Thermoactivation procedure of RC according to various authors.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1413",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advances in Selected Plant Physiology Aspects",title:"Advances in Selected Plant Physiology Aspects",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The book provides general principles and new insights of some plant physiology aspects covering abiotic stress, plant water relations, mineral nutrition and reproduction. \nPlant response to reduced water availability and other abiotic stress (e.g. metals) have been analysed through changes in water absorption and transport mechanisms, as well as by molecular and genetic approach. A relatively new aspects of fruit nutrition are presented in order to provide the basis for the improvement of some fruit quality traits. The involvement of hormones, nutritional and proteomic plant profiles together with some structure/function of sexual components have also been addressed.\nWritten by leading scientists from around the world it may serve as source of methods, theories, ideas and tools for students, researchers and experts in that areas of plant physiology.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0557-2",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4299-7",doi:"10.5772/1874",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"advances-in-selected-plant-physiology-aspects",numberOfPages:400,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"8ad5dfdda92a664aa7c06396e9e42a3f",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Montanaro\t and\tBartolomeo Dichio",publishedDate:"April 25th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1413.jpg",numberOfDownloads:98801,numberOfWosCitations:183,numberOfCrossrefCitations:81,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:7,numberOfDimensionsCitations:220,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:7,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:484,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 12th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 10th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 14th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 14th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 13th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"42991",title:"Dr.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Montanaro",slug:"giuseppe-montanaro",fullName:"Giuseppe Montanaro",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42991/images/system/42991.jpg",biography:"Born in 1971, Dr. Giuseppe Montanaro obtained his PhD in Crop Systems, Forestry and Environmental Sciences in 2006 from the University of Basilicata (IT) where he is currently employed within the Fruit Tree Section. His main research focus is on (i) fruit quality with a particular focus on Ca accumulation mechanisms in fruit (ii) water relations and photosystem II efficiency. He shall continue to make contributions to this topic in the light of the expected increasing frequency and severity of drought and other consequences of a changing climate. This will also involve developing easy-to-use techniques at the orchard scale (iii) Soil fertility remediation. 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Therefore, stringent environmental measures and relevant international agreements have been established to reduce the environmental impact of this industry. In this context, large companies worldwide have been investing in more sustainable practices, promoting the development of alternative more eco-efficient building materials towards a truly circular economy supported on recycling, resource efficiency and low carbon emissions [1, 2]. Two major goals of the European council are the reduction of GHG emissions to 60–80% by 2050, on a 1990 base year and the reuse of at least 70% of CDW, excluding backfilling operations [3, 4].
In particular, concrete, as the most used building material in the world and involving substantial extraction of raw materials, significant GHG emissions and extensive CDW generation, becomes a serious source of environmental concern [5, 6]. Cement is the main concrete constituent responsible for the significant carbon footprint of concrete, accounting with over 80% of the total CO2 emissions of concrete production [7]. In fact, over 5% of the world’s anthropogenic CO2 emissions are attributed to the cement industry [8, 9]. This alarming value is expected to further increase due to the ever-growing demand for this product, which is expected to rise by over 20% in 2050 [8, 9]. Therefore, the concrete industry and the scientific community have been focused on the urgent development of more sustainable eco-efficient concrete. The use of recycled aggregates in concrete production has been largely studied [10], but its effective acceptance in the construction sector is still a way off. On the one hand, the available technology is not efficient in providing high quality recycled aggregates with minor contamination with adhered paste that reduces their physical, mechanical and durability properties. On the other hand, the simple substitution of natural aggregates with recycled aggregates fails to significantly reduce the GHG emissions, which, as mentioned, are essentially related to cement production. Therefore, various strategies have been implemented concerning the efficient reduction of cement’s environmental impact [8, 11, 12], namely the development of carbon capture solutions, new and more efficient production technologies, alternative fuels, alternative cements and the reduction of the clinker to cement ratio. Among these carbon reduction levers, the most promising and effective solution lies in carbon capture, but its viable implementation has yet to overcome some challenges [13]. The use of supplementary materials as partial clinker substitution has been considered for many years, but further GHG emissions reduction with currently available mineral additions is hard to explore. Moreover, the availability of some of these additions, namely those that are by-products of pollutant industries, such as fly ash, is becoming scarce.
Alternative low-carbon cements, such as calcium aluminate and alkali-activated cements have also been the object of intense research, but their implementation in the construction market is still far from being economically viable [13, 14]. More recently, a very promising approach relies on the production of low-carbon recycled cements (RC) from dehydrated waste hardened cement. The idea is to recover the binding properties of waste cement through its thermal activation at low temperatures, reducing the thermal energy of the clinker manufacture and avoiding the limestone decarbonation phase, which represents about 60% of the carbon emissions during the sintering process [13, 15].
The rehydration capacity of concrete subjected to high temperatures has long been shown from post-fire studies of concrete behavior [16, 17, 18]. This recovery was found to be related to the regeneration of new hydration products, despite the eventual existence of unreacted cement left in old concrete [19]. The possible reactivation of the hardened cement was a relevant finding and many authors started to explore this idea regarding the production of an innovative recycled binder. As mentioned, if thermoactivation temperatures are set to be under the decarbonation stage, the CO2 emissions may be significantly reduced, and a low-carbon binder is obtained [20]. Moreover, retrieving the waste concrete highly encourages the valorization reuse of CDW, the reduction of natural resources depletion and the relevant decrease of landfill disposal. However, recycled cement is still a very young domain of research and various aspects related to its production process and its behavior when incorporated in cement-based materials must be further explored before the implementation of this very promising eco-efficient solution in the construction industry.
The objective of this chapter is to review some of the most relevant research and main contributions achieved in the domain of thermoactivated recycled cements. First, a general overview of the recycled cement manufacture is presented. Then, Sections 3 to 5 are dedicated to the phase development in anhydrous RC and subsequent rehydration, Sections 6 to 8 discuss the main physical, microstructural and mechanical properties of cement-based materials. Section 8 also covers the use of RC as partial cement replacement, showing the higher potential of this new recycled binder compared to current mineral additions used by the concrete industry.
The first published work concerning the specific recovery of cementitious materials regarding cement recycling was probably presented by Splittgerber and Mueller [21]. The authors suggested exploring the inversion of cement hydration based on previous studies concerning the rehydration of hardened concrete subjected to fire temperatures. In fact, as mentioned, various studies have for long been carried out in this domain [16, 17, 18]. Basically, the thermal activation turns the cement hydration into a reversible process, obtaining dehydrated compounds with similar characteristics to those of the original clinker phases [21]. As better discussed in Section 3, the thermal activation explores the chemical transformations of the cement paste that occur at different temperatures, namely involving dehydration, dehydroxylation and decarbonation stages [22, 23, 24, 25, 26]. The production of recycled cement essentially involves three relevant steps, namely: the separation of the cement fraction from the other constituents of waste concrete; the comminution of the waste cement to an average particle size in the range of common ordinary Portland cements (OPC); thermoactivation of waste cement into RC. The closed circular economy involved in RC manufacture is illustrated in Figure 1.
Closed circular economy of thermoactivated recycled cement retrieved from hardened waste cement-based materials (adaptation from Carriço et al. [
One main obstacle that has hindered the production of recycled cement at an industrial scale is related to the individualization and separation of waste concrete constituents. This is not only a challenge for the production of RC, but also for obtaining high quality recycled aggregates. In fact, the contamination of aggregates by adhered cement paste increases their porosity and waste absorption [27], with repercussions on the durability, shrinkage and control of fresh concrete workability [28, 29]. For this reason, current recycled concrete waste is essentially reused as low-quality recycled aggregates for low grade concretes or as backfilling in road base layers and landscape recovery. Therefore, in order to enhance the CDW valorization and encourage a closed circular economy for concrete production, the development of an efficient separation process is a priority goal. However, despite various attempts, essentially focused on the recovery of cleaner recycled aggregates [30, 31, 32], no effective solution has been achieved yet. Most suggested separation methods essentially include mechanical [33] and thermal processes [31]. These methods take advantage of the different physical properties of concrete constituents, such as the crushing strength and thermal expansion, to promote separation. However, these processes are usually high-energy intensive and high contamination levels are difficult to avoid [34]. Nevertheless, some studies have thermoactivated recycled concrete fines (RCF), up to 5 mm, obtained from these processes [33, 35, 36], but the level of contamination may be high, especially when non-siliceous aggregates are considered. Other methods based on microwave heating [37, 38] or high-voltage electrical pulse discharge [39] fail to be easily implementable at an industrial scale. The lack of an effective method for waste concrete separation explains why most studies regarding the characterization of RC have involved the consideration of laboratory produced cement pastes, avoiding the challenging stage of concrete separation. Recently Bogas et al. [40] have patented a novel easily implementable and cost-effective separation process that is reported to yield waste cement with less than 12% aggregate contamination, by volume, and high quality recycled sand with as low as 3% of adhered cement paste [41].
