Correspondence of logical and type theoretical operations.
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More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1034",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Approaches to Bronchitis",title:"Approaches to Bronchitis",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The aim of this book is to present some recent and interesting findings in the field of bronchitis, which will serve as a supplement to the book Bronchitis. In particular, this volume focuses on the successful use and development of novel tools in the diagnostics and treatment of bronchitis. Contributions include clinical case studies, the impact of air pollution on bronchitis, the presentation and diagnosis of the respiratory disease eosinophilic bronchiolitis, primary ciliary dyskinesia, the development of a method for the swift detection of the infectious bronchitis virus and studies investigating the successful use of alternative medicines in the treatment of bronchitis. 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\r\n\tAn Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is, in general, an aircraft operated by a navigator, a pilot using remote signal transmission from the ground, or flying autonomously according to previously given stored data. In addition to the aforementioned name Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, UAV is also found in the literature under the names Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle or Drone. The most widespread use of UAV is in the army. Unlike a cruise missile, the UAV is designed for multiple uses and is defined by all the rules of the profession like other aircraft, but without crew and pilots. Depending on the purpose, the unmanned aerial vehicle can be equipped with specific equipment, it can be either armed or unarmed.
\r\n\r\n\tThe aerodynamics and structure of the UAV are identical to those of airplanes and manned helicopters. They are more often projected as airplanes, and less often as unmanned helicopters. The technique and principles of takeoff and landing are often identical to a manned aircraft, and there are also solutions with catapulting and landing using a parachute. Unmanned aerial vehicles are usually operated in combination with guidance from the ground station by the remote transmission of command signals, while some individual segments of the trajectory or path are performed autonomously, with pre-memorized navigation data and given flight components.
\r\n\r\n\tCurrently, military UAVs mostly perform reconnaissance, spy, and lately, more and more direct combat tasks. Great and powerful countries are developing new generations of UAVs, and they are planning a huge increase of drones in their fleets. Unmanned aerial vehicles are also used for civilian purposes such as fire detection, firefighting, surveillance of areas prone to or threatened by floods, traffic monitoring, movement of animal species, monitoring of pipeline routes with oil, gas, or some other fluids.
\r\n\r\n\tIf one thinks about the future, it is quite certain that the sixth generation of fighter planes will be unmanned (it turned out that man is the main limiting factor when it comes to extreme maneuvers and speeds), and these aircraft will be able to fly, in the case of need, either without or with the crew. That time is not far away. One of the most perspective jobs of the future is going to be the navigation of drones in various sectors.
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Done",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1279.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51859",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan",surname:"Done",slug:"susan-done",fullName:"Susan Done"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"75694",title:"Group-Assign: Type Theoretic Framework for Human AI Orchestration",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96739",slug:"group-assign-type-theoretic-framework-for-human-ai-orchestration",body:'The nature of work is always transformed when automation is introduced. Looking back in history, automation has typically served to reduce or eliminate the need for manual work. From hand-delivered messages to telegraph, written communications in the past has required much manual labour. Today, email and a slew of instant messaging platforms get the same job done instantaneously and better. In recent years, highly advanced forms of automation involving AI are making headways into the mainstream workplace. Examples include manufacturing robots learning how to perform bin picking, robot patrol enforcing social distancing in midst of a virus situation [1] and many more. Automation therefore has an overall effect of moving human workers up the cognitive value chain, shifting towards increasingly managerial and strategic roles that are more knowledge-based. The reason for this is apparent as automation introduces characteristics such as being stronger and more tireless relative to human workers, and thereby allowing businesses to do more. Taking a step further, AI is also beginning to encroach into the cognitive realm at work whereby as an instance, an insurance company reportedly replaced its employees with an AI system [2]. All things considered; it is understandable why the workforce is under a constant drive to do more.
Generally, however, automation is well-suited only for tasks that are repeatable within a fixed context. Contrast to this, the handling of work tasks across shifting contexts is not a good candidate for automation. As an example, in the face of a widespread consumer behaviour change due to a pandemic, AI models supporting sentiment analysis, fraud detection, marketing and inventory management operations no longer behaved as expected. The article [3] writes:
Though AI models are designed for robustness to changes in the incoming data, situations like these reveal the AI models’ brittleness when there is a significant shift in input data distribution. This is termed as
To counter this, there are research efforts looking into OOD detection. To illustrate with an example, a deep generative model for OOD detection was trained using in-distribution genomic sequences [4], with the log-likelihoods plotted for both in-distribution and OOD inputs. We can see from the results (Figure 1) that the histogram of log-likelihood overlaps significantly for both in-distribution and OOD inputs, thus showing the model’s inability to differentiate between in-distribution and OOD. The authors further note that their observations are not in isolation and are congruent with earlier works using image data.
