\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5438",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Operations Research - the Art of Making Good Decisions",title:"Operations Research",subtitle:"the Art of Making Good Decisions",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book is dedicated to operations research of broad applications, such as improving informational bases of performance measurement with grey relational analysis, application of lean methodologies in a neurosurgery high dependency unit, iteration algorithms in Markov decision processes with state-action-dependent discount factors and unbounded costs, financial feasibility analysis of Natura Rab business case study, and mathematical modeling of isothermal drying and its potential application in the design of the industrial drying regimes of clay products.Operations research is an important topic. In addition to its obvious benefits of winning a war, making most profit in a business endeavor, and constructing a correct mathematical model, it also provides a tool for efficient use of natural resources. Furthermore, both theory and practice of operations research and its related concepts are covered in the book, and a reader can benefit from this balanced coverage.",isbn:"978-953-51-2818-2",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2817-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5086-2",doi:"10.5772/62933",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"operations-research-the-art-of-making-good-decisions",numberOfPages:142,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"788338a326fcfe39265211c29138ba7a",bookSignature:"Kuodi Jian",publishedDate:"December 28th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5438.jpg",numberOfDownloads:12414,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:5,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 7th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 28th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 2nd 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 31st 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 30th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"107214",title:"Dr.",name:"Kuodi",middleName:null,surname:"Jian",slug:"kuodi-jian",fullName:"Kuodi Jian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/107214/images/727_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kuodi Jian holds B.S. degree in Computer Science from the University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, and the M.S. degree in Computer Science and the Ph. D. degrees in Computer Science and Operations Research from the North Dakota State University. He worked as a Computer System Architect at the Banner Health System, Fargo, North Dakota. He is the Associate Professor (ICS Graduate Director) in Metropolitan State University since 2003. His research interests are in the areas of algorithms, programming languages, real-time operating systems, operations research, database systems, web service–oriented architecture (SOA), artificial intelligence, computer hardware, and computer simulation.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Metropolitan State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"972",title:"Operations Research",slug:"applied-mathematics-operations-research"}],chapters:[{id:"53364",title:"Introductory Chapter - Operations Research",doi:"10.5772/66835",slug:"introductory-chapter-operations-research",totalDownloads:1823,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kuodi Jian",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53364",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53364",authors:[{id:"107214",title:"Dr.",name:"Kuodi",surname:"Jian",slug:"kuodi-jian",fullName:"Kuodi Jian"}],corrections:null},{id:"52398",title:"Improving Informational Bases of Performance Measurement with Grey Relation Analysis",doi:"10.5772/65286",slug:"improving-informational-bases-of-performance-measurement-with-grey-relation-analysis",totalDownloads:1700,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Performance measurement (PM) needs objective empirical data with causal relevance in order to steer and control financial performance generation. In business practice, there is often a lack of such objective data. A surrogate might be collected subjectively based on data generated by questioning corporate experts. Such an involvement of subjects can rapidly lead to an immense extent of data that (partially) imply incomplete information. To handle this imperfection of data, the Grey systems theory (GST) and especially its element, the Grey relation analysis (GRA), seem to be methodologies able to improve informational bases for PM purposes. Therefore, GRA is able to reveal those performance indicators that considerably influence the corporate financial performance, the key performance indicators. GRA is able to supply valid results with only four data points of a time series. Hence, the GST provides an improvement of the PM framework in situations of incomplete information, which is demonstrated in the following.",signatures:"Thorben Hustedt, Wolfgang Ossadnik and Fabian Burrey",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52398",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52398",authors:[{id:"191338",title:"Dr.",name:"Wolfgang",surname:"Ossadnik",slug:"wolfgang-ossadnik",fullName:"Wolfgang