In a second stage of RC production, waste cement is subjected to gridding, usually by means of ball milling as done in the cement industry [42, 43]. Some authors opt to previously oven dry the waste cement before gridding, since it reduces the baling phenomenon and wall mill adhesion [36, 44, 45]. In other studies, the RC grinding was performed after thermal activation [42, 46, 47, 48, 49], however this turns the thermal process less effective and may lead to less homogeneous RC.
The increase of RC fineness enhances its rehydration reactivity, which leads to denser microstructures [50, 51]. Moreover, reducing the particle size of porous RC particles decreases their absorption properties. Therefore, it is recommended to produce RC with at least the same fineness range of OPC. However, this goal is not easily achieved in laboratory mills, especially when large amounts of RC are required. For this reason, most studies have considered particle sizes up to 150 μm. Zhang et al. [43] suggested the intergrinding of waste cement with slag (of higher hardness) in order to prevent the waste cement agglomeration and improve the fineness level.
The RC production conditions adopted by different authors are summarized in Table 1. The thermal treatment typically follows a thermal curve initiated by a heating rate of 5–10°C/min, followed by a residence time at maximum temperature and the respective cooling. It is expected that a lower heating rate will favor a more effective dehydration, but optimization of this parameter has never been reported [26]. However, the maximum treatment temperature and respective residence time are the main factors affecting the complete dehydration process at a given stage [59].
Thermal treatment conditions | Refs. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature (°C) | Residence time (hours) | Heating rate (°C/min) | Cooling | |
200, 500, 800 | 1 | 10 | cooling to room temperature | [35] |
400, 650, 900 | 1 | ND | accelerated cooling | [52] |
750 | 1 | ND | accelerated cooling | [48] |
700, 750, 800 | 1.5 | 10 | cooling to room temperature | [19] |
650 | 4 | 10 | accelerated cooling | [53] |
600, 700, 800, 900 | 2 | ND | ND | [44] |
200, 400, 600, 800 | 2 | 5 | ND | [46] |
300, 500, 650 | 2 | 10 | accelerated cooling | [54] |
660–940 | 2.5 | 10 | cooling to room temperature | [55] |
700, 800, 900 | 1.5 | 10 | 600°C/min | [56] |
120, 450, 750 | 8 | 7 | cooling to room temperature | [42] |
600 | 4 | ND | cooling to room temperature | [42] |
500 | 2 | ND | ND | [57] |
400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 | 5 | 20 | cooling to room temperature | [58] |
400, 450, 500, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 900 | 3 | 10 | cooling to room temperature | [2] |
Thermoactivation procedure of RC according to various authors.
ND, not disclosed.
The first studies in this domain considered a wide range of thermoactivation temperatures, from as low as 200°C to over 900°C [46, 49, 60]. Later research has been focused on a narrower range, between 500 and 800°C [19, 33, 35, 43, 47, 61, 62], in order to comprise the phases of C-S-H dehydration and CH dehydroxylation, without relevant decarbonation. Optimal treatment temperatures have been reported to be in the range of 600–700°C, ensuring high rehydration ability and low thermal energy consumption [2]. The residence time has ranged from 1 to 8 hours in literature, although 2–3 hours is most often adopted [44, 46, 48, 49, 54, 55, 60]. The influence of the residence time and treated temperature on the mechanical strength of mortars produced with 25% of RC from the cement fraction of waste mortar was analyzed by Kalinowska-Wichrowska et al. [63]. The maximum compressive strength was attained for RC treated at 650°C for 80 minutes.
The cooling procedure may occur inside the kiln at low cooling rates or may be accelerated by means of cooling devices, following the same philosophy adopted in OPC production [45, 48, 54, 61]. Serpell and Zunino [56] did not find significant changes when the cooling rate was accelerated.
After thermoactivation, the dehydrated RC particles are characterized by a porous structure and rough surface with high surface area, which is up to 15 times higher than that of OPC particles [21, 57]. In opposition, common OPC particles are non-porous and with smooth surface [42]. The helium particle density of RC tends to be slightly lower than that of OPC, ranging between about 2400–3200 kg/m3 depending on the treatment temperature [2, 21, 33].
Dehydrated waste cement is usually characterized by the absence of tricalcium silicate (C3S), as well as the significant presence of free lime (CaO) or calcite (Figure 2) [1]. In fact, considering the main hydration reaction of calcium silicate compounds of OPC Eqs. (1) and (2), the obtained C-S-H may be assumed to present an average C/S ratio (CaO/SiO2) of about 1.7 [64]. Considering the reverse dehydration of the obtained hydration products, a C/S ratio lower than 2 would be expected for the new calcium silicate as well as the presence of free clime (CaO). Based on chemical and 29Si NMR analysis of RC treated at 750°C, Alonso and Fernandez [24] estimated the value of 1.78 for the C/S ratio of the new nesosilicate, concluding that the dehydrated phase coefficients pertained to a structure close to C2S.
XRD of anhydrous OPC, hydrated cement paste (RCP, 20°C) and RC treated at 350 and 650°C (RCP, 350°C or RCP, 650°C) [
(H – H2O; C – CaO; S – SiO2)
The RC is also composed by other phases, such as dehydrated calcium aluminates and carbonated compounds, besides unreacted original anhydrous OPC grains and eventual residual hydration products [42, 49, 54, 58]. Table 2 summarizes the main dehydrated phases identified by XRD in the literature.
Temperature (°C) | Precursor | Dehydrated phases | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|
200 | RCF | C-S-H, CH, C2S, CaCO3, 4CaO.Al2O3Fe2O3 | [35] |
500 | CH, CaO, C2S, CaCO3, 4CaO.Al2O3Fe2O3 | ||
800 | CaO, C2S, CaCO3, 4CaO.Al2O3Fe2O3 | ||
400 | CP | β-C2S, CH | [52] |
650 | β-C2S, CaO | ||
900 | β-C2S, CaO | ||
600 | AAC | quartz, tobermorite, CaO, β-C2S, CaAl2Si2O8 | [44] |
700 | quartz, tobermorite, β-C2S, CaAl2Si2O8, CaO, CS | ||
800 | quartz, β-C2S, CaAl2Si2O8, CaO, CS, α-C2S | ||
900 | quartz, β-C2S, CaAl2Si2O8, CaO, CS, α-C2S | ||
200 | CP | CH, CaCO3, C2S, C4AF | [46] |
400 | CH, CaCO3, C2S, C4AF | ||
600 | CH, CaCO3, anhydrite II, C2S, C4AF | ||
800 | CH, CaCO3, anhydrite II, C2S, C4AF | ||
660–940 | CP | α’-C2S, β-C2S, CaCO3, C4AF, CaO | [55] |
700 | CP | α’H-C2S, α -C2S, CH, C12A7, C4AF, CaSO4 | [56] |
800 | α’H-C2S, β-C2S, CaO, C12A7, C4AF | ||
900 | β-C2S, α’H-C2S, CaO, Ca5(SiO4)2SO4, C4AF | ||
120 | CP | CH, 1.2 nm tobermorite, jennite, CaCO3 | [42] |
450 | 0.96 nm tobermorite, disordered jennite, CaCO3 | ||
750 | C2S, CaO, CS | ||
500 | CP | quartz, CaMg(CO3)2, CaCO3, C2S, CH | [57] |
400 | CP | CH, tobermorite | [2] |
450 | CH, CaCO3 | ||
500 | CH, CaCO3 | ||
600 | CH, C3A, α’L-C2S, CaO | ||
650 | CH, C3A, C4AF, α’L-C2S | ||
700 | CH, C4AF, α’L-C2S, CaCO3 | ||
750 | CH, C4AF, α’L-C2S, CaO | ||
800 | CH, C4AF, α’L-C2S, β-C2S, CaO | ||
900 | C4AF, α’L-C2S, β-C2S, CaO |
Dehydrated phases of RC identified through XRD according to various authors.
RCF, recycled concrete fines; CP, cement paste; AAC, autoclave aerated concrete.