Log-likelihood hardly separates in-distribution and OOD inputs, adopted from [
Naturally, artificial general intelligence (AGI) comes to mind when we broach the topic of narrow AI (as afore discussed). We can think of AGI as the AI’s ability being on par or exceeding that of a human’s ability to learn, understand and perform intellectual tasks. To conceptualise the relationship of narrow AI and AGI, one may think of them as two sides of the same coin or rather, both ends of the same AI spectrum. Simply put, advancements in narrow AI will evolve towards AGI ultimately. Consensus indicates that AGI is not here today [5, 6] and predictions for the advent of AGI ranges widely anywhere from a few years to many decades away. Towards this goal, there are research directions on multiple fronts such as to progress deep learning from its current System 1-like abilities to be System 2-capable [7], improving language understanding through increasingly larger and complex language models such as BERT [8] (and its variants) and GPT-3 [9], etc. These are tangible indications that AGI is still some way off.
Meanwhile, we believe there is a complementary and parallel research direction to advancing narrow AI towards AGI. And that is human AI collaboration in which we exploit AI (be it narrow or AGI) to augment our natural abilities. In this sense, for as long as work is envisioned to involve humans, the pursuit for human AI collaboration remains a valuable research direction which will only be more relevant and strengthened further by AI’s advancements and increasing pervasiveness at work. In the following sections, we will progressively present our proposed framework designed to enable the collaboration within a network of humans and AI. To begin, we will first discuss some background concepts relevant towards our proposed work.
Type theory is a branch of symbolic logic in mathematics. The theory of types was conceived to address Russell’s paradox arising from naïve set theory, which says that any definable collection is a set. If we define a set of all sets that do not contain themselves, the paradox is illustrated when the set is not a member of itself and therefore needs to contain itself, which then leads to a contradiction of its own definition (Eq. (1)).
We can think of type theory as a formal language, complete with a set of rules that inform us on the construction and computations for strings of symbols which we will further introduce hereon the concept of
We begin with a basic representation (Eq. (2)), more formally referred to as a judgement, often encountered in type theory, which simply means that
In type theory, every term must have a type as seen in List 2. For ease of understanding, we can loosely correspond this to the set theoretic statement
Like other concepts in mathematics, the construction of an object in type theory is governed by rules and we will focus on the introduction of the relevant concepts in the following sections.
To start, we look at the
We define a function
We apply
If we apply
Hence, a function type will always map from some domain
Next, we introduce the
To illustrate, let us define
We define a dependent function
We further define terms and types as
If we apply
If we apply
Note that
Hence, a dependent product type will map to a different codomain depending on the input term.
Earlier on, we briefly talked about the correspondence referred to as
Furthermore, the correspondence between type theoretic and logic operations (Table 1) allows us to syntactically construct a type theoretical operation with the semantics of the corresponding logical operation. This is significant because with the ability to correspond between type theoretical and logical operations, the evidence (or proofs) are therefore first-class mathematical objects instead of being just a means for communicating mathematics.
Logical | Type Theoretic |
---|---|
True | 1 |
False | 0 |
Not A | |
A and B | |
A or B | |
A implies B | |
A if and only if B |
Correspondence of logical and type theoretical operations.
Although it may not be immediately apparent, what we just discussed has impactful implications, mainly:
Logical operations are integrated within the type theoretical operations, thus combining semantics and syntax. Hence, under the paradigm of propositions as types, a proposition is true and valid when we provide a term to the type. In other words, the type (proposition) is now inhabited by a term (evidence).
As we are operating with first-class mathematical objects within type theory, this introduces an important aspect: Computability. This gives rise to a further correspondence which is termed as evidence (or proofs) as programs.
Due to the constructivism nature of type theory, terms are constructed through a set of rules introduced earlier within Section 2. This introduces another important aspect: Explainability.
Type theory can be viewed as a mathematical formalisation for a programming language. Examples of such programming languages include Agda, Coq, Haskell and more. One notable usage is in proof assistants, that resulted in a verifiable proof of the four colour theorem [11] well over a century after its introduction in 1852. Another notable usage is in formal program verification, which is a software programming paradigm that ensures that the resulting computer program has the rigour of a mathematical proof. This is achieved through specifying how a program should behave and ensuring that it works as specified, which is synonymous with the creation and proof of a mathematical model. Beyond the guarantee of the program’s correctness, this has significant implications on cyber security in our highly connected digital society.
