These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
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This collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
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To celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
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Initially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
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These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\n
This collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\n
To celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"10356",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Natural Medicinal Plants",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book, Natural Medicinal Plants is a comprehensive overview of drugs derived from medicinal plants and their use in treating human illnesses such as cancer. Chapters include scientific evidence on flora rich in active ingredients.",isbn:"978-1-83969-276-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-275-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-277-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91542",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",numberOfPages:302,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4298,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:13,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:19,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 6th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 4th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 2nd 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 23rd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 22nd 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/54719/images/system/54719.jpg",biography:"Prof. Hany A. El-Shemy received a Ph.D. in Biochemistry from the University of Cairo, Egypt, and a Ph.D. in Genetic Engineering from the University of Hiroshima, Japan. He holds two patents and has written thirteen international books. He has also published more than 100 SCI journal papers and 55 conference presentations. Dr. El-Shemy was a technique committee member as well as chair of many international conferences. He has also served as editor for journals including PLOS ONE, BMC Genomics, and Current Issues in Molecular Biology. He has received several awards, including state prizes from the Academy of Science, Egypt (2004, 2012, and 2018), the Young Arab Researcher prize from the Shuman Foundation, Jordan (2005), and Cairo University Prizes (2007, 2010, and 2014). He served as an expert for the African Regional Center of Technology, Dakar, Senegal, as well as a visiting professor at Pan African University, African Union. He served as vice president of the Academy of Science and Technology, Egypt, from 2013 to 2014. Since 2014 he has been the dean of the Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. In 2018, he was elected a fellow of the African Academy of Science.",institutionString:"Cairo University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"13",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"991",title:"Herbalism",slug:"herbalism"}],chapters:[{id:"78514",title:"Natural Products Altering GABAergic Transmission",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99500",slug:"natural-products-altering-gabaergic-transmission",totalDownloads:156,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter found in several regions of the brain and known to have various significant physiological roles as a potent bioactive compound. Malfunction of GABAergic neuronal signaling prompts to cause severe psychiatric symptoms in numerous mental disorders. Several drugs are available in clinical practice for neuropsychiatric disorders targeting through GABAergic pathway, with notable adverse effects. Interestingly, in recent years, researchers are focusing on natural compounds altering GABAergic neurotransmission for various psychiatric disorders due to its wide range of therapeutic efficacy and safety. The enormous variety of natural compounds, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, polyacetylenic alcohols, alkanes and fatty acids were reported to alter the GABAergic transmission through its receptors and or by influencing the transmission, synthesis and metabolism of GABA. Natural compounds are able to cross the blood brain barrier and influence the GABA functions in order to treat anxiety, mania, schizophrenia and cognitive disorders. Therefore, this current chapter describes on natural products which have the potential to alter the GABAergic neurotransmission and its therapeutical benefits in treating several neuropsychiatry disorders using various pharmacological methods.",signatures:"Sayani Banerjee, Chennu Manisha, Deepthi Murugan and Antony Justin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78514",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78514",authors:[{id:"344701",title:"Dr.",name:"Antony",surname:"Justin",slug:"antony-justin",fullName:"Antony Justin"},{id:"427929",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayani",surname:"Banerjee",slug:"sayani-banerjee",fullName:"Sayani Banerjee"},{id:"427930",title:"Dr.",name:"Chennu",surname:"Manisha",slug:"chennu-manisha",fullName:"Chennu Manisha"},{id:"427931",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepthi",surname:"Murugan",slug:"deepthi-murugan",fullName:"Deepthi Murugan"}],corrections:null},{id:"76353",title:"The Ghanaian Flora as a Potential Source of Anthelmintic and Anti-Schistosomal Agents",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97417",slug:"the-ghanaian-flora-as-a-potential-source-of-anthelmintic-and-anti-schistosomal-agents",totalDownloads:218,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Parasitic infections including schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminthiasis are the most commonly encountered Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) in the world. These diseases remain a major public health concern affecting millions of people especially those living in poor regions where access to effective conventional health care is a challenge. Interventions to control these infections in endemic areas have not been successful due to the high cost of drugs, limited availability as well as inequity of access to preventive chemotherapies. Another problem is the development resistance to the limited number of recommended medications due to their intensive use in both human and live-stock. There is an increasing awareness of the potential of natural products as chemotherapeutic agents to combat parasitic infections. Natural products may offer an unlimited source of chemically diverse drug molecules which may be safe, efficient, less toxic, less expensive and readily available for use especially in low-income countries. The Ghanaian flora provides such a ready source for new therapeutic interventions for the local population. Several researches have provided evidence of the anti-parasitic activity of Ghanaian medicinal plants. This chapter provides a review with special focus on medicinal plants collected from Ghana with anthelmintic and anti-schistosomal activity. Evidence of pharmacological activities of crude extracts, fractions and bioactive phytoconstituents as well as possible mechanisms of action where investigated are discussed.",signatures:"Evelyn Asante-Kwatia, Abraham Yeboah Mensah, Lord Gyimah and Arnold Donkor Forkuo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76353",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76353",authors:[{id:"217045",title:"Dr.",name:"Arnold Forkuo",surname:"Donkor",slug:"arnold-forkuo-donkor",fullName:"Arnold Forkuo Donkor"},{id:"303360",title:"Dr.",name:"Evelyn",surname:"Asante-Kwatia",slug:"evelyn-asante-kwatia",fullName:"Evelyn Asante-Kwatia"},{id:"309974",title:"Prof.",name:"Abraham Yeboah",surname:"Mensah",slug:"abraham-yeboah-mensah",fullName:"Abraham Yeboah Mensah"},{id:"347910",title:"Mr.",name:"Lord",surname:"Gyimah",slug:"lord-gyimah",fullName:"Lord Gyimah"}],corrections:[{id:"76505",title:"Corrigendum: The Ghanaian Flora as a Potential Source of Anthelmintic and Anti-Schistosomal Agents",doi:null,slug:"corrigendum-the-ghanaian-flora-as-a-potential-source-of-anthelmintic-and-anti-schistosomal-agents",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,correctionPdfUrl:null}]},{id:"75561",title:"Traditional African Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96576",slug:"traditional-african-medicine",totalDownloads:322,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"African traditional medicine is defined as one of the holistic health care system comprised of three levels of specializations namely divination, spiritualism, and herbalism. The traditional healer provides healing services based on culture, religious background, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs that are prevalent in his community. Hence the current chapter focuses on the different types of african healing system, traditional healers, traditional practices and modern herbalism and also describes the phytochemical and pharmacological evidences of the traditional african herbs like Acanthus montanus (Acanthaceae), Amaranthus spinosus (Amaranthaceae), Bridelia ferruginea (Euphorbiaceae) etc.",signatures:"Motamarri V.N.L. Chaitanya, Hailemikael Gebremariam Baye, Heyam Saad Ali and Firehiwot Belayneh Usamo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75561",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75561",authors:[{id:"339686",title:"Dr.",name:"Motamarri V.N.L.",surname:"Chaitanya",slug:"motamarri-v.n.l.