Chemical composition of quinoa (g /100 g dry weight).
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6684",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Mitochondrial DNA - New Insights",title:"Mitochondrial DNA",subtitle:"New Insights",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The very short genomes of mitochondria summarize the complexity of molecular biology and its interactions with cellular and whole organism biology. Studies of mitogenomes contribute to the understanding of molecular biology and evolution, and to health management. Despite or even due to their small sizes, mitogenomes continue to surprise us. Studies of mitogenomes reveal the details of molecular organization and its evolution under constraints for miniaturization.",isbn:"978-1-78984-266-1",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-265-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-643-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72029",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"mitochondrial-dna-new-insights",numberOfPages:224,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"326a9354db0c23d8a26659e8a0c26872",bookSignature:"Hervé Seligmann",publishedDate:"October 31st 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6684.jpg",numberOfDownloads:9698,numberOfWosCitations:28,numberOfCrossrefCitations:36,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:55,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:3,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:119,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 21st 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 12th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 10th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 1st 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 30th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"118814",title:"Dr.",name:"Herve",middleName:null,surname:"Seligmann",slug:"herve-seligmann",fullName:"Herve Seligmann",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/118814/images/6336_n.jpg",biography:"Hervé Seligmann\\'s focus on mitochondrial DNA developed when searching for molecular mechanisms explaining developmental stability in lizards, a major topic in his PhD thesis. He described already >5 molecular processes affecting whole organism morphology and life history traits. This lead to uncover 4 types of cryptic coding systems, which he describes for vertebrate mitochondria. These range from switches between alternative genetic codes (mainly stop codon translation), expanded codons, and several alternative transcriptions, based on systematic alterations of the template DNA (research ongoing).",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Chicago",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1049",title:"Mitochondrial Genetics",slug:"mitochondrial-genetics"}],chapters:[{id:"60263",title:"True Mitochondrial tRNA Punctuation and Initiation Using Overlapping Stop and Start Codons at Specific and Conserved Positions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75555",slug:"true-mitochondrial-trna-punctuation-and-initiation-using-overlapping-stop-and-start-codons-at-specif",totalDownloads:1022,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In all the taxa and genomic systems, numerous trn genes (specifying tRNA) exhibit at specific conserved positions nucleotide triplets corresponding to stop codons (TAG/TAA). Similarly, relatively high frequencies of start codons (ATG/ATA) occur in fungi/metazoan mitochondrial-trn genes. The last nucleotide of these triplets is the first involved in the 5′-D- or 5′-T-stem, respectively. Their frequencies are tRNA species dependent. The products of these genes which bear one or two types of these codons are called ss-tRNAs (for stop/start). Metazoan mt-genomes are generally very compact, and many same strand overlapping sequences may simultaneously code for tRNAs and mRNAs. However, this study suggests that overlaps are not a direct mechanism to substantially reduce genome size. For protein-encoding genes, occulting possible overlaps, there are only alternative start codons and/or truncated stop codons, but the first putative in-frame standard initiation codon or complete stop codon is in the upstream or downstream overlapping ss-trn sequences, respectively. Even if, to date, experimental data are missing, stress signals might regulate producing extended or not proteins. Finally, possible implications of tRNA/mRNA hybrid molecules in the “RNA world” to “RNA/protein world” transition will be discussed.",signatures:"Eric Faure and Roxane Barthélémy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60263",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60263",authors:[{id:"182675",title:"Prof.",name:"Eric",surname:"Faure",slug:"eric-faure",fullName:"Eric Faure"},{id:"233312",title:"Dr.",name:"Roxane-Marie",surname:"Barthélémy",slug:"roxane-marie-barthelemy",fullName:"Roxane-Marie Barthélémy"}],corrections:null},{id:"62150",title:"Renaissance of the Tautomeric Hypothesis of the Spontaneous Point Mutations in DNA: New Ideas and Computational Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77366",slug:"renaissance-of-the-tautomeric-hypothesis-of-the-spontaneous-point-mutations-in-dna-new-ideas-and-com",totalDownloads:994,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we formulate basic physico-chemical principles that define the microstructural nature of the origin of the spontaneous incorporation and replication point errors—transitions and transversions—arising during DNA biosynthesis. At this point, we relied on the firstly discovered ability of the DNA base mispairs to tautomerize via the sequential intrapair proton transfer and highly stable, highly polar, zwitterionic transition states, accompanied by a significant shifting of the base mispairs toward DNA minor or major grooves. These tautomeric transitions are characterized by a change in geometry—from wobble to Watson-Crick and vice versa—of the purine·pyrimidine (A·T, G·C, G·T and A·C), purine·purine (A·A, A·G and G·G) and pyrimidine·pyrimidine (С·С, С·T and Т·Т) DNA base mispairs. Reported results allow us to explain, on one side, the origin of the mutagenic tautomers at the separation of the DNA strands before replication and, on the other side, how DNA base mispairs adapt to enzymatically competent size in the tight recognition pocket of the high-fidelity DNA polymerase.",signatures:"Ol’ha O. Brovarets’ and Dmytro M. Hovorun",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62150",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62150",authors:[{id:"212825",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmytro",surname:"Hovorun",slug:"dmytro-hovorun",fullName:"Dmytro Hovorun"},{id:"212839",title:"Dr.",name:"Ol\\'Ha",surname:"Brovarets\\'",slug:"ol'ha-brovarets'",fullName:"Ol\\'Ha Brovarets\\'"}],corrections:null},{id:"63421",title:"Directed Mutations Recode Mitochondrial Genes: From Regular to Stopless Genetic Codes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80871",slug:"directed-mutations-recode-mitochondrial-genes-from-regular-to-stopless-genetic-codes",totalDownloads:919,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Mitochondrial genetic codes evolve as side effects of stop codon ambiguity: suppressor tRNAs with anticodons translating stops transform genetic codes to stopless genetic codes. This produces peptides from frames other than regular ORFs, potentially increasing protein numbers coded by single sequences. Previous descriptions of marine turtle Olive Ridley mitogenomes imply directed stop-depletion of noncoding +1 gene frames, stop-creation recodes regular ORFs to stopless genetic codes. In this analysis, directed stop codon depletion in usually noncoding gene frames of the spiraling whitefly Aleurodicus dispersusʼ mitogenome produces new ORFs, introduces stops in regular ORFs, and apparently increases coding redundancy between different gene frames. Directed stop codon mutations switch between peptides coded by regular and stopless genetic codes. This process seems opposite to directed stop creation in HIV ORFs within genomes of immunized elite HIV controllers. Unknown DNA replication/edition mechanisms probably direct stop creation/depletion beyond natural selection on stops. Switches between genetic codes regulate translation of different gene frames.",signatures:"Hervé Seligmann",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63421",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63421",authors:[{id:"118814",title:"Dr.",name:"Herve",surname:"Seligmann",slug:"herve-seligmann",fullName:"Herve Seligmann"}],corrections:null},{id:"63439",title:"Swinger RNAs in the Human Mitochondrial Transcriptome",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80805",slug:"swinger-rnas-in-the-human-mitochondrial-transcriptome",totalDownloads:848,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Transcriptomes include coding