Frequencies of RH haplotypes in various ethnicities.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
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This text is a collection of selected research articles and reviews, including recent efforts in several applications of boron-containing materials. All chapters are written by researchers who are active on the frontline. The chapters in this book will be helpful for many students and researchers involved in the field of boron-based material",isbn:"978-1-83880-213-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-040-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-214-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78730",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"recent-advances-in-boron-containing-materials",numberOfPages:122,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"3737be3f785ef9d8b318571ab474f407",bookSignature:"Metin Aydin",publishedDate:"April 29th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8417.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5006,numberOfWosCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:22,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:44,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 17th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 14th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 13th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 3rd 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 2nd 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"27070",title:"Prof.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Aydin",slug:"metin-aydin",fullName:"Metin Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27070/images/system/27070.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Aydin received his B.S degree in 1989, M.S degree in engineering physics in 1993 from Ankara University and he holds a doctorate in physical chemistry from the City University of New York (CUNY), received in 2001. His mentor at The City College of The City University of New York was Dr. John R. Lombardi. From 2001 to 2005, Dr. Aydin was a post doctoral associate at Center for Analysis of Structures and Interfaces (CASI), The City College, Chemistry Department, at CUNY, under the guidance of Dr. Daniel L. Akins, director. In 2008, Dr. Aydin joined the faculty of the Chemistry Department of Ondokuz Mayıs University (OMU), where he rose through the ranks from assistant professor to professor of physical chemistry. Dr. Aydin has been published in numerous professional journals. He has extensively lectured at conferences and universities, both national and international. His main research interests involve Photofragmentation Spectroscopy of Transition Metal Cation Clusters in a Reflectron Time-Of-Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometer, Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), Aggregation Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (AERS), Density Functional Theory (DFT), single crystal X-ray diffraction, and chemistry and physics of isolated and functionalized carbon nanotubes and boron nitride nanotubes.",institutionString:"Ondokuz Mayis University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"14",title:"Materials Science",slug:"materials-science"}],chapters:[{id:"71005",title:"Boron Industry, Sources, and Evaporitic Andean Deposits: Geochemical Characteristics and Evolution Paths of the Superficial Brines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90797",slug:"boron-industry-sources-and-evaporitic-andean-deposits-geochemical-characteristics-and-evolution-path",totalDownloads:818,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study accounts for boron deposits in Chile. In addition, a vision is given of the geochemical evolution of its waters that depend largely on the evaporation of water and various factors among which are the geomorphology, climate, and volcanic activity that favor the conditions for the deposition of various salts between that accentuate lithium, potassium, and boron. Borates are found in lenticular stratified bodies, known as “bars,” interspersed in detrital-saline sequences and always in the first meters of the saline surface part or as high-grade nodules (up to 30% B2O3) that can reach tens of centimeters. In the first part, a description is made of the saline deposits to coming of the salars of South America, because it is the most important reserves of boron-rich minerals known in this continent are directly related to this type of deposits. Subsequently, the deposits in Chile and their characteristics are described. The only mineral of economic recovery known in Chile is ulexite. The second part refers to the Pitzer ion interaction model that is applied to predict the precipitation of salts in multicomponent aqueous systems with high ionic strength in a temperature range of 0–60°C, using the three natural brines of Andean borates.",signatures:"Ingrid Garcés Millas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71005",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71005",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"64688",title:"Functionalized Boron Nitride Applications in Biotechnology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80849",slug:"functionalized-boron-nitride-applications-in-biotechnology",totalDownloads:1292,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Due to its interesting chemical, physical, and biological properties, boron nitride has received considerable attention by the scientific and technological communities. However, there is a strong dependency of its structural quality and compatibility in different host systems, regarding its potential applications. The use of these different nanostructures involves several challenges due to their low dispersibility in water and organic solvents; thus, its chemical modification is an important step that gives them specificity. Therefore, the ability to control their surface (physically or chemically) is essential for exploring and building blocks in the nanoengineering of supramolecular structures. In this chapter, we report different boron nitride functionalization processes, as well as their important uses as adjuvants in vaccines, brachytherapy, or drug delivery. Besides some important theoretical studies that have demonstrated the different functionalization possibilities for use in nanomedicine, are also reported.",signatures:"Hélio Ribeiro, Paula von Cardoso Randow, Diego N. Vilela, Milene Adriane Luciano and Lidia Maria de Andrade",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64688",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64688",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"71567",title:"Bio-Inspired Artificial Light-Harvesting Arrays Based on Boron(III)-Chelates",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91853",slug:"bio-inspired-artificial-light-harvesting-arrays-based-on-boron-iii-chelates",totalDownloads:651,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Many diverse natural systems use sunlight