-chaitanya",fullName:"Motamarri V.N.L. Chaitanya"},{id:"340066",title:"MSc.",name:"Firehiwot",surname:"Belayneh",slug:"firehiwot-belayneh",fullName:"Firehiwot Belayneh"},{id:"340068",title:"Prof.",name:"Heyam",surname:"Saad Ali",slug:"heyam-saad-ali",fullName:"Heyam Saad Ali"},{id:"348052",title:"BSc.",name:"Hailemikael",surname:"Gebremariam Baye",slug:"hailemikael-gebremariam-baye",fullName:"Hailemikael Gebremariam Baye"}],corrections:null},{id:"76298",title:"Ethnomedicine Study on Medicinal Plants Used by Communities in West Sumatera, Indonesia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96810",slug:"ethnomedicine-study-on-medicinal-plants-used-by-communities-in-west-sumatera-indonesia",totalDownloads:143,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Currently, the development of conventional medicine is getting more advanced, it cannot be denied that medicinal plants still occupy their main role as medicine for various human diseases, especially in developing countries. This is rooted in the knowledge of the local community about plants that can be used as medicine for various diseases. Ethnomedicine is a field of study that raises local knowledge of the community to maintain their health. From numerous studies on the field, 33 species of plants have been found which are believed by the natives to West Sumatra as medicine. Ethnomedicinal data were analyzed using Index of Cultural Significance (ICS) value. The results of the analysis showed that the species of plants that is voted most important for the community were soursop (Annona muricata) and red betel (Piper sp.). In general, the part of plant that is most often used as medicine is the leaf, and the way to consume it is by boiling it so that you can get the herbs from the plant extract.",signatures:"Skunda Diliarosta, Monica Prima Sari, Rehani Ramadhani and Annisa Efendi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76298",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76298",authors:[{id:"342268",title:"Dr.",name:"Skunda",surname:"Diliarosta",slug:"skunda-diliarosta",fullName:"Skunda Diliarosta"},{id:"346504",title:"Ms.",name:"Rehani",surname:"Ramadhani",slug:"rehani-ramadhani",fullName:"Rehani Ramadhani"},{id:"346505",title:"Ms.",name:"Annisa",surname:"Efendi",slug:"annisa-efendi",fullName:"Annisa Efendi"},{id:"346920",title:"Mrs.",name:"Monica",surname:"Prima Sari",slug:"monica-prima-sari",fullName:"Monica Prima Sari"}],corrections:null},{id:"75771",title:"Advanced Pharmacological Uses of Marine Algae as an Anti-Diabetic Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96807",slug:"advanced-pharmacological-uses-of-marine-algae-as-an-anti-diabetic-therapy",totalDownloads:231,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Marine seaweeds are a promising source of bioactive secondary metabolites that can be utilized in drug development and nutraceuticals. Diabetes mellitus is a leading non-communicable disease, and it is the third leading cause of death worldwide. Among the types of diabetes, type 2 became the major health problem as it is associated with severe health complications. Since available oral hypoglycemic drugs cause several adverse effects, it is worth searching for a natural cure with fewer or no side effects that may benefit patients with type 2 diabetes. Among the marine seaweeds, brown and red seaweeds are extensively studied for the anti-diabetic activity compared to the green seaweeds. Bioactive compounds present in marine seaweeds possess anti-diabetic potential through diverse mechanisms, mainly by reducing postprandial hyperglycemia and associated complication. Most of the studies emphasized that the marine seaweeds control the hyperglycemic condition by inhibiting carbohydrate hydrolyzing α-amylase,α glucosidase enzymes, and the inhibitory effect of dipeptide peptidase-4 that are involved in the degradation of incretins. Similarly, bioactive compounds in marine seaweeds can reduce diabetes complications by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzymes, aldose reductase, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B enzyme. This chapter focuses on the anti-diabetic potential of marine brown, green, and red seaweeds through different mechanisms.",signatures:"Thilina Gunathilaka, Lakshika Rangee Keertihirathna and Dinithi Peiris",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75771",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75771",authors:[{id:"219479",title:"Prof.",name:"Dinithi",surname:"Peiris",slug:"dinithi-peiris",fullName:"Dinithi Peiris"},{id:"343219",title:"Mrs.",name:"Thilina",surname:"Gunathilaka",slug:"thilina-gunathilaka",fullName:"Thilina Gunathilaka"},{id:"356401",title:"Dr.",name:"Lakshika Rangee",surname:"Keerthirathna",slug:"lakshika-rangee-keerthirathna",fullName:"Lakshika Rangee Keerthirathna"}],corrections:null},{id:"75758",title:"Safety Review of Herbs and Supplements in Heart Disease, Diabetes, and COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96811",slug:"safety-review-of-herbs-and-supplements-in-heart-disease-diabetes-and-covid-19",totalDownloads:229,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Usage of supplements has increased dramatically this last decade. From herbs to vitamins and mineral, consumers are interested in improving health, self-treatment and preventing diseases. Often using information from the internet to self-prescribe, many consumers believe that natural products are safe, while many others avoid using these products because of the lack of an approval process by health officials in many countries. Herbs and other supplements including proteins, vitamins and minerals provide significant benefits to health. The lack of guidance from health professionals however can be problematic. When combined with drugs and disease, herbs can interact and cause side effects. Some of the steps to evaluate the safe use of supplements is to know their mechanism of action, clinical effect, and consumers’ medical history. For example, an herb that induces liver enzymes will reduce the effect of a drug that is metabolized by these same enzymes. This can be life threating if the patient depends on this drug for normal function. Based on drug-herb interaction experience and literature review, this book chapter provides insights into safe use of echinacea, licorice, turmeric, and black seed in patients with heart disease, diabetes, and COVID-19.",signatures:"Paula Vieira-Brock",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75758",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75758",authors:[{id:"343363",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paula",surname:"Vieira-Brock",slug:"paula-vieira-brock",fullName:"Paula Vieira-Brock"}],corrections:null},{id:"76486",title:"Pharmacological Investigation of Genus Pistacia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97322",slug:"pharmacological-investigation-of-genus-em-pistacia-em-",totalDownloads:199,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Several plants in the genus Pistacia are used in the treatment of various pathogenic and non-pathogenic disorders. Especially important are the major species belonging to this genus such as Pistacia lentiscus, Pistacia atlantica, Pistacia vera, Pistacia terebinthus, and Pistacia khinjuk, among others; these have been reported for their potential benefits both in medical and commercial purposes. In addition, members of this genus exhibit numerous ethnomedicinal uses, such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, antihypertension, antihyperlipidemic, antiviral, and antiasthma. In light of these potential uses, the present chapter aimed to collect and summarize the literature about all of this medicinal information. Accordingly, this chapter focuses on the pharmacological uses and benefits of the genus Pistacia, especially those related to health issues.",signatures:"Abdur Rauf, Yahya S. Al-Awthan, Naveed Muhammad, Muhammad Mukarram Shah, Saikat Mitra, Talha Bin Emran, Omar Bahattab and Mohammad S. Mubarak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76486",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76486",authors:[{id:"192295",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdur",surname:"Rauf",slug:"abdur-rauf",fullName:"Abdur Rauf"},{id:"207131",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad S.",surname:"Mubarak",slug:"mohammad-s.-mubarak",fullName:"Mohammad S. Mubarak"},{id:"348414",title:"Dr.",name:"Yahya",surname:"Al-Awthan",slug:"yahya-al-awthan",fullName:"Yahya Al-Awthan"},{id:"348415",title:"Dr.",name:"Naveed",surname:"Muhammad",slug:"naveed-muhammad",fullName:"Naveed Muhammad"},{id:"348417",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Mukarram Shah",slug:"muhammad-mukarram-shah",fullName:"Muhammad Mukarram Shah"},{id:"348418",title:"Dr.",name:"Saikat",surname:"Mitra",slug:"saikat-mitra",fullName:"Saikat Mitra"},{id:"348419",title:"Dr.",name:"Talha",surname:"Bin Emran",slug:"talha-bin-emran",fullName:"Talha Bin Emran"},{id:"348420",title:"Dr.",name:"Omar",surname:"Bahattab",slug:"omar-bahattab",fullName:"Omar Bahattab"}],corrections:null},{id:"77125",title:"Medicinal Plants and Traditional Practices of Baiga Tribe in Amarkantak Region of Eastern Madhya Pradesh",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97697",slug:"medicinal-plants-and-traditional-practices-of-baiga-tribe-in-amarkantak-region-of-eastern-madhya-pra",totalDownloads:221,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The present ethnobotanical study was carried out in Amarkantak region eastern part of Madhya Pradesh during January 2018 to January 2019 to document the medicinal plants used by the Baiga tribes. Traditional medicinal plants used by the Baiga tribes of 37 plant species belonging to 35 genera and 28 families used to menstrual disorder, piles, sore throat, respiratory disorder, haematuria, miscarriage, jaundice, fever, insanity, leucorrhoea, bleeding during pregnancy, spermatorrhea, infertility in women, motiabind, scorpion bite, wounds of animals, stomach disorder, intestinal worms, diabetes, leukoderma, rheumatism, scabies, wart and easy delivery etc. and other various unreported medicinal plants are reported here.",signatures:"Ramesh Kumar Ahirwar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77125",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77125",authors:[{id:"340104",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramesh",surname:"Kumar Ahirwar",slug:"ramesh-kumar-ahirwar",fullName:"Ramesh Kumar Ahirwar"}],corrections:null},{id:"77433",title:"Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Plants and Herbs",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98602",slug:"extraction-of-bioactive-compounds-from-medicinal-plants-and-herbs",totalDownloads:1280,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Human beings have relied on herbs and medicinal plants as sources of food and remedy from time immemorial. Bioactive compounds from plants are currently the subject of much research interest, but their extraction as part of phytochemical and/or biological investigations present specific challenges. Herbalists or scientists have developed many protocols of extraction of bioactive ingredients to ensure the effectiveness and the efficacy of crude drugs that were used to get relief from sickness. With the advent of new leads from plants such as morphine, quinine, taxol, artemisinin, and alkaloids from Voacanga species, a lot of attention is paid to the mode of extraction of active phytochemicals to limit the cost linked to the synthesis and isolation. Thus, the extraction of active compounds from plants needs appropriate extraction methods and techniques that