Though dependently typed functional programming is not mainstream at the point of writing, it is on the rise and initiatives such as CompCert [12] are active in taking functional programming forward. In concluding Section 2, we find the following quote [13] useful as a succinct summary of type theory:
Having discussed the background and relevant concepts, we will describe our proposed work hereon. We will first start off with a summary of what the framework is and what it does in Section 3.1. Following this, we will further describe the framework details, methodology and associated terminologies over the subsequent sections. We will also openly discuss about the design considerations that influence the current version of our proposed framework. This is done with the key purpose for sharing our research thoughts through the journey of developing our framework, to better inform future interested parties on how they can leverage and further our proposed work.
While the idea of human-machine or human-computer collaboration is not new and different ideas have been proposed. To the best of our knowledge, we are one of the first to propose the use of type theory as a language to orchestrate and describe human-machine collaboration. In our proposed framework, we define a fundamental set of type theoretic rules:
Base form of intent representation.
An intent can be applied to different data.
An intent may result in any number of possible implementations.
An intent may be composed of one or more constituent intents.
We also define abstract functions for
As an implementation to the type theoretic framework, we develop a prototype using Python that allows us to orchestrate independent declaration of intent(s) and instantiating the
In the context of our proposed work, we define intent simply as “the desire to do something (carry out an implementation)”. It is beyond the scope, however, to discuss or quantify intent from a philosophical or psychological view. Before we do something, we first have the intent to do so and the intent does not always necessarily lead to any tangible implementation. Here, we introduce the distinction between intent and implementation.
Work tasks often involve multiple actions and, in this sense, can be considered complex. In undertaking the task, we form an overall intent (which is to complete the task) comprising of constituent intents, which together represents an abstract plan to manage the task. For example, to set up a meeting, we will need to check for the meeting room availability, attendees’ availability and then determine the best common time slot. The overall intent in this example is “set up a meeting” with the rest being constituent intents. While “check for meeting room availability” and “check for attendees’ availability” can be independent, “determine best common time slot” will depend on these two constituent intents. A constituent intent may depend on one or more other constituent intents or it may also be independent from (existing alongside) other constituent intents. Here, we introduce the notion of a hierarchy of constituent intents within the context of an overall intent.
It can be challenging when we talk about intents. Horizontally across a company, different people in the similar job tiers can have different views about the same thing. Vertically, people across the job tiers will see things at different granularity. Using the same illustration of setting up a meeting, a manager may just instruct the team to set up a meeting. The team member in charge will probably add more constituent intents such as checking for meeting room and attendees’ availability because “set up a meeting” is insufficient to fulfil the task. This is an example of vertical granularity differences. Given if another team member is put in charge, he/she may also handle it differently and perhaps add “Cater for coffee and tea” as a constituent intent. This is an example of horizontal diversity. Therefore, to achieve the overall intent (some collective goal), it is important to have the ability to connect diverse and distributed intents in a robust manner.
With these design considerations in mind, framework design principles are summarised as follow:
Intent and implementation are distinct.
An intent (within a context) can contain a hierarchy of constituent intents.
An intent may depend on other constituent intents.
An intent may have one or more possible implementations.
Intents should be connected in a robust manner, enabling explanability.
We earlier discussed about the importance of connecting intents. And by connecting intents, we are composing some work plan. More generally, we are composing a structure and examples abound as we live in a world filled with structures. Examples of structures exist in buildings, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), literature, music and many more. The principle of compositionality [14] states that:
Reasoning is not monolithic and whether as an individual or a team, reasoning is compositional in nature. As we saw earlier, works in AI (both symbolic and neural) are also looking to emulate this behaviour within their AI models. However, intents are intangible and formless. We cannot know what another’s intent is unless it is expressed. From a human to human perspective, we compose expressions using some language (e.g. English, Chinese, French, German, etc.) to convey our intents to each another, and the success of it depends on both parties understanding the language as well as whether the expression is well-formed. This takes place so commonly in our daily lives that most of us likely have taken for granted the underlying significance. Hence, an expression is a proxy of our intent and the language is what enables the connection of intents.
Progressing into a future where humans and AI collaborate, will a human language suffice? The answer is clearly no. This is where we believe type theory will serve a suitable and important role in our proposed framework as the language (syntax) that allows users of the framework to define and connect intents and associated implementations (semantics) in a principled way.
Humans are not precise and often ambiguous in expressing our intents. Clearly, there is no metric for compatibility and level of abstraction when it comes to human intents. The level and the type of details we deem important and sufficient vary accordingly based on our experience. But with machines, precision and non-ambiguity is critical for things to work.
We believe type theory serves a key role in our proposed framework as the language (syntax) that bridges humans and machines. By embedding human-expressed intents within our type theoretic framework, we posit that the expressiveness (and ambiguity) of humans can be preserved while simultaneously having the precision that machines require in order to function.
This allows users of our framework to define and connect human intents and associated machine implementations (semantics) in a principled and precise manner that also allows for diversity and distributed contributions from multiple parties as is reflective of real world conditions.