Ossadnik"},{id:"191718",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Fabian",surname:"Burrey",slug:"fabian-burrey",fullName:"Fabian Burrey"},{id:"191719",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Thorben",surname:"Hustedt",slug:"thorben-hustedt",fullName:"Thorben Hustedt"}],corrections:null},{id:"51962",title:"Application of Lean Methodologies in a Neurosurgery High Dependency Unit",doi:"10.5772/64715",slug:"application-of-lean-methodologies-in-a-neurosurgery-high-dependency-unit",totalDownloads:1634,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study aims to apply Lean methodologies at a neurosurgery high dependency unit (NHDU) for increasing safety and quality on the care delivered to acute neuropatients and to reduce time, steps, and distance travelled by nurses accessing life support equipment (LSE). The methodology used in this study is an action research, supported by a longitudinal mixed method approach with a one‐group within‐subjects pretest‐posttest experimental type design. Resulting in a high waste of time, steps, and distance travelled to reach them. After the application of Lean methodologies, distance, steps, and time travelled by Nurses were quite improved. Lean methodologies applied in NHDU contributed to improve the organization, availability, and accessibility of LSE by putting them at the point‐of‐use. Quality and safety of patient care were also improved by allowing almost immediate life support interventions. Resistance to change was the major limitation. The Lean philosophy empowers health facility managers with tools and methodologies that help them create health gains, implement a culture of continuous improvement of care and working environment, identify and eliminate barriers, and waste that limits the work of staff in providing quality services and saving lives. This chapter highlights the responsibility of health facility managers to properly organize health units to cope with emergency situations, by allowing immediate, efficient, and effective intervention of staff.",signatures:"Ricardo Balau Esteves, Susana Garrido Azevedo and Francisco\nProença Brójo",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/51962",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/51962",authors:[{id:"26862",title:"Prof.",name:"Susana",surname:"Azevedo",slug:"susana-azevedo",fullName:"Susana Azevedo"}],corrections:null},{id:"52619",title:"Iteration Algorithms in Markov Decision Processes with State-Action-Dependent Discount Factors and Unbounded Costs",doi:"10.5772/65044",slug:"iteration-algorithms-in-markov-decision-processes-with-state-action-dependent-discount-factors-and-u",totalDownloads:1721,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter concerns discrete time Markov decision processes under a discounted optimality criterion with state-action-dependent discount factors, possibly unbounded costs, and noncompact admissible action sets. Under mild conditions, we show the existence of stationary optimal policies and we introduce the value iteration and the policy iteration algorithms to approximate the value function.",signatures:"Fernando Luque-Vásquez and J. Adolfo Minjárez-Sosa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52619",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52619",authors:[{id:"130643",title:"Prof.",name:"Adolfo",surname:"Minjarez-Sosa",slug:"adolfo-minjarez-sosa",fullName:"Adolfo Minjarez-Sosa"},{id:"194568",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Luque-Vásquez",slug:"fernando-luque-vasquez",fullName:"Fernando Luque-Vásquez"}],corrections:null},{id:"52118",title:"Mathematical Modeling of Isothermal Drying and its Potential Application in the Design of the Industrial Drying Regimes of Clay Products",doi:"10.5772/64983",slug:"mathematical-modeling-of-isothermal-drying-and-its-potential-application-in-the-design-of-the-indust",totalDownloads:1578,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The processes of simultaneous moisture and heat transfer, which are often nonstationary, and the distinct nature and properties of the material to be dried complicate the description of the drying process. The theory of moisture migration and modeling of drying process has been the subject of many studies. Three theories, the diffusion, the capillary flow, and the evaporation-condensation, have won general recognition for the explanation of moisture transfer in porous media. This study has several objectives. The first one was to present a new method for calculation of the variable effective diffusivity as well as to identify different drying mechanisms and its exact transitions during isothermal drying of clay tiles. The second and main objectives were to analyze all obtained isothermal data, to create a link with the comprehensive theory of moisture migration during drying, and to set up the non-isothermal drying process. The procedure was based on the principle of controlling the mass transport during the drying process. Proposed regimes were consisted from several isothermal segments. Isothermal segments were selected and specificated in accordance with the clay raw material nature and the moisture migration theory.",signatures:"Miloš