provide bioactive ingredients-rich extracts and fractions. The extraction procedures, therefore, play a critical role in the yield, the nature of phytochemical content, etc. This chapter aims to present, describe, and compare extraction procedures of bioactive compounds from herbs and medicinal plants.",signatures:"Fongang Fotsing Yannick Stéphane, Bankeu Kezetas Jean Jules, Gaber El-Saber Batiha, Iftikhar Ali and Lenta Ndjakou Bruno",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77433",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77433",authors:[{id:"224515",title:"Dr.",name:"Fongang Fotsing",surname:"Yannick Stéphane",slug:"fongang-fotsing-yannick-stephane",fullName:"Fongang Fotsing Yannick Stéphane"},{id:"227816",title:"Dr.",name:"Bankeu Kezetas",surname:"Jean Jules",slug:"bankeu-kezetas-jean-jules",fullName:"Bankeu Kezetas Jean Jules"},{id:"227817",title:"Prof.",name:"Lenta Ndjakou",surname:"Bruno",slug:"lenta-ndjakou-bruno",fullName:"Lenta Ndjakou Bruno"},{id:"349790",title:"Prof.",name:"Gaber",surname:"El-Saber Batiha",slug:"gaber-el-saber-batiha",fullName:"Gaber El-Saber Batiha"},{id:"357350",title:"Dr.",name:"Iftikhar",surname:"Ali",slug:"iftikhar-ali",fullName:"Iftikhar Ali"}],corrections:null},{id:"77108",title:"Controversy, Adulteration and Substitution: Burning Problems in Ayurveda Practices",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98220",slug:"controversy-adulteration-and-substitution-burning-problems-in-ayurveda-practices",totalDownloads:229,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Ayurveda is an Indian traditional system of medicine. In present era, world is looking towards herbal medicine because of acceptability and safety. Medicinal plants constitute an effective source of Ayurvedic and other traditional system of medicines as well as modern medicine. In India, about 80% of the rural population depends on herbal medicines in primary health care level. A large percentage of plants used in herbal industries are subject of controversy. Non-availability of plants, poor understanding and parallel evolved knowledge systems are some of the reasons attributed to it. The existing practices of polynomial nomenclature system of Sanskrit, different perceptions in various communities, vernacular equivalents, all are cumulative factors for controversy, adulteration and substitution. “ Sandigdha Dravaya “ is a term used for that type of medicinal plants which are mentioned in Ayurvedic classics but their exact botanical source is not known. Adulterants and substitutes are the common practices in herbal raw material trade. Adulteration is a debasement of an article. The motives for intentional adulteration are normally commercial that which involves deterioration, admixture, sophistication, inferiority, spoilage and other unknown reasons. Substitution is a replacement of equivalent drugs in place of original drugs. The principles to select substitute drugs are based on similar Rasa, Guna, Virya, Vipaka and mainly the Karma. At present the adulteration and Substitution of the herbal drugs is the burning problem in herbal industry and in Ayurvedic practices. So it is necessary to develop reliable methodologies for correct identification, standardization and quality assurance of Ayurvedic drugs.",signatures:"Puneshwar Keshari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77108",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77108",authors:[{id:"339545",title:"Dr.",name:"Puneshwar",surname:"Keshari",slug:"puneshwar-keshari",fullName:"Puneshwar Keshari"}],corrections:null},{id:"76024",title:"Phytochemical Profile and Antiobesity Potential of Momordica charantia Linn.",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96808",slug:"phytochemical-profile-and-antiobesity-potential-of-em-momordica-charantia-em-linn-",totalDownloads:175,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Momordica charantia L. is growing in many tropical and subtropical regions; the fruits of bitter melon are also gradually becoming popular for treating diabetes and associated diseases. Over 248 compounds belonging to the lipids, phenolics and terpenoids class are reported by diverse studies. However, M. charantia L. appears to be an inimitable species that synthesizes a diverse range of natural products in the fruits, leaves, stems and roots. The cucurbitane types of triterpenes exist in the various tissues of the plant in their aglycone as well as glycosylated forms. The bitter melon seems to exert their lipid lowering and antiobesity effects via several mechanisms like PPARs, LXRs, SREBPs, and Sirts mediated fat metabolism in various tissues, prevent adipocyte hypertrophy and visceral fat accumulation. M. charantia L. has been comprehensively studied worldwide for its therapeutic properties to treat a number of diseases like diabetes, dyslipidaemia, obesity, and certain cancers. This chapter apparently displays an encompassing literature review on vast potential of bitter melon as antiobesity agent and assembles data on complex phytochemistry.",signatures:"Pushpa Anantrao Karale, Shashikant Dhawale and Mahesh Karale",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76024",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76024",authors:[{id:"340628",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Pushpa",surname:"Anantrao Karale",slug:"pushpa-anantrao-karale",fullName:"Pushpa Anantrao Karale"},{id:"346847",title:"Dr.",name:"Shashikant",surname:"Dhawale",slug:"shashikant-dhawale",fullName:"Shashikant Dhawale"},{id:"346907",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahesh",surname:"Karale",slug:"mahesh-karale",fullName:"Mahesh Karale"}],corrections:null},{id:"79065",title:"Medicinal Plants and Its Pharmacological Values",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99848",slug:"medicinal-plants-and-its-pharmacological-values",totalDownloads:178,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Plants have been used as a source of medicine for the treatment of different diseases from thousands of years ago. There is numerous evidences are available for use of plants as a medicine in the treatment of diseases in Indian, Egyptian, Chinese, Greek and Roman system of medicine. Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources, mainly from plants which may further lead to development of new drug. The exploration, extraction and screening of biological diversity such as herbs, spices, microbes and other natural resources is the worldwide activity in recent years. Phytochemicals are the naturally available bioactive compounds which are derived from different plant parts and are primarily responsible for biological activities. The most important chemical compounds which are present in the plants are alkaloids, phenols, saponins, carbohydrates, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids and tannins etc.",signatures:"Smita G. Bhat",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79065",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79065",authors:[{id:"343927",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Smita G.",surname:"Bhat",slug:"smita-g.-bhat",fullName:"Smita G. Bhat"}],corrections:null},{id:"78916",title:"Traditional Usage of Plants of Costus Species in Assam, India",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100532",slug:"traditional-usage-of-plants-of-costus-species-in-assam-india",totalDownloads:133,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Customary use of plants in the treatment of ailments in Assam, India is a typical situation. Ethno medicinal study was led in a few topographically unique zones of the state and utilization of plants from Costus species were reported. The extent of study chose for the investigation range across seven organizational regions spread across Assam, India. The regions include Dibrugarh, Golaghat, Tinsukia, Dhemaji, Karbi Anglong, Goalpara and Kokrajhar. Different plants were reported and plants fitting with the said species were chosen for determining the relevance concerning its use in customary medication. The survey divulged that plants associated to three species of the genus Costus namely Costus speciosus, Costus pictus and Costus scaber were espied to be primarily ubiquitous in traditional medicine in the discrete contemplated regions. The species were predominantly utilized as prime ingrediants in hepatoprotactive and anti-diabetic formulations. Costus speciosus was perceived to be chiefly used in the treatment of hepatic disorders and ailments. Costus pictus was observed to be used customarily in the upper Assam region bordering Nagaland for treating diabetes and Costus scaber was being used in the area bordering Arunachal Pradesh for tending people with jaundice, snake bite etc. The research climaxed with the profiling of the costus species as annotated from the ethnomedicinal survey.",signatures:"Biman Bhuyan, Dipak Chetia and Prakash Rajak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78916",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78916",authors:[{id:"272268",title:"Prof.",name:"Biman",surname:"Bhuyan",slug:"biman-bhuyan",fullName:"Biman Bhuyan"},{id:"420787",title:"Mr.",name:"Prakash",surname:"Rajak",slug:"prakash-rajak",fullName:"Prakash Rajak"},{id:"420788",title:"Prof.",name:"Dipak",surname:"Chetia",slug:"dipak-chetia",fullName:"Dipak Chetia"}],corrections:null},{id:"76563",title:"Benefaction of Medicinal Plant Uraria picta",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97731",slug:"benefaction-of-medicinal-plant-em-uraria-picta-em-",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Medicinal plants are very significant as they not only maintain the health and vitality but most importantly also cure the various ailments in humans and animals without causing any toxic side effects. These are readily available and cost effective therapeutic agents. Uraria picta was first proposed by Desvaux, (1813), is highly medicinal and critically endangered plant species found throughout India and other parts of the world like Africa, Australia, Philippines, Malaysia, Japan, Nigeria etc. This herb is full of antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-emetic, aphrodisiac, analgesic, cardiovascular and expectorant properties. Due to its high therapeutic use and growing need, the plant is becoming rare and endangered, therefore it is necessary to create awareness of this plant to support its propagation in large numbers. This herb also shows properties of anti-cancer and anti-cholinergic properties hence can manage depressions, anxiety, sleeping problems. Analgesic property helps in reducing body pain.",signatures:"Harsha