Earlier, we presented the idea of correspondence in type theory such as “propositions as types” and “proofs as programs”. In our proposed framework, we further introduce a correspondence termed
Intents as types.
Recall we established that an intent is distinct from its implementation and an intent may have one or more implementations. This structure is a natural correspondence to the basic representation of term and type (Eq. (2)) earlier introduced and we will represent the base form of an intent in a similar type theoretic manner (Eq. (3)). Hence, we can easily understand this correspondence as:
Intents as types
Implementations as terms
By establishing intents as types, we have effectively laid down the foundation of our proposed framework from which we will further extend its functionalities.
In our proposed framework, there is a profound significance underlying intents as types. And this is because it allows for the separation of intents and implementations, which we believe to be critical towards enabling collaborations. Today, intent and implementation are intertwined which can be seen from how systems often specify and dictate how we carry out tasks in fulfilment of some intent. However, in context of the knowledge workplace, this is probably too draconian and rigid where the creativity and autonomy of individuals are especially valued. Furthermore, in reality, intents are often separate from implementations and may even be contributed by different people. Particularly, collaboration at scale is complex and we cannot reasonably expect it to be well-defined or pre-defined from the onset. On contrary, we can expect that for any collaboration:
Multiple parties are involved.
Coordination needs to happen vertically and horizontally within the organisation’s hierarchy.
People’s ideas and ways of doing things can be fluid, dynamic and diverse.
Essentially, we need to flexibly handle the division of interdependent labour, interconnected intents, and diverse methods of handling the task at hand. Therefore, the question is: how can we tie people’s collaboration together - managing the flow of information, etc. - allowing each person to define what they can do for others without overtly constraining their implementation, then allowing each task with input data to be broken into groups of data which can be handled with different implementations?
To achieve this, we believe that there needs to be a separation of intent from the implementation using type theory, enabled through our proposed framework.
Next, we derive the rules (axioms) of our proposed framework which will govern the operations in a type theoretic manner.
Given some data
Alternatively, we can write
where we view
To fulfil an intent
there may exist data groups or subtypes
Given some data
Each implementation former
In summary, these framework rules allow us to:
Define and construct intents.
Connect intent to constituent intents.
Associate an intent with its implementation(s) and related data.
Next, to complete the framework, we will introduce two algorithms, Group and Assign, as abstract methods respectively described in Algorithm 1 and Algorithm 2.
The Group function (Eq. (9)) is defined as: For every intent, we have a set of data that can be further grouped into smaller groups based on some grouping criteria
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
9:
10:
11:
The Assign function (Eq. (10:)) is defined as: For each group belonging to an intent
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:
8:
Our proposed framework is collectively formed by the framework rules (Section 3.6), Group and Assign. This completes the description of our framework and in the following sections, we will discuss the evaluation strategies and findings for our proposed framework.
Our proposed work brings together type theory, type theoretic framework axioms and associated functionalities as a human AI intent orchestration framework intended for real world application. To the best of our knowledge, this is a novel effort and uniquely positioned idea to introduce capabiltiies for enabling a collaborative human AI future. This concurrently presents a challenge for us in determining how best to provide an evaluation of the proposed framework as widespread adoption and understanding will require more time and effort beyond our scope of research, as is reasonably expected given that the collaborative human AI society has yet to be a norm at the point of writing.
Going into the future, we intend to utilise our proposed framework and progress beyond our preliminary evaluation efforts to progressively identify and engage external parties for further evaluation through joint collaborations. Nevertheless, we endeavour to provide an evaluation of our proposed framework here and therefore consider the following:
What is the closest and most relevant domain for our proposed framework?
In reference to this domain, what are some useful evaluation strategies?
We believe that evaluation strategies for a toolkit (which we liken as comparable to our proposed framework) from the domain of human computer interaction [15] is relevant and suitable. We also note that the authors have expressed that “The problem is that toolkit evaluation is challenging, as it is often unclear what ‘evaluating’ a toolkit means and what methods are appropriate.”, which speaks of a similar challenge for us and is still commonly faced till date by researchers of toolkits. Concretely, we reference and adopt two well-established evaluation strategies for the purpose of our evaluation, namely:
Demonstration: As the name suggests, this evaluation strategy shows what the framework can support and how users might potentially use the framework through means such as using examples to illustrate a variety of possible applications. And it helps with the question of “What can be done with the framework”. For our proposed work, we conduct this in the form of a “How To” scenario which is a technique of the demonstration evaluation strategy. Essentially, it is a walkthrough on a step-by-step breakdown of the workflow into individual steps and its associated results. Following this method, we demonstrate using a real-world context and step-by-step breakdown of how the framework orchestrates the intents of multiple users (Section 3.9).
