff2=fτ2 (Table 2).
Based on the results of the calculation using the above formula, the dependence shown in Figure 10 is shown. From the character of the curve, it is possible to estimate the interval of shear rates and also to identify the area of non-linearity.
Figure 10.
Dependence 1/ηeff2 on τ2 the solution transformer oil + tar at different temperatures oil + tar at different temperatures: 1-300С; 2- 400С; 3- 500С.
The results of rotor viscometric tests for the solution (transformer oil + tar) at different temperatures show that the dependence sections which are parallel to the τ2, axis correspond to viscous fluid flow and are linear in nature.
The other part of the dependencies, which correspond to non-linear sections, expresses the manifestation of the viscoelastic properties of the fluid being tested.
As the oil moves towards the bottom of the well, the pressure in its volume drops and resulting in the gas release. Furthermore, in theoretical terms, have been determined changes in pressure over time and along the radius of the stratum.
Studies have shown that fluid movement in porous media takes the greatest velocity in the bottom hole zone, although the fluid gathers maximum velocity at the walls of the lifter. Calculations of pressure reduction rate, given when non-Newtonian fluid is lifted along the wellbore, showed that the rate of pressure change during lifting decreases. As follows from expression (Eq. (25)), the manifestation of inertial forces takes place in the bottom hole zone due to a change of velocity, mainly in direction, which leads to the increasing influence of abnormal oil properties [28] (Figure 10).
Analysis of the results of conducted experiments shows that at the same rate of pressure change in the porous medium and lifter, degassing of viscoelastic oil in the reservoir is difficult because of the non-equilibrium of this process. The oil flowing into the well contains increased amounts of formation gas, which performs useful work in lifting the fluid. Therefore, the specific agent flow rate in wells producing viscoelastic oil is lower than in wells with conventional viscous oil.
5. Problems of improving rheological properties in Refining heavy crude oil
Heavy oils, due to their high content of heavy components (65–70% of fractions >350 boiling point) exhibit the visco-plastic properties of non-Newtonian oils. Currently, there are no special technologies for processing heavy oils, except for some works [29, 30], because their processing is limited by problems of oil transportation in pipes, pumps, heat exchangers, and other equipment.
The viscosity of heavy oils, which determines their fluidity, depends on the content of asphalt-resinous substances, paraffin, water in the oil, and other factors. Figure 11 shows experimental data on changes in viscosity of West Siberian oil depending on asphaltene content [31].
Figure 11.
Dependence of effective viscosity on asphalt-resin content at temperatures: 1–84°C; 2–112°C; 3–144°C (− area of discontinuous structure formation).
The existence of a spike in oil viscosity ϕ=0.3 when confirmed by flow-structuring phenomena that degrade the rheological properties of the oils. When refining heavy oils in operating plants at relatively low temperatures, the effective viscosity of the oil increases, which contributes to a decrease in its flowability and, in general, the productivity of the process. The reduction in viscosity of heavy oils, which ensures their transportability, depends on two factors: increasing their temperature and diluting them with lighter components.
In this regard, the main factor for improving the rheological properties of oil and its refining conditions in solving practical problems is to increase the temperature of the oil feedstock at the inlet to the unit and partially dilute it by creating recirculation of the lighter component to mix with the crude oil (Figure 12). This intensification of the refining process solves both problems simultaneously. Process of primary processing of oil is carried out by its preliminary heating to the certain temperature with its intermediate purification from water and salts, containing in oil, in the dehydrator 4 and the further separation in a mass-exchange rectification column 5.
A Kazakhstan heavy paraffinic oil with high viscosity was used in the installation. In order to improve the rheological properties and viscosity of the crude oil, a portion of the fraction >240°C. From column 5, the oil is returned back to mix with the crude oil after pre-cooling to pump 2. Creating a recirculation system allows for reducing the kinematic viscosity of the crude oil by increasing its temperature to 20–25°C and diluting it with lighter fluid. Experimental studies have shown a significant effect of the amount and temperature of fraction >240°C on the effective viscosity of the crude oil (Figure 13).
Figure 13.
Dependence of kinematic viscosity of oil on temperature at its content of fraction >2400Cφ (mass fraction) equal to: 1–0.3; 2–0.25; 3–0.20; 4–0.15; 5–0.10; 6–0.05. ν×104,m2/s.
As Figure 13 shows, the viscosity of the oil decreases as the temperature and the amount of fraction added increase. An expression describing the change in kinematic viscosity of oil with temperature at different fractional contents >240°C, can be represented as
v=108.951−2.17ϕexp−0.028T×10−6E36
here ϕ=mR/m0+mR - is the mass fraction of fraction > 2400C in crude oil, m0,mR - mass flows of crude oil and fraction.
Recirculating some of the lighter refining fraction with higher temperature and lower viscosity to mix with the crude oil reduces the viscosity of the oil by increasing its temperature and partially diluting it with the lighter fraction (Figure 13).
6. Discussion of results
The problems of the rheology of non-Newtonian oil, accompanied by physical phenomena of formation and destruction of coagulation structures and aggregates, significantly affecting the flow have been considered and analyzed. Have been considered the issues of hydrodynamic interaction of particles leading to the formation of disordered structures that significantly change the rheological properties of non-Newtonian oil.
It is noted that the use of aromatic hydrocarbons to dissolve asphalt-resinous substances leads to improved rheological properties of heavy oil.
This section has considered some of the challenges in improving the rheological properties of non-Newtonian oils, both in gas lift production and transportation, and refining. Obviously, there are other ways to improve the rheological properties of oils containing high concentrations of asphalt-resinous and paraffinic substances, solid-phase particles, and dispersed water.