Kashyap",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76563",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76563",authors:[{id:"341318",title:"Dr.",name:"Harsha",surname:"Kashyap",slug:"harsha-kashyap",fullName:"Harsha Kashyap"}],corrections:null},{id:"75500",title:"Spices-Reservoir of Health Benefits",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96471",slug:"spices-reservoir-of-health-benefits",totalDownloads:222,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Spices contribute to the quality, nutritive value, and flavor of food. Since ancient times, they hold a great medicinal value. Their antimicrobial, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and other numerous properties have made them a potent source of therapeutic agents. Phytochemical analysis revealed presence of active constituents such as eugenol, curcumin, carotenoids in clove, turmeric, saffron respectively that explains the efficacious nature of these spices. Owing to their easy availability and consumption, it is advised to make spices daily part of our diet though in balanced amount as sometimes excess usage bear few consequences. Evaluating multiple benefits offered by these as immunity boosters especially in times of pandemic and incorporating them in our routine diet would improve disease management strategies. This chapter discusses the reservoir of activities exhibited by few spices along with the components responsible for these activities. Here, we also discussed their negative effects if at all.",signatures:"Cheryl Sachdeva and Naveen Kumar Kaushik",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75500",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75500",authors:[{id:"341343",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Naveen Kumar",surname:"Kaushik",slug:"naveen-kumar-kaushik",fullName:"Naveen Kumar Kaushik"},{id:"341345",title:"Ms.",name:"Cheryl",surname:"Sachdeva",slug:"cheryl-sachdeva",fullName:"Cheryl Sachdeva"}],corrections:null},{id:"75373",title:"Historical Evidence and Documentation of Remedial Flora of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96472",slug:"historical-evidence-and-documentation-of-remedial-flora-of-azad-jammu-and-kashmir-ajk-",totalDownloads:343,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Determining the pharmacognostic specifications of medicinal plants used in several drugs is very necessary and actually crucial. Ethnobotany has significant role in understanding the active relations between the biological diversity and cultural systems. Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) is gifted with variety of medicinal plants. The theme of this chapter is to present information about wild medicinal plants in different areas of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Common woody species are Diospyros lotus, Taxus wallichiana, Viburnum cylindricum, and perennial herbs comprise Geranium nepalense, Oxalis acetosella and Androsace umbellata. Betula utilis, Berberis lycium, Cedrus deodara, Abies pindrow, Pinus wallichiana, Juglans regia and Salix species with large number of herbal diversity at elevations are common. Most of people use wild plants as traditional food and medicine. This ethnic flora not only plays important role in human health care but it is also an important source for present and future drug development. There is need for correct documentation, conservation of plants samples in herbarium of research institutes, and growing plants in gardens.",signatures:"Fozia Abasi, Muhammad Shoaib Amjad and Huma Qureshi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75373",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75373",authors:[{id:"343051",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Shoaib",surname:"Amjad",slug:"muhammad-shoaib-amjad",fullName:"Muhammad Shoaib Amjad"},{id:"343054",title:"Ms.",name:"Fozia",surname:"Abasi",slug:"fozia-abasi",fullName:"Fozia Abasi"},{id:"343057",title:"Dr.",name:"Huma",surname:"Qureshi",slug:"huma-qureshi",fullName:"Huma Qureshi"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"497",title:"Soybean and Nutrition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"11aa0c9ed0f6ea8da765be93b50954bb",slug:"soybean-and-nutrition",bookSignature:"Hany El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/497.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"496",title:"Soybean and Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"66d40dbc031b2825ba95f7ac2bfae1b6",slug:"soybean-and-health",bookSignature:"Hany El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/496.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3244",title:"Soybean",subtitle:"Bio-Active Compounds",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b21aa6107fce439bd06d53fbe0bc3c9e",slug:"soybean-bio-active-compounds",bookSignature:"Hany A. 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\r\n\tDiscovery of graphene has sparked immense interest to explore other two-dimensional layered materials (2DLMs) such as transition metal dichalcogenides, phosphorene, silicene, topological insulators and others with diverse electronic properties at nanometer-scale. While significant exploratory research in 2D materials has been achieved, the understanding of 2D electronic transport and carrier dynamics remains in a nascent stage. Although graphene displays many extraordinary properties for creating a new generation of electronic devices with atomically thin geometry and an unprecedented combination of speed and flexibility, it has many shortcomings that have yet to be overcome. Unlike graphene, other 2DLMs introduce more versatility, including conductors, semiconductors with sizable bandgaps, and insulators. This extensive library of 2DLMs with selectable material properties opens up the possibility of heterogeneous integration at the atomic scale, creating novel hybrid structures that display totally new physics and enable unique functionality. \r\n\tThe aim of this book is to provide an overview of the emerging research into the electrical behavior of 2D materials and their heterostructures from simple field-effect transistors to state-of-the-art integrated circuits and devices, the current challenges and future directions in this fast-evolving field. Hope it will be useful for the readers including students, scientists and engineers in the field of Electrical engineering, Materials science and Nanotechnology.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:null,priceUsd:null,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"07cc6347ecafec0106dda6ac3fc78f2c",bookSignature:"Dr. Pramoda Kumar Nayak and Dr. K. Lakshmi Ganapathi",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6871.jpg",keywords:"Electrical conductivity, Two-dimensional materials, Graphene, Transition metal dichalcogenides, Black phosporous, Topological insulators, Heterostructures, Field effect transistors, Tunnel field effect transistors, Negative differential resistance, Contact resistance, Leakage currents, Short-channel effects. Mobility, Grain boundary, Electroluminescence, Light emitting devices, photovoltaic devices, Flexible electronics",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 17th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 8th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 7th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 25th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 24th 2018",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"38997",title:"Dr.",name:"Pramoda Kumar",middleName:null,surname:"Nayak",slug:"pramoda-kumar-nayak",fullName:"Pramoda Kumar Nayak",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/38997/images/system/38997.png",biography:"Dr. Pramoda Kumar Nayak is currently working as an Adjunct Professor (Ramanujan Fellow) at Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India. He received his doctoral degree in physics from Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, India. After completion of his Ph.D, he worked as a post doctoral researcher and visiting scientist in several institutions around the globe including Institute for Plasma Research, India, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan and Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea. His research interest is focused on Two-dimensional materials, van der Waals heterostructures, Topological insulators, and Quantom dots. He has published forty three international journals, five book chapters, one book and three edited volumes so far in his research carrier.",institutionString:"IIT Madras",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Madras",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"250186",title:"Dr.",name:"K. Lakshmi",middleName:null,surname:"Ganapathi",slug:"k.-lakshmi-ganapathi",fullName:"K. Lakshmi Ganapathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250186/images/7051_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. K. Lakshmi Ganapathi is currently working as an Adjunct Professor (Inspire Faculty) at Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India. He received his doctoral degree in applied physics from Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, India. 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1. Introduction
Malaria is one of the world’s deadliest parasitic diseases affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported an estimate of 241 million cases as compared to 227 million cases in 2019, with the number of deaths standing at 627,000 [1]. Due to the spread of insecticide-resistant mosquitoes as well as the development of Plasmodium falciparum resistant strains, control strategies are no longer as effective as they should. Thus, novel innovative strategies are required to combat this disease. A better understanding of the interactions between the mosquito and the malaria parasite may inform the development of new tools to control the disease. Transmission intervention by way of vaccines or transgenic mosquitoes may offer additional control strategies. Their development will, however, require the identification of valid molecular targets. The effective transmission of malaria requires specific compatibility between vector and parasite genotypes. Even within the susceptible Anopheles gambiae species (the most effective vector of the human malaria parasite), while some are resistant to infection, others, though unable to eliminate the infection, are capable of drastically reducing pathogen numbers [2, 3]. The mosquito molecules which interact with the malaria parasite to cause refractoriness in resistant strains have the potential to serve as targets for the development of novel transmission-blocking intervention strategies [4].
