Properties of the average experimental engineering constants.
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Mertens and Jacqueline Lecomte-Beckers",authors:[{id:"178364",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne",middleName:"Isabelle",surname:"Mertens",fullName:"Anne Mertens",slug:"anne-mertens"},{id:"179082",title:"Prof.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Lecomte-Beckers",fullName:"Jacqueline Lecomte-Beckers",slug:"jacqueline-lecomte-beckers"}]},{id:"50676",title:"Metal Powder Additive Manufacturing",slug:"metal-powder-additive-manufacturing",signatures:"Anatoliy Popovich and Vadim Sufiiarov",authors:[{id:"179005",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Vadim",middleName:null,surname:"Sufiiarov",fullName:"Vadim Sufiiarov",slug:"vadim-sufiiarov"},{id:"179594",title:"Prof.",name:"Anatoliy",middleName:null,surname:"Popovich",fullName:"Anatoliy Popovich",slug:"anatoliy-popovich"}]},{id:"50821",title:"Laser-Assisted 3D Printing of Functional Graded Structures from Polymer Covered Nanocomposites: A Self-Review",slug:"laser-assisted-3d-printing-of-functional-graded-structures-from-polymer-covered-nanocomposites-a-sel",signatures:"Igor Volyanskii and Igor V. 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Shishkovsky"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"79302",title:"Obtaining of a Constitutive Models of Laminate Composite Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100607",slug:"obtaining-of-a-constitutive-models-of-laminate-composite-materials",body:'One of today’s engineering needs is to develop new materials capable of improving the common materials that exist today (such as metals), in weight, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, high strength and stability at high temperatures, among others [1, 2]. The properties are improved through the use of reinforcements with fibers or particles in polymers, metals and ceramics, among others, giving rise to composite materials. The uses of composite materials can be found in the automotive industry, in the wind, aerospace and military industries, in civil applications, among others [3, 4]. The mechanical behavior of CM in tension, bending, torsion, etc., have been studied for decades [5, 6, 7]. For example, Sun [8] used glass fiber reinforced polyester resin to improve mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, and Young’s Modulus for single and multiple fibers. Acosta [9] developed a novel method to determine the stresses in torsion problems of laminated trimetallic and bimetallic composite bars, for which experimental and numerical analysis were carried out.
On the other hand, a necessary task for engineering applications is obtaining the mechanical properties of composite materials such as Young’s Modulus (E), Rigidity Modulus (G), Yield Stress and Maximum Stress at traction, among others. In this regard, various authors have developed various numerical models and experimental techniques (photo-acoustic, ultrasound, Moiré interferometry, electrical extensometry, etc.) which have been applied to the design of composite materials [10, 11]. To obtain the effective properties of composite materials with different configurations, the authors Acosta et al. [12], developed an analytical constitutive model that is used for the mechanical analysis of intralaminar and global stresses in laminated composite materials with isotropic plies subject to axial load and to determine the elastic constants (E, v, and G)) of each of its components, using the method of electrical extensometry.
Of the laminated composite structures, the most widely used are those formed by layers of orthotropic materials. The design and mechanical analysis of laminated composite material structures involves a large number of variables (fiber orientation, layer thickness and stacking sequence, material densities, topological design, etc.) [13]. Of the laminated composite structures, the most widely used are those formed by orthotropic layers.
The study of the mechanical behavior of laminate composite materials is of great importance for engineering, so it is necessary to have a theoretical framework for its analysis, both globally and locally. In this work, the conceptual and analytical models foundations of the theory of linear elasticity and of the classical theory of laminated composite materials are presented for the theoretical and experimental approach of models that predict the mechanical behavior and allow obtaining its effective mechanical properties of a multi directionally reinforced laminated composite by orthotropic layers reinforced with longitudinal fibers [14, 15, 16, 17]. With the models, the real properties obtained imply the effects of the existing defects in the interfaces between the layers (glue, gluing defects, layer fusion, etc.), which should considerably improve the efficiency in stress analysis.
Stresses are internal forces that occur in bodies as a result of applying forces on their boundaries. If an imaginary cut is made in a body and if the internal distribution of forces on the cut surface is analyzed, then the stresses can be obtained as follows:
where
State of stresses on a point.