Nomenclature
α
particle diameter
C
concentration
cp
specific heat capacity at constant pressure
DT
coefficient of turbulent diffusion of a liquid
Deff
coefficient of effective diffusion
m
mass of substance
R
radius of the particle
t
time
T
temperature
U
the average flow velocity
Greek letters
βL
coefficient of mass transfer
εR
specific energy dissipation per unit mass
ε
porosity
ηeff
effective viscosity of suspensions
ηc,ηd
dynamic viscosity of the medium and particles
λ
scale of turbulent pulsations
λ0
Kolmogorov scale of turbulence
νc,νd
kinematic viscosity of the medium and particles
ρc,ρd
density of the medium and particles
τp
relaxation time
τ
shear stress
τ0
yield strength
ϕ
the volume fraction of particles
ω
frequency of turbulent coalescence
d
a solid particle
g
is gas bubble
k
is a drop
\n',keywords:"rheology, non-Newtonian oil, coagulation structures, models, asphalt-resinous substances, kinetics, technology",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82662.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/82662.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82662",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82662",totalDownloads:2,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"June 13th 2022",dateReviewed:"June 20th 2022",datePrePublished:"July 27th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"July 13th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"The rheology problems of non-Newtonian oil, accompanied by the physical phenomena of formation and destruction of coagulation structures and aggregates, significantly affecting the flow are considered and analyzed. Also are considered issues of hydrodynamic interaction of particles leading to the formation of disordered structures, which significantly change the rheological properties of non-Newtonian oil. It has been noted that the formation of coagulation structures depends on energy dissipation, viscosity, stress or shear rate, and the size of the particles forming the structure. With increasing asphalt-resin content in the oil, the probability of particle collision increases, increasing the rate of formation of various disordered structures up to a framework that nullifies the rate of oil flow. Applied problems of rheology, including dissolution kinetics of asphalt-resinous substances in aromatic hydrocarbons and improving rheological properties of the oil, rheology of structured non-Newtonian oils in gas lift method of production, as well as possible ways to create new technologies for processing non-Newtonian oils were considered.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82662",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82662",signatures:"Gudret Isfandiyar Kelbaliyev, Sakit Rauf Rasulov and Dilgam Babir Tagiyev",book:{id:"11829",type:"book",title:"Advanced Rheology and Its Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advanced Rheology and Its Applications",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ashim Kumar Dutta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11829.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83768-226-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83769-996-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-227-0",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"277477",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashim",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Dutta",slug:"ashim-dutta",fullName:"Ashim Dutta"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Formation of disordered coagulation structures and aggregates in oils",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Mechanism and kinetics of dissolution of asphalt-resinous substances in aromatic hydrocarbons",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Rheology of structured non-Newtonian oils in gas lift method extraction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5",title:"5. Problems of improving rheological properties in Refining heavy crude oil",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"6. Discussion of results",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"Nomenclature",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Wilkinson WL. Non-Newtonian Fluids. London-Oxford-New-York-Paris: Pergamo Press; 1960'},{id:"B2",body:'Brockel U, Meier W, Wagner G. Product Design and Engineering. Formulation of Gels and Pastes. New Jercey (USA): Wiley-VCH, Verlag CvbH Co. KGaA; 2013'},{id:"B3",body:'Kelbaliyev GI, Tagiyev LB, Rasulov SR, Rzayev AG, Mustafayeva GR. Rheology of structured oils. Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics. 2017;90(5):729-735'},{id:"B4",body:'Devlikamov II, Khabibullin ZA, Kabirov MM. Anomalous oil. Moscow: Nedra; 1975'},{id:"B5",body:'Kelbaliyev GI, Rasulov SR, Tagiyev LB, Mustafayeva GR. Mechanics and Rheology of Petroleum Dispersed Systems. Moscow: Mask Publishers; 2017. p. 462'},{id:"B6",body:'Kelbaliyev GI, Tagiyev LB, Rasulov SR. Transport Phenomena in Dispersed Media. Boca Raton-London-New York: Taylor and Francis Group, CRC Press; 2019. p. 434'},{id:"B7",body:'Kelbaliyev GI, Tagiyev DB, Manafov MR. Rheology of structured oil emulsion. In: Nano- and Micro- Encapsulation - Techniques and Applications. Chapter 7. London: IntechOpen; 2021. pp. 201-236'},{id:"B8",body:'Barnes HA. A review of the Rheology of filled viscoelastic systems. Journal of Rheology Reviews. 2003;36(3):21-36'},{id:"B9",body:'Kelbaliyev GI, Rasulov SR, Ilyushin PY, Mustafayeva GR. Crystallization of paraffin from the oil in a pipe and deposition of asphaltene-paraffin substances on the pipe walls. Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics. 2018;91(5):1227-1232'},{id:"B10",body:'Rogachev MK, Kondrashenko NK. Rheology of Oil and Oil Products. Ufa State Petroleum Technical University; 2000'},{id:"B11",body:'Macosko CW. Rheology. In: Principles, Measurements, and Applications. Wiley-VSH; 1994. p. 568'},{id:"B12",body:'Goldstein RV, Panin RV, Osipenko NM, Derevyagina LS. Model of fracture structure formation with ordered near-surface zones. Physical Mesomechanics. 2005;8(6):23-32'},{id:"B13",body:'Pal R. Fundamental rheology of disperse systems based on single-particle mechanics. Fluids. 2016;40(1):4'},{id:"B14",body:'Tadros TF. Emulsion Formation, Stability, and Rheology. New Jersey, USA: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.; 2013'},{id:"B15",body:'Matveenko VN, Kirsanov SV. Rheology of structured disperse systems. Moscow University Chemistry Bulletin. 2006;47(6):393'},{id:"B16",body:'Kelbaliyev GI, Rasulov SR, Ilyushin PY, Mustafayeva GR. Viscosity of structured disperse systems. Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering. 2018;52(3):404-411'},{id:"B17",body:'Kriz P, Andersen SI. Effect of asphaltenes on crude oil wax crystallization. Energy & Fuels. 2005;19(3):948'},{id:"B18",body:'Liu B, Sun W, Liu C, Guo L. The thermodynamic model on paraffin wax deposition prediction. Engineering. 2015;7:827-832'},{id:"B19",body:'Miadonye A, Evans L. The solubility of asphaltenes in different hydrocarbon liquids. Petroleum Science and Technology. 2010;28(14):1407-1414'},{id:"B20",body:'Tagiyev DB, Kelbaliyev GI, Suleymanov GZ, Rasulov SR, Shekiliev FI, Kerimli VI, et al. Dissolution kinetics of asphalto-resinous materials in aromatic solvents. Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils. 2017;53(3):1-7'},{id:"B21",body:'Kelbaliyev GI, Tagiyev DB, Rasulov SR, Mustafayeva GR, Kerimli VI. Rheology of structured oil dispersed system. Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering. 2017;51(5):582-588'},{id:"B22",body:'Gabito J, Tsouris C. Drag coefficient and setting velocity for particles of cylindrical shape. Powder Technology. 