to drive critical chemical reactions. To harvest sufficient photon densities, natural organisms have developed highly sophisticated light absorbing antennae rather than rely on direct illumination of a single chromophore. Attempts to develop artificial analogues have resulted in the synthesis and spectroscopic characterisation of elaborate molecular assemblies and here we consider the case for using boron(III) chelates as the primary light absorbers. Such entities make attractive modules for the creation of multi-component arrays with individual units sited in a logical sequence for long-range electronic energy transfer. Alternatively, certain boron(III) chelates can be synthesised in high yield by simple strategies that avoid time-consuming purification. These latter materials are appealing as components for large-scale light harvesters. The use of photonic crystals avoids the need to position individual molecules at the catalyst but presents severe design challenges. Interrupting, or redirecting, the flow of excitons within the array requires the introduction of novel switches that can be activated by selective illumination. Protecting the array against adventitious photofading is a major objective that has yet to be achieved.",signatures:"Hatun H.T. Al-Sharif and Anthony Harriman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71567",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71567",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"68044",title:"Significance of Boron Nitride in Composites and Its Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81557",slug:"significance-of-boron-nitride-in-composites-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:1066,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Boron nitride (BN) exists in several polymorphic forms such as a-BN, h-BN, t-BN, r-BN, m-BN, o-BN, w-BN, and c-BN phases. Among them, c-BN and h-BN are the most common ceramic powders used in composites to ensure enhanced material properties. Cubic boron nitride (c-BN) has exceptional properties such as hardness, strength than relating with other ceramics so that are most commonly used as abrasives and in cutting tool applications. c-BN possesses the second highest thermal conductivity after diamond and relatively low dielectric constant. Hence pioneer preliminary research in AMCs proven substitute composites than virgin AA 6061 traditionally used for fins in heat sinks. Moreover, poly-crystalline c-BN (PCBN) tools are most suitable for various machining tasks due to their unmatchable mechanical properties. h-BN also finds its own unique applications where polymer composites for high temperature applications and sp3 bonding in extreme temperature and compression conditions.",signatures:"Sasikumar Rathinasabapathy, M.S. Santhosh and Manivannan Asokan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68044",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68044",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"70298",title:"Hexachlorinated Boron(III) Subphthalocyanine as Acceptor for Organic Photovoltaics: A Brief Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90292",slug:"hexachlorinated-boron-iii-subphthalocyanine-as-acceptor-for-organic-photovoltaics-a-brief-overview",totalDownloads:607,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A boron(III) complex of peripherally hexachlorinated subphthalocyanine, Cl6SubPc is a very promising small-molecule acceptor for application in organic photovoltaics. In this chapter the recent experimental results in the field are compared, and a critical review is given of the published works on the solar cells with the planar or bulk heterojunction architectures. The thin film properties of Cl6SubPc are also considered. The approaches to the further modification of the molecular structure of boron(III) subphthalocyanine-type compounds for the enhancement of their photoelectrical properties are discussed.",signatures:"Georgy L. Pakhomov, Vlad V. Travkin and Pavel A. Stuzhin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70298",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70298",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"70913",title:"Peculiarities of Refractory Borides Formation during Mechanical Alloying IV-V Group Transition Metals with Boron in Planetary Mill",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89401",slug:"peculiarities-of-refractory-borides-formation-during-mechanical-alloying-iv-v-group-transition-metal",totalDownloads:573,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Mechanical alloying in the transition IV-V group metal-boron systems runs by the two following mechanisms: mechanically induced reaction of self-propagating synthesis determined by the enthalpy of refractory compound formation and capability to form substitutional solid solution through replacement of a metal atom by boron atoms; and diffusion-controlled process when a supersaturated interstitial solid solution prevails and its bcc lattice gradually transforms to the hexagonal lattice of the MeB2 phase at a critical boron content. The domination of one of the above mechanisms is determined by capability of boron to form substitutional or interstitial solid solution. In the case of formation of combined (SSS and ISS) solid solutions, domination of a mechanism is determined by the interatomic bond strength as well as by the intensity of mechanical alloying. The method for calculation of the free Gibbs energy of the interstitial and substitutional solid solutions on the basis of the regular solution model was developed. It was shown that during milling tantalum and boron in a planetary mill, at first the formation of a combined solid solution occurs where two boron atoms replace one tantalum atom. Both the mechanisms of solid solution formation decrease the solution Gibbs energy. When a SSS dominates over the formation of an ISS, the Gibbs energy acquires a minimum value at a concentration of boron in tantalum of 50 at%, which leads to the solution decomposition.",signatures:"Maria P. Savyak and Alex B. Melnick",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70913",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70913",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6320",title:"Advances in Glass Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6d0a32a0cf9806bccd04101a8b6e1b95",slug:"advances-in-glass-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Vincenzo M. 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The RH blood group system is the most clinically significant blood group system after the ABO blood group system. It is extremely polymorphic, and to date, 56 antigens have been identified and reported by the International Society of Blood Transfusion [1]. The five main antigens of the RH blood group system are D, C, E, c, and e. Other antigens are represented in a combined form, including the ce or f antigen. Some antigens are correlated to specific ethnicities; e.g., the VS antigen is found in the Black population, which is a variant of the e antigen [2].