The stresses that act normally to the surface are called normal stresses (
On the other hand, a strain is defined as the relative displacement between the internal points of a body. If we consider a change in length in a straight-line segment in the
Or, explicitly:
The strain model described in expressions (Eq. (3)) is considered linear and continuous, which implies a model of infinitesimal strains. According to (Dally), the linear equations between stresses and strains give rise to the constitutive model. These equations are determined according to the following expression:
where
Here,
Here,
It is worth mentioning that the constants of the constitutive models can be put as a function of the so-called engineering constants (Young’s modulus (
Transformation of stresses at a point with state of plane stresses.
In the case of the strain transformation laws, a similar process is carried out.
An orthotropic material is one in which the values of its elastic properties are different for each orientation, referred to three coordinate axes, each perpendicular to another (see Figure 3). Examples of orthotropic materials are: wood, unidirectionally materials reinforced with fiberglass, carbón, Kevlar, among others. In orthotropic materials, the stiffness changes depending on the orientation of the fibers. To determine the stress or strain components in any direction, it is necessary to know the states of stress or strain at a point and apply the analytical transformation equations. The stress–strain relations and the stress and strain transformation equations are the basis for the construction of constitutive models to study the stresses and to determine the effective mechanical properties of laminated composite materials as a function of the orientation and direction [16].
Axes of symmetry of a plane orthotropic material.
To clarify the analysis, the
System
The equations that govern the transformation of plane stresses, in a unidirectionally reinforced laminate, allow the obtention of the value of the stresses in the xy system once the stresses in the 12 system are known (see Figures 5 and 6).
Transformation of stress.
Stress components in system
To know the relations between the stresses of the
Here,
Here,
It is worth mentioning that the state of stress at all points is considered plane stress because it is assumed that the distribution of strains is homogeneous through the thickness of the orthotropic composite. The planes of symmetry correspond to the longitudinal direction of the fibers and the transverse direction, respectively. The composite material and its symmetry planes are shown in Figure 3. The material stiffness coefficients are obtained from the development of the following simple axial tests (see Figure 7): 1) Tension test in the longitudinal direction of the fibers, 2) Tension test in the cross-fiber direction and 3) Pure shear test.
Tests, tension in the direction of the fibers, tension in the direction transverse to the fibers and pure shear at 45°.
For a uniaxial state of stress, we have the equations
Here,
By following a similar process performed in the previous test (see Figure 1.4), the following equations are obtained:
where
Here,
The relations that define the stiffness constants as a function of the engineering constants are as follows:
The relations between compliance constants and engineering constants are:
By symmetry of the stiffness tensor and the compliance tensor, we have:
Transformation process, from the state of strains to the state of stresses, in a coordinate system 12. Strain transformation process, (a) to (b), getting stresses with constitutive model, (b) to (c) and finally arrive at the state of stresses in axes 12, (c) to (d).
Step 1) The step from configuration (a) to (b) is obtained by making a positive strain transformation and using equations (Eq. (10)), that is:
Step 2) To go from configuration (b) to configuration (c), the stress–strain relations are used in the material’s symmetry axes. These relations are as follows:
Step 3) To go from configuration c) to d), the stress transformation equations with negative angle of rotation are used. This is:
Considering the strains and the symmetry of the stiffness tensor, the constitutive relations can be obtained in an arbitrary orientation, system 12 (see Figure 9), to a direct transformation from the state of strain to the state of stress. What would be:
Direct transformation from the state of strain to the state of stress in a system 12, getting the state of stresses in terms of the state of strains, with constitutive relations. Configuration a) to d).
The stiffness constants in an arbitrary orientation are defined as follows:
The obtained results are of great importance due to these are the equations that define the variation of the constants as a function of the orientation. On the other hand, the constitutive relations and the compliance constants, in a different orientation from the axis of symmetry of the material, are obtained by applying a similar process to the one in the previous section. But now we start from the known state of stresses and is required to know the state of the strains. To process it, need to apply a stresses transformation process to change to the symmetry axes (system xy), configuration (a) to (b), determine the state of strains with constitutive model, configuration (b) to (c) to subsequently apply a strain transformation and get the strains in axes 12, configuration (c) to (d), see Figure 10. The relations between the constants of compliance, on the lines of symmetry and outside of them, are:
Transformation process from the state of stresses to the state of strains in a coordinate system 12. Stresses transformation process, (a) to (b), getting strains with constitutive model, (b) to (c), and to finally obtain the state of strains in axes 12, (c) to (d).