2008;183(2):314-324'},{id:"B23",body:'Levich VG. Physicochemical Hydrodynamics. Moscow: Fizmatgiz; 1962'},{id:"B24",body:'Kelbaliyev GI, Salavatov TS, Rasulov SR, Mamedova EV. Rheology of structured Non-Newtonian Oils in the gas lift Recovery method. Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics. 2021;94(1):143-150'},{id:"B25",body:'Mirzajanzade AK, Khasanov MM, Bakhtizin RN. Etudes on Modelling of Complex Systems of Oil Production. Ufa: Gilem; 1999. p. 464'},{id:"B26",body:'Jana S. Crystallization behavior of waxes. In: A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Logan: Utah State University; 2016'},{id:"B27",body:'Jennings DW, Weispfennig К. Effect of shear оn the реrformаnсе of paraffin inhibitors: cold finger investigation with Gulf of Mexico crude oils energy fuels. 2006;20(6):2457-2464'},{id:"B28",body:'Novaki LP, Keppeler N, Kwon MMN, Paulucci LT, Omar A, Seoud E. Dissolution of Asphaltene in binary Mixtures of organic solvents and Model maltenes: Unambignous Evidence for asphlatene preferential solvation and relevance to assessing the Efficiency of additives for asphaltene stabilization. Energy and Fuels. 2019;33(1):58-67'},{id:"B29",body:'Meyer RF. Prospects for heave grude oil development. Energy Exploration and Exploitation. 1987;5:27-85'},{id:"B30",body:'Nadirov N. Problems of Refining Heavy Oils. Moscow: Chemistry; 1972'},{id:"B31",body:'Mukhmedzyanova AA, Buduik VA, Alyabev AS, Khaybullin AA. Influence of temperature and asfaltenes concentration on reological properties of disperse systems of the west Siberian oils tar. The Bashkir Chemical Journal. 2012;19(4):1-4'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Gudret Isfandiyar Kelbaliyev",address:"kudret.kelbaliev@mail.ru",affiliation:'
Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry, Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry, Azerbaijan
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"11829",type:"book",title:"Advanced Rheology and Its Applications",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Advanced Rheology and Its Applications",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ashim Kumar Dutta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11829.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83768-226-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83769-996-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83768-227-0",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"277477",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashim",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Dutta",slug:"ashim-dutta",fullName:"Ashim Dutta"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"215285",title:"Dr.",name:"Aroloye O.",middleName:null,surname:"Numbere",email:"aroloyen@yahoo.com",fullName:"Aroloye O. Numbere",slug:"aroloye-o.-numbere",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"University of Port Harcourt",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"62582",title:"Mangrove Species Distribution and Composition, Adaptive Strategies and Ecosystem Services in the Niger River Delta, Nigeria",slug:"mangrove-species-distribution-and-composition-adaptive-strategies-and-ecosystem-services-in-the-nige",abstract:"Mangroves of the Niger River Delta grade into several plant communities from land to sea. This mangrove is a biodiversity hot spot, and one of the richest in ecosystem services in the world, but due to lack of data it is often not mentioned in many global mangrove studies. Inland areas are sandy and mostly inhabited by button wood mangroves (Conocarpus erectus) and grass species while seaward areas are mostly inhabited by red (Rhizophora racemosa), black (Laguncularia racemosa) and white (Avicennia germinans) mangroves species. Anthropogenic activities such as oil and gas exploration, deforestation, dredging, urbanization and invasive nypa palms had changed the soil type from swampy to sandy mud soil. Muddy soil supports nypa palms while sandy soil supports different grass species, core mangrove soil supports red mangroves (R. racemosa), which are the most dominant of all species, with importance value (Iv) of 52.02. The red mangroves are adapted to the swampy soils. They possess long root system (i.e. 10 m) that originates from the tree stem to the ground, to provide extra support. The red mangrove trees are economically most viable as the main source of fire wood for cooking, medicinal herbs and dyes for clothes.",signatures:"Aroloye O. Numbere",authors:[{id:"215285",title:"Dr.",name:"Aroloye O.",surname:"Numbere",fullName:"Aroloye O. Numbere",slug:"aroloye-o.-numbere",email:"aroloyen@yahoo.com"}],book:{id:"6411",title:"Mangrove Ecosystem Ecology and Function",slug:"mangrove-ecosystem-ecology-and-function",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}},{id:"64407",title:"The Impact of Landscape Reclamation on Mangrove Forest and Coastal Areas in the Niger Delta, Nigeria",slug:"the-impact-of-landscape-reclamation-on-mangrove-forest-and-coastal-areas-in-the-niger-delta-nigeria",abstract:"Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. This is because of land expansion activities such as urban development. Landscape reclamation is intended for urban city expansion, road construction, housing project, crude oil exploration and sand mining. Reclamation is carried out by both government and private developers. The government sometimes forcefully acquires coastal areas from the native community, remove the mangrove forest and sand fill the area in other to establish projects beneficial to the public. Private investors reclaim coastal areas to execute private business that would boost their economic fortunes. Oil companies clear coastal forest and set up oil wells and pipelines in swampy locations. Increasing population in small communities had also led to the reclamation of coastal areas to create room for the construction of houses to accommodate more people. However, many land reclamation activities are not development-centered, but business-centered. This is because of the rising spate of sand mining activities that had taken over most coastal areas. Sand mines are often abandoned after some years of operation. Reclamation is done without proper environmental impact assessment. This situation had led to the loss of many species.",signatures:"Aroloye O. Numbere",authors:[{id:"215285",title:"Dr.",name:"Aroloye O.",surname:"Numbere",fullName:"Aroloye O. Numbere",slug:"aroloye-o.-numbere",email:"aroloyen@yahoo.com"}],book:{id:"8295",title:"Landscape Reclamation",slug:"landscape-reclamation-rising-from-what-s-left",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}},{id:"65314",title:"Municipal Solid Waste Disposal in Mangrove Forest: Environmental Implication and Management Strategies in the Niger Delta, Nigeria",slug:"municipal-solid-waste-disposal-in-mangrove-forest-environmental-implication-and-management-strategie",abstract:"Niger Delta is an oil rich region situated in the southern part of Nigeria. It is made up of nine states which hosts oil industries. There are a handful of businesses (super market, manufacturing companies, etc.) that service the over 40 million people living in the cities. This situation had led to the increase in solid waste in the city. Because of the problem of over population, and poor waste management strategies (e.g., lack of recycling habit and lack of equipment) the mangrove forest had become a dumping ground for waste. This action has impacted the health of aquatic and terrestrial organisms, and has created a public health disaster for citizens because of increase in heavy metal concentration up the food chain. This chapter therefore, identifies poverty, lack of planning, poor behavior and poor technology as key factors affecting effective waste management in the Niger Delta. It suggests that good waste management system can be worked out if there is coordination between research institution and government in the implementation of recommendation by research institutes. Attitudinal change is also necessary on the part of citizens and government to enable a healthy interaction for the purpose of managing waste effectively.",signatures:"Aroloye O. Numbere",authors:[{id:"215285",title:"Dr.",name:"Aroloye O.",surname:"Numbere",fullName:"Aroloye O. Numbere",slug:"aroloye-o.