Vasić, Zagorka Radojević and Robert Rekecki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52118",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52118",authors:[{id:"140599",title:"Dr.",name:"Milos",surname:"Vasic",slug:"milos-vasic",fullName:"Milos Vasic"},{id:"191697",title:"Dr.",name:"Zagorka",surname:"Radojevic",slug:"zagorka-radojevic",fullName:"Zagorka Radojevic"},{id:"191698",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"Rekecki",slug:"robert-rekecki",fullName:"Robert Rekecki"}],corrections:null},{id:"52346",title:"Financial Feasibility Analysis of Natura Rab Business: Case Study",doi:"10.5772/65307",slug:"financial-feasibility-analysis-of-natura-rab-business-case-study",totalDownloads:1875,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In 2015 Natura Rab decided to provide three very important investments that will greatly change and facilitate its future business activities, especially the first project. The first and largest financial investment is the construction of the new organic shop with products at the central farm called Natura Rab. The second investment project is the new 2500 m2 olive plantation. The third investment in the analyzed family company is related to the beekeeping sector, and it involves several activities like buying new beekeeping equipment and new work vehicle. Before implementing the three investment projects, some financial parameters for the further assessment of investments were used, such as the net present value (NPV) and the internal rate of return (IRR). The investment value of the new shop is 38315.88 €, and the annual cash flow is 13,288 €. The net present value at the discount rate of 5.5% in the fourth year is 8260.55 €. The internal rate of return is 14.51%. The investment value for the second project, the new olive plantation, is 6620 €, and the annual cash flow is 2664.02 €. The net present value at the discount rate of 5.5% in the third year is 567.35 €. The internal rate of return is 10.04%. The investment value of the beekeeping sector for this year is 18428.50 €, and the annual cash flow is 41537.20 €. The net present value at the discount rate of 5.5% after the first year is 20943.25 €.",signatures:"Karmen Pažek, Matija Kaštelan, Martina Bavec, Črtomir Rozman\nand Jernej Prišenk",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52346",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52346",authors:[{id:"171257",title:"Prof.",name:"Martina",surname:"Bavec",slug:"martina-bavec",fullName:"Martina Bavec"},{id:"179642",title:"Prof.",name:"Karmen",surname:"Pažek",slug:"karmen-pazek",fullName:"Karmen Pažek"},{id:"188470",title:"Dr.",name:"Jernej",surname:"Prisenk",slug:"jernej-prisenk",fullName:"Jernej Prisenk"},{id:"188886",title:"Prof.",name:"Črtomir",surname:"Rozman",slug:"crtomir-rozman",fullName:"Črtomir Rozman"},{id:"188887",title:"MSc.",name:"Matija",surname:"Kaštelan",slug:"matija-kastelan",fullName:"Matija Kaštelan"}],corrections:null},{id:"52546",title:"Influence of Phosphorus Precipitation on Wastewater Treatment Processes",doi:"10.5772/65492",slug:"influence-of-phosphorus-precipitation-on-wastewater-treatment-processes",totalDownloads:2086,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Phosphorus stimulates aquatic plant growth and contributes to eutrophication process in rivers, lakes and the ocean. A large part of phosphorus is discharged into the receiving waters by wastewater. One of the solutions of this problem is represented by chemical precipitation. Simultaneous precipitation of phosphorus from wastewater with metal salts is commonly applied. Metal salts are dosed directly into aeration tank, and produced precipitates are wasted as a part of the secondary sludge. Thus, not only aerobic and anoxic processes of wastewater treatment plant are carried out in the presence of precipitant metals and precipitates but also the precipitates are, in many cases, accumulated in anaerobic sludge digesters. Operational research of phosphorus precipitation in lab‐scale encompasses the impact of Fe2+, Fe3+ and Al3+ salts on biological nitrification and denitrification processes, sedimentation and thickening characteristics of sludge as well as anaerobic sludge stabilisation processes. The measurements of specific oxygen uptake rate, nitrification and denitrification tests and monitoring of effluent values of quality standards were applied to evaluate the processes performance. Other objective of our research is to contribute to methodology for examination of thickening and dewatering characteristics of sludge with tested precipitation agents. Mathematically processed experimental results are used to compare sedimentation, precipitation and dewatering characteristics of activated sludge cultivated in the presence of selected precipitation agents. Better description of the experimental results was obtained with three parameters model of particles mass flow density curve. Comparison of minimum sedimentation tank size necessary for gravitational separation of individual sludge was used to examine sedimentation characteristics of activated sludge. Thickening characteristics of sludge were evaluated based upon thickening area needed to maintain the required sludge concentration in activated sludge model, which corresponds to maximum surface