The antigens of the RH blood group system are encoded by two highly homologous genes,
The schematic diagram for the RH genes and their proteins. The
Normally, the
Haplotype | English [7] | Nigerian [8] | Chinese [9] | Saudi Arabian [10] |
---|---|---|---|---|
N = 2000 | N = 274 | N = 4648 | N = 3563 | |
0.0257 | 0.5908 | 0.0334 | 0.0078 | |
0.4205 | 0.0602 | 0.7298 | 0.4723 | |
0.1411 | 0.1151 | 0.1870 | 0.2736 | |
0.0024 | 0 | 0.0041 | 0.0051 | |
0.3886 | 0.2028 | 0.0232 | 0.2410 | |
0.0098 | 0.0311 | 0.0189 | 0 | |
0.0119 | 0 | 0 | 0.0001 | |
0 | 0 | 0.0036 | 0 |
Frequencies of RH haplotypes in various ethnicities.
The RhD/RhCE polypeptide is accompanied by two Rh-associated glycoproteins (RhAG) proteins. This association produces a trimer structure as a part of a macrocomplex on the red blood cell membrane proteins [11]. RhAG resembles the RhD and RhCE polypeptides with 36% identity and possesses glycosylation on the first loop. By contrast, the RhD and RhCE polypeptides are not glycosylated [12, 13].
The D+ antigen and D
Regarding the Asian population, D− is rare. Nevertheless, different mechanisms have been identified for the D− phenotype in this ethnicity, including the entire deletion of the RHD gene, D-elute (DEL) phenotype, and hybrid genes (such as
The weak D phenotype was previously designated as Du because it could only be identified by anti-D immunoglobulin (Ig) G in the antiglobulin test and not with anti-D IgM. In contrast to the normal D antigen, the numbers of antigen sites per red blood cell are less and considered quantitative D [22, 23, 24]. The intact D antigen (normal D+) has 13,000–24,000 antigen sites per red blood cell. However, the weak D antigen possesses only between 70 and 4000 sites [25].
The weak D antigen comprises all the D epitopes but with weak expression. This phenotype arose from a missense mutation in the intracellular or intramembranous domain of the RhD polypeptides. Thus, a restriction occurs during the RhD polypeptide subunit assembly, leading to a decrease in the density of the RhD polypeptides [26]. In general, individuals with weak D cannot produce anti-D compared with partial D and are treated as D+ individuals [27]. However, in rare scenarios, weak D can produce anti-D. Hence, the term has been modified to weak partial D for such phenotypes. In summary, the term “D variants” was proposed by Daniels to be used for both weak D and partial D to clear the ambiguity [28]. A website called “The Human Rhesus Base” lists all D variant alleles [29, 30].
The partial D phenotype was initially classified into six categories (i.e., I–VI) according to the patterns of antibody reactions with D+ red blood cells, which already produced anti-D [31, 32]. The development of monoclonal antibodies paved the way to identify different reaction patterns. The D antigen is now defined as a mosaic or made of pieces of “epitopes.” Thirty epitopes have been identified and numbered as ep1–ep9, excluding ep7, followed by the subdivisions of these epitopes (e.g., ep8.3) [33].
This phenotype is characterized by the absence of some epitopes and is considered qualitative D [33]. Such individuals can produce anti-D when undergoing blood transfusion with a “complete” and intact normal D antigen and must be treated as D− phenotype when receiving a blood transfusion. In addition, a D− woman who is pregnant with a complete D+ child who inherits the paternal allele from his father is also at risk of developing hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) [34]. The gene conversion of the two RH genes leads to the formation of a hybrid gene and the replacement of the
The most immunogenic antibody of the RH blood group system is the anti-D, which has been reported to cause severe hemolytic transfusion reaction (HTR). Therefore, typing for the D antigen is extremely crucial, except in a population in which D− is considered rare [36]. Of note, some D− individuals have been reported to produce anti-D antibodies when blood transfusion reaction occurs and D+ blood is transfused [37, 38, 39].
Anti-D has also been implicated in severe HDFN, leading to fetal mortality [40]. However, since the start of the use of anti-D prophylaxis, this issue has been decreased dramatically [41]. Other antibodies of the RH blood group system, namely, anti-C, anti-c, anti-E, and anti-e, have been observed to result in severe HTR and HDFN [42]. To date, more than 50 antigens among the RH and different blood group systems have been implicated in HDFN, ranging from mild to severe [43].