-numbere",email:"aroloyen@yahoo.com"}],book:{id:"8580",title:"Municipal Solid Waste Management",slug:"municipal-solid-waste-management",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}},{id:"70413",title:"Mangrove Habitat Loss and the Need for the Establishment of Conservation and Protected Areas in the Niger Delta, Nigeria",slug:"mangrove-habitat-loss-and-the-need-for-the-establishment-of-conservation-and-protected-areas-in-the-",abstract:"Niger Delta mangroves are the largest in Africa, but uncontrolled anthropogenic activities had reduced their population size. The reduction from large to small mangrove stand has some ecological implications on species populations. For instance, stochastic events such as flooding, landslides, sea level rise, high temperature, and humidity affect small populations. Human-mediated actions of random deforestation for firewood production, canalization, and de-silting of waterways, lead to the complete elimination of mangrove stands in specific locations. The cumulative effect of these actions can result in local extinction and loss of genetic variation of mangroves. Destruction of mangroves over the years is detrimental to other species that inhabit the mangroves in the Niger Delta (e.g., fishes, crabs, etc.). This situation can be reversed or stopped if effective protective measures are adopted. Strict protective measures can be done in areas that are highly impacted i.e., regions where oil and gas exploration or massive deforestation activities had occurred. Limited protection can be done in areas with low impact, and is known as a win-win conservation where the peoples welfare is considered. Here, indigenous people are employed to help in the protection of the forest and in return are allowed to exploit its resources.",signatures:"Aroloye O. Numbere",authors:[{id:"215285",title:"Dr.",name:"Aroloye O.",surname:"Numbere",fullName:"Aroloye O. Numbere",slug:"aroloye-o.-numbere",email:"aroloyen@yahoo.com"}],book:{id:"8833",title:"Habitats of the World",slug:"habitats-of-the-world-biodiversity-and-threats",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}},{id:"75337",title:"Mangrove Restoration under Different Disturbances Regime in the Niger Delta, Nigeria",slug:"mangrove-restoration-under-different-disturbances-regime-in-the-niger-delta-nigeria",abstract:"Mangroves of the Niger Delta are the largest in Africa and are the source of numerous ecosystem services such as firewood, seafood, building materials and medicinal herbs. Their sustainable use and protection are important for future generations. However, anthropogenic activities such as oil and gas exploration, urbanization, industrialization, dredging, overexploitation and sand mining are the major disturbances that have pushed the mangroves to the brink of extinction. Therefore, in other to restore lost areas of the mangroves natural and artificial means can be adopted to bring them to a restored state. More often than not emphasis of recovery had been placed on artificial remediation and restoration, where polluted sites are cleaned with chemicals and nursery seedlings transplanted to remediated such sites. Nevertheless, this chapter discusses the possibility of utilizing natural means of forest recovery through seedling recruitment and regeneration. This can be achieved by establishing the right environmental conditions such as setting up of a hydro-channel to ensure smooth inflow and out flow of river water carrying seeds, availability of parent mangrove trees to supply the seeds, and the availability of the right soil condition to enable seedling germination and growth. The use of dried and ground mangrove parts as a new way for restoring polluted soil is discussed; in addition, the unconventional proposition of using low key pollution to manage and increase forest resilience is highlighted in this work even though further studies are recommended. Future direction of mangrove restoration should be tilted towards the application of the force of nature, which has the potentials of reversing the adverse effect of anthropogenic activities in well managed and protected sites.",signatures:"Aroloye O. Numbere",authors:[{id:"215285",title:"Dr.",name:"Aroloye O.",surname:"Numbere",fullName:"Aroloye O. Numbere",slug:"aroloye-o.-numbere",email:"aroloyen@yahoo.com"}],book:{id:"8050",title:"Mangrove Ecosystem Restoration",slug:"mangrove-ecosystem-restoration",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"87846",title:"Dr.",name:"Eusebio",surname:"Cano Carmona",slug:"eusebio-cano-carmona",fullName:"Eusebio Cano Carmona",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRsK0QAK/Profile_Picture_2022-06-29T05:32:24.PNG",biography:"Eusebio Cano Carmona, Ph.D. in Science from the University of Granada, Spain; A Professor of Botany at the University of Jaén, Spain. His fundamental line of research is Flora and Vegetation. We have focused our research on Spain, Italy, Portugal, Palestine, the Caribbean islands, and Mexico; As a result of these investigations, we have directed 13 doctoral theses, and some 250 publications including articles, books, and book chapters. He participates in national and international congresses with about 200 papers/communications. We have held different academic positions. Director of the Dean of the Faculty of Experimental Sciences. Founder and Director of the International Seminar on Management and Conservation of Biodiversity for 14 years. Member of the Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian Geobotany societies. Counselor of the I.E.G His academic and teaching career focuses on Geobotany, teaching classes in the Biological Sciences degree and in the master's degree in olive groves and olive oil, his research has focused mainly on flora and vegetation, carrying out cartographic projects for the habitats of Europe.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Jaén",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"203697",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Cano Ortiz",slug:"ana-cano-ortiz",fullName:"Ana Cano Ortiz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/203697/images/system/203697.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Jaén",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"215767",title:"Prof.",name:"Jing",surname:"Xu",slug:"jing-xu",fullName:"Jing Xu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hainan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"216978",title:"Dr.",name:"Piñar Fuentes",surname:"J.C.",slug:"pinar-fuentes-j.c.",fullName:"Piñar Fuentes J.C.",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Jaén",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"227149",title:"Prof.",name:"Shaoliang",surname:"Chen",slug:"shaoliang-chen",fullName:"Shaoliang Chen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"232428",title:"Prof.",name:"Niya",surname:"Li",slug:"niya-li",fullName:"Niya Li",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"232429",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiaoyang",surname:"Zhou",slug:"xiaoyang-zhou",fullName:"Xiaoyang Zhou",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"232430",title:"Prof.",name:"Ruigang",surname:"Wang",slug:"ruigang-wang",fullName:"Ruigang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"232431",title:"Mrs.",name:"Jinke",surname:"Li",slug:"jinke-li",fullName:"Jinke Li",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"232432",title:"Prof.",name:"Cunfu",surname:"Lu",slug:"cunfu-lu",fullName:"Cunfu Lu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding",title:"Open Access Funding",intro:"