and non-coding RNAs and RNA fragments with no apparent homology to parent genomes. Non-canonical transcriptions systematically transforming template DNA sequences along precise rules explain some transcripts. Among these systematic transformations, 23 systematic exchanges between nucleotides, i.e. 9 symmetric (X ↔ Y, e.g. C ↔ T) and 14 asymmetric (X → Y → Z → X, e.g. A → T → G → A) exchanges. Here, comparisons between mitochondrial swinger RNAs previously detected in a complete human transcriptome dataset (including cytosolic RNAs) and swinger RNAs detected in purified mitochondrial transcriptomic data (not including cytosolic RNAs) show high reproducibility and exclude cytosolic contaminations. These results based on next-generation sequencing Illumina technology confirm detections of mitochondrial swinger RNAs in GenBank’s EST database sequenced by the classical Sanger method, assessing the existence of swinger polymerizations.",signatures:"Ganesh Warthi and Hervé Seligmann",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63439",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63439",authors:[{id:"230498",title:"Dr.",name:"Ganesh",surname:"Warthi",slug:"ganesh-warthi",fullName:"Ganesh Warthi"},{id:"239210",title:"Prof.",name:"Hervé",surname:"Seligmann",slug:"herve-seligmann",fullName:"Hervé Seligmann"}],corrections:null},{id:"60669",title:"Expanding the Coding Potential of Vertebrate Mitochondrial Genomes: Lesson Learned from the Atlantic Cod",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75883",slug:"expanding-the-coding-potential-of-vertebrate-mitochondrial-genomes-lesson-learned-from-the-atlantic-",totalDownloads:766,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Vertebrate mitochondrial genomes are highly conserved in structure, gene content, and function. Most sequenced mitochondrial genomes represent bony fishes, and that of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is the best characterized among the fishes. In addition to the well-characterized 37 canonical gene products encoded by vertebrate mitochondrial genomes, new classes of gene products representing peptides and noncoding RNAs have been discovered. The Atlantic cod encodes at least two peptides (MOTS-c and humanin (HN)), two long noncoding RNAs (lncCR-L and lncCR-H), and a number of small RNAs. Here, we review recent research in the Atlantic cod focusing on putative mitochondrial-derived peptides, the mitochondrial transcriptome, and noncoding RNAs.",signatures:"Tor Erik Jørgensen and Steinar Daae Johansen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60669",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60669",authors:[{id:"232959",title:"Prof.",name:"Steinar Daae",surname:"Johansen",slug:"steinar-daae-johansen",fullName:"Steinar Daae Johansen"},{id:"245758",title:"MSc.",name:"Tor Erik",surname:"Jørgensen",slug:"tor-erik-jorgensen",fullName:"Tor Erik Jørgensen"}],corrections:null},{id:"60897",title:"Paleogenetics of Northern Iberian from Neolithic to Chalcolithic Time",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76438",slug:"paleogenetics-of-northern-iberian-from-neolithic-to-chalcolithic-time",totalDownloads:795,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Dynamics of the Neolithic transition across Europe using ancient DNA datasets have established that Neolithic European populations received a limited amount of admixture from resident hunter-gatherers. However, the genetic diversity of Neolithic and Chalcolithic human populations was shaped predominantly by local processes. In the Iberian Peninsula, the Cantabrian fringe showed different proportions of local hunter-gatherers’ ancestry through time. The objective of this chapter is to analyze the mitochondrial variation of populations from the northern Iberian Peninsula from Neolithic to Chalcolithic time using new data from El Aramo mine (Asturias), in the context of the debate about the origin and dispersion of the Beaker culture in Europe.",signatures:"Montserrat Hervella and Concepcion de-la-Rua",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60897",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60897",authors:[{id:"237324",title:"Prof.",name:"Concepcion",surname:"De-La-Rua",slug:"concepcion-de-la-rua",fullName:"Concepcion De-La-Rua"},{id:"249775",title:"Dr.",name:"Montserrat",surname:"Hervella",slug:"montserrat-hervella",fullName:"Montserrat Hervella"}],corrections:null},{id:"61735",title:"Phylogenetic Evolution and Phylogeography of Tibetan Sheep Based on mtDNA D-Loop Sequences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76583",slug:"phylogenetic-evolution-and-phylogeography-of-tibetan-sheep-based-on-mtdna-d-loop-sequences",totalDownloads:1014,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The molecular and population genetic evidence of the phylogenetic status of the Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries) is not well understood, and little is known about this species’ genetic diversity. Phylogenetic relationship and phylogeography of 636 individual Tibetan sheep which were collected from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau area in China and were assessed using 642 complete sequences of the mitochondrial DNA D-loop. Reference data were obtained from the six reference breed sequences available in GenBank. Phylogeography analysis showed that all four previously defined haplogroups were found in the 15 Tibetan sheep populations but that only one haplogroup was found in Linzhou sheep. Furthermore, clustering analysis divided the 636 individual Tibetan sheep into at least two clusters. The estimated genetic distance and genetic differentiation associate with altitude, suggesting geographic and adaptive effects in Tibetan sheep. These results contribute to the knowledge of Tibetan sheep populations and will help inform future conservation programs about the Tibetan sheep native to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China.",signatures:"Jianbin Liu, Xuezhi Ding, Yufeng Zeng, Xian Guo, Xiaoping Sun and\nChao Yuan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61735",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61735",authors:[{id:"236937",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Liu",surname:"Jianbin",slug:"liu-jianbin",fullName:"Liu Jianbin"}],corrections:null},{id:"61505",title:"Mitochondrial Aging and Metabolism: The Importance of a Good Relationship in the Central Nervous System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76652",slug:"mitochondrial-aging-and-metabolism-the-importance-of-a-good-relationship-in-the-central-nervous-syst",totalDownloads:1247,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The mitochondrial theory of aging suggests that mitochondria have a decrease in production capacity of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The question may seem trivial, but it becomes more complex when considering that dysfunctional mitochondria can be eliminated by lysosomal digestion and that cell with dysfunctional mitochondria can undergo the process of apoptosis. In organs with regenerative capacity, like the liver, cell proliferation can almost completely hide mitochondrial dysfunction. However, evidence indicates selective damage in mitochondria during aging, and so the mitochondrial aging theory is gaining recognition and respect. There is solid evidence that accumulated DNA damage in mitochondria is a cause directly related to metabolic disorders such as diabetes and degenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. The central nervous system is particularly susceptible to oxidative damage due to several factors, among which are its high oxygen consumption, its dependence on aerobic carbohydrate metabolism, and its complex composition of membrane lipids. Free radicals are generated at many cell sites, and the mitochondrial respiratory chain is one of the main sources. While many studies have been conducted in experimental animal models, the results are relevant because at least some of their interventions suggest a directing aim at reducing the effects of aging.",signatures:"Genaro Gabriel Ortiz, Mario A Mireles-Ramírez, Héctor González-\nUsigli, Miguel A Macías-Islas, Oscar K Bitzer-Quintero, Erandis Dheni\nTorres-Sánchez, Angélica L Sánchez-López, Javier Ramírez-Jirano,\nMónica Ríos-Silva and Blanca Torres-Mendoza",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61505",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61505",authors:[{id:"26109",title:"Dr.",name:"Genaro",surname:"Ortiz",slug:"genaro-ortiz",fullName:"Genaro Ortiz"},{id:"166325",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel A",surname:"Macías-Islas",slug:"miguel-a-macias-islas",fullName:"Miguel A Macías-Islas"},{id:"166328",title:"Dr.",name:"Erandis D",surname:"Tórres-Sánchez",slug:"erandis-d-torres-sanchez",fullName:"Erandis D Tórres-Sánchez"},{id:"173292",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Angélica L.",surname:"Sánchez López.",slug:"angelica-l.