Shui et al. [35] analyzed the dehydrated phases developed in RC treated at 200°C, 500°C and 800°C, by means of thermogravimetry (TG) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Up to 500°C, RC was essentially composed of partially dehydrated C-S-H and CH, as well as CaCO3 and C2S, besides other amorphous dehydrated phases. Over 500°C free lime was progressively formed from the CH dehydroxylation and at 800°C the CaCO3 was also decomposed into free lime. Similar conclusions regarding these major transformations with increasing temperature were also documented by other authors [1, 2, 42]. However, Wang et al. [42] reported a higher content of CaCO3 after treatment at 450°C than in the source cement paste. The increase of carbonated products after thermoactivation was also documented by other authors [24, 46, 52, 65], attributing this phenomenon to the partial carbonation of dehydrated CH at intermediate temperatures. In addition, a higher content of carbonation products in RC is expected, because old concrete is prone to carbonate [2, 58].
Naturally, the free lime content tends to increase with the treatment temperature, especially after the decarbonation stage [25, 66]. The free lime must be taken into account during RC rehydration, since it contributes to the increase of heat release, consumption of mixing water and false setting [2, 55, 67]. Due to the high hydration susceptibility of free lime, its previous partial hydration has been reported during the stages of cooling or storage [2, 58]. It was also suggested that these newly formed CH presented lower bonding energy than the original CH in waste cement.
Wang et al. [42] reported the presence of tobermorite and jennite within the temperature range 120–450°C. The former gradually dehydrated with increasing temperature, reducing the C-S-H layer spacing from 1.2 nm to 0.96 nm up to 450°C. Above 450°C, the diffraction peaks of tobermorite and jennite disappeared, suggesting the full depolymerization of C-S-H. At 750°C poorly crystalized peaks of wollastonite (CS) and larnite (C2S) were identified, both presenting lower reactivity than partly dehydrated C-S-H phases [42].
In another study, Lü et al. [52] documented the full dehydration of C-S-H at 400°C. This was confirmed through 29Si NMR analysis, in which incipient Q0 peaks started to replace the disilicates and chain silicates (Q1, Q2) of the C-S-H structures. Over 650°C, Q0 peaks were predominant, indicating a relevant decomposition of C-S-H into what was termed as poorly crystallized β-C2S. Similar findings were obtained by Alonso and Fernandez [24] in RC treated at 750°C, but the Q0 peaks were attributed to a new nesosilicate of higher reactivity than β-C2S. Finally, at 900°C, only sharp Q0 peaks were identified by Lü et al. [52], suggesting the formation C2S of low reactivity. The identification of β-C2S peaks from XRD at 900°C was also reported by Serpell and Lopez [55], which become progressively sharper up to 940°C. However, at lower temperatures in the range 660–800°C, the presence of C2S was attributed to the high temperature polymorph α’-C2S, which is usually unstable at room temperature. The formation of this polymorph of higher reactivity than β-C2S allowed to explain the better performance of RC treated at this temperature range than over 900°C, as also found by Shui et al. [49]. Based on XRD Rietveld analysis, Serpell and Zunino [56] later explored the development of different C2S polymorphs in thermoactivated RC, for the range 600–800°C. According to the authors, the fraction of β-C2S increased with the treatment temperature, substituting the polymorphs α’H-C2S and, with less relevance, γ-C2S. The low temperature formation of α’H-C2S was attributed to the direct decomposition of C-S-H into this polymorph. These new polymorphs of higher surface area and lower crystallite size presented higher reactivity [56].
Considering a wide range of RC treated between 400°C and 900°C, Real et al. [2] confirmed the partial dehydration of C-S-H to tobermorite 9 Å up to 500°C, as well as the absence of ettringite. Up to this temperature, only incipient C2S peaks were detected by XRD, indicating the onset of C-S-H transformation into C2S crystalline polymorphs. After 600°C, the intensity of these peaks was increased and the C-S-H depolymerization was confirmed through 29Si NMR analysis. The new nesosilicate form was identified as possible α’L-C2S or α’H-C2S. Finally, above 800°C, the C2S peaks were more intense and sharper, indicating a higher crystallinity and β-C2S was progressively formed, suggesting the generation of a less reactive product as also reported by other authors [52, 55].
The influence of the residence time and cooling rate in the RC thermoactivation has barely been studied. Based on a surface response model, the influence of these parameters on the formation of C2S polymorphs was analyzed by Serpell and Zunino [56]. For cooling rates ranging 187°C/h to 1925°C/h only a slight reduction of strength development was found at higher rates. The formation of dehydrated phases was significantly affected by varying the residence time between 40 and 130 minutes, increasing the fraction of α’H-C2S for RC treated at nearly 700°C. However, for higher temperatures, this factor assumed less relevance.
The phase composition of dehydrated RC is also affected by the composition of the precursor source material. From XRD analysis, Vyšvařil et al. [46] analyzed the relative amount of crystalline phases in different cement pastes (only OPC; 20% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS); 20% fly ash (FA)) subjected to dehydration temperatures between 200°C and 1200°C. In all samples C2S was identified and mayenite appeared in GGBFS and FA pastes treated over 800°C. Calcium sulfoaluminate AFt and AFm phases were not identified at any temperature and treated material. However, these compounds are expected to be present in an amorphous form. This was observed by Baldusco et al. [57] from SEM images.
In sum, these studies suggest the development of a more reactive calcium silicate polymorph at intermediate temperatures, which becomes less reactive for temperatures higher than about 800°C. Overall, optimal thermoactivation temperatures are defined for the range 600–800°C. The final complex composition of RC depends on the thermal activation curve and the precursor source waste material [46, 49]. Other factors, such as the cooling rate and residence time may also affect the phase composition of RC, but further research is needed [56]. There is still some uncertainty in the characterization of the phase composition of anhydrous RC, which is affected by the different thermoactivation procedures and the limitation of the available techniques in identifying and quantifying the formed compounds (Table 2).
The hydration mechanism of RC has yet to be fully understood. As discussed in Section 3, the dehydrated phase composition depends on the treatment temperature of RC, thus affecting the phase composition after rehydration. From XRD analysis, Xuan and Shui [60] characterized the crystalline phase composition of hydrated RC treated up to 800°C. The main phases identified in common hydrated OPC were also confirmed in RC, namely CH, CaCO3 and residual C2S and C4AF, but associated to broader and less intense peaks. From SEM analysis, the authors found that at 400°C the RC pastes presented a looser microstructure with fine bundles of C-S-H intermixed with visible Aft phases of ettringite. However, for high temperatures up to 800°C more rehydration products were developed, and the microstructure was densified, but also with a rough and irregular morphology.
In rehydrated pastes treated up to 600°C, Vyšvařil et al. [46] also reported the presence of CH, CaCO3, ettringite, C2S and C4AF. However, at 800°C ettringite peaks were absent and gismondine (CA2S2H4) was identified above 600°C. Wang et al. [42] found that CH was almost absent in rehydrated RC treated at 450°C, confirmed by TG and XRD analysis. This was compensated by the increase of CaCO3 content when compared to the source hydrated paste. From SEM/EDS analysis, RC presented a distinct morphology, characterized by massive nanosized clusters of C-S-H gel and CaCO3, also evidencing the presence of calcium carboaluminates resulting from the reaction between calcite and aluminates. Baldusco et al. [57], for paste thermoactivated at 500°C, also reported the development of carboaluminates. In a recent work of the authors of this chapter [67], it was also confirmed the possible development of carboaluminates in regions where the calcium/carbon ratio measured by SEM/EDS was nearly 4.
According to Zhang et al. [68] the rehydration mechanism of RC implies the C-S-H formation, attributed to the repolymerization of partly dehydrated C-S-H in the presence of Ca2+ and water, as well as the hydration of β-C2S. In addition, the formation of portlandite from CaO and calcium aluminates (possible C2AH8) from dehydrated aluminate phases was identified by the authors.