2. Malaria parasite life cycle stages
The female anopheles mosquito requires blood to nourish her eggs. As she sucks her victim’s blood, she secretes saliva and, if infected, injects sporozoites into the subcutaneous layer of the skin of her victim. The sporozoite travel to the liver where it invades hepatocytes. Here, it replicates asexually (mitotically) producing thousands of merozoites over a period of 6–15 days without causing any symptoms. Thereafter, the merozoites are released from the hepatocytes in the form of vesicles (merozomes). The vesicles disintegrate, releasing merozoites into the bloodstream to begin the erythrocytic stage of the disease. Within RBCs, parasites develop through ring, trophozoite, and schizont stages producing approximately 16 daughter merozoite per schizont. The schizont then ruptures in near synchrony with each other (unlike other human malaria parasites, P. falciparum does not exhibit distinct paroxysms) releasing hemozoin (malaria pigment) into the bloodstream of the victim which is responsible for the intermittent fever that accompanies the disease. The released merozoites invade new cells to initiate a new erythrocytic cycle. This cycle can go on and on resulting in host death from anemia unless the individual gets treated by an effective antimalarial therapy or the parasite gets killed by the immune system of the host. With each replication, some merozoites, instead of producing daughter merozoites, develop into male (microgametocyte) and female (macrogametocyte) gametocytes. Once gametocytes are picked up by a mosquito, transmission is initiated. The increased pH, lowered temperature as well as the presence of xanthurenic acid in the mosquito stomach, trigger the formation of the male and female gametes which fuse to form zygotes thereby initiating the sexual cycle [5]. The fusion of the gametes results in the formation of actively moving ookinete that migrates through the mosquito midgut to form oocytes containing thousands of sporozoites. The oocysts eventually burst to release these sporozoites which travel to the salivary gland of the mosquito for onward transmission.
3. Vector-malaria parasite interactions
3.1 Mosquito immune defenses
While the male anopheles mosquito feeds exclusively on plant nectar, in addition to feeding on plant nectar, the female anopheles mosquito requires blood to nourish and develop her eggs. During blood feeding, she’s exposed to malaria parasites (gametocytes), which must complete its complex developmental life cycle inside a mosquito host. The mosquito vector risks infection when there is physical injury to its cuticle or following cuticular degradation by the parasite. However, infection can be limited or reduced by mounting immune (innate and humoral) responses mediated by pattern recognition receptors and factors that trigger parasite killing via lysis, melanization (deposition of melanin on the surface of invading pathogens), and hemocyte-mediated phagocytosis. Further, many other mosquito molecules have also been reported to limit infection in the primary mosquito compartments which pathogens inhabit i.e. the midgut, the hemocoel, and the salivary glands.
3.1.1 Midgut
Upon ingestion of erythrocytes, cibarial armatures which mosquitoes use for RBC lysis are the first barriers faced by pathogens before they reach the midgut. Although the cibarial armature is effective in limiting infection by large metazoan parasites, it is not very effective at destroying protozoan parasites such as the malaria parasite [6, 7]. Transformation of ookinete to oocyst in the midgut is drastically reduced following lytic and melanization events. A number of molecules have been found to either facilitate or inhibit the parasite development within the midgut. They include the protein alanyl aminopeptidase N (AnAPN1); a surface recognition molecule which acts as a receptor for the malaria parasite in the mosquito midgut [8], a thioester-containing protein (TEP1), and leucine-rich repeat immune protein, (LRIM1) which recognizes the invading ookinetes at the basal lamina which surrounds the mosquito midgut and trigger immune responses [9, 10]. On the other hand, molecules such as C-type lectin 4 (CTL4), caspar, and cactus have been reported to negatively regulate the immune response of the mosquito, as silencing of these proteins resulted in decreased oocyst count [11, 12]. In A. gambiae midgut, (CTL4) and C-type lectin mannose-binding 2 (CTLMA2) negatively regulates the melanization of Plasmodium berghei ookinetes [13]. Further, the Serine protease inhibitor serpin 2 (SRPN2) also facilitates midgut invasion through inhibition of lysis and melanization [14, 15].
3.1.2 Hemocoel
The hemocoel is a nutrient-rich medium containing immune surveillance cells known as hemocytes. Hemocytes can be grouped into two sub-populations; granulocytes and oenocytoid. The granulocyte sub-population is capable of phagocytosing pathogens. Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) are hemolymph proteins involved in the killing of Plasmodium ookinetes. The most studied (TEP) is the hemocyte-produced phagocytosis enhancer (TEP1). (TEP1) gets activated by complexing with the leucine-rich repeat containing proteins (LRIM1) and (APL1C) after which it opsonizes ookinetes for destruction by phagocytes [16]. Genetic variations in (TEP1) and (APL1C) are reported to affect mosquito immune competence against the parasite [3, 17].
Oenocytoids constitute the remaining population of the hemocytes. They are known to secrete enzymes of the melanization pathway (such as phenoloxidase and phenylalanine hydroxylase) used by mosquito to kill pathogens. Although the mechanism of pathogen killing by melanization remains unclear, it has been suggested that killing could either be the result of oxidative stress generated by unstable intermediates during melanogenesis or the result of starvation since melanization isolates the pathogen from the nutrient-rich hemocoel [18, 19]. In a literature search, Sreenivasamurthy et al. [20] identified a total of 22 molecules which play a role in melanization of ookinetes within the mosquito midgut.
3.1.3 Salivary gland
Sporozoites that successfully break through the mosquito immune defense system in the midgut lamina migrate to the salivary gland via the hemolymph. This they must do for transmission to occur. About 80–90% of sporozoites are reportedly lost during migration through the hemolymph. The mechanism by which this occurs is however not fully understood [21]. The invasion of the mosquito’s salivary gland has been reported to be triggered by effective and specific associations of sporozoite surface antigens such as thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP), with receptors such as saglin present on the salivary glands of the mosquito [14]. Using knockdown assays, Cui et al. [22] showed that four genes {AGAP006268 (peritrophin), AGAP002848 (Niemann-Pick Type C-2) (NPC-2), AGAP006972 (keratin-associated protein 16–1), and AGAP002851 (NPC-2)} play a crucial role in protecting the mosquito from parasite invasion whereas three other genes {AGAP008138 (uncharacterized), FREP1 (fibrinogen-related protein 1), and HPX15 (Heme peroxidase)} facilitated P. falciparum transmission to mosquitoes.
3.2 Parasite strategies for evading mosquito immune defenses
3.2.1 Midgut invasion
The malaria parasite must evolve mechanisms to evade the barriers put in place by the mosquito for successful completion of its life cycle which is an absolute requirement for parasite survival and effective transmission. A Plasmodium falciparum surface protein Pfs47 protects the parasite from the immune system of the mosquito in the midgut [23]. The result of the study by Molina-Cruz et al. [23] suggest that Plasmodium falciparum Pfs47 haplotypes dictate vector compatibility. The researchers demonstrated that A. gambiae fails to mount a proper immune response against several P.falciparum lines including NF54 and GB4 partly because of Pfs47 which mediates immune evasion by disrupting JNK/caspase-mediated apoptosis in the mosquito midgut [24]. Whereas, evasion of the complement-like response in Anopheles coluzzii, (a dominant species of the An. gambiae complex in West Africa) is mediated by the protein Plasmodium Infection of the Mosquito Midgut Screen 43 (PIMMS43) which is present on the surface of ookinete and sporozoite [25].
3.2.2 Salivary gland invasion
Once sporozoites are released from the oocyst, they migrate to the salivary gland via the hemocoel [21]. Salivary gland invasion is a key step in the life cycle of the parasite since changes that take place on the sporozoites surface proteins in the salivary gland enable them to invade the salivary gland of the mosquito and also to be successfully transmitted. The proteins, Plasmodium responsive salivary 1 (PRS1), epithelial serine protease (ESP), peptide-O-xylosyltransferase 1 (OXT1), and a serine protease inhibitor (SRPN6) have been shown to play crucial roles in parasite invasion of both midgut and salivary glands. While (SRPN6) limits salivary gland invasion by Plasmodium sporozoites [26], knocking down PRS1, ESP, retinoid and fatty-acid binding glycoprotein (RFABG) and (OXT1) have been reported to decrease oocyst and sporozoite numbers [27, 28, 29, 30]. Further, malaria parasites carrying mutations in conserved region II of the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) are unable to escape the oocyst [31]. Deletion of TRAP and LIMP (a highly conserved protein in Plasmodium parasites) severely impairs gliding motility which is important for salivary gland invasion [32, 33]. Whereas, although deletion of rhoptry neck protein 2 (RON) does not affect parasite’s gliding motility, salivary gland invasion is abolished [34].
4. Past, present, and future of transmission-blocking intervention strategies
Over the last two decades, the use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) have been major contributors to gains in malaria eradication efforts [35, 36, 37, 38]. Even with the routine use of these key malaria interventions as well as effective malaria treatment with artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), malaria-related mortality and morbidity remain unacceptably high with about half a million people losing their lives to the disease annually. Further, the development of resistance by the vector to insecticides as well as generation of parasite resistance to antimalarial drugs highlights the need for sustaining current gains and developing additional innovative control measures. Novel transmission-blocking intervention by vaccines or genetically engineered mosquitoes may provide a promising approach.
