Performance and parameters of commercial and new case studies of dry anaerobic digestion process. source: Data from the company websites as of December 2019 and adapted from Nichols [45], Lei et al. [40] and Andre et al. [39].
\r\n\tSolitons in nonlinear fiber optics, bright/dark solitons in one and two dimensions, solitons in linear/nonlinear lattices, singular solutions and wave collapse, stability of nonlinear Schrödinger type equations, pulse shaping mechanisms, mode-locking.
",isbn:"978-1-83969-979-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-978-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-980-1",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"0ea567b0851316220f6bc2c9c16c3095",bookSignature:"Dr. Nalan Antar and Prof. İlkay Bakırtaş",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10959.jpg",keywords:"Bright/Dark Soliton, Higher-Order Dispersion and Nonlinearities, Parity-Time (PT)-Symmetric Potentials, Periodic Lattice, Singular Solitons, Wave Collapse, Dissipative Solitons, Stability, Pulse Shaping, Similaritons, Modulation Instability, Akhmediev Breathers",numberOfDownloads:554,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 4th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 2nd 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 31st 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 19th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 18th 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Nalan Antar is working as a professor of applied mathematics in Istanbul Technical University, Department of Mathematical Engineering. She has completed her post-doctoral studies at the University of Alberta, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Canada, and later she has participated in academic research projects at the University of Colorado at Boulder, USA.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Bakırtaş was awarded 'Dr. Serhat Ozyar, Young Scientist Of The Year Award” in 2004 and 'Best Ph.D. Dissertation Award” by TUMTMK in 2003. She completed her postdoctoral studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder. She edited 2 books, published 18 research papers in peer-reviewed journals in SCI, 4 book chapters, 21 conference proceedings in the fields of perturbation methods, nonlinear wave propagation in arteries, optical solitons, and wave collapse in optics and water waves problems.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"281410",title:"Dr.",name:"Nalan",middleName:null,surname:"Antar",slug:"nalan-antar",fullName:"Nalan Antar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/281410/images/system/281410.jpg",biography:'Dr. Nalan Antar is working as a professor of applied mathematics in Istanbul Technical University, Department of Mathematical Engineering. She received her PhD degree in mechanics from Istanbul Technical University in 1999. She has completed her post-doctoral studies in University of Alberta, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Canada and later she has participated in academic research projects in University of Colorado at Boulder, USA. She has published 32 research papers in peer reviewed journals in SCI, 13 conference proceedings, 1 book chapter, in the fields of nonlinear wave propagation in arteries, optical solitons in nonlinear optics and water waves problems, in particular gravity currents. She has been the supervisor of many graduate students in applied mathematics. Dr. Antar is a member of Scientific Committee of TUMTMK (Turkish National Committee of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics). She is the editor of the book "Nonlinear Optics - From Solitons to Similaritons" by IntechOpen.',institutionString:"Istanbul Technical University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Istanbul Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"186388",title:"Prof.",name:"İlkay",middleName:null,surname:"Bakırtaş",slug:"ilkay-bakirtas",fullName:"İlkay Bakırtaş",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186388/images/system/186388.jpg",biography:'Dr. İlkay Bakırtaş is working as a Professor of applied mathematics at the Istanbul Technical University (ITU), Department of Mathematics. She received her Ph.D. degree in Mechanics from ITU in 2003. She completed her postdoctoral studies at the University of Colorado at Boulder, USA. She has published 18 research papers in peer-reviewed journals in SCI, 4 book chapters, 21 conference proceedings in the fields of perturbation methods, nonlinear wave propagation in arteries, optical solitons and wave collapse in optics and water waves problems. She is the editor of the books "Perturbation Methods with Applications in Science and Engineering” and "Nonlinear Optics - From Solitons to Similaritons" by IntechOpen. Dr. Bakırtaş is a member of the Scientific Committee of TUMTMK (Turkish National Committee of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics).',institutionString:"Istanbul Technical University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Istanbul Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"15",title:"Mathematics",slug:"mathematics"}],chapters:[{id:"81892",title:"Perspective Chapter: Lattice Solitons in a Nonlocal Nonlinear Medium with Self-Focusing and Self-Defocusing Quintic Nonlinearity",slug:"perspective-chapter-lattice-solitons-in-a-nonlocal-nonlinear-medium-with-self-focusing-and-self-defo",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"80350",title:"A Comparison of the Undetermined Coefficient Method and the Adomian Decomposition Method for the Solutions of the Sasa-Satsuma Equation",slug:"a-comparison-of-the-undetermined-coefficient-method-and-the-adomian-decomposition-method-for-the-sol",totalDownloads:39,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"79127",title:"Soliton Like-Breather Induced by Modulational Instability in a Generalized Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation",slug:"soliton-like-breather-induced-by-modulational-instability-in-a-generalized-nonlinear-schr-dinger-equ",totalDownloads:96,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"318637",title:"Prof.",name:"Alidou",surname:"Mohamadou",slug:"alidou-mohamadou",fullName:"Alidou Mohamadou"},{id:"318640",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdoulkary",surname:"Saidou",slug:"abdoulkary-saidou",fullName:"Abdoulkary Saidou"}]},{id:"78793",title:"Nonlinear Generalized Schrödinger’s Equations by Lifting Hamilton-Jacobi’s Formulation of Classical Mechanics",slug:"nonlinear-generalized-schr-dinger-s-equations-by-lifting-hamilton-jacobi-s-formulation-of-classical-",totalDownloads:90,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"100358",title:"Prof.",name:"Gerard",surname:"Gouesbet",slug:"gerard-gouesbet",fullName:"Gerard Gouesbet"}]},{id:"79040",title:"Traveling Wave Solutions and Chaotic Motions for a Perturbed Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation with Power-Law Nonlinearity and Higher-Order Dispersions",slug:"traveling-wave-solutions-and-chaotic-motions-for-a-perturbed-nonlinear-schr-dinger-equation-with-pow",totalDownloads:89,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"78957",title:"Resonant Optical Solitons in (3 + 1)-Dimensions Dominated by Kerr Law and Parabolic Law Nonlinearities",slug:"resonant-optical-solitons-in-3-1-dimensions-dominated-by-kerr-law-and-parabolic-law-nonlinearities",totalDownloads:90,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"78060",title:"From Schrödinger Equation to Quantum Conspiracy",slug:"from-schr-dinger-equation-to-quantum-conspiracy",totalDownloads:149,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"300154",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Francis",surname:"Yu",slug:"francis-yu",fullName:"Francis Yu"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"278926",firstName:"Ivana",lastName:"Barac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/278926/images/8058_n.jpg",email:"ivana.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"24467",title:"Potentials of Telehealth Devices for Speech Therapy in Parkinson's Disease",doi:"10.5772/17865",slug:"potentials-of-telehealth-devices-for-speech-therapy-in-parkinson-s-disease",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/24467.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/24467",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/24467",totalDownloads:2220,totalViews:90,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:3,impactScorePercentile:88,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"October 22nd 2010",dateReviewed:"August 1st 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 7th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/24467",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/24467",book:{id:"2707",slug:"diagnostics-and-rehabilitation-of-parkinson-s-disease"},signatures:"Lilian Beijer and Toni Rietveld",authors:[{id:"29663",title:"Dr.",name:"Lilian",middleName:null,surname:"Beijer",fullName:"Lilian Beijer",slug:"lilian-beijer",email:"l.beijer@maartenskliniek.nl",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"38283",title:"Prof.",name:"Toni",middleName:null,surname:"Rietveld",fullName:"Toni Rietveld",slug:"toni-rietveld",email:"A.Rietveld@let.ru.nl",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"2707",type:"book",title:"Diagnostics and Rehabilitation of Parkinson's Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Diagnostics and Rehabilitation of Parkinson's Disease",slug:"diagnostics-and-rehabilitation-of-parkinson-s-disease",publishedDate:"December 7th 2011",bookSignature:"Juliana Dushanova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2707.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-791-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6598-9",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:33,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"36845",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Dushanova",slug:"juliana-dushanova",fullName:"Juliana Dushanova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1057"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"24450",type:"chapter",title:"Early Marker for the Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease",slug:"early-marker-for-the-diagnosis-of-parkinson-s-disease",totalDownloads:2475,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Silvia Marino, Pietro Lanzafame, Silvia Guerrera, Rosella Ciurleo and Placido Bramanti",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"26005",title:"Dr",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Marino",fullName:"Silvia Marino",slug:"silvia-marino"},{id:"27051",title:"MSc.",name:"Pietro",middleName:null,surname:"Lanzafame",fullName:"Pietro Lanzafame",slug:"pietro-lanzafame"},{id:"27052",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrera",fullName:"Silvia Guerrera",slug:"silvia-guerrera"},{id:"27053",title:"BSc.",name:"Rosella",middleName:null,surname:"Ciurleo",fullName:"Rosella Ciurleo",slug:"rosella-ciurleo"},{id:"27054",title:"Prof.",name:"Placido",middleName:null,surname:"Bramanti",fullName:"Placido Bramanti",slug:"placido-bramanti"}]},{id:"24451",type:"chapter",title:"Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease by Electrophysiological Methods",slug:"diagnosis-of-parkinson-s-disease-by-electrophysiological-methods",totalDownloads:2572,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Elena Lukhanina, Irina Karaban and Natalia Berezetskaya",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"29392",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Lukhanina",fullName:"Elena Lukhanina",slug:"elena-lukhanina"},{id:"42629",title:"Prof.