The relations between the compliance constants, corresponding to the lines symmetry and outside of them, are:
Equations (Eq. (22)) can be put in terms of trigonometric identities. This is:
If and only if the following relations are satisfied:
By defining the following relations:
And, when ordering terms, the following relatios are obtained:
A laminate is a set of plies or ply groups that have different orientations from their main axes [16]. The classical laminate theory assumes, in the mechanical model, the following [16, 17]: the laminate is symmetric; the behavior of the plies and the laminate complies with Hooke’s law; each ply is considered orthotropic; the union between plies is perfect and thin; the functions of the displacements and strains are considered continuous through the interface; the laminate is homogeneous, elastic and linear; and the ply thicknesses are constant, thin and homogeneous throughout the laminate.
For the study of global stresses, the following aspects are assumed: the model is linear [14]; and the state of stress is homogeneous throughout the laminate. Thus, edge effects on the laminate can be ignored, allowing the problem to be about plane stresses. For the stress analysis at the local level, it is assumed that the problem for each of the plies is biaxial of stresses, and that the normal stresses have an average constant distribution through the thickness of the plies (see Figure 11). On a global level at a symmetric laminate: it is made up of homogeneous plies; the union between plies is perfect; and the laminate’s composite thickness is homogeneous. Finally, when considering a state of homogeneous strain in the laminate and in the plies, the intralaminar stresses
Intralaminar stress state for a three-ply laminate.
A laminate composite material can be defined by means of a code [16]. Figure 12 shows a diagram of a symmetrical laminate. Its code is
Sequence of a symmetric laminate.
In the study of symmetric laminates, the strains in the
Representation of mean stresses in a multidirectional lamina.
On the other hand, the stresses are defined as a function of the stiffness constants in any direction. The stress–strain relations are as follow:
If the strains are constant, then the average stresses are expressed as follows:
Considering that the constants
If:
And:
These last equations are known as the effective or global constitutive relations, where the equivalent modulus of a multidirectional laminate is the arithmetic average of the individual modulus of stiffness outside their axis of symmetry of the plies or ply groups. The units of the
Or, equivalently:
These equations relate the resultant stresses to the strains. To know the stress in each ply or ply group from the strains and global stresses, it is shown schematically in Figure 14. First, determine the average strains in terms of the average stresses, for a reference system 12 and apply an effective or global constitutive relations, configuration (a) to (b). Second, getting the strains for the symmetry axes (system xy) of each orthotropic plies or orthotropic ply groups with different orientation, configuration (b) to (c). Finally, apply the constitutive relations to determine the state of stress of each ply or ply group.
Process to obtain the state of stress in each ply group from the average state of stress, determining the average strains in terms of the average stresses, (a) to (b), getting the strains for the symmetry axes (system xy), configuration (b) to (c) and finally, determine the state of stress of each ply or plies group, (c) to (d).
Equivalent modulus can also be expressed in terms of the multi-angle equations, that is:
As the
Then:
The
Graphic representation of
If the plies or ply groups that make up the laminate have the same orientation and the same material, the expressions described above take the following form:
Where
The volumetric fraction can be expressed as follows:
The sum of the volume fractions fulfills the condition
This section presents the algebraic development to generate the constitutive mathematical model of a laminate composite material taking into account the properties of the constituent orthotropic plies. The laminate to be modeled is made up of longitudinal plies of fiberglass reinforced with epoxy resin, oriented orthogonally. The mechanical engineering properties that characterize an orthotropic laminate are five: 1) Two Young’s moduli (
Orthotropic laminate.
The constitutive relations for a lamina in terms of the engineering constants of each of the layers are obtained by considering equations (Eq. (16)) and (Eq. (27)), that is:
By considering equations (Eq. (40)) and (Eq. (42)), the relations for any multidirectional lamina are obtained. This is:
From the relations of (Eq. (43)), the following expressions are obtained:
The average values of the modules for “
By substituting equations (Eq. (46)) in equations (Eq. (36)), the following relations are obtained:
And, when considering the expression (Eq. (35)) the following relations are obtained:
If the volume fractions and the orientations of each ply group are known, equations (Eq. (48)) represent the constitutive relations for any multidirectional laminate. These equations contain global or effective properties
The constitutive model for a configuration laminate
For the case of the laminate
Finally, the constitutive model for the laminate
In order to obtain the engineering properties of laminated plies, the experimental electrical extensometry method is used, which is supported by Perry [18]. It is worth mentioning that, due to the arrangement of plies in the proposed composite laminate, the number of constitutive analytical equations are three and the number of elastic constants of orthotropic plies are five, so five- and three-ply laminate are used. A CEA-O6-240UZ-120 strain gage is selected for the study (see Figure 17).