Real et al. [2] analyzed the phase composition of RC pastes after testing different temperatures, between 400°C and 900°C, through TG, XRD and 29Si NMR analysis. In general, the authors found that the rehydration was effective for any treatment temperature, presenting a similar amount of binding water as reference OPC. However, incomplete depolymerized RC, treated up to 500°C, failed to provide significant cohesive bonding between anhydrous particles. Above 600°C, the weakly formed CH presented less binding energy than the original ones in source OPC pastes. The authors found slight differences between RC and reference OPC from TG analysis, namely related to the formation of higher amounts of carbonate/sulfate Afm phases, a lower amount of CH and a higher amount of CaCO3 in RC pastes. XRD analysis also confirmed the formation of similar crystalline phases in RC and OPC pastes, supporting the adequate rehydration ability of thermoactivated waste cement, especially above 600°C. The 29Si NMR analysis clearly evidenced the effective depolymerization and rehydration of pastes treated above 600°C. Rehydrated RC treated between 600 and 900°C presented mean silicate chain lengths (MCL) between 3 and 6, which indicates the formation of C-S-H with a C/S ratio over 1.2 [51, 69]. Moreover, the MCL and Q2/Q1 ratio were of the same order in OPC and RC pastes treated at 700–800°C, suggesting the development of the same type of C-S-H in both materials. However, the estimated coefficient of hydration was higher in RC pastes, indicating the formation of a higher volume of C-S-H, at least up to 28 days. This was attributed to the higher surface area of RC and the development of interparticle products as discussed later in Section 7. Noteworthy was the slightly higher MCL and Q2/Q1 ratio reported for RC treated at 600°C, indicating a higher reactivity of this product with α’-C2S in its constitution, which was able to form a greater amount of C-S-H of longer chain length. On the other hand, above 800°C an opposite trend was found in the MCL and Q2/Q1 ratio, confirming the slower rehydration capacity of RC associated with the formation of less reactive C2S polymorph.
From the above studies, it is concluded that the rehydration of RC involves the generation of C-S-H, as found in OPC, and AFt or Afm phases associated with sulfoaluminate and/or carboaluminate compounds. The type and morphology of hydrated phases depend on the treatment temperature of RC. The carbonated products tend to be more abundant in RC pastes, due to residual carbonation products in source waste cement paste and the possible carbonation that occurs after thermoactivation.
The hydration mechanism of RC has yet to be fully understood. As discussed in Section 3, the dehydrated phase composition depends on the treatment.
The mechanism and kinetics behind the hydration process of RC are still barely understood and subject of current research. Based on isothermal calorimetry (IC) tests, Wang et al. [42] analyzed the rehydration kinetics of RC heated at 200–1010°C. A significant initial heat release rate immediately upon contact with water was observed, followed by an induction period of a few hours and an acceleration stage with a maximum peak at about 10 hours. After the acceleration stage, the heat release rate was lower in rehydrated RC than in Ref. OPC. Among all tested temperatures, RC treated at 450°C showed the highest peak of heat release, as well as the highest cumulative hydration heat. The high reactivity for 450°C was attributed to the faster rehydration of partly dehydrated tobermorite and jennite (Section 3). This seems to have been triggered by the high calcite content that may have also provided nucleation and filler effects. Similar findings were reported by Angulo et al. [54] for RC treated at 500°C, then presenting less reactivity at 650°C. As discussed in Section 4, other studies have shown higher RC reactivity for treatment temperatures above 600°C.
Carriço et al. [58] also found that similarly to OPC, the hydration mechanism of RC treated at 700°C involves four main stages corresponding to the initial hydrolysis, induction, acceleration and deceleration. However, RC shows a remarkably higher initial heat rate, especially up to 90 minutes, in which the heat release was nearly three times higher than that of reference OPC. This phenomenon was in line with the observation of a lower setting time in RC. However, the long-term heat release of RC tended to be lower than that of OPC, suggesting the formation of less hydrated products over time.
Real et al. [2] analyzed the hydration heat evolution of RC treated between 400 and 900°C through IC analysis. The maximum heat release and acceleration peak were attained for RC treated at 600°C. The authors also observed that RC required longer periods to initiate the acceleration stage and reach the maximum heat peak than OPC, especially those cements treated above 800°C. Moreover, the RC heat release during the acceleration stage was significantly lower than that of OPC, regardless the treatment temperature. RC treated at 400°C had no significant long-term reactivity, explained by the low depolymerization level of this product. The low reactivity of RC treated at 900°C was related to the low reactivity of the C2S polymorph obtained at this temperature. Overall, it was concluded that RC pastes tended to present longer induction periods and less intense acceleration stages.
In all these studies [2, 42, 54, 58] the IC analysis were carried out after external mixing, preventing the determination of the heat released during the first few minutes of hydration. This initial higher hydration heat release of RC was attributed by various authors to the exothermic reaction of CaO [36, 42, 54]. However, according to Baldusco et al. [57] the high initial hydration cannot be solely attributed to the hydration of CaO, because high hydration rates are observed even in RC treated at as low as 500°C, in which the amount of free lime is not as significant. The authors suggest that as stated by Shui et al. [49], this phenomenon is better explained by the high surface area and instable nature of dehydrated RC phases, which are ready to repolymerize, despite the high calcium aluminate content of RC.
Taking into account the thermoactivation at 500°C of a waste binder composed by OPC and GGBFS, Balsusco et al. [57] documented a different shape for the IC curve. In this case, the curve was characterized by a high initial peak of heat release followed by a continuous deceleration, without the identification of typical induction and acceleration stages. According to the authors, instead of a dissolution-precipitation mechanism, the rehydration followed an instantaneous re-adsorption of water. These apparently contradictory results may be explained by the partly dehydrated state of RC anhydrous phases at 500°C. Indeed, the same behavior was found by Real et al. [2] for RC treated at 400°C. As the IC analyses were prepared with internal mixing, allowing to record the heat release upon contact with water, the cumulative heat was higher in RC than in OPC. Zhang et al. [43] also recorded the initial heat release of RC treated at 600°C, reporting that this was 10 times higher than in Ref. OPC paste. In this case, the addition of gypsum was not successful in reducing the initial reactivity of RC. In another study, Zhang et al. [68] tested other set retarders in order to control the hydration evolution of RC. For RC treated at 500°C the authors found that 1–1.5% of sodium borate was able to reduce the initial peak of heat release and extend the initial setting time.
In sum, although it is generally accepted that RC is responsible for a significant initial heat release upon contact with water, the kinetic mechanisms and involved rehydration reactions are still under debate.
Two main obstacles that have been hindering the application of RC are its high water demand [43, 46, 48, 53] and fast setting time [49, 58, 67]. The high water demand is essentially attributed to the high surface area [57] and porous nature [2, 43, 48, 58] of RC, and in a second plan to the free lime content [49, 53, 55, 60] and particle agglomeration [53]. Therefore, for a given workability the RC pastes usually require a high water/binder (w/b) ratio.
Shui et al. [49] found that the amount of water required for normal consistency increased from 0.48 to 0.68 with increasing treatment temperature between 300°C and 900°C. These values were about 1.8 to 2.5 times higher than those obtained for OPC. The free lime and high surface area of RC were the main reasons attributed to this phenomenon. Both factors increased with increasing temperature. Xuan and Shui [60] studied the influence of the source paste composition (w/c ratio) on the water demand of RC treated at 200–900°C. The authors found that increasing the w/c of the source paste from 0.3 to 0.5 led to a 10–20% increase of the RC water demand, regardless of the treatment temperature. This may be explained by the higher porosity and higher amount of dehydrated products, with subsequent increase of the specific surface area, in RC treated from high w/c waste paste.
Yu and Shui [53] confirmed the great propensity for RC particles to agglomerate, which is encouraged by their high surface area. The particles are agglomerated by capillary action, trapping the mixing water between them. Therefore, part of the mixing water becomes unavailable and the water demand is increased for a given workability. After sonication, the authors found a slight increase of workability due to the partial dispersion of RC particles.
However, the authors found that the water demand was not significantly affected up to 50% replacement of OPC with RC treated at 700°C. The reported increase in water demand was 1.4 and 2.5 times higher for 50% and 100% RC incorporation, respectively. According to the authors, the lubrication effect provided by the fine OPC particles aided the reduction of the friction between coarser particles, partly compensating the adverse effect of RC. In a later study, Real et al. [2] found that RC treated between 400°C and 900°C may present 2 to 3 times higher water demand than OPC pastes of equal normal consistency, increasing with the treatment temperature. A more significant increase was found above 800°C, which was attributed to the higher free lime content, after decarbonation.
In order to reduce the effect of free lime on the water demand, Serpell and Lopez [55] suggested a two-stage mixing procedure. First, water is added in order to slake the free lime and the additional water is added to compensate the water loss by evaporation, which is measured by weight difference. Nevertheless, the reported increase for RC heated between 650 and 850°C was lower than 2%, which is not significant. Similar values were reported by Carriço et al. [58]. It was concluded that the surface roughness and porosity of RC were the most influential parameters.
Most studies report lower initial and final setting time in RC than in OPC [1, 35, 43, 48, 49, 55, 58, 60, 62, 68]. The initial setting time may be as low as less than 20 minutes, which makes it less viable for building applications [49, 58]. The low setting times in RC are associated to the fast rehydration of RC, owed to their higher surface area and higher reactivity [43, 49, 57].