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Karaban",fullName:"Irina Karaban",slug:"irina-karaban"},{id:"42644",title:"Ms",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Berezetskaya",fullName:"Natalia Berezetskaya",slug:"natalia-berezetskaya"}]},{id:"24452",type:"chapter",title:"Brain Event - Related Oscillations in Parkinsonian Patients During Discrimination Task Conditions",slug:"brain-event-related-oscillations-in-parkinsonian-patients-during-discrimination-task-conditions",totalDownloads:1749,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Juliana Dushanova",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"36845",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Dushanova",fullName:"Juliana Dushanova",slug:"juliana-dushanova"}]},{id:"24453",type:"chapter",title:"Extraction of Single-Trial Post-Movement MEG Beta Synchronization in Normal and Parkinson's Patient Using ICA-Based Spatiotemporal Approach",slug:"extraction-of-single-trial-post-movement-meg-beta-synchronization-in-normal-and-parkinson-s-patient-",totalDownloads:1707,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Po-Lei Lee, Yu-Te Wu and Jen-Chuen Hsieh",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"15452",title:"Dr.",name:"Po-Lei",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Po-Lei Lee",slug:"po-lei-lee"},{id:"16727",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Chuen",middleName:null,surname:"Hsieh",fullName:"Jen-Chuen Hsieh",slug:"jen-chuen-hsieh"}]},{id:"24454",type:"chapter",title:"Developing an MRI-Based Biomarker for Early Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease",slug:"developing-an-mri-based-biomarker-for-early-diagnosis-of-parkinson-s-disease",totalDownloads:1804,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jorge E. Quintero, Xiaomin Wang and Zhiming Zhang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"31559",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhiming M.",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Zhiming M. Zhang",slug:"zhiming-m.-zhang"},{id:"38613",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaomine",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Xiaomine Wang",slug:"xiaomine-wang"},{id:"82943",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Quintero",fullName:"Jorge Quintero",slug:"jorge-quintero"}]},{id:"24455",type:"chapter",title:"Neuroimaging in Manganese-Induced Parkinsonism",slug:"neuroimaging-in-manganese-induced-parkinsonism",totalDownloads:2294,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Yangho Kim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"26425",title:"Dr.",name:"Yangho",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Yangho Kim",slug:"yangho-kim"}]},{id:"24456",type:"chapter",title:"Minor and Trace Elements in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Parkinson's Patients – Suggestions After a Critical Review of the Analytical Data",slug:"minor-and-trace-elements-in-cerebrospinal-fluid-of-parkinson-s-patients-suggestions-after-a-critical",totalDownloads:1864,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Margherita Speziali and Michela Di Casa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"41624",title:"Dr.",name:"Margherita",middleName:null,surname:"Speziali",fullName:"Margherita Speziali",slug:"margherita-speziali"},{id:"41730",title:"Prof.",name:"Michela",middleName:null,surname:"Di Casa",fullName:"Michela Di Casa",slug:"michela-di-casa"}]},{id:"24457",type:"chapter",title:"Language Processing in Parkinson's Disease Patients Without Dementia",slug:"language-processing-in-parkinson-s-disease-patients-without-dementia",totalDownloads:2399,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Katrien Colman and Roelien Bastiaanse",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"30187",title:"Dr",name:"Katrien",middleName:null,surname:"Colman",fullName:"Katrien Colman",slug:"katrien-colman"},{id:"30189",title:"Prof.",name:"Roelien",middleName:null,surname:"Bastiaanse",fullName:"Roelien Bastiaanse",slug:"roelien-bastiaanse"}]},{id:"24458",type:"chapter",title:"Novel Methods to Evaluate Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease – Rigidity and Finger Tappin",slug:"novel-methods-to-evaluate-symptoms-in-parkinson-s-disease-rigidity-and-finger-tappin",totalDownloads:3210,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Takuyuki Endo, Masaru Yokoe, Harutoshi Fujimura and Saburo Sakoda",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"29980",title:"Dr.",name:"Saburo",middleName:null,surname:"Sakoda",fullName:"Saburo Sakoda",slug:"saburo-sakoda"},{id:"30851",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Endo",fullName:"Takuyuki Endo",slug:"takuyuki-endo"},{id:"30852",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaru",middleName:null,surname:"Yokoe",fullName:"Masaru Yokoe",slug:"masaru-yokoe"},{id:"81315",title:"Dr.",name:"Harutoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujimura",fullName:"Harutoshi Fujimura",slug:"harutoshi-fujimura"}]},{id:"24459",type:"chapter",title:"Relevance of Aerodynamic Evaluation in Parkinsonian Dysarthria",slug:"relevance-of-aerodynamic-evaluation-in-parkinsonian-dysarthria",totalDownloads:2497,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sarr Mamadou Moustapha, Ghio Alain, Espesser Robert, Teston Bernard, Dramé Moustapha and Viallet François",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"52053",title:"Dr.",name:"Mamadou Moustapha",middleName:null,surname:"Sarr",fullName:"Mamadou Moustapha Sarr",slug:"mamadou-moustapha-sarr"},{id:"52070",title:"Mr.",name:"Alain",middleName:null,surname:"Ghio",fullName:"Alain Ghio",slug:"alain-ghio"},{id:"52071",title:"Mr",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Espesser",fullName:"Robert Espesser",slug:"robert-espesser"},{id:"52072",title:"Dr.",name:"Moustapha",middleName:null,surname:"Dramé",fullName:"Moustapha Dramé",slug:"moustapha-drame"},{id:"52073",title:"Mr.",name:"Bernard",middleName:null,surname:"Teston",fullName:"Bernard Teston",slug:"bernard-teston"},{id:"52074",title:"Dr.",name:"François",middleName:null,surname:"Viallet",fullName:"François Viallet",slug:"francois-viallet"}]},{id:"24460",type:"chapter",title:"Objective Evaluation of the Severity of Parkinsonism Using Power-Law Temporal Auto-Correlation of Activity",slug:"objective-evaluation-of-the-severity-of-parkinsonism-using-power-law-temporal-auto-correlation-of-ac",totalDownloads:1543,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Weidong Pan, Yoshiharu Yamamoto and Shin Kwak",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"32508",title:"Prof.",name:"Shin",middleName:null,surname:"Kwak",fullName:"Shin Kwak",slug:"shin-kwak"},{id:"39369",title:"Dr.",name:"Weidong",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",fullName:"Weidong Pan",slug:"weidong-pan"},{id:"39370",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshiharu",middleName:null,surname:"Yamamoto",fullName:"Yoshiharu Yamamoto",slug:"yoshiharu-yamamoto"}]},{id:"24461",type:"chapter",title:"Postural Control While Sitting and Its Association with Risk of Falls in Patients with Parkinson's Disease",slug:"postural-control-while-sitting-and-its-association-with-risk-of-falls-in-patients-with-parkinson-s-d",totalDownloads:2425,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ryoichi Hayashi, Takeshi Hayashi, Junpei Aizawa, Hiroaki Nagase and Shinji Ohara",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"27249",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryoichi",middleName:null,surname:"Hayashi",fullName:"Ryoichi Hayashi",slug:"ryoichi-hayashi"},{id:"39341",title:"MSc",name:"Takeshi",middleName:null,surname:"Hayashi",fullName:"Takeshi Hayashi",slug:"takeshi-hayashi"},{id:"39342",title:"BSc",name:"Junpei",middleName:null,surname:"Aizawa",fullName:"Junpei Aizawa",slug:"junpei-aizawa"},{id:"39343",title:"BSc",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Nagase",fullName:"Hiroaki Nagase",slug:"hiroaki-nagase"},{id:"39344",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinji",middleName:null,surname:"Ohara",fullName:"Shinji Ohara",slug:"shinji-ohara"}]},{id:"24462",type:"chapter",title:"Cognitive Rehabilitation in Parkinson's Disease Using Neuropsychological Training, Transfer Training and Sports Therapy",slug:"cognitive-rehabilitation-in-parkinson-s-disease-using-neuropsychological-training-transfer-training-",totalDownloads:2866,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"I. Reuter, S. Mehnert, M. Oechsner and M. Engelhardt",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"29127",title:"Dr.",name:"Iris",middleName:null,surname:"Reuter",fullName:"Iris Reuter",slug:"iris-reuter"},{id:"37831",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Engelhardt",fullName:"Martin Engelhardt",slug:"martin-engelhardt"},{id:"127224",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabine",middleName:null,surname:"Mehnert",fullName:"Sabine Mehnert",slug:"sabine-mehnert"},{id:"127225",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthias",middleName:null,surname:"Oechsner",fullName:"Matthias Oechsner",slug:"matthias-oechsner"}]},{id:"24463",type:"chapter",title:"Mobile Systems as a Challenge for Neurological Diseases Management – The Case of Parkinson's Disease",slug:"mobile-systems-as-a-challenge-for-neurological-diseases-management-the-case-of-parkinson-s-disease",totalDownloads:1931,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Laura Pastor-Sanz, Mario Pansera, Jorge Cancela, Matteo Pastorino and María Teresa Arredondo Waldmeyer",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"3192",title:"MSc.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Pastor Sanz",fullName:"Laura Pastor Sanz",slug:"laura-pastor-sanz"},{id:"26151",title:"MSc.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Pansera",fullName:"Mario Pansera",slug:"mario-pansera"}]},{id:"24464",type:"chapter",title:"An Investigation into the Impact of Parkinson's Disease upon Decision Making Ability and Driving Performance",slug:"an-investigation-into-the-impact-of-parkinson-s-disease-upon-decision-making-ability-and-driving-per",totalDownloads:1903,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Jessica Davies, Hoe Lee and Torbjorn Falkmer",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"37736",title:"Dr.",name:"Hoe C",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Hoe C Lee",slug:"hoe-c-lee"},{id:"37738",title:"Prof.",name:"Torbjorn",middleName:null,surname:"Falkmer",fullName:"Torbjorn Falkmer",slug:"torbjorn-falkmer"},{id:"124371",title:"BSc.",name:"Jessica",middleName:null,surname:"Davies",fullName:"Jessica Davies",slug:"jessica-davies"}]},{id:"24465",type:"chapter",title:"Effects of a Multimodal Exercise Program on Clinical, Functional Mobility and Cognitive Parameters of Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease Patients",slug:"effects-of-a-multimodal-exercise-program-on-clinical-functional-mobility-and-cognitive-parameters-of",totalDownloads:2114,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"L.T.B. Gobbi, F.A. Barbieri, R. Vitório, M.P. Pereira and C. Teixeira-Arroyo on behalf of the PROPARKI Group",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"29151",title:"Prof.",name:"Lilian",middleName:null,surname:"Gobbi",fullName:"Lilian Gobbi",slug:"lilian-gobbi"},{id:"41137",title:"MSc.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Barbieri",fullName:"Fabio Barbieri",slug:"fabio-barbieri"},{id:"41138",title:"MSc",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Vitório",fullName:"Rodrigo Vitório",slug:"rodrigo-vitorio"},{id:"41139",title:"MSc.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",fullName:"Marcelo Pereira",slug:"marcelo-pereira"},{id:"41140",title:"MSc.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira-Arroyo",fullName:"Claudia Teixeira-Arroyo",slug:"claudia-teixeira-arroyo"}]},{id:"24466",type:"chapter",title:"Rehabilitation of Patients Suffering from Parkinson's Disease by Normotensive Therapy",slug:"rehabilitation-of-patients-suffering-from-parkinson-s-disease-by-normotensive-therapy",totalDownloads:2248,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gilles Orgeret",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"48729",title:"Mr",name:"Orgeret",middleName:null,surname:"Gilles",fullName:"Orgeret Gilles",slug:"orgeret-gilles"}]},{id:"24467",type:"chapter",title:"Potentials of Telehealth Devices for Speech Therapy in Parkinson's Disease",slug:"potentials-of-telehealth-devices-for-speech-therapy-in-parkinson-s-disease",totalDownloads:2220,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Lilian Beijer and Toni Rietveld",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"29663",title:"Dr.",name:"Lilian",middleName:null,surname:"Beijer",fullName:"Lilian Beijer",slug:"lilian-beijer"},{id:"38283",title:"Prof.",name:"Toni",middleName:null,surname:"Rietveld",fullName:"Toni Rietveld",slug:"toni-rietveld"}]},{id:"24468",type:"chapter",title:"Rehabilitation Versus no Intervention – Only a Continued Intensive Program Conducted Statistically Significant Improvements Motor Skills in Parkinson's Disease Patients",slug:"rehabilitation-versus-no-intervention-only-a-continued-intensive-program-conducted-statistically-sig",totalDownloads:1464,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jesús Seco Calvo and Inés Gago Fernández",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"28849",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesús",middleName:null,surname:"Seco",fullName:"Jesús Seco",slug:"jesus-seco"},{id:"28862",title:"Mrs.