load in undissolved substances. Chemical precipitation of phosphorus produces metal precipitates. These are transported with the waste sludge to the digestion tanks. Impact of the precipitates on the anaerobic sludge stabilisation process as well as on the sludge water quality was tested in the work. The main aim of the research and proposed chapter submission is a pursuit of decision making regarding selection of type of precipitating agent and strategy of chemical phosphorus precipitation.",signatures:"Ján Derco, Rastislav Kuffa, Barbora Urminská, Jozef Dudáš and Jana\nKušnierová",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52546",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52546",authors:[{id:"80852",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",surname:"Derco",slug:"jan-derco",fullName:"Jan Derco"},{id:"189575",title:"Prof.",name:"Jozef",surname:"Dudáš",slug:"jozef-dudas",fullName:"Jozef Dudáš"},{id:"190266",title:"Dr.",name:"Rastislav",surname:"Kuffa",slug:"rastislav-kuffa",fullName:"Rastislav Kuffa"},{id:"190268",title:"MSc.",name:"Barbora",surname:"Urminská",slug:"barbora-urminska",fullName:"Barbora Urminská"},{id:"195524",title:"MSc.",name:"Jana",surname:"Marová",slug:"jana-marova",fullName:"Jana Marová"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5254",title:"Real-time Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c891fef1bbc433b31b28863c5003af",slug:"real-time-systems",bookSignature:"Kuodi Jian",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5254.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"107214",title:"Dr.",name:"Kuodi",surname:"Jian",slug:"kuodi-jian",fullName:"Kuodi Jian"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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For treatment of various illnesses, herbs are widely used. In most of the developing countries, nowadays, people prefer alternative medicine than conventional medicine indicated by a recent survey. Many publications and books claim the proficiency of herbs for the treatment of various illnesses including cirrhosis, hepatitis, and other deadly diseases. It has been observed widely that the medicinal plants and traditional medicines are used as a normative basis for maintaining good health [1].
\nIn the process of developing many drugs, an increasing demand for the use of medicinal plant-derived products in the industries has been found [2]. For personal health maintenance, herbal remedies have become more popular in treatment of minor ailments. Due to increasing demand, there is a great risk that the existing medicinal plants on earth might disappear. Thus an important component of the health care system in a country like India is medicinal plants.
\nChemical compounds obtained from plant source are termed as secondary plant products. Alkaloids and glycosides are the two major compounds present. In 4000 plant species, more than 3000 alkaloids have been identified. The difference between a toxic and medicinal effect of many alkaloids depends upon the dosage. When a sugar molecule gets attached to component which is active, it is called as glycoside which is categorized by the nature of the active component or nonsugar.
\nClinical research of the present era has confirmed the ability of many medicinal plants in treating various viral diseases, while many recent scientific research have discovered the exact mechanism by which many different plants provide their therapeutic advantages. Three such plants are
Taxonomy
\nKingdom - Plant Kingdom
\nClass -Dicotyledons
\nSub class -Monochlamydeae
\nSeries -Curvembryae
\nOrder -Caryophyllales
\nFamily -Nyctaginaceae
\nGenus -
Species -
Binomial name -
Floral formula
\nBr, Brl, O, [+], P5, A[5], G[2]
\nThe main component 2-glucopyranose-4-hydroxy-5-[P-hydroxyphenyl]-propionyldiphenyl methane was found in the roots of the plant. Many steroids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, lipids, lignins, proteins, carbohydrates and glycoproteins are mostly found [7]. Punarnavine, hypoxanthine 9-L-arabinofuranoside, ursolic acid, boeravinone, punarnavoside and liirodendrin have been purified and elucidated in detail for their biological activity with antiviral properties. Large amount of potassium nitrate is mostly found in this plant. The entire plant has huge percentage of proteins and fats. It also contains 14 amino acids in root, out of which 7 are essential amino acids. Punarnavoside is an antifibrinolytic compound isolated from the roots of
Pharmacological studies have demonstrated strong antiviral properties. Wide diuretic properties have been found in punarnavoside obtained from Punarnava, apart from that anthelmintic, antifibrinolytic, anticonvulsant, antibacterial, antihepatotoxic, antiasthmatic and antinematodal activity have also been observed. Against various abnormal production of liver enzymes AST, ALT and pigment bilirubin, the aqueous root extracts of
Drugs obtained from this herb, given either alone or in combination with other drugs were found to be effective in killing many virus for disorders pertaining to liver, infections of the respiratory tract and heart disease [10]. Against various bacteria, the purified form of glycoprotein obtained from
Against potato virus X,
In the tropical and subtropical regions of the earth.