The low setting time is also attributed to the free lime content [24, 46]. According to Vyšvaril et al. [46] this may explain the decrease of setting time with increasing dehydration temperature. In addition, Serpell and Lopez [55] suggested that the apparent rapid setting of RC is related to a “false setting” phenomenon that may disappear after a while. A similar phenomenon is confirmed by Carriço et al. [58] for RC treated over 700°C.
The reduction of the setting time with the treatment temperature up to 800°C has been reported by various authors [43, 49, 57, 60]. Shui et al. [49] found that the initial setting time decreased from 42 to 17 minutes when the treatment temperature was increased from 300–800°C. This phenomenon was attributed to the quick repolymerization of new C-S-H, which does not involve the dissolution-precipitation process of OPC. Carriço et al. [58] found that the potential setting time of RC treated at 900°C was 2 times longer than that treated at 600°C, confirming the lower reactivity of RC for high dehydration temperatures. Similar findings were reported by Real et al. [2]. The authors also found that the potential replacement of OPC with up to 50% RC only slightly affected the setting time (less than 10%). However, Yu and Shui [53] reported a progressive reduction of the setting time with the incorporation of up to 30% RC. The same trend was documented by Yu et al. [61], for replacement percentages between 5 and 25%.
However, less expected high setting times in RC than in OPC were found by some authors [1, 2, 46]. The authors attributed this phenomenon to the possible agglomeration of RC, as well as the eventual pre-hydration of RC during cooling and storage. Setting times over 2 times higher in RC than in OPC are reported by Real et al. [2].
Taking into account source cement pastes of distinct w/c, Xuan and Shui [60] found lower setting times for high w/c cement pastes, attributed to the greater amount of dehydrated phases.
As well known, the setting time of OPC pastes is governed by the dissolution rate of C3A and its combination with added calcium sulphate [51, 70]. However, in RC the lack of knowledge regarding the morphology of the dehydrated aluminate phases at different temperatures and their reaction mechanism does not allow to consider the same reasoning. As mentioned in Section 5, Zhang et al. [68] explored the use of different set retarders in RC treated at 600°C. The authors found that the addition of 4% gypsum only slightly increased the setting time. It seems that the dissolution of gypsum in RC can be slower than the reaction involved in the rehydration of dehydrated compounds. Contrary to OPC, in which the gypsum dissolution prevents the formation of CAH from C3A, its addition showed to be ineffective in RC [15, 68]. Nevertheless, Sun et al. [62] documented a 6-fold increase of the setting time when 8% gypsum was added to RC thermoactivated at 550°C.
The above studies underline the challenging task of controlling the fresh behavior of RC pastes, still without an efficient solution to overcome their high water demand and non-standard setting time. Further research is needed in this domain, contributing to higher confidence in using RC.
Few works have been published concerning the microstructure characterization of RC cement-based materials. Most studies only involved simple qualitative scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis [55, 57, 68], where the phase morphology and global porosity were poorly assessed and only for a limited range of temperatures.
From SEM analysis, Shui et al. [49] documented the morphology of rehydrated phases of RC treated at 600°C, as fine bundles of C-S-H intermixed with honeycomb shape structures over the surface of dehydrated RC particles. In opposition, C-S-H in OPC presented a typical foil and fiber morphology. Overall, the RC pastes presented a looser structure than reference OPC pastes.
Zhang et al. [43], for RC treated at 600°C, also reported a highly porous hydrated paste with a weak bonding between phases. In a later study, Baldusco et al. [57] etermined the total porosity of pastes produced with RC treated at 500°C from blended OPC and GGBFS. Based on water saturation-vacuum tests it was found that RC pastes developed higher total porosity at 7 days than reference OPC pastes. This was essentially explained by the higher intrinsic porosity of dehydrated cement particles. Noteworthies are two recent studies developed by Bogas et al. [67] and Real et al. [2], where the microstructure of RC pastes was deeply characterized over time and for different dehydrated temperatures, respectively.
Bogas et al. [67] analyzed the microstructure and phase evolution of cement pastes with RC thermoactivated at 700°C, by means of TG, XRD, SEM, quantitative backscattering electron (BSE), mercury intrusion porosity (MIP) and nitrogen adsorption (NA) analysis. Tests were performed in pastes with 8, 14 and 24 hours, as well as after 3,7 and 28 days. The RC showed effective rehydration with the formation of C-S-H, AFm, AFt and other carbonation phases since early ages. Contrary to common OPC, AFm phases were developed, at least since 8 hours, associated with the formation of sulfoaluminates and carboaluminates. It was confirmed the progressive increase of CH and C-S-H over time, which shows that the hydration mechanism extends in time. The authors described the RC paste microstructure as a “dual structure”, where the intraparticle porosity is surrounded by a bulk interparticle matrix, in which the available space is lower. Basically, part of the mixing water is retained by inner hydration products, reducing the amount of water and w/b ratio between RC particles. This leads to a greater proximity between RC particles, increasing the packing density and paste cohesion, and consequently the early mechanical strength. Compared to OPC pastes, RC pastes showed higher reactivity up to 3 days, higher volume of hydrated products and more refined porosity, especially at early age. However, at 28 days the compressive strength was 32% lower in RC pastes, with less development of long-term interparticle hydration products. The total porosity was only slightly lower in RC and OPC pastes of equal w/b. The higher final setting time of RC was attributed to the very early formation of interparticle hydration products that do not contribute to the cement paste cohesion.
Following this work, a comprehensive study was carried out by Real et al. [2], where the influence of the dehydration temperature, between 400°C and 900°C, on the hydration and microstructure of RC pastes was analyzed by means of TG, XRD, 29Si NMR, MIP and SEM analysis. Due to the above mentioned “dual microstructure” of RC pastes, a denser microstructure was found for RC pastes tested over 600°C than in Ref. OPC pastes. However, due to the insufficient repolymerization, pastes tested up to 500°C developed very loose microstructures associated with coarse porosity and low mechanical strength. On the other hand, RC treated above 800°C was less reactive, resulting in a less dense C-S-H network. It was thus concluded that the optimal treatment temperature was within the 600–650°C range. Similar to the previous work, the compressive strength was higher in RC pastes than in OPC pastes until 3 days and 27% lower at 28 days.
Various studies have already been carried out concerning the mechanical characterization of pastes or mortars produced with incorporation of 100% RC. For different dehydration temperatures and a wide range of w/b ratios the reported compressive strength varied as much as between about 4 and 30 MPa (Table 3). Besides these factors, the compressive strength is also affected by other parameters, such as the characteristics of the precursor material, grinding fineness and agglomeration level of RC. When available, the relative compressive strength of RC versus that of reference OPC of equal w/b (fc,Rc/fc,OPC) is also indicated in Table 3. In all cases, the 28 days compressive strength of RC tended to be lower than that of OPC, confirming the development of a less dense net of interparticle hydration products, as discussed in Section 7.
Thermal treatment conditions | Cementitious material | Refs. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Precursor material | Temperature (°C) | Duration (min) | Type | w/c | fc,Rc/fc,OPC | ||
CP | 500 | 60 | paste | 0.40 | 8.0 | ND | [35] |
CP | 800 | 150 | paste | 0.64 | 19.5 | ND | [49] |
CP | 800 | 150 | paste | 0.50 | 20.0 | ND | [60] |
AAC | 700 | 120 | paste | 0.45 | 4.2 | ND | [44] |
CP | 800 | 120 | paste | 0.75 | 16.5 | ND | [46] |
CP | 755 | 140 | paste | 0.70 | 31.2 | ND | [56] |
CP | 500 | 120 | paste | 0.60 | 18.0 | 68% | [45] |
CP | 450 | 480 | paste | 0.55 | 32.3 | 85% | [42] |
CP | 650 | 180 | paste | 0.72 | 19.2 | 72% | [2] |
RCP | 500 | 60 | mortar | 0.26 | 4.7 | ND | [35] |
C | 750 | 60 | mortar | 0.50 | 12.3 | 21% | [48] |
CP | 800 | 150 | mortar | 0.93 | 11.6 | ND | [55] |
CP | 500 | 120 | mortar | 0.48 | 7.6 | 18% | [54] |
CP | 600 | 180 | mortar | 0.50 | 30.3 | 62% | [43] |
CP | 650 | 180 | mortar | 0.68 | 8.3 | 19% | [1] |
C | 650 | 180 | mortar | 0.81 | 0.9 | 2% | [1] |
CP | 700 | 300 | mortar | 0.58 | 21.6 | 54% | [58] |
CP | 650 | 180 | concrete | 0.65 | 33.2 | 83% | [2] |
Maximum values for the 28-day compressive strength of 100% thermoactivated recycled cement pastes, mortars and concrete reported in the literature.