Maternal alloimmunization may be caused by blood transfusion with an incompatible blood group antigen or during the previous or present pregnancy, in which the fetus or neonate inherits the paternal allele of the blood group antigen that is different from the maternal allele [44]. Fetal red cell leakage via the placenta entering the maternal circulation is known as fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH). These fetal red cells are recognized by the mother’s immune system as foreign bodies and start producing IgM antibodies against these antigens. In the subsequent pregnancy, the maternal IgG antibodies cross the placenta, attach to the fetal red cells, and sensitize them. Consequently, alloimmune destruction can be triggered by splenic macrophages, resulting in anemia with erythroblastosis. The duration of hemolysis varies and causes antenatal or postnatal complications according to the development of the blood group antigen of the fetus [45]. Extramedullary erythropoiesis subsequently occurs to compensate for the destroyed red cells [46].
In the case of mild anemia, an appropriate compensation can be achieved by the liver and spleen. However, in complicated cases, severe anemia leads to hypoxia in multiple organs as a result of difficult delivery that requires sufficient oxygen and nutrients. This subsequently leads to circulatory and liver failure. Liver failure results in a decrease in protein levels and a drop in oncotic pressure in the circulation. Moreover, heart failure increases venous pressure. These two complications lead to ascites and edema, which is recognized as hydrops fetalis that has a high rate of mortality and stillbirth babies [47].
The level of HDFN severity varies from one fetus/infant to another [48]. In most severe cases, the fetus may die in the uterus starting from approximately week 17 of pregnancy [49]. In severe cases presenting with hydrops fetalis, which has high morbidity and mortality, patients could be diagnosed prior to or after the delivery. For the earlier detection of the disease, intrauterine transfusion can be performed in the patients [50]. For moderate HDFN, hyperbilirubinemia can be observed in patients. In such cases, exchange transfusion is needed for the neonate to prevent the accumulation of excess bilirubin in the brain, which may lead to neurological damage and kernicterus. Regarding mild cases, jaundice and hemolysis can be identified in the neonatal period [51].
The hemolysis of the red cells leads to the release of bilirubin into the fetal/neonatal circulation. This released bilirubin has the ability to traverse the placenta, which is then eliminated by the maternal liver. After delivery, the unconjugated bilirubin is processed and excreted by the neonate’s liver. The enzyme diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase is released in a lesser amount owing to the immaturity of the neonate’s liver [52].
Because of fetal hemoglobin destruction, all newborns can exhibit jaundice. Therefore, newborns with severe hemolysis have an increased level of bilirubin. This excess amount can accumulate in the brain and lead to irreversible central neurological damage and death, a condition known as kernicterus [53].
Anti-D is the major cause of HDFN, and it was a major cause of fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality before 1970. The incidence of stillbirths and infant deaths dropped after anti-D prophylaxis was developed [54]. This anti-D prophylaxis inhibits the production of the maternal anti-D antibodies after the D-mismatch pregnancies. However, partial D mothers can develop anti-D antibodies when they become pregnant with D+ antigen fetus. In this regard, such mothers need to be treated as D− and should receive anti-D prophylaxis [55].
Many factors affect the severity of RH-HDFN, including antigenic exposure, host factors, Ig class, antibody specificity, and influence of the ABO blood group.
FMH from previous pregnancy can lead to a critical increase in maternal antibody titers, leading to maternal alloimmunization. FMH could occur in approximately 93% of mothers in a small amount (as low as 0.5 mL) [56]. The risk of FMH may be elevated as a result of abdominal trauma or because of interventions, including amniocentesis. Furthermore, the occurrence of FMH may exceed 50% at delivery owing to the entry of fetal red cells into the maternal circulation via placental separation from the uterus [57].
With respect to the undefined genetic factors that lead to complications, the capability of antibody production differs in response to antigenic exposure [58]. For example, approximately 85% of D− individuals produce alloanti-D antibodies when transfused with blood containing D+ red cells. However, if anti-D prophylaxis has been administered to D− mothers, the remaining 16% will be at the risk of HDFN after pregnancy with D+ babies [59].
Among the Ig classes (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD), only IgG has the ability to cross the placenta. The IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses are more efficient in causing red cell intravascular hemolysis compared with the IgG2 and IgG4 subclasses [60].
As previously described in this chapter, among all red cell antibodies, anti-D is the most immunogenic. Moreover, anti-C, anti-c, and anti-E are also potent antibodies that can cause moderate to severe HDFN. Anti-c and anti-E may lead to severe HDFN, which require management and treatment [61].