In 2013, the Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI) was rolled out. One of its key goals is the development of vaccines capable of interrupting transmission. Transmission- blocking vaccines (TBVs) are the result of efforts put in place by researchers to understand the interaction between the parasite and mosquito. Some TBVs are currently undergoing trials for efficacy and other key measures of success (Table 1). Alanyl aminopeptidase N (AnAPN1) is the leading midgut TBV immunogen [8]. (AnAPN1) is highly immunogenic and conserved between different anophelines. This makes it very attractive for vaccine development as vaccines prepared with this antigen should be active against all human malaria vectors hence saving the resources needed to develop specific targets for different Anopheles/Plasmodium species combinations [54]. Other midgut candidate molecules include carboxypeptidase [40], calreticulin [41], Croquemort SCRBQ2 [42] and myosin [43]. Candidate parasite molecules include those found on the surface of gametocytes and gametes (Pfs 2400, Pfs230, Pfs48/45) as well as zygotes and ookinetes (Pfs25, Pfs28) [55]. Vaccine against Pvs25 and Pfs25, which blocks P. vivax and P.falciparum respectively, are currently the leading molecule for a TBV [45, 56].
More recently, scientists have shifted attention from regular vector-control strategies (LLINs and IRS) to engaging advanced molecular tools such as CRISPR-cas9 to re-program the vector genome so as to make them refractory to the parasite (Figure 1). Gene drives skew the pattern of inheritance of genes creating mosquitoes that will either reduce mosquito populations or make mosquitoes less likely to spread the malaria parasite. Using such gene-drive systems in the laboratory, researchers have been able to transfer antimalarial effector genes to mosquitoes [57, 58]. Intriguing using similar allelic drive system in a Drosophila melanogasta model, Kaduskar et al. [59] were successful at reversing the most widely spread insecticide resistance mutation in anophelines (L1014F) (a mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channels of mosquitoes which make them resistant to pyrethroids) to susceptible wild-type genes (1014 L). The report of these researchers opens new vistas for vector control as it demonstrated that not only can insecticide resistance (IR) be reversed but that there is a relative negative fitness cost for the (L1014F) insecticide-conferring mutation as compared to the wild-type allelic variant. Thus, offering the opportunity to synergize the use of a gene drive that confers a bias inheritance of the preferred wild-type allelic variant with regular vector control methods. They went on to suggest that the identification of target site variants that would make the vector hypersensitive to insecticides will hold an even better promise. Further, they suggested the possibility of combining such gene drives for reversing insecticide resistance with other systems promoting refractoriness in mosquitoes [59].
Figure 1.
Breaking the cycle of malaria transmission.
Mosquito picks up gametocytes from the blood of an infected person. The sexual cycle is initiated due to the presence of xanthurenic acid (XA) as well as the low temperature and high pH of the mosquito stomach. The parasite then progresses through different stages and eventually forms sporozoites which are infective to humans. As depicted in the image above, parasite development can be interrupted at any stage of its sexual cycle either by using TBVs (candidate molecules are in boxes bordered by red broken lines) or genetic-based tools could be used to alter the expression levels of proteins crucial for mosquito infection (see boxes with broken black lines). Such tools capable of breaking the transmission chain could be incorporated as part of an integrated antimalarial strategy to eradicate the disease.
Although successful transgenic manipulation of mosquitoes has been achieved in the laboratories, their relative negative fitness in relation to wild-type populations is an important limitation for their relevance for large-scale use. For example, in a mark-release-recapture study in Burkina Faso recently, hemizygous genetically-modified (GM) sterile and non-transgenic sibling males of Anopheles coluzzii were released into a field in a controlled study. Recovered carriers of the GM trait had lower survival and were less mobile than their wild-type siblings [60]. Another shortcoming to the use of genetic-based vector control tools is that employing methods such as transposon-mediated transformation which modify only one allele of the desired gene, would spread the desired trait only to half of the offspring, and would eventually get eliminated in the wild population. This can however be overcome by employing gene drive systems such as CRISPR nuclease Cas9 which are capable of copying themselves to both gene alleles that will be inherited by all offspring, and thus spread more efficiently through a wild population [59]. Despite their great promise, scientists are wary of gene drive because they could cause irreparable damage since they permanently alter an entire population (Table 2). Further, issues bothering on their safety, governance, affordability, and cost-effectiveness need to be addressed (Table 2).
Strategy
Pros
Cons
TBVs
It can reduce child mortality in areas of malaria endemicity
Extremely long duration for vaccine preparation
It can slow down the spread of mutant parasites thereby prolonging the efficacy of antimalarial drugs.
Lack of industrial partners which has hampered the progress of development [61].
It can be combined with other multi-stage vaccines and contribute immensely to actualizing the eradication goal
Due to their mechanism of action, acceptability may be an issue. Although a recent survey in Bo, Sierra Leone reported that 96% of adults in that region will be willing to take TBVs [62], it remains to be seen if this will be the case when TBVs are eventually ready for use.
Gene drive
It can reduce or eliminate malaria by interrupting the transmission chain.
Safety concerns. The impact of gene drives on ecological habitat and the world at large is unknown. There is a possibility of off-targets that could cause serious harm to other organisms and even humans.
Reduced use of insecticides thereby saving endangered species such as butterflies.
Ethical concerns of elimination of an entire population [63].
Mosquitoes can be controlled in a more effective manner other than the conventional use of insecticides to which mosquitoes often become resistant.
Genetically modified mosquitoes could spread across borders creating more legal issues [64].
It may reduce the economic and human cost of managing malaria.
Affordability. Many malaria endemic countries may be unable to afford it.
It may be more long-lasing than conventional vector control methods since gene-drives can continue to spread through multiple generations without the need to re-introduce them
Cost-effectiveness. Although gene drive was seen to be the most cost-effective tool for the elimination of malaria in the Democratic republic of Congo using a mathematical model [65], some school of thoughts believe investing more money on health systems would be more beneficial and less risky than developing a gene drive technology for malaria.
Table 2.
Pros and cons of transmission-blocking intervention strategies.
5. Conclusion and future perspectives
The prolonged and repeated use of insecticides of a limited chemical class is a major contributor for the acquisition of resistance mutations in insecticide-target genes in insects. On the part of the malaria parasite, it also constantly evades antimalarial drugs by generating resistance mutations. Hence, the need to identify additional control measures that TBVs and genetics-based vector control tools may offer. Broad-spectrum malaria transmission-blocking vaccine antigens such as FREP1 [66] and (AnAPN1) offer attractive targets for the development of TBVs. However, due to the lack of industrial partners, the development and production of TBVs have stalled [61].
To generate transgenic mosquitoes, mosquito proteins that cause complete refractoriness in the vector upon silencing may be the target of choice. An ideal target molecule would be one that does not impose a relative negative fitness cost on the insect and one which could be used in combination with others targeting different stages of the parasite life cycle [67]. However, a major challenge with genome editing techniques is devising means to safely drive effector genes into mosquito populations in the field without causing harm to other organisms, including humans. Once safety concerns are addressed, such tools could be integrated with traditional vector control strategies, in addition to effective malaria treatment and good sanitation practices for the actualization of the eradication goal.
Conflict of interests
Authors declare no conflict of interests exists.
Author’s contribution
NE conceptualized the write-up. VO contributed to writing. NE contributed to writing, review and editing. Both authors have read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript.