ND, not disclosed; RCF, recycled concrete fines; CP, cement paste; AAC, autoclave aerated concrete; C, concrete.
When RC was directly thermoactivated from recycled concrete fines (RCF), the 28 days compressive strength was under about only 10 MPa (Table 3). This is related to the lack of effective separation methods allowing the increase of rehydratable compounds in the precursor material. Therefore, the development of new methods for the efficient individualization of waste concrete constituents is a priority goal in waste cement recycling. Following the new patented method of Bogas et al. [40], Real et al. [2] could retrieve cement paste from waste cement with only up to 12% aggregate contamination by volume. In this case, concrete produced with up to 30% incorporation of RC from waste concrete showed similar behavior to RC directly obtained from pure laboratory waste cement paste of equal composition.
As mentioned, most authors have opted to conduct their works using lab-made well-hydrated paste as precursor materials, in order to avoid the complex stage of concrete separation. Moreover, the full potential of RC is better accessed through non-contaminated waste precursors.
Xuan and Shui [60] showed that the mechanical strength of RC pastes is also affected by the w/c of the waste material. It was found that higher strength would be obtained using waste cement pastes with lower w/c, of 0.3 instead of 0.5. This was attributed to the higher amount of unhydrated cement particles in less hydrated low w/c pastes, which may contribute to the subsequent development of more hydrated products. Another reason may also be related to the possible production of more interparticle hydration products in these systems with less porous RC obtained from low w/c pastes.
Different trends may be found in the literature regarding the evolution of the compressive strength as a function of the treatment temperature. In some studies, the maximum mechanical strength was attained for dehydration temperatures around 500°C [42, 45, 54]. For an optimal temperature of 450°C, Wang et al. [42] explained the obtained highest strength by the quick rehydration of partially dehydrated tobermorite and disordered jennite. For higher temperatures, the presence of wollastonite and crystalline larnite reduced the subsequent reactivity of RC. However, in most cases the optimal mechanical strength has been reported to be attained within the range of 600–800°C [19, 44, 49, 56, 58, 60].
A maximum compressive strength of as high as 32 MPa was achieved by Serpell and Zunino [56] for RC treated at 750°C. As discussed in Section 3, at this temperature range the authors identified the formation of a more reactive polymorph form of dicalcium silicate (α’H-C2S), which progressively turned into the less reactive α-C2S at higher temperatures. From various studies, including those exploring the use of 29Si NMR analysis to characterize the structure of C-S-H in RC [2, 52], it seems reasonable to conclude that below 600°C the phase dehydration is incomplete and at higher levels the reactivity of the anhydrous Q1 phases are highly dependent on their morphology and crystallinity. It also seems evident that over a maximum optimal treatment temperature the compressive strength is reduced [2, 42, 46, 49, 54, 56]. In fact, various studies in the literature suggest that above about 800°C the RC dehydrated phases react slowly and compressive strength is reduced [2, 42, 49, 55].
Lü et al. [52] first demonstrated that at 900°C the dehydrated SiO2 tetrahedrons of α -C2S were not significantly repolymerized upon water contact. Similar findings were obtained by Real et al. [2].
Bogas et al. [1] showed that the compressive strength of RC mortars might be increased when the maximum particle size of RC is reduced from 250 μm to 63 μm. Similar findings were obtained by Letelier et al. [36], comparing the performance of mortars with RC of 150 μm and 300 μm. However, taking into account RC with up to 75 μm or 150 μm, the authors did not find significant differences in the compressive strength. One reason for these differences is attributed to the agglomeration state of RC particles in the upper particle size range.
The agglomeration issue related to fine RC particles is documented by various authors [1, 2, 43]. From SEM analysis, Shui et al. [49] confirmed the poor dispersion of fine RC. Then, the same authors [53] demonstrated that the compressive strength could be almost doubled when RC was previously dispersed through sonication.
As discussed in Section 6, the increase of the treatment temperature increases the w/c ratio needed for a given workability. Naturally, this leads to a reduction of the compressive strength when compared to reference OPC of equal workability. In fact, Real et al. [41] reported a reduction of about 15% in the compressive strength when only 15% OPC was replaced with RC treated at 650°C. To compensate this, high dosages of superplasticizer have been considered in RC cement-based materials [2, 33, 61, 68]. According to Real et al. [41], the superplasticizers (SP) are also effective in reducing the mixing water in RC concrete, but the SP saturation point tends to be higher due to the porous nature and high surface area of RC. Nevertheless, the authors report that when SP is adopted, a better dispersion is attained, and a high percentage of RC may be incorporated without significantly affecting the mechanical strength.
Regarding the strength evolution, there is an almost general consensus that the hardened properties are developed faster in RC than in OPC [41, 43, 57, 67]. Shui et al. [49] found that pastes with RC treated between 400°C and 800°C showed hydration degrees at 1, 3 and 28 days of 70, 80 and 90%, respectively. Moreover, the compressive strength of RC pastes at 3 days could be higher than that of reference OPC pastes. After this point, the relative strength of RC progressively decreased to 60% of that of OPC, at 28 days. Similar findings were obtained by Bogas et al. [67] and Real et al. [2]. As mentioned in Section 7, the compressive strength at 3 days was similar to higher in RC pastes than in OPC pastes but was about 30% lower at 28 days.
On the other hand, Baldusco et al. [45] reported that the 3 days compressive strength of RC paste could be about twice that of OPC. This was explained by the hydration of residual unhydrated calcium silicate grains, as well as the fast rehydration properties of RC. After 3 days, the strength evolution was not significant, being only 6% higher at 28 days. As discussed in Section 7, the authors suggested the formation of a long-term looser microstructure in RC pastes than in OPC pastes. According to Zhang et al. [43] in RC pastes, the compressive strength at 28 days is limited by the weaker RC particles of porous nature and low hardness. However, Bogas et al. [1] suggested that the strength evolution may be severely affected by the size and agglomeration state of RC particles, explaining the delayed strength evolution beyond 7 days found in RC mortars produced by the authors.
In order to access the potential use of RC as cement addition, various authors have explored various partial substitution percentages of OPC with RC. In a first study, Bogas et al. [1] analyzed the mechanical strength of mortars produced with 20–100% RC treated at 650°C. A progressive reduction of the compressive strength was observed, but up to 20% replacement the strength was similar to that of reference OPC mortars.
In mortar with 10 to 30% replacement of OPC with RCF treated at 500°C and 800°C, Florea et al. [33] confirmed the decrease of the compressive strength with increasing RCF content. Up to 10% replacement of OPC with RCF treated at 800°C, strength was little affected, but for 30% replacement, the reduction was as high as 35%. However, Xinwei et al. [48] reported more optimistic results for pastes with 40% replacement of OPC with RC treated at 750°C, leading to only a slight reduction of 12% in the compressive strength compared to reference OPC pastes. However, for 60% replacement, the compressive strength was 36% lower. Similar replacement ratios were studied by Araújo et al. [71] for RC treated at 700°C. The authors confirmed a slight reduction of the 28 days compressive strength for 40% replacement (of about 14%) but a significant decrease for 60% replacement. In another study involving pastes produced with 5–15% RC treated at 650°C, Yu and Shui [53] found maximum compressive strengths for 5% replacement, being 30% higher than that of OPC paste. The strength was further increased by about 15%, when the RC dispersion was improved by the addition of ethanol and a sodium-based dispersant followed by sonication.
So far, only a few studies have been published regarding the mechanical strength of concrete with RC. Letelier et al. [36] analyzed the mechanical strength of concrete produced with 5–15% of RCF treated at 400°C, 500°C and 900°C and 20 to 40% recycled aggregates. No significant compressive strength reduction, below 1%, was observed when OPC was replaced with up to 15% RCF. The strength reduction was more affected by the substitution of natural aggregates with recycled aggregates than by the OPC replacement with RC.
Carriço et al. [58] studied the influence of the incorporation percentage and dehydration temperature on the physical and mechanical behavior of RC mortars. For replacement percentages with up to 20% RC the workability and compressive strength were not significantly affected. Mortars with RC treated at 600–800°C showed the best mechanical performance. For up to 50% incorporation, the mechanical strength was only 12 to 23% lower than that of reference OPC mortars of equal w/b. Moreover, even for a high w/b of about 0.6, mortars with 100% RC were able to attain as high as 27 MPa at 28 days. It was found that RC can be comparable to the low grade OPC of class 32.5.