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Gago",fullName:"Ines Gago",slug:"ines-gago"}]},{id:"24469",type:"chapter",title:"Improving Transfer of Parkinson's Disease Patients – Sit-to-Stand Motion Assistance",slug:"improving-transfer-of-parkinson-s-disease-patients-sit-to-stand-motion-assistance",totalDownloads:3957,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yoshiyuki Takahashi, Osamu Nitta and Takashi Komeda",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"28170",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoshiyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Takahashi",fullName:"Yoshiyuki Takahashi",slug:"yoshiyuki-takahashi"},{id:"41891",title:"Prof.",name:"Osamu",middleName:null,surname:"Nitta",fullName:"Osamu Nitta",slug:"osamu-nitta"},{id:"41892",title:"Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Komeda",fullName:"Takashi Komeda",slug:"takashi-komeda"}]},{id:"24470",type:"chapter",title:"Human Central Nervous System Circuits Examined in Patients with Parkinson's Disease Using the Electrodes Implanted for Deep Brain Stimulation",slug:"human-central-nervous-system-circuits-examined-in-patients-with-parkinson-s-disease-using-the-electr",totalDownloads:1979,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Joao Costa, Francesc Valldeoriola and Josep Valls-Sole",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"29647",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesc",middleName:null,surname:"Valldeoriola",fullName:"Francesc Valldeoriola",slug:"francesc-valldeoriola"},{id:"48305",title:"Prof.",name:"Josep",middleName:null,surname:"Valls-Sole",fullName:"Josep Valls-Sole",slug:"josep-valls-sole"},{id:"48320",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao",middleName:null,surname:"Costa",fullName:"Joao Costa",slug:"joao-costa"}]},{id:"24471",type:"chapter",title:"Estimation of Electrode Position with Fused Images of Preoperative MRI and Postoperative CT Using the Mutual Information Technique After STN DBS in Patients with Advanced Parkinson's Disease",slug:"estimation-of-electrode-position-with-fused-images-of-preoperative-mri-and-postoperative-ct-using-th",totalDownloads:2131,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sun Ha Paek",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"33893",title:"Prof.",name:"Sun Ha",middleName:null,surname:"Paek",fullName:"Sun Ha Paek",slug:"sun-ha-paek"}]},{id:"24472",type:"chapter",title:"Electrical Stimulation of Primary Motor Cortex for Parkinson's Syndrome",slug:"electrical-stimulation-of-primary-motor-cortex-for-parkinson-s-syndrome",totalDownloads:2504,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Naoki Tani and Youichi Saitoh",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"26715",title:"Prof.",name:"Youichi",middleName:null,surname:"Saitoh",fullName:"Youichi Saitoh",slug:"youichi-saitoh"},{id:"43274",title:"Dr.",name:"TANI",middleName:null,surname:"Naoki",fullName:"TANI Naoki",slug:"tani-naoki"}]},{id:"24473",type:"chapter",title:"Joint Replacement Surgery in Parkinson's Disease",slug:"joint-replacement-surgery-in-parkinson-s-disease",totalDownloads:10998,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Adrian J. Cassar Gheiti, Joseph F. Baker and Kevin J. Mulhall",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"26186",title:"Prof.",name:"Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Mulhall",fullName:"Kevin Mulhall",slug:"kevin-mulhall"},{id:"42138",title:"Dr.",name:"Adrian J",middleName:null,surname:"Cassar Gheiti",fullName:"Adrian J Cassar Gheiti",slug:"adrian-j-cassar-gheiti"},{id:"42139",title:"Mr.",name:"Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Baker",fullName:"Joseph Baker",slug:"joseph-baker"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1360",title:"Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease",subtitle:"Models and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"823c4dc5acbf952ba3723cae01f7f67a",slug:"mechanisms-in-parkinson-s-disease-models-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Juliana Dushanova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1360.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36845",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliana",surname:"Dushanova",slug:"juliana-dushanova",fullName:"Juliana Dushanova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"27842",title:"Update in Parkinson’s Disease",slug:"update-in-parkinson-s-disease",signatures:"Fátima Carrillo and Pablo Mir",authors:[{id:"32108",title:"Dr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Mir",fullName:"Pablo Mir",slug:"pablo-mir"},{id:"41613",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatima",middleName:null,surname:"Carrillo",fullName:"Fatima Carrillo",slug:"fatima-carrillo"}]},{id:"27843",title:"Timing Control in Parkinson’s Disease",slug:"timing-control-in-parkinson",signatures:"Quincy J. Almeida",authors:[{id:"29816",title:"Dr.",name:"Quincy",middleName:"J.",surname:"Almeida",fullName:"Quincy Almeida",slug:"quincy-almeida"}]},{id:"27844",title:"Free Radicals, Oxidative Stress and Oxidative Damage in Parkinson's Disease",slug:"free-radicals-oxidative-stress-and-oxidative-damage-in-parkinson-s-disease",signatures:"Marisa G. Repetto, Raúl O. Domínguez, Enrique R. Marschoff and Jorge A. Serra",authors:[{id:"36439",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Serra",fullName:"Jorge Serra",slug:"jorge-serra"},{id:"36452",title:"Dr.",name:"Marisa",middleName:"Gabriela",surname:"Repetto",fullName:"Marisa Repetto",slug:"marisa-repetto"},{id:"36453",title:"Prof.",name:"Enrique",middleName:null,surname:"Marschoff",fullName:"Enrique Marschoff",slug:"enrique-marschoff"},{id:"85762",title:"Prof.",name:"Raúl",middleName:null,surname:"Domínguez",fullName:"Raúl Domínguez",slug:"raul-dominguez"}]},{id:"27845",title:"The Execution Step in Parkinson’s Disease – On the Vicious Cycle of Mitochondrial Complex I Inhibition, Iron Dishomeostasis and Oxidative Stress",slug:"the-execution-step-on-the-vicious-cycle-of-iron-dyshomeostasis-oxidative-stress-and-mitochondrial-co",signatures:"Marco T. Núñez, Pamela Urrutia, Natalia Mena and Pabla Aguirre",authors:[{id:"28903",title:"Prof.",name:"Marco T.",middleName:null,surname:"Nunez",fullName:"Marco T. Nunez",slug:"marco-t.-nunez"},{id:"28941",title:"Dr.",name:"Julio",middleName:null,surname:"Salazar",fullName:"Julio Salazar",slug:"julio-salazar"},{id:"28942",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Mena",fullName:"Natalia Mena",slug:"natalia-mena"},{id:"28943",title:"MSc.",name:"Pamela",middleName:null,surname:"Urrutia",fullName:"Pamela Urrutia",slug:"pamela-urrutia"},{id:"28944",title:"MSc.",name:"Pabla",middleName:null,surname:"Aguirre",fullName:"Pabla Aguirre",slug:"pabla-aguirre"}]},{id:"27846",title:"Filterable Forms of Nocardia: An Infectious Focus in the Parkinsonian Midbrains",slug:"filterable-forms-of-nocardia-an-infectious-focus-in-the-parkinsonian-midbrains",signatures:"Shunro Kohbata, Ryoichi Hayashi, Tomokazu Tamura and Chitoshi Kadoya",authors:[{id:"26237",title:"Dr.",name:"Shunro",middleName:null,surname:"Kohbata",fullName:"Shunro Kohbata",slug:"shunro-kohbata"},{id:"27249",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryoichi",middleName:null,surname:"Hayashi",fullName:"Ryoichi Hayashi",slug:"ryoichi-hayashi"},{id:"27251",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomokazu",middleName:null,surname:"Tamura",fullName:"Tomokazu Tamura",slug:"tomokazu-tamura"},{id:"27252",title:"Dr.",name:"Chitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Kadoya",fullName:"Chitoshi Kadoya",slug:"chitoshi-kadoya"}]},{id:"27847",title:"Parkinson’s Disease and the Immune System",slug:"innate-immune-system-and-parkinson-s-disease",signatures:"Roberta J. Ward1, R.R. Crichton1 and D.T. Dexter",authors:[{id:"26549",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberta",middleName:null,surname:"Ward",fullName:"Roberta Ward",slug:"roberta-ward"},{id:"41043",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Crichton",fullName:"Robert Crichton",slug:"robert-crichton"},{id:"41044",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Dexter",fullName:"David Dexter",slug:"david-dexter"}]},{id:"27848",title:"Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 – An Emerging Player in Parkinson’s Disease Pathophysiology",slug:"cyclin-dependent-kinase-5-an-emerging-player-in-parkinson-s-disease-pathophysiology",signatures:"Zelda H. Cheung and Nancy Y. Ip",authors:[{id:"33852",title:"Prof.",name:"Nancy",middleName:null,surname:"Ip",fullName:"Nancy Ip",slug:"nancy-ip"},{id:"37909",title:"Dr.",name:"Zelda",middleName:null,surname:"Cheung",fullName:"Zelda Cheung",slug:"zelda-cheung"}]},{id:"27849",title:"Regulation of a-Synuclein Membrane Binding and Its Implications",slug:"regulation-of-synuclein-membrane-binding-and-its-implications",signatures:"Robert H.C. Chen, Sabine Wislet-Gendebien, Howard T.J. Mount and Anurag Tandon",authors:[{id:"50202",title:"Prof.",name:"Anurag",middleName:null,surname:"Tandon",fullName:"Anurag Tandon",slug:"anurag-tandon"},{id:"50209",title:"Mr",name:"Robert",middleName:"Hc",surname:"Chen",fullName:"Robert Chen",slug:"robert-chen"}]},{id:"27850",title:"Role of FKBPs in Parkinson’s Disease",slug:"role-of-fkbps-in-parkinson-s-disease",signatures:"Souvik Chattopadhaya, Amaravadhi Harikishore and Ho Sup Yoon",authors:[{id:"47682",title:"Prof.",name:"Ho Sup",middleName:null,surname:"Yoon",fullName:"Ho Sup Yoon",slug:"ho-sup-yoon"}]},{id:"27851",title:"Targeting Tyrosine Hydroxylase to Improve Bradykinesia",slug:"targeting-tyrosine-hydroxylase-to-improve-bradykinesia",signatures:"Michael F. Salvatore",authors:[{id:"26064",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Salvatore",fullName:"Michael Salvatore",slug:"michael-salvatore"}]},{id:"27852",title:"Wading into a Theoretical Model for Parkinson's Disease",slug:"wading-into-a-theoretical-model-for-parkinson",signatures:"Diana W. Verzi",authors:[{id:"33330",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana W.",middleName:null,surname:"Verzi",fullName:"Diana W. Verzi",slug:"diana-w.-verzi"}]},{id:"27853",title:"Successes of Modelling Parkinson Disease in Drosophila",slug:"successes-of-modelling-parkinson-disease-in-drosophila-",signatures:"Brian E. Staveley",authors:[{id:"32750",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Staveley",fullName:"Brian Staveley",slug:"brian-staveley"}]},{id:"27854",title:"Parkinson’s Disease and Parkin: Insights from Park2 Knockout Mice",slug:"parkinson-s-disease-and-parkin-insights-from-park2-knockout-mice-",signatures:"Sarah E.M. Stephenson, Juliet M. Taylor and Paul J. Lockhart",authors:[{id:"30552",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",middleName:"Joseph",surname:"Lockhart",fullName:"Paul Lockhart",slug:"paul-lockhart"},{id:"42192",title:"Ms",name:"Sarah",middleName:"Elizabeth Marie",surname:"Stephenson",fullName:"Sarah Stephenson",slug:"sarah-stephenson"},{id:"42193",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliet",middleName:null,surname:"Taylor",fullName:"Juliet Taylor",slug:"juliet-taylor"}]},{id:"27855",title:"Bilateral Distribution of Oxytocinase Activity in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats with Experimental Hemiparkinsonism",slug:"bilateral-distribution-of-oxytocinase-activity-in-the-medial-prefrontal-cortex-of-spontaneously-hype",signatures:"Manuel Ramírez, Inmaculada Banegas, Ana Belén Segarra, Rosemary Wangesteen, Marc de Gasparo, Raquel Durán, Francisco Vives, Antonio Martínez, Francisco Alba and Isabel Prieto",authors:[{id:"28744",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez-Sanchez",fullName:"Manuel Ramirez-Sanchez",slug:"manuel-ramirez-sanchez"},{id:"32683",title:"Dr.",name:"Inmaculada",middleName:null,surname:"Banegas Font",fullName:"Inmaculada Banegas Font",slug:"inmaculada-banegas-font"},{id:"32684",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Belén",middleName:null,surname:"Segarra Robles",fullName:"Ana Belén Segarra Robles",slug:"ana-belen-segarra-robles"},{id:"32688",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosemary",middleName:null,surname:"Wangensteen Fuentes",fullName:"Rosemary Wangensteen Fuentes",slug:"rosemary-wangensteen-fuentes"},{id:"32689",title:"Dr.",name:"Raquel",middleName:null,surname:"Durán Ogalla",fullName:"Raquel Durán Ogalla",slug:"raquel-duran-ogalla"},{id:"32690",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Vives Montero",fullName:"Francisco Vives Montero",slug:"francisco-vives-montero"},{id:"32691",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Cañamero",fullName:"Antonio Martínez Cañamero",slug:"antonio-martinez-canamero"},{id:"32692",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Alba Aragüez",fullName:"Francisco Alba Aragüez",slug:"francisco-alba-araguez"},{id:"32693",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Prieto Gómez",fullName:"Isabel Prieto Gómez",slug:"isabel-prieto-gomez"},{id:"32694",title:"Dr.