Of note, the incidence of detecting FMH is decreased when the mother is ABO-incompatible with the fetus. The rate of D immunization has been reported to be less in mothers with major ABO incompatibility with the fetus. This may be caused by the clearance of hemolysis that occurs due to the presence of ABO-incompatible D+ fetal red cells in the maternal circulation prior to the identification of fetal D+ red cells by the mother’s immune system [57].
Anti-D prophylaxis is also known as RH immune globulin. In 1965, the success of the anti-D prophylaxis was reported; the prophylaxis was given to D− mothers after the delivery of the D+ newborn [62]. Anti-D prophylaxis has become the backbone therapy to preclude any clinical significance of RH-HDFN. However, the mode of action regarding how these prophylaxis works remain unclear [63].
Anti-D prophylaxis contains a natural product derived from human plasma that helps in the prevention of sensitization events; therefore, there might be a risk of infectious disease transmission [64]. In general, male blood donors are used and re-exposed to a small volume of the D antigen. As a consequence, the anti-D antibody is then developed by the immune system of the donors, followed by plasma collection and processing [65].
Anti-D prophylaxis was only administered to D− mothers postnatally, and in the 1970s, the prophylaxis was modified to include an antenatal dose for the additional prevention of any sensitizing event of RH-HDFN [66].
Different anti-D prophylaxis routines are used in different countries, in which most of them administer the antenatal dose at 34 weeks. The current regimen is by administering two doses to the D− or partial D mothers who are pregnant with D+ babies. The first dose of the anti-D prophylaxis should be administered to D− mothers within 28–34 weeks of pregnancy, which could decrease the antenatal immunization [67, 68]. A total of 92% of mothers were shown to have become sensitized after week 28 [64]. If sensitization events occur, anti-D prophylaxis must be immediately administered within 72 h [69].
The second dose of anti-D prophylaxis must be given within 72 h of delivery to all D− mothers. This dose has reduced the burden of RH-HDFN by approximately 95% in the last 52 years [70]. Indeed, the second dose was initially introduced in the first routine of anti-D prophylaxis [66]. The recommended dosage of anti-D is 300 mg [49]. A larger dose might be given depending on the magnitude of FMH to reduce the risk of sensitization. The dose is typically calculated depending on the magnitude of FMH either using the Kleihauer-Betke test or flow cytometry. Cellular assays might be performed to predict the severity of HDFN, including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assay, monocyte monolayer assay, and chemiluminescence [71].
In general, the recommended routine testing for ABO and D grouping on a maternal blood sample is performed in the first trimester to predict the severity of HDFN. Antibody screening is also performed. Antibody screening must be performed frequently during pregnancy to identify any emerging antibodies. The early investigation of any new antibodies could assist in the monitoring and management of HDFN [72].
Maternal antibody titer testing is performed if IgG antibody screening is positive. Each antibody has a certain titer, which varies as per the antibody. If this titer is below a certain level, further management for HDFN is not necessary [73]. Titer measurement can also be beneficial to distinguish between immune and passive anti-D. Nevertheless, the severity of HDFN cannot be reliably determined [74]. If the maternal antibody level is higher than the critical titer, paternal
The management of all immunized mothers is possible via paternal
When fathers are homozygous for the deletion of the entire
Some methods assess the hybrid Rhesus box expressed in D− individuals, which results from the entire
Amniocentesis is a risky and invasive procedure for obtaining fetal DNA. It can increase the risk of alloimmunization and miscarriage. Instead, NIPT is nowadays performed for fetal genotyping. The approach is now followed globally and is performed by detecting cell-free fetal DNA extracted from the maternal plasma [80, 81].
Fetal genotyping is a noninvasive technique based on cell-free fetal DNA circulating in the maternal plasma, which is derived from a maternal blood sample. This approach assists in identifying different blood group alleles and predicting the corresponding antigens, including D, C, c, E, and e, in addition to KEL1 antigens [82, 83].
If the mother is D− and the fetus is D+, anti-D prophylaxis may be administered. By contrast, if the fetus is D−,the D− mother does not need to receive the prophylaxis. Therefore, this avoids unnecessary injections in the mother; moreover, it appears to be cost-effective to save treatment for the mothers in actual need [84]. Thus, the approach of fetal genotyping could be cost-effective [85].
Amniocentesis has been replaced by the middle cerebral artery (MCA) Doppler ultrasonography for predicting the severity of fetal anemia. At present, this method is routinely used by obstetricians for investigating fetal anemia by observing an increase in the velocity of blood flow in MCA in anemic fetuses compared with normal ones [86, 87]. In the case of severe anemia, fetal blood sampling (FBS) can be performed along with cordocentesis. Under ultrasound guidance, FBS is normally performed with a needle to obtain fetal blood; this procedure is considered an invasive procedure [88].