Qian et al. [72] analyzed the production of ultra-high performance concrete produced with lime powder, silica fume and different replacement percentages of OPC with RC treated at 650°C. The authors found that up to 25% OPC replacement the concrete workability was only minorly affected. Regarding the compressive strength, it generally decreased with the incorporation of RC. The increased air content caused by the loss of workability was the main reason attributed to this reduction, especially for incorporation percentages over 25%. Nevertheless, at 7 days the compressive strength of concrete with up to 12.5% RC was higher than that of OPC concrete.
In a more recent study, Real et al. [41] investigated the mechanical strength behavior of concrete produced with RC treated at 650°C, obtained from waste cement paste or waste concrete. Concretes were produced with total or up to 40% RC incorporation. Up to 15% RC, workability was not significantly affected. Over this level, SP had to be incorporated in RC concrete production. Overall, the mechanical strength was not significantly affected or even increased by the incorporation of up to 40% RC. Even for 100% RC, the strength reduction was only 17%. It was thus concluded that the eco-efficient RC might have great potential as a supplementary cementitious material. Moreover, the RC concrete showed higher 3 days compressive strength than OPC concrete, regardless of the RC content. As expected, the modulus of elasticity decreased with the RC content due to its lower hardness and stiffness than OPC.
In this chapter, some of the most relevant research and main challenges concerning the production of low-carbon eco-efficient thermoactivated recycled cement were addressed. It is shown that recycled cement has a great potential for the efficient reuse of the large amount of waste concrete generated worldwide and the production for the very first time of fully recycled concrete, towards a truly circular economy. So far, recycled cement comparable to the low-grade Portland cement class 32.5 can be achieved and 28-day mortar compressive strengths over 20 MPa may be easily obtained, even considering their high w/b ratios. The main challenges that must be overcome are the high-water demand and non-standard setting times of RC. However, these issues are less relevant if RC is used as supplementary material for up to 40% replacement. In addition, other issues related to the optimization of the thermal activation process, effective separation of concrete constituents, and a deeper understanding of the dehydration and hydration process, as well as the physical, mechanical and durability behavior of recycled cement based materials need to be further addressed. However, although further research is needed, a significant step forward has been already achieved with the development of a more eco-efficient recycled binder able to respond to the very demanding environmental goals of the cement industry’s road map. The aim is to supply the concrete industry with a very promising low-carbon binder, addressing the more efficient use of resources, the waste disposal issue and the decrease of the carbon footprint and associated quota.
The authors would like to thank the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for funding this research through project PTDC/ECI-COM- 28308/2017. The second author also wishes to thank the financial support of FCT through scholarship SFRH/BD/146033/2019.
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\n\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\n\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\n\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\n\nYour manuscript will be sent to Straive, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\n\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\n\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\n\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\n\nThe invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\n\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\n\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\n\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\n\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
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However, some of these heavy metals in high doses can be harmful to the body while others such as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium, silver, and arsenic in minute quantities have delirious effects in the body causing acute and chronic toxicities in humans. The focus of this chapter is to describe the various mechanism of intoxication of some selected heavy metals in humans along with their health effects. Therefore it aims to highlight on biochemical mechanisms of heavy metal intoxication which involves binding to proteins and enzymes, altering their activity and causing damage. More so, the mechanism by which heavy metals cause neurotoxicity, generate free radical which promotes oxidative stress damaging lipids, proteins and DNA molecules and how these free radicals propagate carcinogenesis are discussed. 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In vitro, chemicals such as drugs and pesticides have different cytotoxicity mechanisms such as destruction of cell membranes, prevention of protein synthesis, irreversible binding to receptors etc. In order to determine the cell death caused by these damages, there is a need for cheap, reliable and reproducible short-term cytotoxicity and cell viability assays. Cytotoxicity and cell viability assays are based on various cell functions. A broad spectrum of cytotoxicity assays is currently used in the fields of toxicology and pharmacology. There are different classifications for these assays: (i) dye exclusion assays; (ii) colorimetric assays; (iii) fluorometric assays; and (iv) luminometric assays. Choosing the appropriate method among these assays is important for obtaining accurate and reliable results. When selecting the cytotoxicity and cell viability assays to be used in the study, different parameters have to be considered such as the availability in the laboratory where the study is to be performed, test compounds, detection mechanism, specificity, and sensitivity. In this chapter, information will be given about in vitro cytotoxicity and viability assays, these assays will be classified and their advantages and disadvantages will be emphasized. The aim of this chapter is to guide the researcher interested in this subject to select the appropriate assay for their study.",book:{id:"6310",slug:"genotoxicity-a-predictable-risk-to-our-actual-world",title:"Genotoxicity",fullTitle:"Genotoxicity - A Predictable Risk to Our Actual World"},signatures:"Özlem Sultan Aslantürk",authors:[{id:"211212",title:"Dr.",name:"Özlem Sultan",middleName:null,surname:"Aslantürk",slug:"ozlem-sultan-aslanturk",fullName:"Özlem Sultan Aslantürk"}]},{id:"66259",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85270",title:"Antioxidant Compounds and Their Antioxidant Mechanism",slug:"antioxidant-compounds-and-their-antioxidant-mechanism",totalDownloads:7502,totalCrossrefCites:54,totalDimensionsCites:138,abstract:"An antioxidant is a substance that at low concentrations delays or prevents oxidation of a substrate. Antioxidant compounds act through several chemical mechanisms: hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), single electron transfer (SET), and the ability to chelate transition metals. 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Among these heavy metals, a few have direct or indirect impact on the human body. Some of these heavy metals such as copper, cobalt, iron, nickel, magnesium, molybdenum, chromium, selenium, manganese and zinc have functional roles which are essential for various diverse physiological and biochemical activities in the body. However, some of these heavy metals in high doses can be harmful to the body while others such as cadmium, mercury, lead, chromium, silver, and arsenic in minute quantities have delirious effects in the body causing acute and chronic toxicities in humans. The focus of this chapter is to describe the various mechanism of intoxication of some selected heavy metals in humans along with their health effects. Therefore it aims to highlight on biochemical mechanisms of heavy metal intoxication which involves binding to proteins and enzymes, altering their activity and causing damage. 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Antioxidant compounds act through several chemical mechanisms: hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), single electron transfer (SET), and the ability to chelate transition metals. The importance of antioxidant mechanisms is to understand the biological meaning of antioxidants, their possible uses, their production by organic synthesis or biotechnological methods, or for the standardization of the determination of antioxidant activity. In general, antioxidant molecules can react either by multiple mechanisms or by a predominant mechanism. The chemical structure of the antioxidant substance allows understanding of the antioxidant reaction mechanism. This chapter reviews the in vitro antioxidant reaction mechanisms of organic compounds polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamins C against free radicals (FR) and prooxidant compounds under diverse conditions, as well as the most commonly used methods to evaluate the antioxidant activity of these compounds according to the mechanism involved in the reaction with free radicals and the methods of in vitro antioxidant evaluation that are used frequently depending on the reaction mechanism of the antioxidant.",book:{id:"8008",slug:"antioxidants",title:"Antioxidants",fullTitle:"Antioxidants"},signatures:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez, Raúl Salas-Coronado, Claudia Villanueva-Cañongo and Beatriz Hernández-Carlos",authors:[{id:"143354",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl",middleName:null,surname:"Salas-Coronado",slug:"raul-salas-coronado",fullName:"Raúl Salas-Coronado"},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez"},{id:"193718",title:"Dr.",name:"Beatriz",middleName:null,surname:"Hernández-Carlos",slug:"beatriz-hernandez-carlos",fullName:"Beatriz Hernández-Carlos"},{id:"278133",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Villanueva-Cañongo",slug:"claudia-villanueva-canongo",fullName:"Claudia Villanueva-Cañongo"}]},{id:"66742",title:"Introductory Chapter: Alkaloids - Their Importance in Nature and for Human Life",slug:"introductory-chapter-alkaloids-their-importance-in-nature-and-for-human-life",totalDownloads:4035,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:null,book:{id:"6828",slug:"alkaloids-their-importance-in-nature-and-human-life",title:"Alkaloids",fullTitle:"Alkaloids - Their Importance in Nature and Human Life"},signatures:"Joanna Kurek",authors:[{id:"214632",title:"Dr.",name:"Joanna",middleName:null,surname:"Kurek",slug:"joanna-kurek",fullName:"Joanna Kurek"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"19",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82523",title:"Trypan Blue Exclusion Assay, Neutral Red, Acridine Orange and Propidium Lodide",slug:"trypan-blue-exclusion-assay-neutral-red-acridine-orange-and-propidium-lodide",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105699",abstract:"Cytotoxicity and cell viability assessments are very important parameters that are widely used in fundamental research and drug development to determine the safety profile of toxic compounds. These assays measure the degree to which a substance can