IntechOpen’s Academic Editors and Authors have received funding for their work through many well-known funders, including: the European Commission, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers, National Institute of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), German Research Foundation (DFG), Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Australian Research Council (ARC).
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\\n\\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\\n\\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\\n
\\n\\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\\n\\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\\n\\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\n\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\n\n
\n\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\n\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\n
\n\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\n\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11661},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11616",title:"Foraging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"955b60bb658c8d1a09dd4efc9bf6674b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11616.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11632",title:"Updated Research on Bacteriophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d34dfa0d5d10511184f97ddaeef9936b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11632.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11697",title:"Scoliosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa052443744b8f6ba5a87091e373bafe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11697.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11699",title:"Neonatal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e52adaee8e54f51c2ba4972daeb410f7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11699.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11730",title:"Midwifery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"95389fcd878d0e929234c441744ba398",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11730.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11818",title:"Uveitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f8c178e6f45ba7b500281005b5d5b67a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11818.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11850",title:"Systemic Sclerosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"df3f380c5949c8d8c977631cac330f67",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11850.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11773",title:"Archaeology - Challenges and Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"17d91462fa926279f65164ac0d5641cd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11773.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11794",title:"Coconut Cultivation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"48e1cb42a4162f64cae3a2e777472f21",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11794.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11797",title:"Clostridium difficile",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4cb066b44bb8d4a8b93a627de26e3ebf",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11797.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11776",title:"Fashion Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e8d53d1029a7bccf825aa55d43fecc68",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11776.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:68},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:495},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4797},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"760",title:"Telecommunication",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-engineering-telecommunication",parent:{id:"116",title:"Electrical and Electronic Engineering",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-engineering"},numberOfBooks:5,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:88,numberOfWosCitations:34,numberOfCrossrefCitations:40,numberOfDimensionsCitations:62,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"760",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7414",title:"Modulation in Electronics and Telecommunications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5066fa20239d3de3ca87b3c45c680d01",slug:"modulation-in-electronics-and-telecommunications",bookSignature:"George Dekoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7414.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9833",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Dekoulis",slug:"george-dekoulis",fullName:"George Dekoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6771",title:"RF Systems, Circuits and Components",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c5659bd3ce7141b314b5f0d1077187aa",slug:"rf-systems-circuits-and-components",bookSignature:"Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz and Mohammad Arif Sobhan Bhuiyan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6771.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"129681",title:"Dr.",name:"Mamun Bin Ibne",middleName:null,surname:"Reaz",slug:"mamun-bin-ibne-reaz",fullName:"Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7417",title:"The Future of Television",subtitle:"Convergence of Content and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e9ae7433daa77973fd72130df6622c68",slug:"the-future-of-television-convergence-of-content-and-technology",bookSignature:"Ioannis Deliyannis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7417.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103622",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioannis",middleName:null,surname:"Deliyannis",slug:"ioannis-deliyannis",fullName:"Ioannis Deliyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5833",title:"Microstrip Antennas",subtitle:"Trends in Research on",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"351227e37c8525ecf982ef45c2dea655",slug:"trends-in-research-on-microstrip-antennas",bookSignature:"Sudipta Chattopadhyay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188270",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudipta",middleName:null,surname:"Chattopadhyay",slug:"sudipta-chattopadhyay",fullName:"Sudipta Chattopadhyay"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2044",title:"Quality of Service and Resource Allocation in WiMAX",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"372438e4e660a3d4955bc8eb679a6990",slug:"quality-of-service-and-resource-allocation-in-wimax",bookSignature:"Roberto C. Hincapie and Javier E. Sierra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2044.