-sanchez-lopez.",fullName:"Angélica L. Sánchez López."},{id:"173295",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",surname:"Mireles-Ramírez",slug:"mario-mireles-ramirez",fullName:"Mario Mireles-Ramírez"},{id:"178191",title:"Dr.",name:"Héctor",surname:"González-Usigli",slug:"hector-gonzalez-usigli",fullName:"Héctor González-Usigli"},{id:"235211",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar Kurt",surname:"Bitzer-Quintero",slug:"oscar-kurt-bitzer-quintero",fullName:"Oscar Kurt Bitzer-Quintero"},{id:"245530",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luis",surname:"Ramírez-Jirano",slug:"luis-ramirez-jirano",fullName:"Luis Ramírez-Jirano"},{id:"245531",title:"Dr.",name:"Mónica",surname:"Ríos-Silva",slug:"monica-rios-silva",fullName:"Mónica Ríos-Silva"},{id:"245533",title:"Dr.",name:"Blanca M",surname:"Torres.Mendoza",slug:"blanca-m-torres.mendoza",fullName:"Blanca M Torres.Mendoza"}],corrections:null},{id:"59970",title:"Long Noncoding Mitochondrial RNAs (LncmtRNAs) as Targets for Cancer Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75453",slug:"long-noncoding-mitochondrial-rnas-lncmtrnas-as-targets-for-cancer-therapy",totalDownloads:1049,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Mitochondria are traditionally been viewed as the cell’s powerhouse, generating most of its ATP. However, besides this fundamental metabolic role, mitochondria are implicated in diverse other processes, including apoptosis, inflammation and metastasis. These functions are exerted in part by the growing class of long noncoding mitochondrial RNAs (lncmtRNAs). We found that normal human proliferating cells express a family of noncoding mitochondrial RNAs (ncmtRNAs), comprised of sense (SncmtRNA) and antisense (ASncmtRNA). However, tumor cells express only sense transcripts, suggesting that ASncmtRNA downregulation as a cancer new hallmark. The few ASncmtRNAs copies in tumor cells seem essential to tumor cell viability: knockdown of these transcripts with antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) causes massive apoptotic death of tumor cells, preceded by cell cycle arrest. Preclinical assays show that systemic administration of ASO delayed tumor growth in melanoma and renal cancer models and, caused total remission in subcutaneous renal cancer tumors. The same treatment, however, does not affect normal tissue, suggesting this approach for the development of an efficient and safe therapeutic strategy for several cancer types.",signatures:"Jaime Villegas Olavarria, Verónica A. Burzio, Vincenzo Borgna,\nLorena Lobos-Gonzalez, Mariela Araya, Francisca Guevara, Claudio\nVillota and Luis O. Burzio",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59970",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59970",authors:[{id:"232676",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Villegas",slug:"jaime-villegas",fullName:"Jaime Villegas"},{id:"243528",title:"Dr.",name:"Verónica",surname:"Burzio",slug:"veronica-burzio",fullName:"Verónica Burzio"},{id:"243529",title:"Dr.",name:"Lorena",surname:"Lobos-Gonzalez",slug:"lorena-lobos-gonzalez",fullName:"Lorena Lobos-Gonzalez"},{id:"243530",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",surname:"Villota",slug:"claudio-villota",fullName:"Claudio Villota"},{id:"243755",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariela",surname:"Araya",slug:"mariela-araya",fullName:"Mariela Araya"},{id:"243756",title:"MSc.",name:"Francisca",surname:"Guevara",slug:"francisca-guevara",fullName:"Francisca Guevara"},{id:"243757",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",surname:"Burzio",slug:"luis-burzio",fullName:"Luis Burzio"}],corrections:null},{id:"60483",title:"Mitochondrial DNA Variations in Tumors: Drivers or Passengers?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75188",slug:"mitochondrial-dna-variations-in-tumors-drivers-or-passengers-",totalDownloads:1044,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Mitochondrial DNA alterations, including point mutations, deletions, inversions and copy number variations, have been widely reported in many age-related degenerative diseases and tumors. However, numerous studies investigating their pathogenic role in cancer have provided inconsistent evidence. Furthermore, biological impacts of mitochondrial DNA variants vary tremendously, depending on the proportion of mutant DNA molecules carried by the neoplastic cells (the so-called heteroplasmy). The recent discovery of inter-genomic crosstalk between nucleus and mitochondria has reinforced the role of mitochondrial DNA variants in perturbing this essential signaling pathway and thus indirectly targeting nuclear genes involved in tumorigenic and invasive phenotype. Therefore, mitochondrial dysfunction is currently considered a crucial hallmark of carcinogenesis as well as a promising target for anticancer therapy. This chapter describes the role of different types of mitochondrial DNA alterations by mainly considering the paradigmatic model of colorectal carcinogenesis and, in particular, it revisits the issue of whether mitochondrial mutations are causative cancer drivers or simply genuine passenger events. 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Quinoa was initially classified based on the color of the plant and its fruits and then based on the morphological types of the plant. Although due to a wide variation observed, quinoa has been classified as a race. Quinoa from Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador has been classified into 17 races. Thus, one of the most useful classifications is the one that describes five ecotypes: sea level, valley, subtropical, salt flat, and altiplano [2]. Other authors [7, 8] mention that quinoa has the following systematic classification:
Kingdom: Plantae,
Division: Magnoliophyta.
Class: Magnoliopsida.
Order: Caryophyllales.
Family: Amaranthaceae.
Subfamily: Chenopodiaceae.
Genus: Chenopodium.
Species: C. quinoa Willdenow.
Common name: Quinoa.
Although the name quinoa is the most widespread, there are numerous names used by different ethnic groups in the vast production territory; for example, arrocillo, Inca wheat, in some parts of Peru.
The annual herbaceous plant has an average height between 1.0 and 3.0 m depending on the variety and planting density; its central stem is woody and can be branched or unbranched (Figure 1A), also varying in color (green, red, or purple); its roots can reach up to 30 cm depending on the depth of planting. Leaves are formed by the petiole and lamina, are rich in calcium and oxalate crystals that reduce excessive transpiration allowing the maintenance of adequate humidity inside the plant. The color is very variable, ranging from green in young plants to red or violet with different shades in more mature plants [10]. In many areas of the Andean region, the young leaves before flowering are suitable for human consumption due to their high nutritional value attributed to their vitamin, mineral, and protein content. The panicle appears from the leaf axil along the stem or may arise from the top of the plant (Figure 1B); the flowers are self-fertilized, although it can also be produced by cross-pollination [8]. The seeds are small, round, and flat with a length of 2.5 mm and 1.0 mm in diameter (Figure 1C); seed colors can vary from white to gray and black, or it can be yellow and red. Seeds have three main components: embryo, perisperm, and episperm. Embryo is formed by two cotyledons and constitutes 30% of the total volume of the seed and contains between 35 and 40% of the total seed protein. Perisperm represents almost 60% of the seed surface and contains only 6.3–8.3% of the total proteins. Pericarp contains the saponins that give the characteristic bitter taste to the seed [11].
Characterization of the quinoa plant. A. Growth habit: (1) Simple, (2) Branched to the lower third, (3) Branched to the second third, (4) Branched with undefined main panicle; B. Panicle shape: (1) Glomerulate, (2) Intermediate, (3) Amarantiform; C. Grain shape: (1) Lenticular, (2) Cylindrical, (3) Ellipsoidal, (4) Conical [
Countries with the highest production of quinoa are Bolivia and Peru, which account for more than 90% of total world production [12]. Until 2000, world quinoa production did not exceed approximately 50,000 metric tons (t) per year. From 2003 to 2018, quinoa production in the Andean region has increased by about 165,000 t (Figure 2A). This growth has made it possible to meet export demand, and more than half of the quinoa produced in South America (Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador) is exported mostly to the United States and Europe. In an average of 30 years (1983–2013), the yield in Bolivia was 0.55 tons per hectare (t/ha) with a range of 0.43–0.68 t/ha. In Peru from 2007 to 2014, yield efficiencies have doubled from 0.97 to 1.93 t/ha; being as of 2018, the average yield in the region of 1 t/ ha (Figure 2B) [13].