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"de Gasparo",fullName:"Marc de Gasparo",slug:"marc-de-gasparo"}]},{id:"27856",title:"Dictyostelium discoideum: A Model System to Study LRRK2-Mediated Parkinson Disease",slug:"dictyostelium-discoideum-a-model-system-to-study-lrrk2-mediated-parkinson-disease-",signatures:"Arjan Kortholt, Bernd Gilsbach, and Peter J.M. van Haastert",authors:[{id:"37800",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Van Haastert",fullName:"Peter Van Haastert",slug:"peter-van-haastert"},{id:"40511",title:"Dr",name:"Arjan",middleName:null,surname:"Kortholt",fullName:"Arjan Kortholt",slug:"arjan-kortholt"}]},{id:"27857",title:"Comparison of Normal and Parkinsonian Microcircuit Dynamics in the Rodent Striatum",slug:"comparison-of-normal-and-parkinsonian-microcircuit-dynamics-in-the-rodent-striatum",signatures:"O. Jaidar, L. Carrillo-Reid and J. Bargas",authors:[{id:"41529",title:"Dr.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Bargas",fullName:"José Bargas",slug:"jose-bargas"}]},{id:"27858",title:"Animal Models of Parkinson’s Disease Induced by Toxins and Genetic Manipulation",slug:"toxin-induced-and-genetic-animal-models-of-parkinson-s-disease",signatures:"Shin Hisahara and Shun Shimohama",authors:[{id:"36546",title:"Dr.",name:"Shimohama",middleName:null,surname:"Shun",fullName:"Shimohama Shun",slug:"shimohama-shun"},{id:"36551",title:"Dr.",name:"Hisahara",middleName:null,surname:"Shin",fullName:"Hisahara Shin",slug:"hisahara-shin"}]},{id:"27859",title:"Neuroprotective Effects of Herbal Butanol Extracts from Gynostemma pentaphyllum on the Exposure to Chronic Stress in a 6-Hydroxydopamine- Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease Treated with or Without L-DOPA",slug:"neuroprotective-effects-of-herbal-butanol-extracts-from-gynostemma-pentaphyllum-on-stressful-exposur",signatures:"Myung Koo Lee, Hyun Sook Choi, Chen Lei, Kwang Hoon Suh, Keon Sung Shin, Seung Hwan Kim, Bang Yeon Hwang and Chong Kil Lee",authors:[{id:"33001",title:"Prof.",name:"Myung Koo",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Myung Koo Lee",slug:"myung-koo-lee"},{id:"41604",title:"Ms",name:"Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Lei",fullName:"Chen Lei",slug:"chen-lei"},{id:"41605",title:"Dr.",name:"Hyun Sook",middleName:null,surname:"Choi",fullName:"Hyun Sook Choi",slug:"hyun-sook-choi"},{id:"41606",title:"BSc",name:"Kwang Hoon",middleName:null,surname:"Suh",fullName:"Kwang Hoon Suh",slug:"kwang-hoon-suh"},{id:"41607",title:"BSc",name:"Kun Seong",middleName:null,surname:"Shin",fullName:"Kun Seong Shin",slug:"kun-seong-shin"},{id:"41608",title:"Dr.",name:"Seung Hwan",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Seung Hwan Kim",slug:"seung-hwan-kim"},{id:"41609",title:"Dr.",name:"Bang Yeon",middleName:null,surname:"Hwang",fullName:"Bang Yeon Hwang",slug:"bang-yeon-hwang"},{id:"41610",title:"Dr.",name:"Chong Kil",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"Chong Kil Lee",slug:"chong-kil-lee"}]},{id:"27860",title:"Acetyl-L-Carnitine in Parkinson’s Disease",slug:"acetyl-l-carnitine-in-parkinson-s-disease",signatures:"Maria Stefania Sinicropi, Nicola Rovito, Alessia Carocci and Giuseppe Genchi",authors:[{id:"35771",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Stefania",middleName:null,surname:"Sinicropi",fullName:"Maria Stefania Sinicropi",slug:"maria-stefania-sinicropi"}]},{id:"27861",title:"Distribution and Regulation of the G Protein- Coupled Receptor Gpr88 in the Striatum: Relevance to Parkinson’s Disease",slug:"distribution-and-regulation-of-the-g-protein-coupled-receptor-gpr88-in-striatum",signatures:"Renaud Massart, Pierre Sokoloff and Jorge Diaz",authors:[{id:"41998",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Diaz",fullName:"Jorge Diaz",slug:"jorge-diaz"},{id:"42108",title:"Dr.",name:"Renaud",middleName:null,surname:"Massart",fullName:"Renaud Massart",slug:"renaud-massart"},{id:"42109",title:"Mr.",name:"Pierre",middleName:null,surname:"Sokoloff",fullName:"Pierre Sokoloff",slug:"pierre-sokoloff"},{id:"42110",title:"Mr.",name:"Jean-Michel",middleName:null,surname:"Arrang",fullName:"Jean-Michel Arrang",slug:"jean-michel-arrang"}]},{id:"27862",title:"Human Lymphocytes and Drosophila melanogaster as Model System to Study Oxidative Stress in Parkinson's Disease",slug:"human-lymphocytes-and-drosophila-melanogaster-as-model-system-to-study-oxidative-stress-in-parkinson",signatures:"Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio and Carlos Velez-Pardo",authors:[{id:"29068",title:"Dr.",name:"Marlene",middleName:null,surname:"Jimenez-Del-Rio",fullName:"Marlene Jimenez-Del-Rio",slug:"marlene-jimenez-del-rio"},{id:"29099",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Velez-Pardo",fullName:"Carlos Velez-Pardo",slug:"carlos-velez-pardo"}]},{id:"27863",title:"Inflammation in Parkinson’s Disease: Causes and Consequences",slug:"inflammation-in-parkinson-s-disease-causes-and-consequences",signatures:"Louise M. Collins, André Toulouse and Yvonne M. Nolan",authors:[{id:"30678",title:"Dr.",name:"Yvonne",middleName:null,surname:"Nolan",fullName:"Yvonne Nolan",slug:"yvonne-nolan"},{id:"40662",title:"Dr",name:"Andre",middleName:null,surname:"Toulouse",fullName:"Andre Toulouse",slug:"andre-toulouse"},{id:"41049",title:"Dr.",name:"Louise",middleName:"M.",surname:"Collins",fullName:"Louise Collins",slug:"louise-collins"}]},{id:"27864",title:"Neurotensin as Modulator of Basal Ganglia- Thalamocortical Motor Circuit – Emerging Evidence for Neurotensin NTS1 Receptor as a Potential Target in Parkinson's Disease",slug:"neurotensin-and-parkinson-s-disease",signatures:"Luca Ferraro, Tiziana Antonelli, Sarah Beggiato, Maria Cristina Tomasini, Antonio Steardo, Kjell Fuxe and Sergio Tanganelli",authors:[{id:"41857",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Tanganelli",fullName:"Sergio Tanganelli",slug:"sergio-tanganelli"},{id:"41967",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Tomasini",fullName:"Maria Cristina Tomasini",slug:"maria-cristina-tomasini"},{id:"41968",title:"Prof.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Ferraro",fullName:"Luca Ferraro",slug:"luca-ferraro"},{id:"41969",title:"Prof.",name:"Tiziana",middleName:null,surname:"Antonelli",fullName:"Tiziana Antonelli",slug:"tiziana-antonelli"},{id:"41970",title:"Dr.",name:"Sarah",middleName:null,surname:"Beggiato",fullName:"Sarah Beggiato",slug:"sarah-beggiato"},{id:"119195",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Steardo",fullName:"Antonio Steardo",slug:"antonio-steardo"}]},{id:"27865",title:"Application of Embryonic Stem Cells in Parkinson’s Disease",slug:"application-of-embryonic-stem-cells-in-parkinson-s-disease",signatures:"Hassan Niknejad",authors:[{id:"57124",title:"Prof.",name:"Hassan",middleName:null,surname:"Niknejad",fullName:"Hassan Niknejad",slug:"hassan-niknejad"}]},{id:"27866",title:"The Role of the Neuropeptide Substance P in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson’s Disease",slug:"the-role-of-the-neuropeptide-substance-p-in-the-pathogenesis-of-parkinson-s-disease",signatures:"Emma Thornton and Robert Vink",authors:[{id:"26898",title:"Dr.",name:"Emma",middleName:null,surname:"Thornton",fullName:"Emma Thornton",slug:"emma-thornton"},{id:"41330",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Vink",fullName:"Robert Vink",slug:"robert-vink"}]},{id:"27867",title:"Noradrenergic Mechanisms in Parkinson’s Disease and L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia: Hypothesis and Evidences from Behavioural and Biochemical Studies",slug:"noradrenergic-mechanisms-in-parkinson-s-disease-and-l-dopa-induced-dyskinesia-hypothesis-and-evidenc",signatures:"Amal Alachkar",authors:[{id:"28350",title:"Dr.",name:"Amal",middleName:null,surname:"Alachkar",fullName:"Amal Alachkar",slug:"amal-alachkar"}]},{id:"27868",title:"Mitochondrial Haplogroups Associated with Japanese Parkinson’s Patients",slug:"mitochondrial-haplogroups-associated-with-japanese-parkinson",signatures:"Shigeru Takasaki",authors:[{id:"29848",title:"Prof.",name:"Shigeru",middleName:null,surname:"Takasaki",fullName:"Shigeru Takasaki",slug:"shigeru-takasaki"}]},{id:"27869",title:"Role of 123I-Metaiodobenzylguanidine Myocardial Scintigraphy in Parkinsonian Disorders",slug:"the-role-of-123i-metaiodobenzylguanidine-myocardial-scintigraphy-in-parkinsonian-disorders",signatures:"Masahiko Suzuki",authors:[{id:"28561",title:"Prof.",name:"Masahiko",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",fullName:"Masahiko Suzuki",slug:"masahiko-suzuki"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1193",title:"Schizophrenia in the 21st Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0115c995234a8f1a6705e49b070455e2",slug:"schizophrenia-in-the-21st-century",bookSignature:"T.H.J. Burne",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1193.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84326",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Burne",slug:"thomas-burne",fullName:"Thomas Burne"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1928",title:"Psychiatric Disorders",subtitle:"Trends and Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58065e65714e62f0014093f7bd9f7780",slug:"psychiatric-disorders-trends-and-developments",bookSignature:"Toru Uehara",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1928.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66206",title:"Dr.",name:"Toru",surname:"Uehara",slug:"toru-uehara",fullName:"Toru Uehara"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2067",title:"Mental Illnesses",subtitle:"Evaluation, Treatments and Implications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"48554a60d68c6f4ec6cf7b7683a76532",slug:"mental-illnesses-evaluation-treatments-and-implications",bookSignature:"Luciano L'Abate",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2067.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77359",title:"Prof.",name:"Luciano",surname:"LAbate",slug:"luciano-labate",fullName:"Luciano LAbate"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2707",title:"Diagnostics and Rehabilitation of Parkinson's Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d7d5ca2ac3aefd92ecf0c6b9f8dee752",slug:"diagnostics-and-rehabilitation-of-parkinson-s-disease",bookSignature:"Juliana Dushanova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2707.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36845",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliana",surname:"Dushanova",slug:"juliana-dushanova",fullName:"Juliana Dushanova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3295",title:"New Insights into Anxiety Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"013c40f1052a8d6b3ab2d6bb6f797921",slug:"new-insights-into-anxiety-disorders",bookSignature:"Federico Durbano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3295.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"157077",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",surname:"Durbano",slug:"federico-durbano",fullName:"Federico Durbano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"2707",title:"Diagnostics and Rehabilitation of Parkinson's Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d7d5ca2ac3aefd92ecf0c6b9f8dee752",slug:"diagnostics-and-rehabilitation-of-parkinson-s-disease",bookSignature:"Juliana Dushanova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2707.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36845",title:"Dr.",name:"Juliana",surname:"Dushanova",slug:"juliana-dushanova",fullName:"Juliana Dushanova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"71149",title:"Dry Anaerobic Digestion for Agricultural Waste Recycling",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91229",slug:"dry-anaerobic-digestion-for-agricultural-waste-recycling",body:'\nProviding energy and food with low environmental impact is considered as an urgent issue in order to meet demands of them for the growing global population. Alternative resources to replace fossil fuel for energy and chemical fertilizer production are required. Agricultural wastes, such as crop residues and livestock wastes, have been gathering attention as a source of renewable energy and nutrient [1]. Agricultural waste such as lignocellulosic biomass is available globally over 200 billion dry metric ton per year [2]. Livestock wastes such as manures are important nutrient source. Global estimates of nitrogen and phosphorus in the manures were 128 and 24 Tg for 2007, which are almost two times higher than those of fertilized chemical fertilizer [3].