Installation of strain gages, active and dummy.
For the experimental tests, an INSTRON Universal Testing Machine was used. The engineering properties
Figure 18 shows the tests as well as the location of the installed strain gages, two for each deformation in a full Wheatstone bridge configuration to eliminate signals outside the required measurement (deflections, temperature changes, etc.). Tests were performed with laminates
Tension test system with test specimens 3–2, 2–3 and 2–1 and installation of strain gages.
Combining test specimens 3–2 and 2–3 and from equations (Eq. (49)) and (Eq. (50)), the following equations are obtained to determine the constants
Here,
The analysis of the data complied with the symmetry of the stiffness and compliance tensor, the identity
Engineering Constants Plies | Magnitude |
---|---|
53.05 | |
23.3 | |
0.233 | |
0.1 |
Properties of the average experimental engineering constants.
Graph of laminate 3–2 under tension.
The consistency of the tests was carried out by comparing the results obtained for tests 3–2 and 2–1, showing very proximate values.
In this chapter, a theoretical framework based on the theory of linear elasticity and the classical theory of composite laminates was established for the analysis of axial load problems by analyzing concepts and establishing scopes and restrictions of the models applied by the theories. The necessary bases were established for the general obtention of the composite laminates’ constitutive models made up of orthotropic plies or orthotropic ply groups with different orientations. With the established models, it is possible: a) with the known stiffness constants, to calculate the state of plane stresses at a point from the state of deformations and b) with the known conformity constants, to calculate the state of strains from the state of stresses. For ease of use, both the stiffness constants and the compliance constants were made explicit in terms of the engineering constants. This allows an analysis of overall or average stresses in the laminates under axial load. To show the efficiency of the developments presented, the constitutive models of three orthotropic composite laminates were obtained. Furthermore, by performing simple stress tests on the laminates and measuring the state of strain with strain gages, the engineering constants of the plies were determined.
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This chapter addresses various UAV-based smart farming and PA solutions for OPP including health assessment and disease detection, pest monitoring, yield estimation, creation of virtual plantations, and dynamic Web-mapping. Stabilization of UAVs was discussed as one of the key factors for acquiring high quality aerial images. For this purpose, a case study was presented on stabilizing a fixed-wing Osprey drone crop surveillance that can be adapted as a remote sensing research platform. The objective was to design three controllers (including PID, LQR with full state feedback, and LQR plus observer) to improve the automatic flight mission. Dynamic equations were decoupled into lateral and longitudinal directions, where the longitudinal dynamics were modeled as a fourth order two-inputs-two-outputs system. State variables were defined as velocity, angle of attack, pitch rate, and pitch angle, all assumed to be available to the controller. 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This chapter discusses the different types of UAVs, their application in pest control, crop irrigation, health monitoring, animal mustering, geo-fencing, and other agriculture-related activities. Beyond applications, the advantages and potential benefits of UAVs in agriculture are also presented alongside discussions on business-related challenges and other open challenges that hinder the wide-spread adaptation of UAVs in agriculture.",book:{id:"6864",slug:"autonomous-vehicles",title:"Autonomous Vehicles",fullTitle:"Autonomous Vehicles"},signatures:"Chika Yinka-Banjo and Olasupo Ajayi",authors:null},{id:"66432",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85566",title:"Model of the Optimal Maneuver Route",slug:"model-of-the-optimal-maneuver-route",totalDownloads:901,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"The chapter deals with the mathematical model for planning the optimal movement route, which has been implemented in the Tactical Decision Support System (TDSS). The model processes and evaluates the data contained in the five raster layers, which are tactically relevant for planning the movement route of troops or autonomous vehicles on the battlefield. The basis for calculating the optimal movement route is a ground surface layer, which is then modified by algorithmic and criterion relationships with the layers of hypsometry, weather attack, and the activities of enemy and friendly units. The result of mathematical model calculations is a time-optimized and safe movement route displayed on the topographic basis. The experiments realized have verified the function of the optimal movement route model when neither the reconnaissance group nor the autonomous vehicle was observed by the enemy. The total time of the UGV with the use of the TDSS to cover the route of maneuver was 67 minutes shorter than the real time of the BRAVO group movement with the use of the TDSS and 105 minutes shorter than the real time of the ALFA group without the use of the