For severely HDFN-affected fetuses, intrauterine transfusion provides blood to the fetus via the umbilical vein under ultrasound guidance. Fetuses must be administered O– blood (unless fetal ABO type is known), which is also KEL-1 negative, leuko depleted, plasma depleted, hemoglobin S negative, cytomegalovirus seronegative, and ≤5 days old [89]. Furthermore, citrate phosphate dextrose is the anticoagulant used in these blood units to prevent problems arising from using different anticoagulants. Gamma irradiation is performed to eliminate any residual leukocytes that may lead to graft-versus-host disease [89].
Fetal hemoglobin and hematocrit level measurement along with crossmatching is performed to ensure that safe compatible blood is transfused to the fetus. All blood units are normally prewarmed to 37°C before being transfused. Interestingly, intrauterine transfusion has been reported to reduce prenatal death and stillbirth resulting from HDFN by 75–90% [90, 91].
The serological investigation is performed after a sample is withdrawn from the cord blood at birth. This sample is used to detect HDFN, which may help arrange for probable transfusion.
The forward ABO blood group typing may be observed with weak reactions with anti-A and anti-B antisera in infants compared with adults and older children [57]. This is because the ABO antigens of newborn infants are not entirely developed and may take 5–10 years to reach the adult levels [92]. Furthermore, reverse ABO grouping is not feasible because infants do not produce ABO antibodies at that age.
In rare cases, an infant’s red cells strongly bind to the maternal anti-D antibody, resulting in a false-negative type of D or what is known as blocked RH [93]. Anti-D can be identified from the eluant of these red cells, and typing these eluted red blood cells should be observed for any reaction with the anti-D antibody.
DAT is very crucial in diagnosing HDFN. A positive DAT demonstrates a sensitization reaction in which an infant’s red cells are coated by maternal IgG antibodies. No correlation has been observed between the severity of HDFN and the reaction strength. Moreover, other laboratory or clinical manifestations for hemolysis can also lead to positive DAT. This could be owing to the mother receiving the anti-D prophylaxis [57].
This procedure is used to treat anemic newborns with mild to moderate HDFN and who have elevated levels of bilirubin. Phototherapy is performed using a blue
Bilirubin is a lipophilic molecule that absorbs light and is metabolized into two isomers, which are less lipophilic (in other words, water-soluble) and less toxic to the brain. These can then be excreted via the urine without the requirement of enzymatic glucuronidation [97]. Overall, phototherapy is an effective procedure and can adequately conjugate bilirubin. Furthermore, it may assist reduce the requirement of blood transfusion [57].
Exchange transfusion may be performed in newborns who demonstrate severe anemia with hyperbilirubinemia or heart failure. During pregnancy, the fetal liver is unable to metabolize the unconjugated bilirubin. Therefore, this unconjugated bilirubin, made by the fetus, is crossed the placenta and metabolized by the maternal disposal system. After delivery, this system is no longer used as well as the infant’s liver is immature and cannot metabolize the unconjugated bilirubin efficiently. Therefore, the high level of bilirubin in the newborn may lead to kernicterus, which is the accumulation of bilirubin in the brain.
The assessment of hemoglobin and bilirubin levels is essential to determine the requirement of exchange transfusion in neonates. This is performed for removing bilirubin and maternal antibodies from neonates [98, 99]. Exchange transfusion is indicated at a critical level of bilirubin (i.e., ≥100 μmol/L), depending on the neonatal age.
Exchange transfusion is the replacement of neonatal blood by whole blood or equivalent, with the concurrent removal of bilirubin and maternal antibodies. However, this procedure is labor-intensive and time-consuming. Therefore, its use has become rare owing to the use of anti-D prophylaxis and phototherapy [50].
Infants may receive red cell transfusion immediately after delivery for several weeks to treat severe anemia. The same criteria that are used for intrauterine transfusion and exchange transfusion must be applied for blood transfusion. Newborns must be closely monitored for any clinical signs of ongoing anemia, particularly if the infant is malnourished or sleeps heavily [98].