Usage: This particular evaluation strategy involves a user group in how they work with the framework, which helps with verifying aspects such as conceptual clarity, ease of use, value as perceived to the target user group, etc. And it helps with the question of “Who can use the framework”. In practice, this is complementary and often combined with demonstrations. For our proposed work, we conduct this in the form of a walkthrough which is a technique of the usage evaluation strategy and gather the users’ overall impressions. Using this method, we show our proposed framework to our potential users for their feedback and impressions. As a further enhancement, we also made this an interactive walkthrough where the potential users participated under the context of a work task in our team (Section 3.10).
To illustrate the walkthrough, we utilise our prototype software library and further implement a demo application built on top to illustrate plausibility and practical usability of our proposed framework. Figures 3–6 are screenshots taken from the demo application.
To begin, let us suppose the scenario where we are planning for a fast food restaurant operations. Serving meals to our customers would be core to our business. In this context, “Serve Meal “would therefore be an overall intent from a management perspective. Another person on the team might look at this and suggest that we offer nuggets. Another then contributes that selling burgers will be a great idea too. Now, we have three intents altogether (Figure 3): “Serve Meal” and two constituent intents, “Serve Nugget” and “Serve Burger”.
Constructing intents in the context of menu planning for a fast food restaurant.
Subsequently, another team member points out that a meal would only be complete with a drink and further contributes “Serve Drink” (Figure 4). Here, we see that the framework is flexible to handle contributions of intents from different parties in a distributed manner. We could go on and add more intents, but this will suffice in this walkthrough for now.
Adding an intent “serve drink”.
At this point, we start to have a semblance of a plan on our food menu strategy and at work, this is what is often referred to as a “high level” view. However, it clearly still lacks further granularity such as:
What type of burger?
What type of drinks?
What type of nuggets?
What are the types of meal combinations we want to offer in our food menu?
We decide then that what we serve will depend on our inventory except we will not serve beef nuggets because it is not a norm. Looking through our inventory, we have chicken and beef in our raw meat inventory and coca-cola in our drinks. So, we will make beef burgers, chicken nuggets and coca-cola drinks. In doing this, we have effectively created groups of data based on some criteria and associated them with the corresponding implementation and intent (Figure 5).
Associating intent-data-implementation. Intents are represented as red rectangles, data is represented as blue diamonds and implementations are represented as green ovals.
Finally, we decide to offer 2 types of meal: Beef burger with coca-cola and chicken nuggets with coca-cola. This leads us to having a complete plan (Figure 6): We know what we want to do (Intent), we know how to do it (Implementation) and we have the ingredients (Data).
Completed plan for offering fast food meals.
It is clear that different levels of details (i.e. intents, implementations) are often being handled by different workers horizontally as well as vertically within a company hierarchy. Any work operations of some scale will necessitate this division of labour. This is where disconnects will happen because there are no guarantees of higher level details connecting with more granular details, especially more so when the big picture is contributed by many different workers.
To collect usage feedback, we conducted an interactive walkthrough on a work planning task for strategising our business unit growth, where we collaboratively develop a workplan by using our proposed framework principles. For confidentiality reasons, the actual content of the workplan will not be documented here. However, the process is similar in nature as our detailed step-by-step breakdown in Section 3.9. Following the conclusion of our interactive walkthrough, the user feedback for our proposed framework are summarised as follow:
Structured yet flexible: The intent-data-implementation pattern for building up a workplan provided a clear structure for interdependent labour, interconnected intents, and diverse methods of handling the task at hand. However, there is still much flexibility for expressing intents and implementations, and the structure does not inhibit this flexibility.
Clarity and precision: It is apparent from the workplan to see which intents are unfulfillable due to the inability to provide implementations or data for. While this feels rigid initially, it is subsequently well-accepted as there is a recognition that we cannot simply speak about our intents at work without the means to make it happen.
In summary, we like to highlight some key points:
The workplan can be easily visualised as a simple directed graph that is recursively constructed through primitive blocks comprising of 3 types of nodes: Intent, Implementation and Data.
Beneath the apparent simplicity, the workplan is type theoretic and built upon the rules and algorithms (Group and Assign) described respectively in Sections 3.6 and 3.7. This confers any workplan built upon this framework with the desirable type theoretic properties discussed in Section 2.
From our evaluations, we demonstrate the plausibility of our proposed framework towards its intended goal for orchestrating work plans across a heterogeneous network of human intents associated with AI/human implementations and data.
In summary, we can see that the framework orchestrates the intents and associated implementations from different people while keeping the intent and implementation separate.
This allows for each person to define what they can do for others in a distributed manner, while also enabling them the flexibility and freedom to provide their implementations they deem best.
More so, by utilising primitive blocks of intent-data-implementation, the workplan is built up in a type theoretic manner where dynamic dependencies can be captured and represented clearly.