Dynamics of quinoa production (A), yield (B), and area (C) in three countries of the Andean region between 1961 and 2018 [
Cropland has increased significantly. Bolivia increased more than four times in the last 30 years. Since 2007, harvested areas have increased from 32,959 to 55,000 ha in Peru. In Latin American Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador recorded a total of 172,000 ha harvested in 2018. In these three countries, quinoa is produced under diverse agroecological conditions and production systems. Traditional production systems are characterized by medium plots (up to 10 ha) and small scale (<2 ha) with low input technology [13]. Production costs for Peruvian quinoa are $2200 USD/t, and farm gate prices range from $4000–4500 USD/t (conventional) to $5200 USD/t (organic) [12].
Quinoa is rich in protein, lipids, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. The grain contains an excellent nutritional profile (Table 1), starch (32–60%), protein (10–18%), fat (4.4–8.8%), fiber (1.1% and 13.4%), ash (2.3–3.7%), formed mainly from potassium and phosphorus [18, 19]. Quinoa also contains a high amount of vitamin B and vitamin E.
The average protein content is higher (12 to 23%), compared with other grains such as barley (11% dry basis), rice (7.5% dry basis) or corn (13.3% dry basis), and is comparable to wheat (15.4% dry basis) [14]. The proteins present in quinoa are of high quality, including albumins (35%) and globulins (37%) and, to a lesser extent, prolamins. The quality of these proteins is comparable to the protein present in milk (casein) [8]. It contains all the essential amino (Table 2), which is why it is considered a complete food [23], and it is also low in prolamine (0.5–7.0%), indicating that it is not allergenic [24].
Components | Jancurová et al. [2] | Hussain et al. [8] | Vilcacundo & Hernández-Ledesma [6] | Abugoch James [14] | Wright et al. [15] | Bruin [16] | Lalaleo et al. [17] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Protein | 16,5 | 10–18 | 13,1–16,7 | 12–23 | 16,7 | 15,6 | 12,5 |
Fat | 6,3 | 4,4–8,8 | 5,5–7,6 | 1,8–9,5 | 5,5 | 7,4 | 8,5 |
Fiber | 3,8 | 1,1–13,4 | 7–11,7 | 7–9,7 | 10,5 | 2,9 | 1,92 |
Ashes | 3,8 | 2,4–3,7 | ND | ND | 3,8 | 3,2 | 3,7 |
Carbohydrates | 69,0 | 32–60 | 32–69 | 32–69,2 | 74.7 | 69,7 | 60,0 |
Kcal /100 g | 399 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Chemical composition of quinoa (g /100 g dry weight).
ND, not detected.
Amino acid | Kozioł [20] | Dini et al. [21] | Repo-Carrasco et al. [22] | Wright et al. [15] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Histidine | 3.2 | 2,0 | 2,7 | 3,1 |
Isoleucine | 4,4 | 7,4 | 3,4 | 3,3 |
Leucine | 6,6 | 6,1 | 6,1 | 5,8 |
Methionine + cysteine | 4,8 | 4,5 | 4,8 | 2,0 |
Phenylalanine + Tyrosine | 7,3 | 7,5 | 6,2 | 6,2 |
Threonine | 3,8 | 3,5 | 3,4 | 2,5 |
Valine | 4,5 | 6,0 | 4,2 | 4,0 |
Lysine | 6,1 | 4,6 | 5,6 | 6,1 |
Tryptophan | 1,2 | ND | 1,1 | ND |
Essential amino acid profile (g protein/100 g).
ND, not detected.
The fat content in quinoa seeds averages 2–10% and is considered as an alternative to oilseeds due to its lipid composition. Triglycerides are the main fraction of fats and constitute more than half of the neutral lipids [25]. Quinoa and soybean oils present a very similar fatty acid composition, with linolenic acid (18: 2n-6: 52%) and linolenic acid (18, 3n-6: 40%) being the most representative (Table 3) [27]. Quinoa oil has a high antioxidant quality, a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids including omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids (63% of the total), and a significant amount of tocopherols (2.5 mg/g oil) [28]. On the other hand, linoleic acid is metabolized to arachidonic acid and linolenic acid to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) [29]. Polar lipids account for about 25% of the total, composed mainly of phospholipids (lysophosphatidylethanolamine and choline), of the neutral lipids (glycerides and sterols), triglycerides account for 74% and diglycerides for 20%, while monoglycerides and waxes account for 3% [8].
Quinoa has a significant amount of carbohydrates and represents between 67% and 74%, of which starch is the most important carbohydrate and represents approximately 58.1–64.2% of dry matter, variation of which is attributed to differences in genotypes and growing conditions. [24]. Its granules have a polygonal shape with a diameter of 2 μm, being smaller than those of common cereals. Due to its size, it can be used as a biodegradable filler in polymer containers [23]. It is also an ideal thickener for frozen foods and other applications where resistance to retrogradation is desired, because of its freeze–thaw stability [30]. Carbohydrates include amylose with a content of about 11%, and other carbohydrates, which have been documented, include monosaccharides (2%) and disaccharides (2.3%), crude fiber (2.5–3.9%), and marshmallows (2.9–3.6%) [27]. Sucrose is also present in significant amounts compared with other sugars [23]. It contains a low proportion of glucose (19.0 mg/100 g) and fructose (19.6 mg/100 g). This is important in the fermentation of malted beverages [31].
Quinoa is considered an important source of dietary fiber accounting for about 2.6–10% of the total dietary fiber weight. Approximately 78% of the amount of fiber in quinoa is insoluble and 22% in soluble form [24]. Although washing and abrasion processes are performed to remove saponins, this does not influence the fiber content [25]. Research reports that the dietary fiber content of quinoa is equal to that of other cereals and grains. Although, the fiber composition of quinoa is different from other cereals, biochemistry and therapeutics are still important to study the potential of quinoa and thus understand its specific physiological impact [8].
Quinoa has a high content of calcium, iron, magnesium, iron, copper, and zinc (Table 4), covering the amounts needed to maintain a balanced human diet of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium of 874, 2735.0–4543.3, 9562.2, and 1901.5 mg/kg, respectively [24]. In general, many of these minerals are higher than those reported for most cereal crops such as barley oats, rice, maize, or wheat [23].
Minerals | Kozioł [20] | Repo-Carrasco et al. [22] | Ruales & Nair [26] | Bhargava et al. [32] | KONISHI et al. [33] | Dini et al. [21] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ca | 1487 | 940 | 874 | 1274 | 863 | 275 |
P | 3837 | 1400 | 5300 | 3869 | 4110 | 4244 |
Mg | 2496 | 2700 | 260 | ND | 5020 | ND |
Fe | 132 | 168 | 81 | 20 | 150 | 26 |
Zn | 44 | 48 | 36 | 48 | 40 | 27.5 |
K | 9267 | ND | 12,000 | 6967 | 7320 | 75 |
Cu | 51 | 37 | 10 | ND | ND | ND |
Mineral composition (mg/ kg dry weight).
ND, not detected.
The vitamin content of quinoa is interesting. It has high levels of vitamin B6 and total folate, whose amounts can cover the daily requirement of children and adults, as for riboflavin content, 100 g provides 80% of the daily needs of children and 40% of adults [14]. The niacin content does not cover the daily requirement; however, it is beneficial for the diet, the values of thiamine in quinoa are lower than those of oats and barley, but those of niacin, riboflavin, vitamin B6, and total folate are higher (Table 5).
At present, the processed uses given to quinoa are mainly from the flour obtained from it, which can replace that of corn and wheat, since various levels of quinoa flour substitution have been reported, for example, in sweet biscuits (60% quinoa), in noodles and pasta (30–40%), and in bread (10–13%) [27]. Other uses or innovations include quinoa beer that meets the sensory acceptance requirements, reaching a high alcoholic content (between 48 and 74°GL) and for the production of chocolates with quinoa filling with good physicochemical, organoleptic, microbiological, and nutritional characteristics [34].