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72042",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Hincapie",slug:"roberto-hincapie",fullName:"Roberto Hincapie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:5,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"56272",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69766",title:"Bio-Inspired Microstrip Antenna",slug:"bio-inspired-microstrip-antenna",totalDownloads:1902,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"In the last few years, bio‐inspired solutions have attracted the attention of the scientific community. Several world‐renowned institutions have sponsored and created laboratories in order to understand the forms, functions and behavior of living organisms. Some methods can be highlighted in the search for geometric representation of the shapes found in the nature, the fractal geometry, the polar geometry, and the superformula of Gielis. This chapter is focusing on bio‐inspired microstrip antennas, especially on leaf‐shaped antennas from the Gielis superformula that open a vast research field for more compact antennas with low visual impact.",book:{id:"5833",slug:"trends-in-research-on-microstrip-antennas",title:"Microstrip Antennas",fullTitle:"Trends in Research on Microstrip Antennas"},signatures:"Alexandre Jean René Serres, Georgina Karla de Freitas Serres, Paulo\nFernandes da Silva Júnior, Raimundo Carlos Silvério Freire, Josiel do\nNascimento Cruz, Tulio Chaves de Albuquerque, Maciel Alves\nOliveira and Paulo Henrique da Fonseca Silva",authors:[{id:"107092",title:"Dr.",name:"Paulo",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"paulo-silva",fullName:"Paulo Silva"},{id:"199230",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandre Jean René",middleName:null,surname:"Serres",slug:"alexandre-jean-rene-serres",fullName:"Alexandre Jean René Serres"},{id:"199961",title:"BSc.",name:"Maciel Alves de",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"maciel-alves-de-oliveira",fullName:"Maciel Alves de Oliveira"},{id:"199963",title:"MSc.",name:"Josiel",middleName:null,surname:"Cruz",slug:"josiel-cruz",fullName:"Josiel Cruz"},{id:"205094",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgina Karla",middleName:null,surname:"Freitas Serres",slug:"georgina-karla-freitas-serres",fullName:"Georgina Karla Freitas Serres"},{id:"205095",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paulo",middleName:"Fernandes",surname:"Fernandes da Silva Junior",slug:"paulo-fernandes-da-silva-junior",fullName:"Paulo Fernandes da Silva Junior"},{id:"205097",title:"Dr.",name:"Raimundo Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Silvério Freire",slug:"raimundo-carlos-silverio-freire",fullName:"Raimundo Carlos Silvério Freire"},{id:"205098",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Tulio Chaves",middleName:null,surname:"Albuquerque",slug:"tulio-chaves-albuquerque",fullName:"Tulio Chaves Albuquerque"}]},{id:"27693",doi:"10.5772/29971",title:"A Comprehensive Survey on WiMAX Scheduling Approaches",slug:"a-comprehensive-survey-on-wimax-scheduling-approaches-",totalDownloads:3304,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"2044",slug:"quality-of-service-and-resource-allocation-in-wimax",title:"Quality of Service and Resource Allocation in WiMAX",fullTitle:"Quality of Service and Resource Allocation in WiMAX"},signatures:"Lamia Chaari, Ahlem Saddoud, Rihab Maaloul and Lotfi Kamoun",authors:[{id:"80143",title:"Dr.",name:"Lamia",middleName:null,surname:"Chaari",slug:"lamia-chaari",fullName:"Lamia Chaari"},{id:"80302",title:"PhD.",name:"Ahlem",middleName:null,surname:"Saddoud",slug:"ahlem-saddoud",fullName:"Ahlem Saddoud"},{id:"80303",title:"Prof.",name:"Lotfi",middleName:null,surname:"Kamoun",slug:"lotfi-kamoun",fullName:"Lotfi Kamoun"},{id:"81658",title:"MSc.",name:"Rihab",middleName:null,surname:"Maaloul",slug:"rihab-maaloul",fullName:"Rihab Maaloul"}]},{id:"57320",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70173",title:"Bandwidth Enhancement Techniques",slug:"bandwidth-enhancement-techniques",totalDownloads:4894,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"In this chapter, a variety of procedures proposed in the literature to increase the impedance bandwidth of microstrip patch antennas are presented and discussed. Intrinsic techniques, proximity coupled and aperture-coupled patches, applying horizontally coupled patches to driven patch on a single layer and stacked patches are discussed. Beside the linear polarised solutions, some techniques for designing wideband circular polarised patch antennas are also presented. Furthermore, some other techniques proposed in the literature including log-periodic array of patches, E-shaped patch, L-shaped feeding, microstrip monopole slotted antenna, defected ground/patch technique and the latest works during the recent years are introduced and investigated. It is tried to make a comparison between different methods giving a typical bandwidth that can be obtained using each method, beside discussing about the benefits or limitations that each method has.",book:{id:"5833",slug:"trends-in-research-on-microstrip-antennas",title:"Microstrip Antennas",fullTitle:"Trends in Research on Microstrip Antennas"},signatures:"Seyed Ali Razavi Parizi",authors:[{id:"198931",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Razavi Parizi",slug:"seyed-ali-razavi-parizi",fullName:"Seyed Ali Razavi Parizi"}]},{id:"55913",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69522",title:"Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antennas Using Artificial Neural Network",slug:"design-and-analysis-of-microstrip-patch-antennas-using-artificial-neural-network",totalDownloads:1983,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"The microstrip patch antenna can also be designed using an artificial neural network (ANN) modeling technique where size of the antenna is major limitation especially in mobile and wireless applications. In this chapter, analysis and synthesis problems for designing of microstrip patch antennas were discussed using the artificial neural network technique. An analysis problem refers to calculation of resonant frequency of microstrip patch antenna whereas a synthesis problem refers to calculation of dimensions of patch antenna. Both problems are reciprocal of each other. Results are implemented using graphical user interface (GUI) tools of MATLAB programming language. Back‐propagation training algorithm of artificial neural network is used to train the network for minimization of error and computation time. Therefore, the geometric dimensions of patch are obtained with high accuracy in less computation time as compared to simulation software.",book:{id:"5833",slug:"trends-in-research-on-microstrip-antennas",title:"Microstrip Antennas",fullTitle:"Trends in Research on Microstrip Antennas"},signatures:"Vivek Singh Kushwah and Geetam Singh Tomar",authors:[{id:"198433",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivek",middleName:"Singh",surname:"Kushwah",slug:"vivek-kushwah",fullName:"Vivek Kushwah"},{id:"198435",title:"Dr.",name:"Geetam Singh",middleName:null,surname:"Tomar",slug:"geetam-singh-tomar",fullName:"Geetam Singh Tomar"}]},{id:"63230",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79299",title:"Integration of Hybrid Passive Optical Networks (PON) with Radio over Fiber (RoF)",slug:"integration-of-hybrid-passive-optical-networks-pon-with-radio-over-fiber-rof-",totalDownloads:1116,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"A cost effective, robust, and high capacity access network necessitated to meet the mounting customer demands for bandwidth-desirous services. A remarkable evolution of access networks is observed both in wired and wireless, predominantly driven by ever-changing bandwidth requirements. A wireless connection releases the end user from the restrictions of a physical link to a network that results in mobility, flexibleness, and