TDSS. The comparison of responses to the attack shows that the BRAVO group using the Maneuver Control System (MCS CZ) as part of the TDSS has destroyed the attackers faster by 71 seconds than the ALFA group without the use of the TDSS.",book:{id:"7779",slug:"path-planning-for-autonomous-vehicles-ensuring-reliable-driverless-navigation-and-control-maneuver",title:"Path Planning for Autonomous Vehicle",fullTitle:"Path Planning for Autonomous Vehicles - Ensuring Reliable Driverless Navigation and Control Maneuver"},signatures:"Jan Nohel, Petr Stodola and Zdeněk Flasar",authors:[{id:"162332",title:"Prof.",name:"Petr",middleName:null,surname:"Stodola",slug:"petr-stodola",fullName:"Petr Stodola"},{id:"286639",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Nohel",slug:"jan-nohel",fullName:"Jan Nohel"},{id:"287297",title:"Prof.",name:"Zdenek",middleName:null,surname:"Flasar",slug:"zdenek-flasar",fullName:"Zdenek Flasar"}]},{id:"51781",doi:"10.5772/64730",title:"Application of Sampling-Based Motion Planning Algorithms in Autonomous Vehicle Navigation",slug:"application-of-sampling-based-motion-planning-algorithms-in-autonomous-vehicle-navigation",totalDownloads:2368,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"With the development of the autonomous driving technology, the autonomous vehicle has become one of the key issues for supporting our daily life and economical activities. One of the challenging research areas in autonomous vehicle is the development of an intelligent motion planner, which is able to guide the vehicle in dynamic changing environments. In this chapter, a novel sampling-based navigation architecture is introduced, which employs the optimal properties of RRT* planner and the low running time property of low-dispersion sampling-based algorithms. Furthermore, a novel segmentation method is proposed, which divides the sampling domain into valid and tabu segments. The resulted navigation architecture is able to guide the autonomous vehicle in complex situations such as takeover or crowded environments. The performance of the proposed method is tested through simulation in different scenarios and also by comparing the performances of RRT and RRT* algorithms. 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Dynamic equations were decoupled into lateral and longitudinal directions, where the longitudinal dynamics were modeled as a fourth order two-inputs-two-outputs system. State variables were defined as velocity, angle of attack, pitch rate, and pitch angle, all assumed to be available to the controller. A special case was considered in which only velocity and pitch rate were measurable. The control objective was to stabilize the system for a velocity step input of 10m/s. The performance of noise effects, model error, and complementary sensitivity was analyzed.",book:{id:"7270",slug:"agricultural-robots-fundamentals-and-applications",title:"Agricultural Robots",fullTitle:"Agricultural Robots - Fundamentals and Applications"},signatures:"Redmond Ramin Shamshiri, Ibrahim A. Hameed, Siva K. 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In light of these modern developments, this article develops and compares integrative guidance, navigation, and control methodologies for the Naval Postgraduate School’s Phoenix, a submerged autonomous vehicle. The measure of merit reveals how well each of several methodologies cope with known and unknown disturbance currents that can be constant or harmonic while maintaining safe passage distance from underwater obstacles, in this case submerged mines.",book:{id:"6864",slug:"autonomous-vehicles",title:"Autonomous Vehicles",fullTitle:"Autonomous Vehicles"},signatures:"Timothy Sands and Kevin Bollino",authors:[{id:"258189",title:"Prof.",name:"Timothy",middleName:null,surname:"Sands",slug:"timothy-sands",fullName:"Timothy Sands"}]},{id:"70382",title:"Lunar Science: Internet for Space Tourism",slug:"lunar-science-internet-for-space-tourism",totalDownloads:668,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The increased interest in space exploration drives the development of novel technologies that are useful in other areas, such as aviation. The use of these technologies gives rise to new challenges and applications. Space tourism is an emerging application due to advances in space exploration technologies. This paper addresses two challenges aimed at ensuring continued internet access in space tourism. The first is designing network architecture to ensure continued internet access for space tourists aboard a space vehicle. The second is using aerial vehicle technology to enhance access to cloud content in areas with poor telecommunication infrastructure. The paper proposes the distributed handover algorithm ensuring that the space vehicle can execute handover from terrestrial wireless networks to aerial platforms and satellites as a last mile connection. It also proposes the concept of aerial diversity ensuring low cost access to cloud content. Performance simulation shows that the use of the distributed handover algorithm enhances channel capacity by 18.4% on average and reduces latency by 11.6% on average. 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He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. 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She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. 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