There are other potential products derived from quinoa, which are obtained by extracting compounds from quinoa and for the creation of value-added products. Examples of these products are oil extraction, protein concentrates and isolates, starches, bioactive compounds, among others, for use in the food and pharmaceutical industry (Table 6, [35]). Compared with the starch content of wheat and barley, quinoa starch has a higher viscosity, greater water retention, and expansion capacity, as well as a higher gelatinization temperature, which translates into better performance as a thickening agent. Due to these properties, quinoa starch is very suitable for the production of prepared frozen baby foods, as it shows good freeze–thaw stability [36]. Due to its protein and starch content, quinoa can be used for the production of edible films and as an emulsion stabilizing agent, specifically for Pickering emulsions [37]. Even incorporation of quinoa into food products has been shown to help extend shelf life and reduce microbial spoilage of food products.
Quinoa-derived product | Production method | Uses |
---|---|---|
Treated seeds | Superheated steam treatment to expand the seeds and reduce cooking time. Mechanical abrasion, washing, or a combination to debitter seeds. | Superheated steam treatment to expand the seeds and reduce cooking time. Mechanical abrasion, washing, or a combination to debitter seeds |
Beverages | Seeds are soaked, malted, kilned, mashed, cooled, and fermented with yeast | Gluten-free fermented alcoholic beverage |
Mixing of quinoa extract, tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus), and α-amylases for hydrolysis of starches to thermostable maltodextrin within a beverage formulation. | Substitute for animal or plantderived milk | |
Protein concentrate | Extraction and precipitation | Used in foods, animal food, or sports performance and recovery |
Lipid | Extraction and molecular distillation to obtain a refined oil | Dermatological use |
Carbohydrate | Extraction of maltodextrin via alkali or enzyme treatment of quinoa flour to produce a gel-form to deliver quinoaderived peptides. Use of quinoa starches of specific shape and particle size | Cream substitute that mimics the mouth feel of fat/cream in food |
Uses and processing methods.
Saponins are secondary metabolites or glycoside compounds that form the family of compounds structurally constituted by steroids (C27) or triterpenoids (C30) [27]. Figure 3 presents an amphiphilic character [39]. Saponins are found in the pericarp or outer part of the seed, interfering with its palatability and digestibility, making it necessary to eliminate them before consumption, as well as imparting a bitter taste and tending to foam in aqueous solutions [2]. Bitter taste can be easily separated from the seed either by the wet method, i.e., by rinsing the seed in cold alkaline water or by the dry method, i.e., by roasting and then rubbing the grains to remove the outer layers [40]; however, both methods do not achieve the total removal of saponins, so it is necessary to develop new methods of saponin removal from quinoa seeds.
Structures of sapogenins: steroid (a) and triterpenoid (b) [
The amount of saponins present in quinoa seeds depends on the variety so the content in bitter genotypes varies from 140 to 2300 mg/100 g dry weight, while on sweet genotypes ranges from 20 to 40 mg/100 g dry weight [31]. Up to 87 complex triterpene saponins from the quinoa seed coat have been identified [32] as well as the transcription factor involved in the control of seed triterpene saponin synthesis has also been identified [33], so it is expected that this finding will allow progress in the selection of sweet quinoa varieties with low saponin content.
Chemistry and pharmacological studies of properties of saponins documented that saponins possess many biological properties in which their analgesic, antiviral, antimicrobial cytotoxic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, surfactant, antioxidant, hemolytic, immunoadjuvant, antiadipogenic, and molluscicidal activities stand out [1, 42]. These properties are of utmost importance as they can be processed and by-products are obtained for the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries [43]. Saponin possesses natural surfactants, which can lower the surface tension forming foams at the time of agitation and thus forms colloidal solutions, and soaps, creams, detergents, and shampoos can be obtained [44]. On the other hand, research has shown that saponins are good fungicides because they can control phytopathogenic fungal pests [45].
According to Melini, V. & Melini, F. (2021), through a systematic review, they show that the most sought-after and investigated functional compounds in quinoa seeds are phenolic compounds, of which flavonoids are the most studied while flavonodes and isoflavones have been studied on a smaller scale. Furthermore, only three studies have been reported for hydrophilic betalains. Additionally, among the lipophilic functional components, the most studied are the tocal ones, followed by the carotenoids [46].
Functional components of quinoa seed.
To begin with, the functional components have a great diversity of molecules that can modulate one to more metabolic processes in humans. In addition, they can be hydrophilic, of which we have phenolic compounds and betalains, or lipophilic; there are carotenoids, tocoles, and phytoecdysteorids [46].
They are secondary plant metabolites that have a variety of chemical structures that have in common the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups on aromatic rings. On the other hand, the different results of the detection of phenolic compounds in quinoa seeds in the world, in the first place, are that the crops analyzed in China were of a white and pigmented variety, where the grain was subjected to grinding to observe to what extent this can affect the content of these components; it is known that phenolic compounds are present in the outer layers of the grain, where the total phenolic content of the pigmented varieties were 2–3 times higher than white varieties. This difference in phenolic content may be due to the fact that the genotypes are different and the different pedoclimatic conditions, thus being the crops from China those that had high phenolic content compared with other parts of Asia [46]. On the other hand, studies of samples from Peru, Chile, Brazil, Argentina, and Colombia were carried out; where the free phenolic content was made in quinoa grown in Peru and Chile, where quinoa grown in Peru showed higher values than those of Chile. Finally, flavonoids have been found in samples of quinoa from Peru, the United States, and Korea, with Peru having a higher total flavonoid content than the others. However, other studies show that Korean crops have a higher content of total flavonoids than the Peruvian culture [46].
They are pigments that are soluble in water and are responsible for the color of plant tissues; they can be classified into betacyanins and bexanthins [46]. Regarding the content of betalains in quinoa, the content of betalains has been determined in quinoa samples from the Peruvian highlands, where values that are in the range of 0.15 and 6.10 mg have been found. In several betalains, proline-derived betaxanthin was found in varieties with light yellow seeds and only in a black variety [46].
Also known as natural pigments that give a yellow to orange-red color to plant tissue. We also find carotents and xanthophylls as major subgroups of carotenoids [46]. Additionally, the consumption of carotenoids has beneficial effects for human health such as protection against cardiovascular diseases, cataracts, cancer, and muscle degeneration [46].
On the other hand, regarding the content of carotenoids, they have been studied in samples of quinoa grown in Egypt and Finland, as in commercial samples, where B-carotene and lycopene were found in five genotypes of quinoa grown in Egypt, also B-carotene could be found in a commercial white quinoa sample, but high levels were found in pigmented quinoa sample. Furthermore, regarding the Finnish sample, six carotenoids were found in quinoa samples [46].
They are methylated phenols with a saturated side chain; in addition, tocopherols exist in four isoforms, α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol differing in the position of the methyl group on the chromanol ring [46]. On the other hand, the tocol content has been moderately investigated in quinoa seeds, carrying out a study of four varieties of quinoa grown in Peru, where the main isomer of tocopherol was α-tocopherol that presented values in the range of 463 and 1444 ppm [46]. In addition, the highest content of α-tocopherol and total tocopherol was found in the yellow variety of Maranganí. Additionally, in Buenos Aires, four tocopherol vitamers were found, where y-tocopherol was the one with the highest content, followed by α-tocopherol, where its content was 0.9 and 3.1 mg [46]. Continuing, tocopherol investigations were also carried out in nine varieties of quinoa from four countries, counting Peru again, Bolivia, Colombia, and Denmark; the results showed two isoforms of tocotrienol and the β isoform of tocopherol were not present in the pigmented and non-pigmented varieties. Finally, Melini, V. & Melini, F mention that through all their research, α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol have been identified in 39 pigmented and non-pigmented quinoa samples, where γ- tocopherol was the most abundant, and the black genotypes were more abundant than the white varieties [46].