\nAnaerobic digestion is a technology for treatment of organic wastes, which can biologically decompose carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in the absence of oxygen and produce biogas (CH4 and CO2). In anaerobic digestion, nitrogen in protein and amino acids are mineralized and transformed into ammonium (NH4\n+). Total P and K are also not lost and retained in the digestate [4]. These nutrients are retained in the residue of anaerobic digestion, called digestate. Therefore, anaerobic digestion can produce both renewable energy and nutrients. In addition to organic waste treatment, anaerobic digestion can be utilized for effective biological pretreatment for anaerobic biorefinery [5]. In the anaerobic biorefinery concept, biogas is further transformed into alcohol or syngas, etc., and digestate is utilized for algae, organic acid, and alcohol biopolymer productions [6]. Digestate can be also applied to agricultural land as a fertilizer [7] for production of crops or forages since it contains nutrients as noted above. Recycling digestate as a fertilizer can reduce chemical fertilizer production, hence reducing fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emission [8]. Harvested crop residues and collected manures from the livestock fed with the harvested forage can be used for substrate in anaerobic digestion. Thus, anaerobic digestion can be a key technology to recycle waste into value-added products and fertilizer.
\nGenerally, anaerobic digestion is conducted in the form of liquid at low total solid (TS) content less than 15% [9], called wet anaerobic digestion. Wet anaerobic digestion is suitable for wastes with low TS contents (high-moisture contents) [10]. However, to maintain low TS content in the reactor, it requires a large amount of water if it treats wastes with high TS content, such as lignocellulosic biomass, resulting in increase in reactor volume as well as generation of a huge volume of wastewater to be treated [9]. In addition, digested slurry is subjected to solid–liquid separation process [11] after wet anaerobic digestion for further processing.
\nOn the contrary to wet anaerobic digestion, operation at TS content of higher than 15% is classified as dry (solid-state) anaerobic digestion [9]. Dry anaerobic digestion has several advantages over wet anaerobic digestion such as less fresh water usage and favorable energy balance [12]. Agricultural waste such as lignocellulosic biomass has high TS content. For example, TS contents of the corn silage, grasses, and straw biomasses are 25–89% [13]. For livestock manure, depending on pretreatment (solid–liquid separation), TS contents of solid phase are 18–30% [13, 14]. Therefore, agricultural wastes are suitable in dry anaerobic digestion in terms of TS content. Total solid contents of the solid fraction after solid–liquid separation of wet digestate are 23–30% [15], which are comparable or slightly higher than TS content of the dry anaerobic digestate (TS content in the reactor) [16]. Therefore, it would be expected that dry anaerobic digestion would reduce post-digestate treatment such as solid–liquid separation and treatment of liquid fraction, which can reduce energy consumption and cost for plant construction and operation. Therefore, dry anaerobic digestion would have more advantages over wet anaerobic digestion for biorefinery of agricultural wastes.
\nAlthough dry anaerobic digestion has several benefits, still wet anaerobic digestion plants have more advantages in terms of energy balance and cost performance in practice [12], requiring more research on effective operation of dry anaerobic digestion. Operation parameters of dry anaerobic digestion should be carefully determined. In general, mass transfer in the dry digestion media is not adequate, and high organic loading would reduce degradation of substrate and biogas production [10]. In addition, treatment of waste with high nitrogen concentration, such as manure, would result in ammonia accumulation and failure [17].
\nDigestate from the anaerobic digester can be used as fertilizer as it contains nutrient for crop growth or further processed to produce value-added products as noted above. For digestate from wet anaerobic digestion, digestates are subjected to solid–liquid separation [18]. These liquid fraction and solid fraction can be used as fertilizer [18]. Numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate effect of digestate from the wet anaerobic digestion on crop production and environmental risks [15], while digestate from the dry anaerobic digestion has not been well studied.
\nIn this chapter, we reviewed research progress in dry anaerobic digestion of agricultural waste. The key parameters and reactor types of dry anaerobic digestion were summarized. In terms of digestate recycling, we focused on the application of digestate in agricultural land. Especially, the effect of digestate from the wet and dry anaerobic digestion on soil nitrate leaching and root-knot nematodes was summarized.
\nAnaerobic digestion is conducted by anaerobic microorganisms contributing to hydrolysis, acid production, and methane production. Therefore, operation parameters should be taken into account for their growth and inhibition. For example, manures containing high concentration of ammonia causes ammonia inhibition. In addition, higher TS content in the dry anaerobic digester causes slow mass transfer, resulting in slow decomposition of intermediate. The accumulation of the intermediate will result in inhibition of methane production. In this section, important parameters of dry anaerobic digestion were reviewed.
\nNitrogen is an essential nutrient for microorganisms conducting anaerobic digestion. However, excess amount of nitrogen causes inhibition. According to Rajagopal et al. [19], ammonia concentration between 50 and 200 mg N L−1 is beneficial for anaerobic digestion while higher than 1500 mg N L−1 inhibits digestion. In the solution, ammonium ion (NH4\n+) is equilibrated with free ammonia (NH3). The equilibrium is governed by pH and temperature [20]. Therefore, higher pH and higher temperature increase NH3 concentration. Free ammonia can diffuse into the cell through the cell membrane and inhibits cell function by disrupting the proton and potassium balance [21]. Therefore, thermophilic (55°C) condition is more sensitive to ammonia inhibition than mesophilic (37°C) condition.
\nIn the dry anaerobic digestion, ammonia inhibition was reported in digestion of high nitrogen-containing biomass or digestion of low nitrogen-containing biomass with inoculum with high nitrogen concentration. Under thermophilic conditions, dry anaerobic digestion of corn stover highly inoculated with wet anaerobic digestion effluent showed smaller amount of biogas production than those with less inoculated one [22]. This was due to high concentration of ammonia in the inoculum. In semi-solid (10% of TS) digestion of chicken manure, 12 and 16 g N L−1 of ammonia were accumulated in mesophilic and thermophilic conditions, respectively, and the mesophilic condition showed higher methane production than that of thermophilic one [23]. Zhou et al. also observed low methane yield of thermophilic anaerobic digestion of pig manure, in which NH4\n+ concentration exceeded 4000 mg N kg−1 [17].
\nIn order to overcome ammonia inhibition, several approaches were suggested such as ammonia striping, chemical precipitation, adjusting carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio, etc. Ammonia stripping was applied for dry anaerobic digestion of chicken manure. Ammonia in the chicken manure was stripped at high pH with N2 flow after ammonia production by anaerobic fermentation [24]. Ammonia-stripped chicken manure showed 2305 mL kg−1 TS of cumulative methane production, which is much higher than the manure without stripping (313 mL kg−1 TS) [24]. In anaerobic digestion, C/N ratio of 15–30 is thought to be preferable [25]. A simple way to avoid ammonia inhibition is co-digestion with biomass with low nitrogen content such as crop residue. Co-digestion can dilute ammonia concentration in the reactor and reduce ammonia inhibition. For example, Abouelenien et al. found 1.5–93% increase in methane production in thermophilic co-digestion of chicken manure (C/N ratio of 6) with agricultural waste (coconut, coffee grounds, and cassava; C/N ratio of 17) compared with mono-digestion of chicken manure. Zhou et al. mixed pig manure with rice straw to obtain mixtures with C/N ratio of 10, 20, and 30 and conducted dry thermophilic digestion. The methane yields of C/N ratio of 20 and 30 were 244 and 258 mL g−1 VS, while C/N ratio of 10 showed lower and unstable methane production [17].
\nIn batch dry anaerobic digestion, the ratio of feed (substrate) and inoculum (F/I or S/I ratio), which is an index of organic loading to microorganisms, is an important parameter for efficient digestion. Operation with higher F/I ratio can treat larger amount of substrate in one batch. In the studies of dry anaerobic digestion, F/I ratios of 0.5–10 were applied or evaluated [22, 26, 27, 28]. Generally, increase in F/I ratio results in slower startup and lower methane yield than those of lower F/I ratio. For example, in mesophilic dry anaerobic digestion of corn stover, F/I ratio of 2.43 showed the highest methane yield (321 L kg−1), followed by F/I ratios of 3.44, 4.58, and 7.41 [22]. Co-digestion of rape straw and dairy manure also showed higher methane yield (209 L kg−1) in low F/I ratio (2:3 of feed/inoculum) than those in higher F/I ratio [29].
\nThe reason why dry digestion at higher F/I ratio failed is acidification of the reactors by accumulation of volatile organic acids (VFAs). Li et al. observed that the final pH in failed reactors at F/I ratio of 4.58 and 7.41 were 5.43 and 5.11, respectively, in digestion of corn stover [22]. According to the VFA concentration and pH changes during digestion, overaccumulation of VFAs (up to 25 g L−1) and drop of pH (less than 6) caused inhibition of methane production at high F/I ratio (3 and 4) [29]. Most methanogens are active in pH of 6.6–7.6 with an optimum pH of ca. 7. Therefore, acidification by accumulation of VFAs causes reduction of methane production activity. In addition to its influence to methanogens, high F/I ratio affects hydrolysis. Cui et al. observed cellulose and hemicellulose degradation rates were about 40% in dry anaerobic digestion of spent wheat straw at F/I ratio of 2 and 4, while it was less than 10% at F/I ratio of 6 [30]. Similar results were also observed in dry anaerobic digestion of solid waste residues of palm oil mill industry [31]. At pH of 6, the performance of hydrolysis and VFAs production was lower than at higher pH in fermentation of lignocellulosic waste [32]. Therefore, lowering pH may affect all the processes of anaerobic digestion (hydrolysis, VFA production, and methane production).
\nHigh TS content can reduce reactor volume and capital cost [9]. However, in dry anaerobic digestion, higher TS content reduces methane production. Xu et al. reported that maximum methane production rates were proportionally increased with TS content between 0 and 20% while gradually decreased from 20% TS to 30% TS content in mesophilic digestion of corn stover [33]. For mesophilic dry digestion of empty fruit bunch and oil palm trunk, methane yields at 16 and 25% TS contents were 250–350 mL g−1 VS. At 35% TS content, however methane yields were less than 100 mL g−1 VS with some exception [31]. In semi-batch dry thermophilic co-digestion of pig manure and rice straw, biogas yields were around 600 mL g−1 VS, and no VFAs accumulation was observed between 18% and 27% of TS content in the reactor [16]. However, biogas production was decreased concomitantly with VFAs accumulation when TS content in the reactor exceeded 28% [16]. Therefore, TS content should be carefully chosen and managed.
\nAccording to Le Hyaric et al., increasing TS content resulted in linear decrease in methane production from acetate, propionate, and cellulose [34]. They pointed out that acetate removal is a rate-limiting step in dry anaerobic digestion since H2 produced from cellulose degradation was rapidly consumed and showed higher methane production than degradation of acetate [34]. However, there have been less information on rate-limiting step at high TS content. More study is required.