\n',keywords:"malaria transmission, vector-parasite interactions, transmission-blocking strategies, genetics-based tools, malaria eradication",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82435.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/82435.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82435",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82435",totalDownloads:1,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"March 2nd 2022",dateReviewed:"April 22nd 2022",datePrePublished:"June 28th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"June 28th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Malaria remains one of the world’s most devastating vector-borne diseases. During the complex sexual development of the malaria parasite in the mosquito, it is faced with physical and physiological barriers which it must surmount before it can be transmitted to a human host. Proof-of-concept studies using RNAi have unearthed several parasite molecules which are important for countering the immunity of its vector. Understanding the counter-adaptations between the parasite and its vector could inform novel public health intervention strategies. For instance, it could guide the transgenic construction of resistant mosquitoes in which mosquito factors that restrict the parasite growth have been enhanced and/or factors promoting parasite growth deleted so as to make them refractory to malaria parasite infection. Such strategies, when deemed feasible, could be combined with conventional vector control methods as well as treatment of infection with effective malaria therapy, to actualize the malaria eradication goal.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82435",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82435",signatures:"Nekpen Erhunse and Victor Okomayin",book:{id:"11379",type:"book",title:"Mosquito Research - Recent Advances in Pathogen Interactions, Immunity, and Vector Control Strategies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Mosquito Research - Recent Advances in Pathogen Interactions, Immunity, and Vector Control Strategies",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Henry Puerta-Guardo and Dr. Pablo Manrique-Saide",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11379.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-853-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-852-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-854-7",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"317044",title:"Dr.",name:"Henry",middleName:null,surname:"Puerta-Guardo",slug:"henry-puerta-guardo",fullName:"Henry Puerta-Guardo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Malaria parasite life cycle stages",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Vector-malaria parasite interactions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"3.1 Mosquito immune defenses",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_3",title:"3.1.1 Midgut",level:"3"},{id:"sec_4_3",title:"3.1.2 Hemocoel",level:"3"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"3.1.3 Salivary gland",level:"3"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.2 Parasite strategies for evading mosquito immune defenses",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_3",title:"3.2.1 Midgut invasion",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_3",title:"3.2.2 Salivary gland invasion",level:"3"},{id:"sec_11",title:"4. Past, present, and future of transmission-blocking intervention strategies",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"5. Conclusion and future perspectives",level:"1"},{id:"sec_17",title:"Conflict of interests",level:"1"},{id:"sec_13",title:"Author’s contribution",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'World Health Organization. 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Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
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Optional Services
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Your published content is immediately available to read, share and download for free
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Chapter and book statistics performance reports allowing you to examine the reach of your content
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Rapid publishing process with personal support
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Lubarsky, D. Shcherbik, O. Bibik, Y. Gopala and B. T. Zinn",authors:[{id:"65353",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Lubarsky",slug:"eugene-lubarsky",fullName:"Eugene Lubarsky"}]},{id:"61632",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74967",title:"Application of Nanofluids for Thermal Management of Photovoltaic Modules: A Review",slug:"application-of-nanofluids-for-thermal-management-of-photovoltaic-modules-a-review",totalDownloads:1570,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:"Mounting temperature impedes the conversion efficiency of photovoltaic systems. Studies have shown drastic efficiency escalation of PV modules, if cooled by nanofluids. Ability of nanofluids to supplement the efficiency improvement of PV cells has sought attention of researchers. This chapter presents the magnitude of improved efficiency found by different researchers due to the cooling via nanofluids. The effect of factors (such as, nanoparticle size, nanofluid concentration, flowrate of nanofluid and geometry of channel containing nanofluid) influencing the efficiency of PV systems has been discussed. Collective results of different researchers indicate that the efficiency of the PV/T systems (using nanofluids as coolant) increases with increasing flowrate. Efficiency of these systems increases with increasing concentration of nanofluid up to a certain amount, but as the concentration gets above this certain value, the efficiency tends to decline due to agglomeration/clustering of nanoparticles. Pertaining to the most recent studies, stability of nanoparticles is still the major unresolved issue, hindering the commercial scale application of nanofluids for the cooling of PV panels. Eventually, the environmental and economic advantages of these systems are presented.",book:{id:"6514",slug:"microfluidics-and-nanofluidics",title:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics",fullTitle:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics"},signatures:"Hafiz Muhammad Ali, Tayyab Raza Shah, Hamza Babar and\nZargham Ahmad Khan",authors:[{id:"187624",title:"Dr.",name:"Hafiz Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"hafiz-muhammad-ali",fullName:"Hafiz Muhammad Ali"},{id:"229676",title:"Mr.",name:"Hamza",middleName:null,surname:"Babar",slug:"hamza-babar",fullName:"Hamza Babar"},{id:"241251",title:"Mr.",name:"Tayyab",middleName:"Raza",surname:"Raza Shah",slug:"tayyab-raza-shah",fullName:"Tayyab Raza Shah"},{id:"241252",title:"Mr.",name:"Zargham Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"zargham-ahmad-khan",fullName:"Zargham Ahmad Khan"}]},{id:"59009",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72505",title:"Thermal Transport and Challenges on Nanofluids Performance",slug:"thermal-transport-and-challenges-on-nanofluids-performance",totalDownloads:1721,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Progress in technology and industrial developments demands the efficient and successful energy utilization and its management in a greater extent. Conventional heat-transfer fluids (HTFs) such as water, ethylene glycol, oils and other fluids are typically low-efficiency heat dissipation fluids. Thermal management is a key factor in diverse applications where these fluids can be used, such as in automotive, microelectronics, energy storage, medical, and nuclear cooling among others. Furthermore, the miniaturization and high efficiency of devices in these fields demand successful heat management and energy-efficient materials. The advent of nanofluids could successfully address the low thermal efficiency of HTFs since nanofluids have shown many interesting properties, and the distinctive features offering extraordinary potential for many applications. Nanofluids are engineered by homogeneously suspending nanostructures with average sizes below 100 nm within conventional fluids. This chapter aims to focus on a detail description of the thermal transport behavior, challenges and implications that involve the development and use of HTFs under the influence of atomistic-scale structures and industrial applications. Multifunctional characteristics of these nanofluids, nanostructures variables and features are discussed in this chapter; the mechanisms that promote these effects on the improvement of nanofluids thermal transport performance and the broad range of current and future applications will be included.",book:{id:"6514",slug:"microfluidics-and-nanofluidics",title:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics",fullTitle:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics"},signatures:"José Jaime Taha-Tijerina",authors:[{id:"182402",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:"Jaime",surname:"Taha-Tijerina",slug:"jose-taha-tijerina",fullName:"Jose Taha-Tijerina"}]},{id:"57228",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71002",title:"Thresholding Algorithm Optimization for Change Detection to Satellite Imagery",slug:"thresholding-algorithm-optimization-for-change-detection-to-satellite-imagery",totalDownloads:1639,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"To detect changes in satellite imagery, a supervised change detection technique was applied to Landsat images from an area in the south of México. At first, the linear regression (LR) method using the first principal component (1-PC) data, the Chi-square transformation (CST) method using first three principal component (PC-3), and tasseled cap (TC) images were applied to obtain the continuous images of change. Then, the threshold was defined by statistical parameters, and histogram secant techniques to categorize as change or unchanged the pixels. A threshold optimization iterative algorithm is proposed, based on the ground truth data and assessing the accuracy of a range of threshold values through the corresponding Kappa coefficient of concordance. Finally, to evaluate the change detection accuracy of conventional methods and the threshold optimization algorithm, 90 polygons (15,543 pixels) were sampled, categorized as real change/unchanged zones, and defined as ground truth, from the interpretation of color aerial photo slides aided by the land cover maps to obtain the omission/commission errors and the Kappa coefficient of agreement. The results show that the threshold optimization is a suitable approach that can be applied for change detection analysis.",book:{id:"6126",slug:"colorimetry-and-image-processing",title:"Colorimetry and Image Processing",fullTitle:"Colorimetry and Image Processing"},signatures:"René Vázquez-Jiménez, Rocío N. Ramos-Bernal, Raúl Romero-\nCalcerrada, Patricia Arrogante-Funes, Sulpicio Sanchez Tizapa and\nCarlos J. Novillo",authors:[{id:"213505",title:"Dr.",name:"René",middleName:null,surname:"Vázquez-Jiménez",slug:"rene-vazquez-jimenez",fullName:"René Vázquez-Jiménez"},{id:"213527",title:"Dr.",name:"Raúl",middleName:null,surname:"Romero-Calcerrada",slug:"raul-romero-calcerrada",fullName:"Raúl Romero-Calcerrada"},{id:"213529",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocío N.",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos-Bernal",slug:"rocio-n.-ramos-bernal",fullName:"Rocío N. Ramos-Bernal"},{id:"213530",title:"MSc.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Arrogante-Funes",slug:"patricia-arrogante-funes",fullName:"Patricia Arrogante-Funes"},{id:"213531",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos J.",middleName:null,surname:"Novillo",slug:"carlos-j.