They are a broad group of plant steroids where their structure is characterized by having a 5 β-cholestanol steroid skeleton that contains a 6-ketone ring B and a hydroxyl group at the C-14 α position. On the other hand, the study of phytoecdysteroids in quinoa and few investigations have been reported, such as the investigation of Chilean quinoa varieties and commercial samples of quinoa, where the total content of phytoecdysteroids was in the range of 224 and 570 μgg−1 fw in Chilean samples, and in commercial samples it presented 138 and 568 μgg−1 f [46].
Additionally, they were also carried out in 15 varieties of quinoa grains in Peru, department of Puno, for the content of phenolic compounds where they obtained a variation of 35.29–139.94 mg gallic acid per 100 grams [47] (Table 7).
Flavonoids | Phenolic acids |
---|---|
Myricetin | Caffeic |
Quercetin | Ferulic |
Kaempferol | p-Hydroxybenzoic |
Isohamnetin | Vanillinic |
Routine | Gallic |
Orientina | Cynamic |
Vitexin | Protocatechuic |
Morina | p-Cumaric |
Hesperidin | — |
Neohesperidin | — |
The flavonoids and phenolic acids identified in quinoa seeds.
Source: Taylor et al. (2014).
In relation to other bioactive compounds in quinoa seed ecotypes, the content of deidzaine isoflavones was found in a range of 0.7–1.15 mg per 100 grams and 0.05–0.25 mg of genistein per 100 grams. On the other hand, a carotenoid content in the range of 1.69–3.88 mg per kilogram has also been recorded [48].
The process for the extraction of quinoa oil is described and is as follows [49]:
The quinoa is received in bags of double Kraft paper material weighing 25 kg, later stored at room temperature and in a dry environment (Figure 4).
25 kg bags of quinoa.
Cleaning is carried out manually in order to eliminate any impurities, such as defective seeds, stones, etc. (Figure 5).
Cleaning the quinoa grains.
Cold water was used for washing in order to eliminate the amount of saponin, which generates a detergency that is visualized by the creation of foam. At this stage, the seed has been polished, since the outer layer is removed (Figure 6).
Washing the quinoa.
The drying stage was carried out in a forced air oven at a temperature of 80° C with a time of 3 hours until a humidity of 8% is achieved (Figure 7).
Forced air stove.
The milling was carried out with a hammer mill; this allows to reduce the size of the particles of the quinoa seeds, which allows us to break the cells, which makes the release of the oil feasible. In addition, the average size is 240 u of the particles (Figure 8).
Hammer mill.
The machine used to extract the oil was a Soxhlet extractor, which has a capacity of 3 kg. For this process, the already ground quinoa is placed in a basket in which it is in contact with the solvent. Finally, the duration of the process is observed until no more oil remains can be seen inside the machine (Figure 9).
Soxhlet extractor.
In this stage, the solvent is mixed with the quinoa oil; for this, it is evaporated in a rotary evaporator, where the solvent is divided with the oil (Figure 10).
Rotavapor.
Finally, the oil that is extracted and placed in glass bottles with an amber color and protected from light.
The process of obtaining protein concentrate based on quinoa will be shown below [50]:
The grain was cleaned and classified, subsequently a washing was carried out with distilled water and followed by drying at a temperature of 75°C for 8 hours. Furthermore, the saponin-free grains were ground, and a particle size of 25 μm was reached with a sieve.
A flour suspension was made, using distilled water with a 1:10 (w / v) ratio, and the pH is regulated with 1 N NaOH until reaching pH 9. Additionally, this suspension was moved for a time of 1 hour, the supernatant was taken (first extraction (and the precipitate was re-carried out in the solubilization process (second extraction).
From the previous step, the collected supernatants, their pH were regulated with citric and hydrochloric acid until reaching a value of 4.5. The samples were centrifuged for a time of 15 minutes. Subsequently, the supernatant was discarded and with the precipitate, they were lyophilized at a temperature of −30°C. Finally, the samples obtained were placed in polyethylene material sleeves.
A new method was proposed to obtain protein hydrolysates from quinoa, using supercritical fluids extraction (SFE), CO2 and ethanol as cosolvent as a previous step to separate the fat and phenolic compounds in a single extraction process, and this was compared with the conventional solvent extraction (CSE) [51]. The production of quinoa protein hydrolysate (QPH) using two technologies to extract the oil and separate the phenolic compounds (PC) prior to enzymatic hydrolysis was evaluated: (1) Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and (2) Conventional solvent extraction (CSE). The aim of this study was to compare the oil extraction yield, remaining PC and QPH yield. Furthermore, an economic evaluation and sensitivity study was performed using SuperPro Designer 9.0 software; quinoa grain batches of 1.5 kg (laboratory) and 2500 kg (industrial scale) were considered, as shown in Figure 4. Results revealed that SFE allows higher oil yield and separation of PC. The cost of manufacturing (COM) was lower in SFE compared with CSE, US$ 90.10/kg and US$ 109.29/kg, respectively, and higher net present value (NPV), US$ 205,006,000 and US$ 28,159,000 compared with CSE. The best scenario is when the sale of both by-products (oil and saponins) is included, the COM is reduced to US$ 28.90/kg (SFE) and US$ 57.06/kg (CSE), and profitability also improves. In addition, the significance the COM and NPV was statistically evaluated, there are no significant differences on an industrial scale. Both processes are economically promising, especially when the QPH and by-products are produced in large scale and sold at the current market price (Figure 11).
Simulation flowsheet designed with SuperPro Designer 9® for the QPH production process using (a) SFE and (b) CSE.
Quinoa is a food that is produced mainly in Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador and has nutritional characteristics superior to many vegetables. It is recognized as a complete food due to the quality of proteins, fiber, minerals, and vitamins; in addition to being gluten-free, it has allowed the development of new food products and is even used in an unconventional way as a nutraceutical, in the production of edible films, and as a stabilizing agent for emulsions.
However, quinoa grains have saponin, an anti-nutritional factor that can be eliminated by wet or dry methods, although there are some disadvantages such as high-water consumption, loss of essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and amino acids, among others. It is therefore important to promote new methods of saponin elimination together with the development of breeding programs for quinoa varieties with low saponin content to improve yields per hectare.
The type of pretreatment with SFE and CSE applied to quinoa flour prior to enzymatic hydrolysis influences on the oil yield, remaining phenolic compounds and hydrolysate yield. The significance analysis of the factors considered shows that there is no significant effect on the COM and NPV of the QPH production at industrial scale between each technology; however, the pretreatment with SFE allows obtaining a lower COM and higher NPV, the sensitivity study and the evaluated scenarios show an additional income generated by the sale of by-products such as saponins and oils. Finally, it is corroborated by the values obtained, which as the scale of production increases, the manufacturing cost decreases for both technologies, making the production of quinoa protein hydrolysate viable at an industrial level.
General requirements for Open Access to Horizon 2020 research project outputs are found within Guidelines on Open Access to Scientific Publication and Research Data in Horizon 2020. The guidelines, in their simplest form, state that if you are a Horizon 2020 recipient, you must ensure open access to your scientific publications by enabling them to be downloaded, printed and read online. Additionally, said publications must be peer reviewed.