cause toxic damage to cells or cell death. There are different assays that have been employed to determine the cytotoxicity of substances. These assays either determine enzymatic function, cell viability, mitochondrial activity, lipid metabolism, cell proliferation and/or cell death. These assays entail use of different kinds of dyes such as trypan blue exclusion dye, neutral red, acridine orange and propidium iodide to stain the cells. Trypan blue dye permeates compromised cell membrane to stain necrotic cells. However, this can lead to false positive and false negative results as it does not provide information on sub-lethal injury. As a result, neutral red and acridine orange can be used as counterstains for trypan blue to stain the lysosome of live cells. Acridine orange can also be used to stain nucleic acids in living cells and is usually co-stained with propidium iodide or ethidium bromide. This is because propidium iodide permeates only compromised plasma membrane thus co-staining cells with these dyes can provide vital information that can be used to differentiate between live and dead cells.",book:{id:"11678",title:"Cytotoxicity",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11678.jpg"},signatures:"Arinzechukwu Ude, Kaiyven Afi-Leslie, Kelechi Okeke and Emmanuel Ogbodo"},{id:"82528",title:"Comparison of the Pharmacokinetics of Eflornithine after Application of Eflornithine Cream and “Eflornithine: Armenicum” Composition in Rates",slug:"comparison-of-the-pharmacokinetics-of-eflornithine-after-application-of-eflornithine-cream-and-eflor",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105742",abstract:"This chapter reports the study results to determine percutaneous absorption and pharmacokinetics of eflornithine following topical treatment with eflornithine hydrochloride 13.9% cream and “eflornithine–armenicum” composition in rats. The model of aerobic wounds was developed. Eflornithine hydrochloride cream (dose of 460 mg/kg) was applied in group I, and “eflornithine–armenicum” composition was applied in group II at a same dose of Eflornithine. The plasma concentration-time profile of racemic eflornithine following frequent sampling was determined by the HPLC method (LLOQ, 1.5 ng/ml). Eflornithine concentrations were measurable at 24 h, with peak concentrations in plasma 5.3 ng/ml after cream and 3.8 ng/ml after composition application (p < 0.001) and the average time to reach the maximum concentration of eflornithine increases from 2 h to 3.3 h. The area under the pharmacokinetic curve was decreased after composition application by 25%. Eflornithine was eliminated from plasma with a mean terminal half-life of 11.6 hours. It can be assumed that the use of “eflornithine–armenicum” composition allows for maintaining the optimal concentration of two anti-inflammatory compounds at the site of application for a long time, which can improve their pharmacological effect compared to separate use of eflornithine cream.",book:{id:"11812",title:"New Insights Into Pharmacodynamics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11812.jpg"},signatures:"Hovhannes Ghazaryan and Areg Hovhannisyan"},{id:"82439",title:"Cellular Cytotoxicity and Multiple Sclerosis",slug:"cellular-cytotoxicity-and-multiple-sclerosis",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105681",abstract:"Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which discrete central nervous system lesions result from perivascular immune cell infiltration associated with damage to myelin (demyelination), oligodendrocytes and neurons. This culminates in debilitating neurological symptoms, primarily affecting women in their child-bearing years. Both the innate and adaptive branches of the immune system have been implicated in disease initiation and progression, and although the underlying cause remains elusive, there is compelling evidence for a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors, leading to inflammation and neurodegeneration. Both direct cellular toxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) involving several cell types have been identified in playing major roles. These cells and their interactions in the pathogenesis of MS will be discussed.",book:{id:"11678",title:"Cytotoxicity",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11678.jpg"},signatures:"Annie M.L. Willson and Margaret A. Jordan"},{id:"82226",title:"Early Signal Detection: Data Mining of Mental Disorders with Statins",slug:"early-signal-detection-data-mining-of-mental-disorders-with-statins",totalDownloads:6,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105504",abstract:"Statins are widely prescribed to treat dyslipidemias. It is well-known adverse reaction of these active ingredients related to rhabdomyolysis and myalgia, but there are other signals to be aware of, such as mental disorders. Pharmacovigilance tools help to trace known risks and detect early other unknown effects that appear over time. Data of all the reported suspected adverse drug reactions for statins from the international World Health Organization (WHO) repository Vigibase were analyzed with an adaptation of data mining Bayesian methodology to search for positive signals, threshold of false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05, and listed candidates for priority clinical investigation. Among positive mental signals observed, some were currently stated as adverse reactions in technical factsheets as insomnia, depression, dementia, and nightmares, but others have not reached this condition as bipolar, psychotic, and emotional disorders or symptoms and suicide. Other diverse central positive signals that can be confounded with mental conditions obtained and not stated were senses impairment, such as blindness, deafness, balance disorder, and events related to suicide. Worrying positive signals proposed as candidates to further investigation are insomnia for pitavastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin; dementia for atorvastatin and rosuvastatin; and suicide and psychotic disorders for atorvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin.",book:{id:"11679",title:"Pharmacovigilance and Regulations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11679.jpg"},signatures:"Maria-Isabel Jimenez-Serrania"},{id:"82398",title:"Computer-Aided Drug Design and Development: An Integrated Approach",slug:"computer-aided-drug-design-and-development-an-integrated-approach",totalDownloads:8,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105003",abstract:"Drug discovery and development is a very time- and resource-consuming process. Comprehensive knowledge of chemistry has been integrated with information technology to streamline drug discovery, design, development, and optimization. Computer-aided drug design is being utilized to expedite and facilitate hit identification, hit-to-lead selection, and optimize the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity profile. Regulatory organizations and the pharmaceutical industry are continuously involved in the development of computational techniques that will improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the drug discovery process while decreasing the use of animals, cost, and time and increasing predictability. The present chapter will provide an overview of computational tools, such as structure-based and receptor-based drug designing, and how the coupling of these tools with a rational drug design process has led to the discovery of small molecules as therapeutic agents for numerous human disease conditions duly approved by the Food and Drug Administration. It is expected that the power of CADD will grow as the technology continues to evolve.",book:{id:"11091",title:"Drug Development Life Cycle",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11091.jpg"},signatures:"Neelima Dhingra"},{id:"81186",title:"Germicidal and Antineoplastic Activities of Curcumin and Curcumin-Derived Nanoparticles",slug:"germicidal-and-antineoplastic-activities-of-curcumin-and-curcumin-derived-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:5,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103076",abstract:"Curcumin is a major constituent of turmeric and has been shown to have a plethora of health benefits, which include, among many, antimicrobial, anticancer, and reduction of cholesterol. However, it has also been reported that curcumin has less bioaccumulation and is quickly metabolized and cleared from the body. Nanoparticle formulations are known to increase curcumin biocompatibility and targeting. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of curcumin has been extensively studied and the mechanism of action provides clues for the development of new drugs for drug-resistant microbes. Thus, this chapter will review the biomedical application of curcumin and its nanoformulations against different microbes and other diseases, including cancer.",book:{id:"11323",title:"Antimicrobial and Pharmacological Aspects of Curcumin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11323.jpg"},signatures:"Lilian Makgoo and Zukile Mbita"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:49},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:6,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:17,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. Vouros",slug:"deep-multiagent-reinforcement-learning-methods-addressing-the-scalability-challenge",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Multi-Agent Technologies and Machine Learning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11445.jpg",subseries:{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems"}}},{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. in Chemistry in July 2000, and his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. In 2009 he joined the Dr. Ron Clarke research group at the School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the Interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+, K+-ATPase, and Dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+, K+-ATPase by ATP. He then worked as Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum, and in 2014 was promoted to Associate Professor ranking. In 2011 he joined the staff of the Chemistry Department at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently active as an Assistant Professor. His research interests include:\r\n(1) P-type ATPase Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanisms; (2) Kinetics and Mechanism of Redox Reactions; (3) Autocatalytic reactions; (4) Computational enzyme kinetics; (5) Allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP; (6) Exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in the cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198499/images/system/198499.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Daniel Glossman-Mitnik is currently a Titular Researcher at the Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Chihuahua, Mexico, as well as a National Researcher of Level III at the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, México. His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 270 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 4 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"428313",title:"Dr.",name:"Sambangi",middleName:null,surname:"Pratyusha",slug:"sambangi-pratyusha",fullName:"Sambangi Pratyusha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"CGIAR",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"15",type:"subseries",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. 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