\nIt has been thought that slow solute transport would cause reduction of biogas production at high TS content. In the dry anaerobic digestion, molecular diffusion is thought to control solute transport within the digestion medium because mixing is limited [35]. Solute flux by molecular diffusion is proportional to solute concentration gradient. And its proportional constant, called diffusion coefficient, characterizes the extent of the solute transport by molecular diffusion. Less information are available on the measurement of diffusion coefficient in the dry anaerobic digestion media. Several studies measured diffusion coefficient at high TS content. According to Bollon et al., diffusion coefficient of the solutes in the water is in the order of 10−9 m2 s−1 while in the order of 10–11 m2 s−1 at 8–25% of TS in digestate of the biowaste [35]. Similar results were also obtained by Zhang et al., who measured dewatered and digested sludge at 6–15% of TS content. Abbassi-Guendouz et al. demonstrated that limiting the overall mass transfer resulted in lower cumulative methane production [36].
\nIn dry anaerobic digestion process, major drawbacks are the heterogeneous distribution of substrate and microorganisms as well as low mass transfer under high solid content (> 20%). Inoculation efficiency of substrate is reduced by these factors, which results in unstable operation and low methane yield [37, 38]. Thus, keeping the inoculating efficiency is a main challenge for the operation of dry anaerobic digestion process.
\nOver the past 30 years, dry anaerobic digestion process has been developed and marketed by different companies in Europe. Commercial dry anaerobic digestion processes such as Valorga, Dranco, Kompogas, Bekon, and Bioferm are the most prevalent processes for treating municipal solid waste (MSW), biowaste, livestock waste, as well as green waste (Table 1) [10, 39]. According to several reviews [39, 40, 41], current strategies for improving the inoculating efficiency in dry anaerobic digestion process are mainly based on two considerations: (1) to homogenize the distribution of substrate and microorganisms by mechanical (biogas) mixing and (2) to improve the mass transfer in digester by the recirculation of liquid digestate. Also, some new efforts for improving the performance of dry anaerobic digestion process also have been conducted.
\nTo improve homogenization, several different types of continuous dry anaerobic digestion processes such as Valorga (France), Kompogas (Switzerland), and Dranco (Belgium) have been proposed. In continuous digesters, wastes (substrate) are added to the digester at regular intervals, and equal amounts of finished products (digestate) are removed. For example, Valorga process sets a central baffle in the vertical steel tank, and the baffle extends two thirds of the way through the center of the tank. Wastes are forced to flow around the baffle from the inlet to reach the outlet port on the opposite side, creating a plug flow in the reactor. Pressured biogas is provided at the base of the tank at intervals, which promotes the moving up of wastes to the opposite side of the tank and the contact between wastes and mature digestate (Figure 1a). This process was operated under the following conditions: total solid content of 25–35% and sludge retention time (SRT) of 15–20 days. Approximately 80–160 m3 t−1 of biogas can be recovered [42, 43]. Solid digestate generated from the process can be used as soil amendment after being dewatered and stored under aerobic conditions [40].
\nDry anaerobic digester designs.
Similar to Valorga process, vertical tank is also used in Dranco process. However, different to Valorga process, Dranco process performs the mixing of wastes and finished digestates by a special pump (mix and introduce the mixture of wastes and finished digestates to the pipeline) before introducing the mixture into the inlet located at the top of the tank. Thereafter, introduced mixture moves from the top to the bottom (outlet) by gravity without any internal mixing mechanism during digestion (Figure 1b). Total solid content in Dranco process usually ranges from 20 to 50%, while the SRT ranges from 13 days to 30 days. Approximately 103–147 m3 t−1 of biogas can be recovered [41, 44].
\nDifferent to Valorga and Dranco processes, Kompogas digester is a horizontal steel tank with slowly rotating axial mixers that assist in conveying the material from the inlet to the outlet, keep heavy solids in suspension, and degas the thick digestate. Finished digestates are recycled to inoculate the fresh wastes (Figure 1c). TS in Kompogas process usually ranges from 23 to 28%, and processed water may be added to reduce the solid content, while the SRT ranges from 15 days to 20 days. Approximately 110–130 m3 t−1 of biogas can be recovered [41, 45].
\nIn order to improve the mass transfer in the digester, the batch dry anaerobic digestion process with percolation system has been proposed. This system recycles leachate into the digester and enables the colonization of bacteria throughout the digester by promoting the transport of microbes and dissolved substrate. Premix of wastes and finished digestate is usually performed to inoculate the wastes. Currently, Bekon (Germany) has the main market share in batch dry anaerobic digestion process. As shown in the diagram of Bekon process (Figure 1d) [46], the premixed wastes and finished digestate are set in the “garage-type” digester, and leachate is collected from the bottom of the digester (digester at a 15 degree angle for the leachate collection) and stored at the percolate digester for recycling. Mass transfer in the digester can be promoted by this cycling. Biogas collected from digester and percolate digester is converted into electricity in combined heat and power units (CHP) directly. Digestion period of Bekon process ranges from 28 days to 35 days, and approximately 130 m3/t of biogas can be recovered [40, 47].
\nAlmost similar to Bekon process, Bioferm (Germany) process also performs the treatment using “garage-type” digester. However, only mesophilic digestion is conducted in Bioferm process, while both mesophilic and thermophilic digestions are conducted in Bekon process. Bioferm process generally operates with a TS content of 25% and a digestion period of 28 days [39].
\nMore recently, several new operations of dry anaerobic digestion digesters with some modifications in reactor structure have also been developed, which exhibited high efficiency of methane production and performance stability in dry anaerobic co-digestion.
\nZeshan et al. developed a new type of continuous digester, which is called inclined thermophilic dry anaerobic digestion (ITDAD) system [48]. Their pilot-scale experiments indicated that the maximum specific methane yield was 327 L kg−1 VS added at total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) of 1895 mg L−1 and TS content of 18% (Table 1). Kim and Oh proposed a horizontal-type cylindrical continuous digester for the co-digestion of high solids of food waste with paper waste or animal manure [49]. The reactor operates with a TS content of the input wastes ranging from 30 to 50%, and SRT ranges from 30 days to 100 days. 250 L g−1 CODadded of methane can be recovered when the reactor was applied to co-digestion of food waste with paper waste at SRT of 40 days and 40% of TS content under mesophilic conditions (Table 1). The performance they obtained was comparable to the conventional wet digestion and thermophilic dry anaerobic digestion processes.
\nIn terms of liquid recirculation during batch dry anaerobic digestion, most previous studies have focused on optimization of the leachate-to-substrate ratio, the recirculated leachate volume, and recirculation frequency [38, 50]. Meng et al. tested two liquid circulation modes (percolation and immersion) during batch thermophilic dry anaerobic digestion of rice straw using pig urine for liquid circulation [51]. In the percolation mode, leachate was poured on the rice straw-filled mesh bag, while liquid content was passed through the bag. For immersion, the rice straw-filled mesh bag was immersed in the leachate for the designated contact time. Leachate recirculation by percolation might cause nonuniform leachate flow because of the heterogeneous structure of the medium [52], while it is expected that most of the substrate in the bag could be in contact with the leachate by immersion. The methane yield of the immersion mixture of rice straw and solid digestate into leachate was higher than that of percolation of leachate. Furthermore, the methane yield increased from 1 to 24 h of the immersion period, while it decreased after longer than 24 h of immersion. Therefore, pig urine can be used as liquid recirculation medium under certain conditions. However, large-scale validation is needed.
\nMoreover, the startup and control of dry anaerobic digestion tends to be more difficult than liquid anaerobic digestion, due to the low mass transfer in dry anaerobic digestion [34]. In commercial dry digester, approximately 50–70% of the finished digestate need to be reused as inoculum, which reduces the efficiency of waste treatment [53]. Recently, several studies have pointed that the finished material (effluent) from liquid anaerobic digesters is the best inoculum for dry anaerobic digestion [53, 54]. This is because liquid digestate can provide supplement nitrogen, water, trace elements, and alkalinity to the system [55, 56]. Xu et al. [57] compared the performance of the dry anaerobic digestion yard trimming of using solid digestate and dewatered effluent from liquid anaerobic digester as inoculum. They found that comparable methane yield and volumetric methane productivities are generated at each F/I ratio (0.2–2, based on TS weight) when conducting the digestion using these two kinds of inoculum, while startup time is reduced using dewatered effluent as inoculum. However, the studies are limited in laboratory scale; liquid anaerobic effluent has not been applied in commercial-scale dry anaerobic digestion process, due to the difficult transportation of liquid digestate (effluent) to dry anaerobic digestion plant. A pilot-scale integrated anaerobic digestion process by combining liquid anaerobic digestion and dry anaerobic digestion has been reported in Li et al. [58]. Liquid anaerobic digestion and dry anaerobic digestion are constructed side by side, and liquid digestate is used as inoculum for dry anaerobic digestion. However, larger-scale studies should be considered in the future studies for doing the better choice.
\nAnaerobic digestion is the degradation of organic substrates to biogas and produces a by-product “anaerobic digestate” which contains significant amounts of mineral nitrogen (N), which is available for plants [59]. Biogas digestate typically has a high concentration of ammonium (NH4\n+) and relatively little carbon (C), with NH4\n+-N accounting for 35–81% of total N and a C/N ratio of 2.0–24.8 [15, 18]. Moreover, it contains other macro- and micronutrients that are necessary for plant growth [7, 60].
\nThe merits and demerits in the application of biogas digestate have been addressed in numerous papers. For example, the benefits are to improve the soil properties by reducing the bulk density, to increase the saturated hydraulic conductivity and the moisture retention capacity [61, 62], to sustain soil organic matter concentrations [63, 64], to enhance biological activities [59, 65, 66], and to suppress pathogenic organisms [15, 67]. In contrast, the demerits are to enhance nitrate leaching risk and to bring chemical and biological contaminations, such as heavy metals, organic pollutants [15, 68, 69, 70],
Once biogas digestate is applied to a field, the NH4\n+-N is subjected to different processes: volatilization, absorption by clay particles, take-up by plants, immobilization into soil organic matter, and/or nitrification [73]. In general, NH4\n+-N in biogas digestate is readily nitrified to nitrate (NO3\n−) in soil [74, 75, 76]. Since few NO3\n− can be absorbed by soil particles, most of excess NO3\n− moves downward with drainage water and is eventually leached from the soil profile [77]. Many studies have reported the application of biogas digestate enhances NO3\n− leaching risk in the soil [76, 78, 79, 80]. In particular, the nitrate leaching potential is much higher in soil with neutral pH soil than in soil with lower pH [81, 82].
\nStumborg [83] reported that dynamics of inorganic N, especially NO3\n−, is directly influenced by the soil type, climate, frequency of application, and property of the digestate. Rigby and Smith [84] conducted a laboratory experiment to investigate the effect of digestate deriving from different waste types (industrial, agricultural, and municipal solid waste or sewage sludge) on the N dynamics in three types of soil (sandy loam, sandy silt loam, and silty clay) and found that NO3\n− concentration was higher in sandy loam and NO3\n− did not accumulate in silty clay soil due to denitrification. Therefore, it is necessary to consider nitrate leaching risk in applying biogas digestate to an agricultural field from different aspects, such as the properties of digestate, soil type, and moisture content.
\nSeveral management strategies have been proposed to mitigate nitrate leaching: (i) limiting N application rates, (ii) synchronizing N supply to plant demand, (iii) adopting cover crop techniques, (iv) using nitrification inhibitors, and (v) applying a C source such as wheat or rice straw [85]. Incorporating digestate with straw residue from harvested crops is a promising practice to retain NO3\n− in the soil. Crop residue with a low C/N ratio degrades fast [86, 87], which increases the soil microbial biomass [88] and stimulates net N mineralization [87, 89]. In contrast, crop residue with a high C/N ratio stimulates net N immobilization, leading to a lower risk of NO3\n− leaching [90]. Previous studies have indicated that applying organic manure [91] or mineral N fertilizer [92] with straw (high C/N ratio) into cultivated soils reduced the accumulation of NO3\n− in the soil, since soil microbes use labile C contained in straw as an energy and carbon source with rapid microbial N immobilization [93, 94], thus decreasing NO3\n− leaching [95].