In summary, RH is the most highly variable blood group system. The antigens of this system have many variants that include the D variants such as weak D and partial D. The antibodies of this system can cause HTR due to incompatibility during a blood transfusion. Furthermore, their antibodies can lead to fetal red cell sensitization and destruction, causing moderate to severe HDFN. Nowadays, owing to the development of the latest technologies, the antenatal management of fetuses has become feasible along with postnatal management. Anti-D prophylaxis can now be administered antenatally at gestational weeks 28–34. At-risk pregnancies can also be monitored noninvasively using MCA ultrasonography and fetal genotyping.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
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It often results in high productivity and requires large capital investments, low operating costs, and good safety conditions. The main topics that will be discussed in this chapter will include an introduction into the general features of open pit mining, ore body characteristics and configurations, stripping ratios and stripping overburden methods, mine elements and parameters, open pit operation cycle, pit slope angle, stability of mine slopes, types of highwall failures, mine closure and reclamation, and different variants of surface mining methods including opencast mining, mountainous mining, and artisan mining.",book:{id:"8620",slug:"mining-techniques-past-present-and-future",title:"Mining Techniques",fullTitle:"Mining Techniques - Past, Present and Future"},signatures:"Awwad H. Altiti, Rami O. Alrawashdeh and Hani M. 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The first stage contains the area recognition, its limitation to the target, and elimination of external factors until defining a geothermal zone with characteristics to be commercially exploited. The main studies and analysis that can be applied during the exploration stage are listed, and the major indicator to continue with the project or suspend is the prefeasibility report. The major risks in the exploration stage are due to studies that are carried out on the surface; at this stage, the costs can be considered low. The main results of the exploration are the selection of sites to drill three or four initial wells. Each well provides a direct overview of the reservoir: depth, production thicknesses, thermodynamic parameters, and production characteristics. The drilling of three to four exploratory wells is recommended, as far as there is certainty of the feasibility of the project, and the development of the field begins with drilling of sufficient wells to feed the plant. In this stage, the cost increases, but the risks decrease.",book:{id:"7504",slug:"renewable-geothermal-energy-explorations",title:"Renewable Geothermal Energy Explorations",fullTitle:"Renewable Geothermal Energy Explorations"},signatures:"Alfonso Aragón-Aguilar, Georgina Izquierdo-Montalvo,\nDaniel Octavio Aragón-Gaspar and Denise N. Barreto-Rivera",authors:[{id:"258358",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Aragón-Aguilar",slug:"alfonso-aragon-aguilar",fullName:"Alfonso Aragón-Aguilar"}]},{id:"65070",title:"Biochar: A Sustainable Approach for Improving Plant Growth and Soil Properties",slug:"biochar-a-sustainable-approach-for-improving-plant-growth-and-soil-properties",totalDownloads:6893,totalCrossrefCites:55,totalDimensionsCites:92,abstract:"Soil is the most important source and an abode for many nutrients and microflora. 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We present different bifacial PV cell and module technologies as well as investigate the advantages of using bifacial PV technology in the field. We describe the measurement and modeling of Albedo, which is one of the important factors for the energy yield of bifacial PV technology. For an accurate assessment of the performance ratio of bifacial PV strings, it is necessary to measure the albedo irradiance using an albedometer or the front- and rear-side plane of array (POA) irradiance. We also discuss the advanced techniques for the characterization of bifacial PV modules. By means of simulation, we give insight into what boundary conditions result in new bifacial technology gains and the influence of the mounting position of irradiance sensors. We executed several simulations by varying the sensor positions on the rear side of the PV modules, different places, different albedo numbers, mounting heights, different geographical locations with various tilts, seasons, and weather types. To validate the simulation results, we performed various experiments in the field under different conditions. The results prove that the bifacial gain is highly dependent on the mounting heights of PV modules, tilt angles, weather conditions, latitude, and location.",book:{id:"9862",title:"Solar Radiation - Measurements, Modeling and Forecasting for Photovoltaic Solar Energy Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9862.jpg"},signatures:"Mohammadreza Aghaei, Marc Korevaar, Pavel Babal and Hesan Ziar"},{id:"79973",title:"Impacts of Drought on Homestead Plant Diversity in Barind Tract of Bangladesh",slug:"impacts-of-drought-on-homestead-plant-diversity-in-barind-tract-of-bangladesh",totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101885",abstract:"Homestead is a great place for household food access, diet, and nutrition. Drought affects homestead plant diversity and reduces production, availability, and diversity that lead toward less supply and consumption. Drought detains moisture and degrades the soil that supports plant growth. Homestead provides regular bread and income in the rural areas with an effective means for both economic and environmental well-being. People are getting a good amount of subsidiary income without any extra care and effort. In managing homestead land and drought, the household needs necessary technical and managerial training. In reducing drought effects to the homestead, action research needs to be carried out on available knowledge, effective practices, water management, and the adoption of local varieties and knowledge to develop effective homestead integration. Government initiatives, community engagement and not harming the environment, and efficient uses of water could be great solutions for the adverse effects of drought on the homestead plant diversity.",book:{id:"11131",title:"Drought - Impacts and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11131.jpg"},signatures:"Md. Shafiqul Islam"},{id:"81757",title:"Petroleum Geochemistry",slug:"petroleum-geochemistry",totalDownloads:18,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104709",abstract:"Petroleum