This essentially makes the workplan a mathematical model which can be fully described using type theoretic expressions and hence is computable and constructive in nature.
At the beginning of the chapter, we established the significance of human AI collaboration, and proceeded to share about our proposed work and its intended contributions towards this goal. In ending this chapter, it is apt to candidly discuss about its potential challenges and associated future directions. To do this, let us expand our view of human AI collaboration beyond the technological lens. Again, what then is human AI collaboration? It is a relationship, fundamentally. Like any successful relationship, trust and communication are crucial. Let us discuss each of these factors:
Trust. This represents our confidence level in relying on the output from our AI counterpart. How do we ensure that the AI is performing as it should? Is there transparency in the way the AI operates? Are we able to interpret and understand why the AI does what it does? For example, standard-setting organisations define criteria for many technologies to ensure that compliance guarantees quality, digital security protocol such as SSL ensures the security for internet communications, well-documented manuals aid us in product troubleshooting and maintenance, etc. Every new technology introduced would eventually face questions such as these. Going forward, an area of potential interest lies in the framework integration with proof assistant capabilities. Work plans built upon our proposed framework are type theoretic in nature. The broad idea is therefore to treat every work plan as a theorem to be proven. By proving the theorem (work plan), the strong implication is that the work plan is verified to be working as intended. The ability to frame real world work plans as a mathematical model has desirable benefits in terms of trust, and this is an area which we hope to investigate more deeply.
Communication. This represents how human and AI convey and exchange information. While our proposed work contributes towards a facet of human AI collaboration to enable the description and orchestration of intents across a network of humans and machines, it is targeted and focused as is the nature of research. As an analogy, while networking protocols enable the exchange of information over the Internet, it does not inherently make information easily searchable by users. For this, technologies such as search engine come into play. Switching back to our context here, an interesting aspect of communication (beyond our proposed work) would be to consider how these intents (along with its associated implementations and data) can be made discoverable and reusable by others.
Naturally, our discussion here is by no means exhaustive. It is our intent and hope that our proposed work and discussion contributes towards and catalyse future discussions in the research community for the continued advancements of human AI collaboration and ultimately, towards the future of a collaborative human AI society.
In making this work possible, I gratefully acknowledge the support of NVIDIA and research funding from Singapore Economic Development Board that enabled the opportunity for conducting this work.
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Consequently, knowledge of exoplanets is considerably more limited than Solar System planets. This chapter reviews the essential characteristics of Solar System planets and associated data derived from a variety of observational approaches. Exoplanet characteristics and their comparison to Solar System planets are provided as well as general detection methods and planned probes to gather additional data.",book:{id:"10210",slug:"solar-system-planets-and-exoplanets",title:"Solar System Planets and Exoplanets",fullTitle:"Solar System Planets and Exoplanets"},signatures:"Joseph Bevelacqua",authors:[{id:"115462",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:"John",surname:"Bevelacqua",slug:"joseph-bevelacqua",fullName:"Joseph Bevelacqua"}]},{id:"65725",title:"On the Deviation of the Lunar Center of Mass to the East: Two Possible Mechanisms Based on Evolution of the Orbit and Rounding Off the Shape of the Moon",slug:"on-the-deviation-of-the-lunar-center-of-mass-to-the-east-two-possible-mechanisms-based-on-evolution-",totalDownloads:1029,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"It is known that the Moon’s center of mass (COM) does not coincide with the geometric center of figure (COF) and the line “COF/COM” is not directed to the center of the Earth, but deviates from it to the South-East. Here, we discuss two mechanisms to explain the deviation of the lunar COM to the East from the mean direction to Earth. The first mechanism considers the secular evolution of the Moon’s orbit, using the effect of the preferred orientation of the satellite with synchronous rotation to the second (empty) orbital focus. It is established that only the scenario with an increase in the orbital eccentricity e leads to the required displacement of the lunar COM to the East. It is important that high-precision calculations confirm an increase e in our era. In order to fully explain the shift of the lunar COM to the East, a second mechanism was developed that takes into account the influence of tidal changes in the shape of the Moon at its gradual removal from the Earth. The second mechanism predicts that the elongation of the lunar figure in the early era was significant. As a result, it was found that the Moon could have been formed in the annular zone at a distance of 3–4 radii of the modern Earth.",book:{id:"8444",slug:"lunar-science",title:"Lunar Science",fullTitle:"Lunar Science"},signatures:"Boris P. Kondratyev",authors:[{id:"277909",title:"Prof.",name:"Boris",middleName:"Petrovich",surname:"Kondratyev",slug:"boris-kondratyev",fullName:"Boris Kondratyev"}]},{id:"68357",title:"Solar System Exploration Augmented by In Situ Resource Utilization: System Analyses, Vehicles, and Moon Bases for Saturn Exploration",slug:"solar-system-exploration-augmented-by-in-situ-resource-utilization-system-analyses-vehicles-and-moon",totalDownloads:859,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Human and robotic missions to Saturn are presented and analyzed with a range of propulsion options. Historical studies of space exploration, planetary spacecraft and astronomy, in situ resource utilization (ISRU), and industrialization all point to the vastness of natural resources in the solar system. Advanced propulsion is benefitted from these resources in many ways. While advanced propulsion systems were proposed in these historical studies, further investigation of nuclear options using high-power nuclear electric and nuclear pulse propulsion as well as advanced chemical propulsion can significantly enhance these scenarios. Updated analyses based on these historical visions are presented. At Saturn, nuclear pulse propulsion with alternate propellant feed systems and Saturn moon exploration with chemical propulsion and nuclear electric propulsion options are discussed. Issues with using in situ resource utilization on Saturn’s moons are discussed. At Saturn, the best locations for exploration and the use of the moons as central locations for Saturn moon exploration are assessed. Environmental issues on Titan’s surface may present extreme challenges for some ISRU processes. In-space bases for moon-orbiting propellant processing and ground-based processing will be assessed.",book:{id:"7338",slug:"planetology-future-explorations",title:"Planetology",fullTitle:"Planetology - Future Explorations"},signatures:"Bryan Palaszewski",authors:[{id:"279275",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Bryan",middleName:null,surname:"Palaszewski",slug:"bryan-palaszewski",fullName:"Bryan Palaszewski"}]},{id:"65534",title:"Solar System Exploration Augmented by In Situ Resource Utilization: Lunar Base Issues",slug:"solar-system-exploration-augmented-by-in-situ-resource-utilization-lunar-base-issues",totalDownloads:1134,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Creating a presence and an industrial capability on the Moon is essential for the development of humankind. There are many historical study results that have identified and quantified the lunar resources and analyzed the methods of obtaining and employing those resources. The idea of finding, obtaining, and using these materials is called in situ resource utilization (ISRU). The ISRU research and development efforts have led to new ideas in rocket propulsion. Applications in chemical propulsion, nuclear electric propulsion, and many other propulsion systems will be critical in making the initial lunar base and future lunar industries more sustainable and will lead to brilliant futures for humanity.",book:{id:"8444",slug:"lunar-science",title:"Lunar Science",fullTitle:"Lunar Science"},signatures:"Bryan Palaszewski",authors:[{id:"279275",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Bryan",middleName:null,surname:"Palaszewski",slug:"bryan-palaszewski",fullName:"Bryan Palaszewski"}]},{id:"32533",title:"Measuring the Isotopic Composition of Solar Wind Noble Gases",slug:"measuring-the-isotopic-composition-of-solar-wind-noble-gases",totalDownloads:2789,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"1617",slug:"exploring-the-solar-wind",title:"Exploring the Solar Wind",fullTitle:"Exploring the Solar Wind"},signatures:"Alex Meshik, Charles Hohenberg, Olga Pravdivtseva and Donald Burnett",authors:[{id:"114740",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Meshik",slug:"alexander-meshik",fullName:"Alexander Meshik"},{id:"115300",title:"Prof.",name:"Donald",middleName:null,surname:"Burnett",slug:"donald-burnett",fullName:"Donald Burnett"},{id:"115301",title:"Prof.",name:"Charles",middleName:null,surname:"Hohenberg",slug:"charles-hohenberg",fullName:"Charles Hohenberg"},{id:"115302",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Pravdivtseva",slug:"olga-pravdivtseva",fullName:"Olga Pravdivtseva"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"98",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82332",title:"Access to Space, Access to the Moon – Two Sides of the Same Coin?",slug:"access-to-space-access-to-the-moon-two-sides-of-the-same-coin-",totalDownloads:13,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105175",abstract:"The dynamics of human expansion towards space are going through Earth external layers, orbital space and the Moon. With its low gravity, slingshot effect relative to Earth, on-site resources and relative proximity to Earth in the solar system, the renewed space race is effectively returning first to the Moon. A psychological bridge to enlarge our civilization with a permanent bridge to our natural satellite. The development of this Earth-Moon system, requires enormous amount of finances, energy, science, technology, but over all, opportunities. This chapter deals with the efforts and the mental changes that may eventually result from all of these changes.",book:{id:"10955",title:"Lunar Science - Habitat and Humans",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10955.jpg"},signatures:"Yann-Henri Chemin"},{id:"81141",title:"Modeling Radiation Damage in Materials Relevant for Exploration and Settlement on the Moon",slug:"modeling-radiation-damage-in-materials-relevant-for-exploration-and-settlement-on-the-moon",totalDownloads:32,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102808",abstract:"Understanding the effect of radiation on materials is fundamental for space exploration. Energetic charged particles impacting materials create electronic excitations, atomic displacements, and nuclear fragmentation. Monte Carlo particle transport simulations are the most common approach for modeling radiation damage in materials. However, radiation damage is a multiscale problem, both in time and in length, an aspect treated by the Monte Carlo simulations