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Adoga",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1775.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"90529",title:"Mr.",name:"Moses",middleName:"P.",surname:"Adoga",slug:"moses-adoga",fullName:"Moses Adoga"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:10,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"62883",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79697",title:"Adenoviral Vector-Based Vaccines and Gene Therapies: Current Status and Future Prospects",slug:"adenoviral-vector-based-vaccines-and-gene-therapies-current-status-and-future-prospects",totalDownloads:4928,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:"Adenoviruses are one of the most genetically diverse DNA viruses and cause non-life-threatening infections in the ocular, respiratory, or gastrointestinal epithelium of a diverse range of hosts. Adenoviruses are excellent vectors for delivering genes or vaccine antigens to the target host tissues and are being tested in several vaccine and gene therapy studies. Adenovirus-based vectors offer several advantages over other viral vectors such as broad range of tissue tropism, well-characterized genome, ease of genetic manipulation including acceptance of large transgene DNA insertions, inherent adjuvant properties, ability to induce robust transgene-specific T cell and antibody responses, non-replicative nature in host, and ease of production at large scale. However, several studies have highlighted major drawbacks to using adenovirus as vaccine and gene therapy vectors. These include pre-existing immunity in humans, inflammatory responses, sequestering of the vector to liver and spleen, and immunodominance of the vector genes over transgenes. In the same vein, recently discovered protein sequence homology and heterologous immunity between adenoviruses and hepatitis C virus have significant implications in the use of adenoviral vectors for vaccine development, especially for hepatitis C virus. This chapter focuses on the current scope and challenges in using adenoviral vector-based vaccines and gene therapies.",book:{id:"7286",slug:"adenoviruses",title:"Adenoviruses",fullTitle:"Adenoviruses"},signatures:"Shakti Singh, Rakesh Kumar and Babita Agrawal",authors:null},{id:"33318",doi:"10.5772/33285",title:"Baculovirus Enhancins and Their Role in Viral Pathogenicity",slug:"baculovirus-enhancins-and-their-role-in-viral-pathogenicity",totalDownloads:2419,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:null,book:{id:"1775",slug:"molecular-virology",title:"Molecular Virology",fullTitle:"Molecular Virology"},signatures:"James M. Slavicek",authors:[{id:"94745",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Slavicek",slug:"james-slavicek",fullName:"James Slavicek"}]},{id:"66740",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85484",title:"Bacteriophages: Their Structural Organisation and Function",slug:"bacteriophages-their-structural-organisation-and-function",totalDownloads:1934,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Viruses are infectious particles that exist in a huge variety of forms and infect practically all living systems: animals, plants, insects and bacteria. Viruses that infect and use bacterial resources are classified as bacteriophages (or phages) and represent the most abundant life form on Earth. A phage can be described as a specific type of nano-machine that is able to recognise its environment, find a host cell, start infection, self-assemble and safeguard its genome until the next cycle of replication is initiated. Remarkable results have been obtained by combining cryo-EM, X-ray analysis and bioinformatics in structural studies of these nano-machines. In this review we will describe results of structural studies of phages that uncover their organisation in different conformations, thus facilitating our understanding of the functional mechanisms in supramolecular assemblies and helping us understand the usage of phages in medical treatments. Currently, antibiotic resistance is an enormous challenge that we face. The tailed phages could be used in place of antibiotics due to their high specificity to host cells, but more knowledge of their organisation and function is required.",book:{id:"6910",slug:"bacteriophages-perspectives-and-future",title:"Bacteriophages",fullTitle:"Bacteriophages - Perspectives and Future"},signatures:"Helen E. White and Elena V. Orlova",authors:[{id:"101052",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Orlova",slug:"elena-orlova",fullName:"Elena Orlova"},{id:"262804",title:"Dr.",name:"Helen",middleName:null,surname:"White",slug:"helen-white",fullName:"Helen White"}]},{id:"58406",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72660",title:"A Historical Review of Ebola Outbreaks",slug:"a-historical-review-of-ebola-outbreaks",totalDownloads:1557,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a severe, often fatal illness in humans caused by the Ebola virus. Since the first case was identified in 1976, there have been 36 documented outbreaks with the worst and most publicized recorded in 2014 which ravaged three West African Countries, Guinea, Liberia and Serial Leone. The West African outbreak recorded 28,616 human cases, 11,310 deaths (CFR: 57–59%) and left about 17,000 survivors, many of whom have to grapple with Post-Ebola syndrome. Historically, ZEBOV has the highest virulence. Providing a historical perspective which highlights key challenges and progress made toward detecting and responding to EVD is a key to charting a path towards stronger resilience against the disease. There have been remarkable shifts in diagnostics, at risk populations, impact on health systems and response approaches. The health sector continues to gain global experiences about EVD which has shaped preparedness, prevention, detection, diagnostics, response, and recovery strategies. This has brought about the need for stronger collaboration between international organizations and seemingly Ebola endemic countries in the areas of improving disease surveillance, strengthening health systems, development and establishment of early warning systems, improving the capacity of local laboratories and trainings for health workers.",book:{id:"6294",slug:"advances-in-ebola-control",title:"Advances in Ebola Control",fullTitle:"Advances in Ebola Control"},signatures:"Kasangye Kangoy Aurelie, Mutangala Muloye Guy, Ngoyi Fuamba\nBona, Kaya Mulumbati Charles, Avevor Patrick Mawupemor and Li\nShixue",authors:[{id:"214449",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Kasangye Kangoy",middleName:null,surname:"Aurelie",slug:"kasangye-kangoy-aurelie",fullName:"Kasangye Kangoy Aurelie"},{id:"215908",title:"Dr.",name:"Mutangala Muloye",middleName:null,surname:"Guy",slug:"mutangala-muloye-guy",fullName:"Mutangala Muloye Guy"},{id:"215909",title:"Dr.",name:"Ngoyi Fuamba",middleName:null,surname:"Bona",slug:"ngoyi-fuamba-bona",fullName:"Ngoyi Fuamba Bona"},{id:"215910",title:"Dr.",name:"Kaya Mulumbati",middleName:null,surname:"Charles",slug:"kaya-mulumbati-charles",fullName:"Kaya Mulumbati Charles"},{id:"215911",title:"Mr.",name:"Patrick",middleName:"Mawupemor",surname:"Avevor",slug:"patrick-avevor",fullName:"Patrick Avevor"},{id:"215912",title:"Prof.",name:"Li",middleName:null,surname:"Shixue",slug:"li-shixue",fullName:"Li Shixue"}]},{id:"45876",doi:"10.5772/56976",title:"Genetic Engineering of Baculoviruses",slug:"genetic-engineering-of-baculoviruses",totalDownloads:3803,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"3505",slug:"current-issues-in-molecular-virology-viral-genetics-and-biotechnological-applications",title:"Current Issues in Molecular Virology",fullTitle:"Current Issues in Molecular Virology - Viral Genetics and Biotechnological Applications"},signatures:"Santiago Haase, Leticia Ferrelli, Matías Luis Pidre and Víctor\nRomanowski",authors:[{id:"163273",title:"Mr.",name:"Santiago",middleName:null,surname:"Haase",slug:"santiago-haase",fullName:"Santiago Haase"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"62883",title:"Adenoviral Vector-Based Vaccines and Gene Therapies: Current Status and Future Prospects",slug:"adenoviral-vector-based-vaccines-and-gene-therapies-current-status-and-future-prospects",totalDownloads:4932,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:"Adenoviruses are one of the most genetically diverse DNA viruses and cause non-life-threatening infections in the ocular, respiratory, or gastrointestinal epithelium of a diverse range of hosts. Adenoviruses are excellent vectors for delivering genes or vaccine antigens to the target host tissues and are being tested in several vaccine and gene therapy studies. Adenovirus-based vectors offer several advantages over other viral vectors such as broad range of tissue tropism, well-characterized genome, ease of genetic manipulation including acceptance of large transgene DNA insertions, inherent adjuvant properties, ability to induce robust transgene-specific T cell and antibody responses, non-replicative nature in host, and ease of production at large scale. However, several studies have highlighted major drawbacks