ease of use. Whereas, optical networks offer immense amount of bandwidth that appease the most bandwidth voracious customers compared to bandwidth limited wireless networks. The integration of wired and wireless domains in the access landscape that presents a technical analysis of optical architectures suitable to support radio over fiber (RoF) is the objective of this chapter. Investigate the main trends that drive the merger of fiber and wireless technologies in access networks. Moreover, study the primary terms and the particular transmission features of integrated fiber-radio links to form a well-defined classification of hybrid systems and techniques. This work also recognizes the major problems for realization of RoF systems and examines the limitation, advantages, and diversity of integrated RoF-PON technology.",book:{id:"6771",slug:"rf-systems-circuits-and-components",title:"RF Systems, Circuits and Components",fullTitle:"RF Systems, Circuits and Components"},signatures:"Shahab Ahmad Niazi",authors:[{id:"242458",title:"Dr.",name:"Shahab",middleName:null,surname:"Niazi",slug:"shahab-niazi",fullName:"Shahab Niazi"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"57320",title:"Bandwidth Enhancement Techniques",slug:"bandwidth-enhancement-techniques",totalDownloads:4891,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"In this chapter, a variety of procedures proposed in the literature to increase the impedance bandwidth of microstrip patch antennas are presented and discussed. Intrinsic techniques, proximity coupled and aperture-coupled patches, applying horizontally coupled patches to driven patch on a single layer and stacked patches are discussed. Beside the linear polarised solutions, some techniques for designing wideband circular polarised patch antennas are also presented. Furthermore, some other techniques proposed in the literature including log-periodic array of patches, E-shaped patch, L-shaped feeding, microstrip monopole slotted antenna, defected ground/patch technique and the latest works during the recent years are introduced and investigated. It is tried to make a comparison between different methods giving a typical bandwidth that can be obtained using each method, beside discussing about the benefits or limitations that each method has.",book:{id:"5833",slug:"trends-in-research-on-microstrip-antennas",title:"Microstrip Antennas",fullTitle:"Trends in Research on Microstrip Antennas"},signatures:"Seyed Ali Razavi Parizi",authors:[{id:"198931",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Razavi Parizi",slug:"seyed-ali-razavi-parizi",fullName:"Seyed Ali Razavi Parizi"}]},{id:"56514",title:"Low-SAR Miniaturized Handset Antenna Using EBG",slug:"low-sar-miniaturized-handset-antenna-using-ebg",totalDownloads:1740,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Advances in wireless communications have paved the way for wide usage of mobile phones in modern society, resulting in mounting concerns surrounding its harmful radiation. Energy absorption in human biological tissues can be characterized by specific absorption rate (SAR). This value refers to the actual amount of electromagnetic energy absorbed in the biological tissues, thus a lower value of SAR indicates a lower radiation exposure risk to the human body. So, our challenge is to introduce mobile handset antennas with low SAR and operating at all mobile and wireless applications. In this chapter, novel configurations of single-element antenna are designed, simulated, fabricated, and measured. The antennas operate for most cellular applications: global system for mobile (GSM)-850/900, digital cellular system (DCS)-1800, personal communication service (PCS)-1900, universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS)-2100, and long-term evolution (LTE) bands. The antennas also support wireless applications. The proposed antennas have a compact size and low SAR at all bands. Also, this chapter presents a comprehensive study on the performance of the antenna in the different environments. Furthermore, the antenna performance is tested in the presence of head and hand in free space and in a car. The simulation and measurement results are in good agreement.",book:{id:"5833",slug:"trends-in-research-on-microstrip-antennas",title:"Microstrip Antennas",fullTitle:"Trends in Research on Microstrip Antennas"},signatures:"Kamel Salah Sultan, Haythem Hussien Abdullah and Esmat Abdel-\nFatah Abdallah",authors:[{id:"214874",title:"Dr.",name:"Kamel",middleName:null,surname:"Sultan",slug:"kamel-sultan",fullName:"Kamel Sultan"}]},{id:"62550",title:"Design Concepts of Low-Noise Amplifier for Radio Frequency Receivers",slug:"design-concepts-of-low-noise-amplifier-for-radio-frequency-receivers",totalDownloads:3218,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The development of high-performance radio frequency (RF) transceivers or multi-standard/reconfigurable receivers requires an innovative RF front-end design to ensure the best from a good technology. In general, the performance of front-end and/or building blocks can be improved only by an increase in the supply voltage, width of the transistors or an additional stage at the output of a circuit. This leads to increase the design issues like circuit size and the power consumption. Presently, the wireless market and the need to develop efficient portable electronic systems have pushed the industry to the production of circuit designs with low-voltage power supply. The objective of this work is to introduce an innovative single-stage design structure of low noise amplifier (LNA) to achieve higher performance under low operating voltage. TSMC 0.18 micron CMOS technology scale is utilized for realizing LNA designs and the simulation process is carried out with a supply voltage of 1.8 V. The LNA performance measures are analyzed by using an Intel Core2 duo CPU E7400@2.80GHz processor with Agilent’s Advanced Design System (ADS) 2009 version software.",book:{id:"6771",slug:"rf-systems-circuits-and-components",title:"RF Systems, Circuits and Components",fullTitle:"RF Systems, Circuits and Components"},signatures:"Sumathi Manickam",authors:[{id:"245830",title:"Dr.",name:"Sumathi",middleName:null,surname:"Manickam",slug:"sumathi-manickam",fullName:"Sumathi Manickam"}]},{id:"71296",title:"A Review: Circuit Theory of Microstrip Antennas for Dual-, Multi-, and Ultra-Widebands",slug:"a-review-circuit-theory-of-microstrip-antennas-for-dual-multi-and-ultra-widebands",totalDownloads:1340,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In this chapter, a review has been presented on dual-band, multiband, and ultra-wideband (UWB). This review has been classified according to antenna feeding and loading of antennas using slots and notch and coplanar structure. Thereafter a comparison of dual-band, multiband, and ultra-wideband antenna has been presented. The basic geometry of patch antenna has been present along with its equivalent circuit diagram. It has been observed that patch antenna geometry for ultra-wideband is difficult to achieve with normal structure. Ultra-wideband antennas are achieved with two or more techniques; mostly UWB antennas are achieved from coplaner structures.",book:{id:"7414",slug:"modulation-in-electronics-and-telecommunications",title:"Modulation in Electronics and Telecommunications",fullTitle:"Modulation in Electronics and Telecommunications"},signatures:"Ashish Singh, Krishnananda Shet, Durga Prasad, Akhilesh Kumar Pandey and Mohammad Aneesh",authors:null},{id:"68080",title:"Polarization Modulation",slug:"polarization-modulation",totalDownloads:979,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Conventional