geochemistry has entered its second period of growth. The first period, largely associated with conventional oil and gas, occurred in the 70s and 80s when the classic works on source rock characterization, biomarkers, depositional systems, and petroleum generation, including kinetics and basin modeling were the focus. The second period began slightly after the turn of the century as a consequence of the “unconventional resource” revolution and the interest in distressed resources developed, the focus turned to non-hydrocarbon contaminants, new interest in hydrocarbon expulsion and retention, identification of tight rock pay zones, and the development of organic porosity. This chapter will discuss source rock characterization and formation, petroleum generation, expulsion, and retention, correlation among hydrocarbon accumulations and to their source rock(s), and organic porosity.",book:{id:"11139",title:"Geochemistry and Mineral Resources",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11139.jpg"},signatures:"Mei Mei and Barry Katz"},{id:"82130",title:"Dynamics, Anomalies and Boundaries of the Forest-Savanna Transition: A Novel Remote Sensing-Based Multi-Angles Methodology Using Google Earth Engine",slug:"dynamics-anomalies-and-boundaries-of-the-forest-savanna-transition-a-novel-remote-sensing-based-mult",totalDownloads:8,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105074",abstract:"This chapter proposes a remote sensing multi-angles methodology to assess the transition at the interface of the forest-savanna land cover. On Sentinel2-A median images of successive dry seasons, three referential and nine analytical spectral indices were computed. The change vector analysis (CVA) was performed, selecting further one magnitude per index. The averaged moving standard deviation index (aMSDI) was proposed to compare spatial intensity of anomalies among selected CVA, and then statistically assessed through spatial and no-spatial autoregression tests. The cross-correlation and simple linear combination (SCL) computations spotted the overall anomaly extent. Three machine learning algorithms, i.e., classification and regression trees (CART), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM), helped mapping the distribution of each specie. As result, the CVA confirmed each index ability to add new information. The aMSDI gave the harmonized interval [0–0.083] among CVA, confirmed with all p−values=0, z−scores>2.5, clustering of anomaly pixel,and adjusted R2≤0.19. Three trends of vegetation distribution were distinguished with 88.7% overall accuracy and 0.86 kappa coefficient. Finally, extremely affected areas were spotted in upper latitudes towards Sahel and desert.",book:{id:"11488",title:"GIS and Spatial Analysis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11488.jpg"},signatures:"Alfred Homère Ngandam Mfondoum, Igor Casimir Njombissie Petcheu, Frederic Chamberlain Lounang Tchatchouang, Luc Moutila Beni, Mesmin Tchindjang and Jean Valery Mefire Mfondoum"},{id:"81911",title:"Cryovolcanism in the Solar System and Beyond: Considerations on Energy Sources, Geological Aspects, and Astrobiological Perspectives",slug:"cryovolcanism-in-the-solar-system-and-beyond-considerations-on-energy-sources-geological-aspects-and",totalDownloads:13,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105067",abstract:"Volcanism based on melting rocks (silicate volcanism) is long known on Earth and has also been found on Jupiter’s moon Io. Remnants of this type of volcanism have been identified also on other bodies in the solar system. Energy sources powered by accretion and the decay of radioactive isotopes seem to be dominant mainly inside larger bodies, which have enough volume to accumulate and retain this energy in significant amounts. On the other hand, the impact of tidal forces allows even tiny bodies to melt up and pass into the stage of cryovolcanism. The dependence of tidal heating on the size of the object is minor, but the masses of and the distances to accompanying bodies as well as the inner compositions of the heated body are central factors. Even though Io as an example of a body supporting silicate volcanism is striking, the physics of tidal forces might suggest a relatively high probability for cryovolcanism. This chapter aims at considering the parameters known and objects found so far in our solar system to give insights into where in our system and other planetary systems cryovolcanism might be expected.",book:{id:"11737",title:"Astronomy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11737.jpg"},signatures:"Georg Hildenbrand, Klaus Paschek, Myriam Schäfer and Michael Hausmann"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:148},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 28th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:35,paginationItems:[{id:"82409",title:"Purinergic Signaling in Covid-19 Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105008",signatures:"Hailian Shen",slug:"purinergic-signaling-in-covid-19-disease",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82374",title:"The Potential of the Purinergic System as a Therapeutic Target of Natural Compounds in Cutaneous Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105457",signatures:"Gilnei Bruno da Silva, Daiane Manica, Marcelo Moreno and Margarete Dulce Bagatini",slug:"the-potential-of-the-purinergic-system-as-a-therapeutic-target-of-natural-compounds-in-cutaneous-mel",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82212",title:"Protein Prenylation and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104700",signatures:"Khemchand R. Surana, Ritesh B. Pawar, Ritesh A. Khairnar and Sunil K. Mahajan",slug:"protein-prenylation-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science\nand Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National\nUniversity of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013.\nShe relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the\nNational Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to\nOctober 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of\nFood Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is\ncurrently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology –\nKandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. 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Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"26",type:"subseries",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11422,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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