Taxonomy
\nKingdom -Plantae
\nDivision -Magnoliophyta
\nClass -Magnoliopsida
\nOrder -Asterales
\nFamily -Asteraceae
\nGenus -
Specie -
Binomial name -
Floral formula
\nBr, Brl, O, %, Kα, C[5], A[5], G[2]
\nIn the year 1991, a new aldehyde was isolated from this plant. The leaves of this plant contain a-terthienyl methanol, 2-formyl-terthienyl, stigmasterol, de-me-wedelolactone 7-O-glucosides and wedelolactone [18]. Aerial parts of the plant contain β-amyrin, wedelolactone, phytosterol A, luteolin-7-glucoside and its glucosides [19].
\nIn Ayurveda and in traditional Chinese herbal medicine, this species is widely used. It is used as liver tonic, rejuvenative and also widely used for better growth of hair [20]. The whole plant is used as ophthalmic, purgative, astringent, deobstruent, depurative, emetic, febrifuge, tonic and styptic. It is used internally for the treatment of anemia and diphtheria, dropsy and liver complaints [21], tinnitus, premature greying of the hair and tooth loss. It is also widely used for many external applications like oil for hair loss, dermatitis, wounds and even for athlete’s foot [22]. For treating scorpion stings, its leaves are used. The plant juice is widely used for catarrhal problems and for those having increased production of bilirubin.
\nAt the time of flowering, this plant is mostly harvested and is dried for further use. The roots are purgative and emetic. In cattle, it act as antiseptic to cure ulcers and wounds. In Ayurvedic medicine, the leaves of this plant are used a liver tonic. The dye produced from
To treat eczema and dermatitis,
Against many viruses, the extracts of
In Ayurveda,
In all tropical regions of the planet,
Taxonomy
\nKingdom - Plantae
\nDivision - Angiospermae
\nClass - Dicotyledoneae
\nOrder - Tubiflorae
\nFamily - Euphorbiaceae
\nGenus -
Species -
Binomial name -
Floral formula
\nBr, Ebrl, p[5], A5 G[3]
\nSome of the secondary metabolites that are present in
Parts of this plant
Evaluation of antiviral activity of
In conclusion, in the existing scenario, there is an essential need for the development of new antiviral drugs. As on date there are many epidemiological studies that have evaluated different targets of these antivirals and promising results were obtained. Still a lot of research is needed to find out the actual potential for human use. In comparison to synthetic counterparts, extracts obtained from
Ethnobotanical information | \n||||
Plant | \nParts used | \nBenefits | \nInformation obtained from | \nReference | \n
Roots | \nIn the treatment of piles. Root paste is used to cure bloody dysentery. It is also used for leukorrhea, rheumatism and stomach ache. The root juice is used in treating asthma, scanty urine and internal inflammation disorders. | \nIndia | \nMitra and Gupta [38] | \n|
Flowers, leaf and roots | \nRemedy for catarrh in infants, toothache, headache and roots are emetic and purgative | \nIndia | \nPuri [39] | \n|
Entire plant | \nRemedy for the treatment of bleeding, hemoptysis, hematuria and itching, hepatitis, diphtheria and diarrhea | \nTaiwan | \n||
Entire plant | \nAs a cooling and restorative herb, which supports the mind, nerves, liver and eyes | \nChina | \n||
Aerial parts of the plant | \nUsed in the treatment of liver, kidney and bladder problems. Also used for diabetes and intestinal parasites | \nMany parts of the world | \nChevallier [22] | \n|
Entire plant | \nKidney stones | \nSpain | \nHoughton et al. [31] | \n|
Entire plant | \nUsed to eliminate gall bladder and kidney stones, and to treat gall bladder infections | \nSouth America | \n||
Entire plant | \nUsed in traditional medicine to treat liver diseases, asthma and bronchial infections | \nIndia | \nFoo [30] | \n
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He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}},{id:"351158",title:"Prof.",name:"David W.",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",slug:"david-w.-anderson",fullName:"David W. Anderson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Calgary",country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"14",type:"subseries",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11410,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",slug:"ana-isabel-flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",slug:"christian-palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. 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