only to a limited extent. In this chapter, after introducing the Monte Carlo particle transport method, we present a multiscale approach to study different stages of radiation damage which allows for the synergy between the electronic and nuclear effects induced in materials. We focus on cumulative displacement effects induced by radiation below the regime of hadronic interactions. We then discuss selected studies of radiation damage in materials of importance and potential use for the exploration and settlement on the Moon, ranging from semiconductors to alloys and from polymers to the natural regolith. Additionally, we overview some of the novel materials with outstanding properties, such as low weight, increased radiation resistance, and self-healing capabilities with a potential to reduce mission costs and improve prospects for extended human exploration of extraterrestrial bodies.",book:{id:"10955",title:"Lunar Science - Habitat and Humans",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10955.jpg"},signatures:"Natalia E. Koval, Bin Gu, Daniel Muñoz-Santiburcio and Fabiana Da Pieve"},{id:"80241",title:"The Evolution of the Moon’s Orbit Over 100 Million Years and Prospects for the Research in the Moon",slug:"the-evolution-of-the-moon-s-orbit-over-100-million-years-and-prospects-for-the-research-in-the-moon",totalDownloads:65,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102392",abstract:"As a result of solving the problem of interaction of Solar-system bodies, data on the evolution of the Moon’s orbit were obtained. These data were used as the basis for the development of a mathematical model for the Moon representing its motion over an interval of 100 million years. A program of exploration of the Moon with the aim of creating a permanent base on it is outlined. Such a base is intended for exploring the Earth, the Sun, and outer space.",book:{id:"10955",title:"Lunar Science - Habitat and Humans",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10955.jpg"},signatures:"Joseph J. Smulsky"},{id:"80217",title:"Educational and Scientific Analog Space Missions",slug:"educational-and-scientific-analog-space-missions",totalDownloads:89,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101392",abstract:"Analog space missions in Poland include international scientific, technological, and business projects designed and realized by a private research company Analog Astronaut Training Center Ltd. (AATC) devoted to the future Moon and Mars exploration. Growing experience in educational aspect of the training as well as continuous development of the habitat and its professional space science laboratory equipment correspond to increased interest of educational organizations, universities, and individual students. We serve unique practical platform for space engineering, space master, and even space doctoral theses. In addition to a wide range of training courses offered for future astronauts, for example, diving, skydiving, rocket workshops, and stratospheric missions, AATC provides a private laboratory to simulate the space environment. It carries out scientific experiments focused on biology and space medicine, as well as addressing several multidisciplinary issues related to the Moon and Mars exploration, including space mining. The main goal of each our analog simulation is to get publishable results, what means that our analog astronauts obtain not only certification of completion of the training but also ability to continue studies and to perform it individually. This chapter summarizes methodology used by us, didactic tools, and obtained results for both educational and scientific analog simulations.",book:{id:"10955",title:"Lunar Science - Habitat and Humans",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10955.jpg"},signatures:"Agata Maria Kołodziejczyk and M. Harasymczuk"},{id:"79544",title:"Regolith and Radiation: The Cosmic Battle",slug:"regolith-and-radiation-the-cosmic-battle",totalDownloads:127,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101437",abstract:"This chapter discusses regolith utilization in habitat construction mainly from the point of view of radiation protection of humans on missions of long duration. It also considers other key properties such as structural robustness, thermal insulation, and micrometeoroid protection that all have to be considered in parallel when proposing regolith-based solutions. The biological hazards of radiation exposure on the Moon are presented and put in the context of lunar exploration-type missions and current astronaut career dose limits. These factors guide the research in radiation protection done with lunar regolith simulants, which are used in research and development activities on Earth due to the reduced accessibility of returned lunar samples. The ways in which regolith can be used in construction influence its protective properties. Areal density, which plays a key role in the radiation shielding capacity of a given material, can be optimized through different regolith processing techniques. At the same time, density will also affect other important properties of the construction, e.g. thermal insulation. A comprehensive picture of regolith utilization in habitat walls is drawn for the reader to understand the main aspects that are considered in habitat design and construction while maintaining the main focus on radiation protection.",book:{id:"10955",title:"Lunar Science - Habitat and Humans",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10955.jpg"},signatures:"Yulia Akisheva, Yves Gourinat, Nicolas Foray and Aidan Cowley"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:5},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). 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He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. 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(Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. 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