\nWang [82] showed that NO3\n− concentration was the lowest in the treatment of biogas digestate mixed with a high amount of rice straw to adjust the C/N ratio from 12 to 30 (Mix2). The NO3\n− concentration in soil was much lower in Mix2 for a 90-day incubation period than in the other treatments, such as only biogas digestate and chemical fertilizer, indicating that most of the N added to Mix2 was microbially immobilized. Other studies also indicated that application of straw induced net N immobilization during the initial stages and released N at a later stage and the timing is largely dependent on climatic and soil factors including soil fertility [96, 97, 98]. It has been reported that application of crop residues reduces N losses and causes greater N retention in soil [99]. Yang [94] showed from a 5-year field experiment that straw application reduced soil NO3\n− leaching losses by 13% compared with the control treatment.
\nIt is a matter of concern when N transformation process changes from immobilization to mineralization. In Kikugawa soil (pH = 7.0), the markedly low NO3\n− in Mix2 started to increase from day 35, indicating the net re-mineralization of the once immobilized N and soil organic N from day 35. In contrast, in Fuchu soil (pH = 5.7), NO3\n− started to increase only after day 60, indicating that microbial immobilization consistently dominated the nitrogen cycling process for the first 60 days. The period of N retention and N supply processes differ among soils [100]. Zhao [101] reported that N retention was much longer in a soil with lower pH (5.3) than in a soil with neutral pH (7.6). Soil fertility may also be involved in the change from N immobilization to N mineralization, since Pan [95] reported that N mineralization starts earlier in a fertile soil after the occurrence of N immobilization. Kikugawa soil (total C: 73.2 g kg−1 soil) showed higher fertility than Fuchu soil (total C: 35 g C kg−1 soil), and thus the earlier change from N immobilization to N mineralization occurred in fertile Kikugawa soil.
\nRoot-knot nematodes (
A recent study showed that populations of
Organic amendment may have different effects on different soil microbial groups, and nematodes could be reduced by such a modified microbial group [119, 121]. The prokaryotic community structure of the treatments reported by Wang [82] was evaluated, and the results showed that Mix2 treatment, in which low NO3\n− risk and high nematode suppression were confirmed, was separated from the other treatments, indicating that a specific microbial community was developed in the treatment (Figure 2). Several papers have already reported that the application of biogas digestate affected the community structure of bacteria and fungi [122, 123, 124]. In general, organic amendment stimulates a broad range of (micro) organisms involved in the soil food web, many of which are potential predators, such as diplogasterid [125] and dorylaimid [126], or invertebrate antagonists, such as enchytraeids and earthworms [127]. Moreover, nematode suppression might result from increased incidences and levels of nematode-antagonistic fungi following amendment application. According to Wang [128, 129], the application of sunn hemp crop residues to soil decreased the population levels of the plant-parasitic nematode
A Uni-Frac weighted PCA analysis of prokaryotic communities of soils with different amendments and incubated for 90 days. NF: no fertilizer, CF: chemical fertilizers, DryBD20: dry biogas digestate with an C/N ratio of 12, DryBD30: dry biogas digestate with an C/N ratio of 16, Mix1: DryBD20 mixed with a low amount of rice straw to adjust its C/N ratio to 16, Mix2: DryBD20 with a high amount of rice straw to adjust its C/N ratio to 30.
Dry anaerobic digestion is appropriate for treatment of agricultural waste with high TS content. Optimization of C/N ratio, F/I ratio (or organic loading rate), and TS content is key to avoid failure of digestion. Several batch and continuous dry digestion technologies have been already applied in practice, while new techniques have been also proposed. Solid digestate is beneficial to supply nutrient into the soil and improve soil properties. On the other hand, nitrate leaching is one of the concerns of the digestate application. Digestate C/N ratio adjustment by mixing with crop residue can mitigate nitrate leaching. In addition, it can also mitigate root-knot nematode. More study is needed to optimize dry anaerobic digestion and digestate use for sustainable agricultural waste management.
\nThe study was supported by TUAT Collaboration Award 2019 and the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (grant number: 1B-1103 and 1-1404) of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan.
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
We believe financial barriers should not prevent researchers from publishing their findings. With the need to make scientific research more publicly available and support the benefits of Open Access, more and more institutions and funders are dedicating resources to assist faculty members and researchers cover Open Access Publishing Fees (OAPFs). In addition, IntechOpen provides several further options presented below, all of which are available to researchers, and could secure the financing of your Open Access publication.
",metaTitle:"Waiver Policy",metaDescription:"We feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their research. With the need to make scientific research more publically available and support the benefits of Open Access, more institutions and funders have dedicated funds to assist their faculty members and researchers cover the APCs associated with publishing in Open Access. Below we have outlined several options available to secure financing for your Open Access publication.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/waiver-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
\\n\\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\\n\\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\\n\\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\\n\\nFor Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\\n\\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
\\n\\nWhile providing support and advice to all our international Authors, waiver priority will be given to those Authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an Author might live.
\\n\\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
\\n\\nDownload Waiver Request Form
\\n\\nFeel free to contact us at funders@intechopen.com if you have any questions about Funding options or our Waiver program. If you have already begun the process and require further assistance, please contact your Author Service Manager, who is there to assist you!
\\n\\nNote: All data represented above was collected by IntechOpen from 2013 to 2017.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
\n\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\n\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\n\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\n\nFor Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\n\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
\n\nWhile providing support and advice to all our international Authors, waiver priority will be given to those Authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an Author might live.
\n\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
\n\nDownload Waiver Request Form
\n\nFeel free to contact us at funders@intechopen.com if you have any questions about Funding options or our Waiver program. If you have already begun the process and require further assistance, please contact your Author Service Manager, who is there to assist you!
\n\nNote: All data represented above was collected by IntechOpen from 2013 to 2017.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6630},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5911},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2404},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12562},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1009},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17573}],offset:12,limit:12,total:132971},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish'+rtrim('')+'"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:37},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:31},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:98},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:31},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4379},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3385,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1875,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3842,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3008,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1109,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1010,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3918,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1654,editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7686,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3444,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10522",title:"Coding Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6357e1dd7d38adeb519ca7a10dc9e5a0",slug:"coding-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan and Sudev Naduvath",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10522.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"26327",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakar",middleName:null,surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"sudhakar-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10821",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:"Theories and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"18463c2291ba306c4dcbabd988227eea",slug:"automation-and-control-theories-and-applications",bookSignature:"Elmer P. Dadios",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10821.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11348",title:"Mutagenesis and Mitochondrial-Associated Pathologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"001972b3c5b49367314b13025a449232",slug:"mutagenesis-and-mitochondrial-associated-pathologies",bookSignature:"Michael Fasullo and Angel Catala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11348.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"258231",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Fasullo",slug:"michael-fasullo",fullName:"Michael Fasullo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11123",title:"Epoxy-Based Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c1c5447cf3b9d6c7688276ac30e80de6",slug:"epoxy-based-composites",bookSignature:"Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai, Ramesh Arthanari and M.R.Meera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11123.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"247421",title:"Dr.",name:"Samson Jerold Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Chelladurai",slug:"samson-jerold-samuel-chelladurai",fullName:"Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10632",title:"Theory and Practice of Tunnel Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ba17749f9d0b6a62d584a3c320a1f49",slug:"theory-and-practice-of-tunnel-engineering",bookSignature:"Hasan Tosun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10632.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"79083",title:"Prof.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"hasan-tosun",fullName:"Hasan Tosun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10906",title:"Fungal Reproduction and Growth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f84de0280d54f3b52e3e4585cff24ac1",slug:"fungal-reproduction-and-growth",bookSignature:"Sadia Sultan and Gurmeet Kaur Surindar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10906.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"176737",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",middleName:null,surname:"Sultan",slug:"sadia-sultan",fullName:"Sadia Sultan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10914",title:"Effective Elimination of Structural Racism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6a2562646c0fd664aca8335bc3b3e69",slug:"effective-elimination-of-structural-racism",bookSignature:"Erick Guerrero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10914.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"294761",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero",slug:"erick-guerrero",fullName:"Erick Guerrero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",slug:"animal-reproduction",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10940",title:"Plant Hormones",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5aae8a345f8047ed528914ff3491f643",slug:"plant-hormones-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10940.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10207",title:"Sexual Abuse",subtitle:"An Interdisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1ec1d5a7093490df314d7887e0b3809",slug:"sexual-abuse-an-interdisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Ersi Kalfoğlu and Sotirios Kalfoglou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10207.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"68678",title:"Dr.",name:"Ersi",middleName:null,surname:"Kalfoglou",slug:"ersi-kalfoglou",fullName:"Ersi Kalfoglou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"780",title:"Ecological Engineering",slug:"ecological-engineering",parent:{id:"118",title:"Environmental Engineering",slug:"engineering-environmental-engineering"},numberOfBooks:19,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:430,numberOfWosCitations:1559,numberOfCrossrefCitations:850,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2172,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"780",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8619",title:"Kinetic Modeling for Environmental Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13e281b9388e601a106107516d070c4e",slug:"kinetic-modeling-for-environmental-systems",bookSignature:"Rehab O. Abdel Rahman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8619.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92718",title:"Prof.",name:"Rehab O.",middleName:"O.",surname:"Abdel Rahman",slug:"rehab-o.-abdel-rahman",fullName:"Rehab O. Abdel Rahman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5415",title:"Household Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"64bad707f9b21195de508888574722f7",slug:"household-hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Daniel Mmereki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5415.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176512",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Mmereki",slug:"daniel-mmereki",fullName:"Daniel Mmereki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5386",title:"Complex Systems, Sustainability and Innovation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38584277d8d21713ab23b920761f35e4",slug:"complex-systems-sustainability-and-innovation",bookSignature:"Ciza Thomas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5386.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",middleName:null,surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4492",title:"Recycling Materials Based on Environmentally Friendly Techniques",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89046e778cd775985aa86339238eede7",slug:"recycling-materials-based-on-environmentally-friendly-techniques",bookSignature:"Dimitris S. Achilias",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4492.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"95620",title:"Dr.",name:"Dimitris S.",middleName:null,surname:"Achilias",slug:"dimitris-s.