to using adenovirus as vaccine and gene therapy vectors. These include pre-existing immunity in humans, inflammatory responses, sequestering of the vector to liver and spleen, and immunodominance of the vector genes over transgenes. In the same vein, recently discovered protein sequence homology and heterologous immunity between adenoviruses and hepatitis C virus have significant implications in the use of adenoviral vectors for vaccine development, especially for hepatitis C virus. This chapter focuses on the current scope and challenges in using adenoviral vector-based vaccines and gene therapies.",book:{id:"7286",slug:"adenoviruses",title:"Adenoviruses",fullTitle:"Adenoviruses"},signatures:"Shakti Singh, Rakesh Kumar and Babita Agrawal",authors:null},{id:"66740",title:"Bacteriophages: Their Structural Organisation and Function",slug:"bacteriophages-their-structural-organisation-and-function",totalDownloads:1947,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Viruses are infectious particles that exist in a huge variety of forms and infect practically all living systems: animals, plants, insects and bacteria. Viruses that infect and use bacterial resources are classified as bacteriophages (or phages) and represent the most abundant life form on Earth. A phage can be described as a specific type of nano-machine that is able to recognise its environment, find a host cell, start infection, self-assemble and safeguard its genome until the next cycle of replication is initiated. Remarkable results have been obtained by combining cryo-EM, X-ray analysis and bioinformatics in structural studies of these nano-machines. In this review we will describe results of structural studies of phages that uncover their organisation in different conformations, thus facilitating our understanding of the functional mechanisms in supramolecular assemblies and helping us understand the usage of phages in medical treatments. Currently, antibiotic resistance is an enormous challenge that we face. The tailed phages could be used in place of antibiotics due to their high specificity to host cells, but more knowledge of their organisation and function is required.",book:{id:"6910",slug:"bacteriophages-perspectives-and-future",title:"Bacteriophages",fullTitle:"Bacteriophages - Perspectives and Future"},signatures:"Helen E. White and Elena V. Orlova",authors:[{id:"101052",title:"Prof.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Orlova",slug:"elena-orlova",fullName:"Elena Orlova"},{id:"262804",title:"Dr.",name:"Helen",middleName:null,surname:"White",slug:"helen-white",fullName:"Helen White"}]},{id:"58426",title:"Introductory Chapter: Clinical and Epidemiological Implications of Zika Virus Infection - The Experience of RECOLZIKA in Colombia",slug:"introductory-chapter-clinical-and-epidemiological-implications-of-zika-virus-infection-the-experienc",totalDownloads:1099,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"5716",slug:"current-topics-in-zika",title:"Current Topics in Zika",fullTitle:"Current Topics in Zika"},signatures:"Alfonso J. Rodríguez-Morales, Adriana M. Trujillo, Jorge A. Sánchez-\nDuque, Jaime A. Cardona-Ospina, Wilmer E. Villamil-Gómez, Carlos\nE. Jimenez-Canizalez, Jorge L. Alvarado-Socarras, Juan Carlos\nSepúlveda-Arias, Pío López, Matthew Collins, Alberto Paniz-\nMondolfi, Antonio C. Bandeira and José Antonio Suárez",authors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales"}]},{id:"67876",title:"The Unusual Linear Plasmid Generating Systems of Prokaryotes",slug:"the-unusual-linear-plasmid-generating-systems-of-prokaryotes",totalDownloads:1176,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Linear DNA is vulnerable to exonuclease degradation and suffers from genetic loss due to the end replication problem. Eukaryotes overcome these problems by locating repetitive telomere sequences at the end of each chromosome. In humans and other vertebrates this noncoding terminal sequence is repeated between hundreds and thousands of times, ensuring important genetic information is protected. In most prokaryotes, the end-replication problem is solved by utilizing circular DNA molecules as chromosomes. However, some phage and bacteria do store genetic information in linear constructs, and the ends of these structures form either invertrons or hairpin telomeres. Hairpin telomere formation is catalyzed by a protelomerase, a unique protein that modifies DNA by a two-step transesterification reaction, proceeding via a covalent protein bound intermediate. The specifics of this mechanism are largely unknown and conflicting data suggests variations occur between different systems. These proteins, and the DNA constructs they produce, have valuable applications in the biotechnology industry. They are also an essential component of some human pathogens, an increased understanding of how they operate is therefore of fundamental importance. Although this review will focus on phage encoded protelomerase, protelomerases found from Agrobacterium and Borellia will be discussed in terms of mechanism of action.",book:{id:"6910",slug:"bacteriophages-perspectives-and-future",title:"Bacteriophages",fullTitle:"Bacteriophages - Perspectives and Future"},signatures:"Sophie E. Knott, Sarah A. Milsom and Paul J. Rothwell",authors:[{id:"298694",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Rothwell",slug:"paul-rothwell",fullName:"Paul Rothwell"},{id:"298695",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sophie",middleName:null,surname:"Knott",slug:"sophie-knott",fullName:"Sophie Knott"},{id:"302001",title:"BSc.",name:"Sarah A",middleName:null,surname:"Milsom",slug:"sarah-a-milsom",fullName:"Sarah A Milsom"}]},{id:"73723",title:"Neuromuscular Effects and Rehabilitation in Guillain-Barré Syndrome Associated with Zika Virus Infection",slug:"neuromuscular-effects-and-rehabilitation-in-guillain-barr-syndrome-associated-with-zika-virus-infect",totalDownloads:526,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The 2015–2017 Zika Virus outbreak caused a high increase in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), a post infectious autoimmune disease of the peripheral nerves. The severity of GBS can range from mild impairment with fast recovery to complete paralysis including severe respiratory or autonomic failure. Recovery may take months and even years and may be incomplete despite disease modifying treatment with IVIG or plasma exchange. Therefore, optimal supportive care and effective rehabilitation remain crucial. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation is recommended but may be challenging in the acute phase because of limited patient participation due to profound muscle weakness and severe pain. Inactive denervated muscles will inevitably undergo rapid degeneration resulting in wasting, weakness, and contractures as major long-term complications in severely affected patients. In this chapter, the current evidence of rehabilitation on the short- and long-term motor function in GBS is reviewed, including newly obtained experiences with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES). Rehabilitation remains an area lacking well designed and controlled clinical studies and thus a clear lack of evidence-based guidelines.",book:{id:"8990",slug:"current-concepts-in-zika-research",title:"Current Concepts in Zika Research",fullTitle:"Current Concepts in Zika Research"},signatures:"Thomas Harbo and Henning Andersen",authors:[{id:"310593",title:"M.D.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Harbo",slug:"thomas-harbo",fullName:"Thomas Harbo"},{id:"318823",title:"Prof.",name:"Henning",middleName:null,surname:"Andersen",slug:"henning-andersen",fullName:"Henning Andersen"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"427",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. 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He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"87",type:"subseries",title:"Economics",keywords:"Globalization, Economic integration, Growth and development, International trade, Environmental development, Developed countries, Developing countries, Technical innovation, Knowledge management, Political economy analysis, Banking and financial markets",scope:"\r\n\tThe topic on Economics is designed to disseminate knowledge around broad global economic issues. Original submissions will be accepted in English for applied and theoretical articles, case studies and reviews about the specific challenges and opportunities faced by the economies and markets around the world. The authors are encouraged to apply rigorous economic analysis with significant policy implications for developed and developing countries. Examples of subjects of interest will include, but are not limited to globalization, economic integration, growth and development, international trade, environmental development, country specific comparative analysis, technical innovation and knowledge management, political economy analysis, and banking and financial markets.
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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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