wireless communication systems use amplitude, frequency, and phase of the carrier wave to carry information. However, actual radio waves also have vector parameters, such as polarization and propagation direction. In this chapter, a modulation scheme using polarizations is explained. The polarization modulation provides an additional degree of freedom for the modulation of the carrier waves. Furthermore, the polarization modulation is suitable to realize simple transceivers using RF signal processing. Antennas are the most important key parts of the polarization modulation systems. Polarization agile antennas, active integrated array antenna which integrates an oscillator and modulators, and polarization discrimination antenna are also introduced.",book:{id:"7414",slug:"modulation-in-electronics-and-telecommunications",title:"Modulation in Electronics and Telecommunications",fullTitle:"Modulation in Electronics and Telecommunications"},signatures:"Ichihiko Toyoda",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"760",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"89",title:"Education",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/89.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,annualVolume:null,editor:{id:"260066",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Kalogiannakis",slug:"michail-kalogiannakis",fullName:"Michail Kalogiannakis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260066/images/system/260066.jpg",biography:"Michail Kalogiannakis is an Associate Professor of the Department of Preschool Education, University of Crete, and an Associate Tutor at School of Humanities at the Hellenic Open University. He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. He has published over 120 articles in international conferences and journals and has served on the program committees of numerous international conferences.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:{id:"422488",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ampartzaki",slug:"maria-ampartzaki",fullName:"Maria Ampartzaki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/422488/images/system/422488.jpg",biography:"Dr Maria Ampartzaki is an Assistant Professor in Early Childhood Education in the Department of Preschool Education at the University of Crete. Her research interests include ICT in education, science education in the early years, inquiry-based and art-based learning, teachers’ professional development, action research, and the Pedagogy of Multiliteracies, among others. She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11974,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. Ben-Soussan leads international studies on training and neuroplasticity from neurophysiological and psychobiological perspectives. As a neuroscientist and bio-psychologist, she has published numerous articles on neuroplasticity, movement and meditation. She acts as an editor and reviewer in several renowned journals and coordinates international conferences integrating theoretical, methodological and practical approaches on various topics, such as silence, logics and neuro-education. She lives in Assisi, Italy.",institutionString:"Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{id:"83075",title:"Practices and Challenges of Community Services at Debre Markos University, Ethiopia: A Case Study",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105896",signatures:"Adane Mengist",slug:"practices-and-challenges-of-community-services-at-debre-markos-university-ethiopia-a-case-study",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82858",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility a Case of the Provision of Recreational Facilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105608",signatures:"Peter Musa Wash, Shida Irwana Omar, Badaruddin Mohamed and Mohd Ismail Isa",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-a-case-of-the-provision-of-recreational-facilities",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82786",title:"Discussion of Purchasing Virtual Digital Nature and Tourism",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105869",signatures:"Hiroko Oe and Yasuyuki Yamaoka",slug:"discussion-of-purchasing-virtual-digital-nature-and-tourism",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82289",title:"Consumer Culture and Abundance of Choices: Having More, Feeling Blue",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105607",signatures:"Ondřej Roubal",slug:"consumer-culture-and-abundance-of-choices-having-more-feeling-blue",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11478",title:"Recent Advances in the Study of Dyslexia",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11478.jpg",hash:"26764a18c6b776698823e0e1c3022d2f",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 30th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"294281",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Glazzard",slug:"jonathan-glazzard",fullName:"Jonathan Glazzard"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"82751",title:"Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Interaction in Central Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105738",signatures:"Liliya Kushnireva and Eduard Korkotian",slug:"mitochondria-endoplasmic-reticulum-interaction-in-central-neurons",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82709",title:"Fatty Acid Metabolism as a Tumor Marker",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106072",signatures:"Gatot Nyarumenteng Adhipurnawan Winarno",slug:"fatty-acid-metabolism-as-a-tumor-marker",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82716",title:"Advanced glycation end product induced endothelial dysfunction through ER stress: Unravelling the role of Paraoxonase 2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106018",signatures:"Ramya Ravi and Bharathidevi Subramaniam Rajesh",slug:"advanced-glycation-end-product-induced-endothelial-dysfunction-through-er-stress-unravelling-the-rol",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82388",title:"Epigenetics: Science of Changes without Change in DNA Sequences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105039",signatures:"Jayisha Dhargawe, Rita Lakkakul and Pradip Hirapure",slug:"epigenetics-science-of-changes-without-change-in-dna-sequences",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"82583",title:"Leukaemia: The Purinergic System and Small Extracellular Vesicles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104326",signatures:"Arinzechukwu Ude and Kelechi Okeke",slug:"leukaemia-the-purinergic-system-and-small-extracellular-vesicles",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82531",title:"Abnormal Iron Metabolism and Its Effect on Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104502",signatures:"Chinmayee Dahihandekar and Sweta Kale Pisulkar",slug:"abnormal-iron-metabolism-and-its-effect-on-dentistry",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:18,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",slug:"advanced-studies-in-the-21st-century-animal-nutrition",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos",hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"18",type:"subseries",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11414,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",slug:"arli-aditya-parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",slug:"cesar-lopez-camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/26425",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"26425"},fullPath:"/chapters/26425",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()