-achilias",fullName:"Dimitris S. Achilias"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3111",title:"Hydraulic Conductivity",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9058b2c13f96f32e88d1040e331f03b0",slug:"hydraulic-conductivity",bookSignature:"Vanderlei Rodrigues da Silva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3111.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"153109",title:"Dr.",name:"Vanderlei Rodrigues Da",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"vanderlei-rodrigues-da-silva",fullName:"Vanderlei Rodrigues Da Silva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3540",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0ee069d311f4d412f6bbf7180e3a8ea4",slug:"biodegradation-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3540.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",middleName:null,surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3569",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Life of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb737eb528a53e5106c7e218d5f12ec6",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",middleName:null,surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3570",title:"Biodegradation of Hazardous and Special Products",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"29ce0f4a059cb02b060a2b4082ca81e0",slug:"biodegradation-of-hazardous-and-special-products",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3570.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",middleName:null,surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3231",title:"Water Resources",subtitle:"Planning, Development and Management",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dfbaf4bed109eef829f68967730340b5",slug:"water-resources-planning-development-and-management",bookSignature:"Ralph Wurbs",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3231.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73091",title:"Prof.",name:"Ralph",middleName:null,surname:"Wurbs",slug:"ralph-wurbs",fullName:"Ralph Wurbs"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3138",title:"Biomass Now",subtitle:"Cultivation and Utilization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14aa4b6c2eb974aad5a2839688220b04",slug:"biomass-now-cultivation-and-utilization",bookSignature:"Miodrag Darko Matovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3138.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"27708",title:"Dr.",name:"Miodrag Darko",middleName:null,surname:"Matovic",slug:"miodrag-darko-matovic",fullName:"Miodrag Darko Matovic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2190",title:"Biomass Now",subtitle:"Sustainable Growth and Use",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8a1a12b5516a184685e6421805ff25d",slug:"biomass-now-sustainable-growth-and-use",bookSignature:"Miodrag Darko Matovic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2190.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"27708",title:"Dr.",name:"Miodrag Darko",middleName:null,surname:"Matovic",slug:"miodrag-darko-matovic",fullName:"Miodrag Darko Matovic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2204",title:"Clean Energy for Better Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ad68968403df64347916649c2ce1c192",slug:"clean-energy-for-better-environment",bookSignature:"Cumhur Aydinalp",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2204.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"98959",title:"Prof.",name:"Cumhur",middleName:"---",surname:"Aydinalp",slug:"cumhur-aydinalp",fullName:"Cumhur Aydinalp"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:19,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"44387",doi:"10.5772/55302",title:"The Oil Palm Wastes in Malaysia",slug:"the-oil-palm-wastes-in-malaysia",totalDownloads:26476,totalCrossrefCites:85,totalDimensionsCites:167,abstract:null,book:{id:"2190",slug:"biomass-now-sustainable-growth-and-use",title:"Biomass Now",fullTitle:"Biomass Now - Sustainable Growth and Use"},signatures:"N. Abdullah and F. Sulaiman",authors:[{id:"141280",title:"Dr.",name:"Nurhayati",middleName:null,surname:"Abdullah",slug:"nurhayati-abdullah",fullName:"Nurhayati Abdullah"},{id:"144140",title:"Dr.",name:"Fauziah",middleName:null,surname:"Sulaiman",slug:"fauziah-sulaiman",fullName:"Fauziah Sulaiman"}]},{id:"44409",doi:"10.5772/53902",title:"Biofloc Technology (BFT): A Review for Aquaculture Application and Animal Food Industry",slug:"biofloc-technology-bft-a-review-for-aquaculture-application-and-animal-food-industry",totalDownloads:26416,totalCrossrefCites:61,totalDimensionsCites:154,abstract:null,book:{id:"3138",slug:"biomass-now-cultivation-and-utilization",title:"Biomass Now",fullTitle:"Biomass Now - Cultivation and Utilization"},signatures:"Maurício Emerenciano, Gabriela Gaxiola and Gerard Cuzon",authors:[{id:"146126",title:"Dr.",name:"Maurício Gustavo Coelho",middleName:null,surname:"Emerenciano",slug:"mauricio-gustavo-coelho-emerenciano",fullName:"Maurício Gustavo Coelho Emerenciano"}]},{id:"45093",doi:"10.5772/56194",title:"Biodegradation: Involved Microorganisms and Genetically Engineered Microorganisms",slug:"biodegradation-involved-microorganisms-and-genetically-engineered-microorganisms",totalDownloads:17990,totalCrossrefCites:41,totalDimensionsCites:146,abstract:null,book:{id:"3569",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",title:"Biodegradation",fullTitle:"Biodegradation - Life of Science"},signatures:"Nezha Tahri Joutey, Wifak Bahafid, Hanane Sayel and Naïma El\nGhachtouli",authors:[{id:"164614",title:"Dr.",name:"Naima",middleName:null,surname:"El Ghachtouli",slug:"naima-el-ghachtouli",fullName:"Naima El Ghachtouli"}]},{id:"45111",doi:"10.5772/56098",title:"Pesticide Biodegradation: Mechanisms, Genetics and Strategies to Enhance the Process",slug:"pesticide-biodegradation-mechanisms-genetics-and-strategies-to-enhance-the-process",totalDownloads:10643,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:99,abstract:null,book:{id:"3569",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",title:"Biodegradation",fullTitle:"Biodegradation - Life of Science"},signatures:"Ma. Laura Ortiz-Hernández, Enrique Sánchez-Salinas, Edgar\nDantán-González and María Luisa Castrejón-Godínez",authors:[{id:"15059",title:"Dr.",name:"Ma. Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz-Hernandez",slug:"ma.-laura-ortiz-hernandez",fullName:"Ma. Laura Ortiz-Hernandez"}]},{id:"45095",doi:"10.5772/56230",title:"Biodegradable Polymers",slug:"biodegradable-polymers",totalDownloads:10934,totalCrossrefCites:34,totalDimensionsCites:79,abstract:null,book:{id:"3569",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",title:"Biodegradation",fullTitle:"Biodegradation - Life of Science"},signatures:"Babak Ghanbarzadeh and Hadi Almasi",authors:[{id:"164146",title:"Prof.",name:"Babak",middleName:null,surname:"Ghanbarzadeh",slug:"babak-ghanbarzadeh",fullName:"Babak Ghanbarzadeh"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"45093",title:"Biodegradation: Involved Microorganisms and Genetically Engineered Microorganisms",slug:"biodegradation-involved-microorganisms-and-genetically-engineered-microorganisms",totalDownloads:17990,totalCrossrefCites:41,totalDimensionsCites:146,abstract:null,book:{id:"3569",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",title:"Biodegradation",fullTitle:"Biodegradation - Life of Science"},signatures:"Nezha Tahri Joutey, Wifak Bahafid, Hanane Sayel and Naïma El\nGhachtouli",authors:[{id:"164614",title:"Dr.",name:"Naima",middleName:null,surname:"El Ghachtouli",slug:"naima-el-ghachtouli",fullName:"Naima El Ghachtouli"}]},{id:"45111",title:"Pesticide Biodegradation: Mechanisms, Genetics and Strategies to Enhance the Process",slug:"pesticide-biodegradation-mechanisms-genetics-and-strategies-to-enhance-the-process",totalDownloads:10647,totalCrossrefCites:21,totalDimensionsCites:99,abstract:null,book:{id:"3569",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",title:"Biodegradation",fullTitle:"Biodegradation - Life of Science"},signatures:"Ma. Laura Ortiz-Hernández, Enrique Sánchez-Salinas, Edgar\nDantán-González and María Luisa Castrejón-Godínez",authors:[{id:"15059",title:"Dr.",name:"Ma. Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz-Hernandez",slug:"ma.-laura-ortiz-hernandez",fullName:"Ma. Laura Ortiz-Hernandez"}]},{id:"44387",title:"The Oil Palm Wastes in Malaysia",slug:"the-oil-palm-wastes-in-malaysia",totalDownloads:26478,totalCrossrefCites:85,totalDimensionsCites:167,abstract:null,book:{id:"2190",slug:"biomass-now-sustainable-growth-and-use",title:"Biomass Now",fullTitle:"Biomass Now - Sustainable Growth and Use"},signatures:"N. Abdullah and F. Sulaiman",authors:[{id:"141280",title:"Dr.",name:"Nurhayati",middleName:null,surname:"Abdullah",slug:"nurhayati-abdullah",fullName:"Nurhayati Abdullah"},{id:"144140",title:"Dr.",name:"Fauziah",middleName:null,surname:"Sulaiman",slug:"fauziah-sulaiman",fullName:"Fauziah Sulaiman"}]},{id:"12168",title:"Impact of Global Warming on Tropical Cyclones and Monsoons",slug:"impact-of-global-warming-on-indian-monsoons",totalDownloads:4319,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"3681",slug:"global-warming",title:"Global Warming",fullTitle:"Global Warming"},signatures:"Muni Krishna Kailasam and Sai R.Rao",authors:null},{id:"44409",title:"Biofloc Technology (BFT): A Review for Aquaculture Application and Animal Food Industry",slug:"biofloc-technology-bft-a-review-for-aquaculture-application-and-animal-food-industry",totalDownloads:26419,totalCrossrefCites:62,totalDimensionsCites:155,abstract:null,book:{id:"3138",slug:"biomass-now-cultivation-and-utilization",title:"Biomass Now",fullTitle:"Biomass Now - Cultivation and Utilization"},signatures:"Maurício Emerenciano, Gabriela Gaxiola and Gerard Cuzon",authors:[{id:"146126",title:"Dr.",name:"Maurício Gustavo Coelho",middleName:null,surname:"Emerenciano",slug:"mauricio-gustavo-coelho-emerenciano",fullName:"Maurício Gustavo Coelho Emerenciano"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"780",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:288,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:50,paginationItems:[{id:"81927",title:"Purinergic System in Immune Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104485",signatures:"Yerly Magnolia Useche Salvador",slug:"purinergic-system-in-immune-response",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science and Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013. She relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the National Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to October 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is currently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology – Kandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI) Ambassador to Sri Lanka.",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81557",title:"Object Tracking Using Adapted Optical Flow",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102863",signatures:"Ronaldo Ferreira, Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira and António José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"object-tracking-using-adapted-optical-flow",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81558",title:"Thresholding Image Techniques for Plant Segmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104587",signatures:"Miguel Ángel Castillo-Martínez, Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes, Blanca E. Carvajal-Gámez, Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa and Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",slug:"thresholding-image-techniques-for-plant-segmentation",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",signatures:"Theodore Chadjipadelis and Georgia Panagiotidou",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79491",title:"Fuzzy Perceptron Learning for Non-Linearly Separable Patterns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101312",signatures:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",slug:"fuzzy-perceptron-learning-for-non-linearly-separable-patterns",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Raja Kishor",surname:"Duggirala"}],book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81234",title:"Cognitive Visual Tracking of Hand Gestures in Real-Time RGB Videos",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103170",signatures:"Richa Golash and Yogendra Kumar Jain",slug:"cognitive-visual-tracking-of-hand-gestures-in-real-time-rgb-videos",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Information Extraction and Object Tracking in Digital Video",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10652.jpg",subseries:{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision"}}},{id:"81331",title:"Machine Learning Algorithm-Based Contraceptive Practice among Ever-Married Women in Bangladesh: A Hierarchical Machine Learning Classification Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103187",signatures:"Iqramul Haq, Md. Ismail Hossain, Md. Moshiur Rahman, Md. Injamul Haq Methun, Ashis Talukder, Md. Jakaria Habib and Md. Sanwar Hossain",slug:"machine-learning-algorithm-based-contraceptive-practice-among-ever-married-women-in-bangladesh-a-hie",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81321",title:"Velocity Planning via Model-Based Reinforcement Learning: Demonstrating Results on PILCO for One-Dimensional Linear Motion with Bounded Acceleration",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103690",signatures:"Hsuan-Cheng Liao, Han-Jung Chou and Jing-Sin Liu",slug:"velocity-planning-via-model-based-reinforcement-learning-demonstrating-results-on-pilco-for-one-dime",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Applied Intelligence - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11418.jpg",subseries:{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence"}}},{id:"80937",title:"Assessing Heterogeneity of Two-Part Model via Bayesian Model-Based Clustering with Its Application to Cocaine Use Data",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103089",signatures:"Ye-Mao Xia, Qi-Hang Zhu and Jian-Wei Gou",slug:"assessing-heterogeneity-of-two-part-model-via-bayesian-model-based-clustering-with-its-application-t",totalDownloads:21,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Applied Intelligence",value:22,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Computer Vision",value:24,count:8,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",value:26,count:8,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"8",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11404,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",slug:"hitoshi-tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",slug:"marcus-vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"81778",title:"Influence of Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials on the Reconstruction of Biomedical Parts via Additive Manufacturing Techniques: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104465",signatures:"Babatunde Olamide Omiyale, Akeem Abiodun Rasheed, Robinson Omoboyode Akinnusi and Temitope Olumide Olugbade",slug:"influence-of-mechanical-properties-of-biomaterials-on-the-reconstruction-of-biomedical-parts-via-add",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9742",title:"Ubiquitin",subtitle:"Proteasome Pathway",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9742.jpg",slug:"ubiquitin-proteasome-pathway",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"af6880d3a5571da1377ac8f6373b9e82",volumeInSeries:18,fullTitle:"Ubiquitin - Proteasome Pathway",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:288,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/24467",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"24467"},fullPath:"/chapters/24467",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()