-novillo",fullName:"Carlos J. Novillo"},{id:"221412",title:"Dr.",name:"Sulpicio",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez-Tizapa",slug:"sulpicio-sanchez-tizapa",fullName:"Sulpicio Sánchez-Tizapa"}]},{id:"61556",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74426",title:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics: Science, Fabrication Technology (From Cleanrooms to 3D Printing) and Their Application to Chemical Analysis by Battery-Operated Microplasmas-On-Chips",slug:"microfluidics-and-nanofluidics-science-fabrication-technology-from-cleanrooms-to-3d-printing-and-the",totalDownloads:1850,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The science and phenomena that become important when fluid-flow is confined in microfluidic channels are initially discussed. Then, technologies for channel fabrication (ranging from photolithography and chemical etching, to imprinting, and to 3D-printing) are reviewed. The reference list is extensive and (within each topic) it is arranged chronologically. Examples (with emphasis on those from the authors’ laboratory) are highlighted. Among them, they involve plasma miniaturization via microplasma formation inside micro-fluidic (and in some cases millifluidic) channels fabricated on 2D and 3D-chips. Questions addressed include: How small plasmas can be made? What defines their fundamental size-limit? How small analytical plasmas should be made? And what is their ignition voltage? The discussion then continues with the science, technology and applications of nanofluidics. The conclusions include predictions on potential future development of portable instruments employing either micro or nanofluidic channels. Such portable (or mobile) instruments are expected to be controlled by a smartphone; to have (some) energy autonomy; to employ Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning, and to have wireless connectivity for their inclusion in the Internet-of-Things (IoT). In essence, those that can be used for chemical analysis in the field for “bringing part of the lab to the sample” types of applications.",book:{id:"6514",slug:"microfluidics-and-nanofluidics",title:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics",fullTitle:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics"},signatures:"Vassili Karanassios",authors:[{id:"60925",title:"Prof.",name:"Vassili",middleName:null,surname:"Karanassios",slug:"vassili-karanassios",fullName:"Vassili Karanassios"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"53106",title:"Dynamical Particle Motions in Vortex Flows",slug:"dynamical-particle-motions-in-vortex-flows",totalDownloads:2264,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Circular vortex flows generate interesting self-organizing phenomena of particle motions, that is, particle clustering and classification phenomena. These phenomena result from interaction between vortex dynamics and relaxation of particle velocity due to drag. This chapter introduces particle clustering in stirred vessels and particle classification in Taylor vortex flow based on our previous research works. The first part of this chapter demonstrates and explains a third category of solid-liquid separation physics whereby particles spontaneously localize or cluster into small regions of fluids by taking the clustering phenomena in stirred vessels as an example. The second part of this chapter discusses particle classification phenomena due to shear-induced migration. Finally, this chapter discusses about process intensification utilizing these self-organizing phenomena of particle motions in vortex flows.",book:{id:"5370",slug:"vortex-dynamics-and-optical-vortices",title:"Vortex Dynamics and Optical Vortices",fullTitle:"Vortex Dynamics and Optical Vortices"},signatures:"Steven Wang and Naoto Ohmura",authors:[{id:"186403",title:"Prof.",name:"Naoto",middleName:null,surname:"Ohmura",slug:"naoto-ohmura",fullName:"Naoto Ohmura"},{id:"187311",title:"Dr.",name:"Steven",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"steven-wang",fullName:"Steven Wang"}]},{id:"67203",title:"Introductory Chapter: Swirling Flows and Flames",slug:"introductory-chapter-swirling-flows-and-flames",totalDownloads:1643,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"7409",slug:"swirling-flows-and-flames",title:"Swirling Flows and Flames",fullTitle:"Swirling Flows and Flames"},signatures:"Toufik Boushaki",authors:[{id:"101545",title:"Dr.",name:"Toufik",middleName:null,surname:"Boushaki",slug:"toufik-boushaki",fullName:"Toufik Boushaki"}]},{id:"53651",title:"Vortex Spinning System and Vortex Yarn Structure",slug:"vortex-spinning-system-and-vortex-yarn-structure",totalDownloads:5014,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Studying the yarn formation with the swirling air concept arouse of interest of the researchers for a long time because it appears to be easy to understand as a spinning principle. These kinds of systems are known as the vortex yarn spinning systems. The air-jet spinning methods have been developed since it is possible to eliminate the movable elements as the spindle and the traveler in ring spinning or the centrifuge in rotor spinning. The success of Murata vortex spinning (MVS) system which is the newest system after all studies of air-jet systems has been much acceptable especially for the spinning ability of 100% cotton in high speeds (500 m/min) and the yarn structure resembling ring yarn structure rather than rotor yarns. This study summarizes the historical background of vortex spinning, the spinning principle and the structure of the yarn spun on this system, as well as the factors influencing the yarn quality and finally the developments in vortex spinning technology.",book:{id:"6028",slug:"vortex-structures-in-fluid-dynamic-problems",title:"Vortex Structures in Fluid Dynamic Problems",fullTitle:"Vortex Structures in Fluid Dynamic Problems"},signatures:"Gizem Karakan Günaydin and Ali Serkan Soydan",authors:[{id:"186277",title:"Dr.",name:"Gizem",middleName:null,surname:"Karakan Günaydin",slug:"gizem-karakan-gunaydin",fullName:"Gizem Karakan Günaydin"},{id:"186607",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Serkan Soydan",slug:"ali-serkan-soydan",fullName:"Ali Serkan Soydan"}]},{id:"59009",title:"Thermal Transport and Challenges on Nanofluids Performance",slug:"thermal-transport-and-challenges-on-nanofluids-performance",totalDownloads:1724,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"Progress in technology and industrial developments demands the efficient and successful energy utilization and its management in a greater extent. Conventional heat-transfer fluids (HTFs) such as water, ethylene glycol, oils and other fluids are typically low-efficiency heat dissipation fluids. Thermal management is a key factor in diverse applications where these fluids can be used, such as in automotive, microelectronics, energy storage, medical, and nuclear cooling among others. Furthermore, the miniaturization and high efficiency of devices in these fields demand successful heat management and energy-efficient materials. The advent of nanofluids could successfully address the low thermal efficiency of HTFs since nanofluids have shown many interesting properties, and the distinctive features offering extraordinary potential for many applications. Nanofluids are engineered by homogeneously suspending nanostructures with average sizes below 100 nm within conventional fluids. This chapter aims to focus on a detail description of the thermal transport behavior, challenges and implications that involve the development and use of HTFs under the influence of atomistic-scale structures and industrial applications. Multifunctional characteristics of these nanofluids, nanostructures variables and features are discussed in this chapter; the mechanisms that promote these effects on the improvement of nanofluids thermal transport performance and the broad range of current and future applications will be included.",book:{id:"6514",slug:"microfluidics-and-nanofluidics",title:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics",fullTitle:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics"},signatures:"José Jaime Taha-Tijerina",authors:[{id:"182402",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose",middleName:"Jaime",surname:"Taha-Tijerina",slug:"jose-taha-tijerina",fullName:"Jose Taha-Tijerina"}]},{id:"61556",title:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics: Science, Fabrication Technology (From Cleanrooms to 3D Printing) and Their Application to Chemical Analysis by Battery-Operated Microplasmas-On-Chips",slug:"microfluidics-and-nanofluidics-science-fabrication-technology-from-cleanrooms-to-3d-printing-and-the",totalDownloads:1850,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The science and phenomena that become important when fluid-flow is confined in microfluidic channels are initially discussed. Then, technologies for channel fabrication (ranging from photolithography and chemical etching, to imprinting, and to 3D-printing) are reviewed. The reference list is extensive and (within each topic) it is arranged chronologically. Examples (with emphasis on those from the authors’ laboratory) are highlighted. Among them, they involve plasma miniaturization via microplasma formation inside micro-fluidic (and in some cases millifluidic) channels fabricated on 2D and 3D-chips. Questions addressed include: How small plasmas can be made? What defines their fundamental size-limit? How small analytical plasmas should be made? And what is their ignition voltage? The discussion then continues with the science, technology and applications of nanofluidics. The conclusions include predictions on potential future development of portable instruments employing either micro or nanofluidic channels. Such portable (or mobile) instruments are expected to be controlled by a smartphone; to have (some) energy autonomy; to employ Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning, and to have wireless connectivity for their inclusion in the Internet-of-Things (IoT). In essence, those that can be used for chemical analysis in the field for “bringing part of the lab to the sample” types of applications.",book:{id:"6514",slug:"microfluidics-and-nanofluidics",title:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics",fullTitle:"Microfluidics and Nanofluidics"},signatures:"Vassili Karanassios",authors:[{id:"60925",title:"Prof.",name:"Vassili",middleName:null,surname:"Karanassios",slug:"vassili-karanassios",fullName:"Vassili Karanassios"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"224",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],testimonialsList:[]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
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\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
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\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
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\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
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\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
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\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
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Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:229,paginationItems:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",biography:"Dr. Aneesa Moolla has extensive experience in the diverse fields of health care having previously worked in dental private practice, at the Red Cross Flying Doctors association, and in healthcare corporate settings. She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"92",type:"subseries",title:"Health and Wellbeing",keywords:"Ecology, Ecological, Nature, Health, Wellbeing, Health production",scope:"
\r\n\tSustainable approaches to health and wellbeing in our COVID 19 recovery needs to focus on ecological approaches that prioritize our relationships with each other, and include engagement with nature, the arts and our heritage. This will ensure that we discover ways to live in our world that allows us and other beings to flourish. We can no longer rely on medicalized approaches to health that wait for people to become ill before attempting to treat them. We need to live in harmony with nature and rediscover the beauty and balance in our everyday lives and surroundings, which contribute to our well-being and that of all other creatures on the planet. This topic will provide insights and knowledge into how to achieve this change in health care that is based on ecologically sustainable practices.
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