Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
Throughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\n
We wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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\r\n\tCurrently, both in science and in industry, quartz has numerous applications that continue to grow in line with technological development. In the same way, the specifications that are considered in the mineral raw material markets are diversified, from very restrictive quality, for high-tech artifacts, to the most eclectic for abrasives and glass-ceramic applications. In the same way, the diversity of contaminations that are accepted in the different industrial batches are very varied and imply a great diversity of application and behavior tests in transformation routines.
\r\n
\r\n\tFrom the outset, natural sources are more suitable for some applications, but in any case, it is necessary to ensure deposits with large monomineralic masses, as homogeneous and pure as possible, which allow viable mining in both quantity and quality. These conditions tend to occur mainly in granitic pegmatitic deposits and in metamorphic or hydrothermal quartz veins. Furthermore, more and more ornamental varieties of quartz enter architecture, design, and jewelry.
\r\n
\r\n\tIt is proposed here to present a holistic view of quartz from its descriptive mineralogy to industrial applications, including the origin and characteristics of the different types of mineral deposits and the physicochemical performance tests that distinguish the quartz batches for different forms of application with consequences for the marketing of the corresponding raw materials.
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1. Introduction
The term “psychosis” denotes a variety of mental disorders: the presence of delusions, various types of hallucinations, usually auditory or visual, but sometimes tactile or olfactory, and grossly disorganized thinking in a clear sensorium. Schizophrenia is an enduring, disabling psychiatric illness affecting about 1% of the population globally. It is characterized by various symptoms classified into positive, negative and cognitive) [1, 2].
Plants provide the essential nutrients and remedy needed by humans, they are healthier compared to animal diets. Over time much benefits have been derived from medicinal plants due to their rich natural phytochemicals that interact favorably with the human body and neurotransmitters to produce effects that are beneficial to man. In this chapter we will look at some medicinal plant used in the pharmacotherapy of psychosis.
2. Management of psychosis
Psychosis is an immense social and economic problem, but the management of psychosis remains insufficient. Basically typical and atypical antipsychotics are used for the treatment of schizophrenia, the typical antipsychotics such as chlorpromazine and haloperidol are only effective in the treatment of positive symptoms, and are accompanied by disturbing adverse effects such as extrapyramidal side-effects [3], the atypical antipsychotic drugs such as risperidone and olanzapine provide some beneficial effects on negative symptoms and cognitive deficits [4], but they are inadequate and mild. Prolonged use also results in increased oxidative load [5] which could lead to cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and agranulocytosis seen with clozapine, they also cause moderate to severe weight gain [2, 6, 7, 8]. The use of medicinal plants as complementary remedies for the treatment of psychosis have become necessary because of their characteristically high chemical diversity, biochemical specificity, and several other properties that make them favorable lead structures for the treatment of various disorders, including psychosis [9], for example, Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B. L. Burtt (Zingiberaceae) [10], Lonchocarpus cyanescens (Schumach and Thonn.) Benth. (Fabaceae) [11] etc., which have been used in the pharmacotherapy of psychosis. Interestingly many of these plants were studied and found to have lesser side effects e.g. catalepsy [12, 13, 14, 15] indicating that these plants may not cause extrapyramidal side effects in humans.
Medicinal plants are either used as an alternative or in addition to orthodox medicine [16], users search for a more holistic approach to treatment, others expect that alternative medicines have less or no side-effects, and many with chronic mental health problems justifiably feel disappointed by the apparent ineffectiveness of conventional treatment [17].
3. Review of relevant pathophysiology
Neuropsychiatric Disorders may occur as a result of a number of factors such as genetic predisposition, lifestyle factors such as substance abuse and recently diet is also believed to be a factor [18] due to certain observations that associated incidence of psychotic episodes in neuropsychiatric diseases with poor dietary patterns, such as a lower intake of omega-3 fatty acids, vegetables, fibers, fruits, vitamins and minerals [19], all these are substances that can be obtained naturally supporting the use of natural products in psychosis especially because of the high antioxidant content of these natural products, since oxidative stress is implicated in psychosis.
4. Secondary metabolites in medicinal plants for psychosis
The discovery of effective plant-based medicinal plants for the treatment of psychosis is constrained by a need to conclusively identify relevant active constituents and understand synergies within them and an inability to sufficiently standardize replicable extracts.
A large number of natural phytochemicals are claimed to have beneficial effects on the adequate functioning of the human brain [20]. Essentially, metabolites produce effects on human brain function probably due to the connection between plant, mammalian biochemistry and molecular functioning. Principally, as a result of the numerous molecular signaling pathways that are conserved between taxa and their role in the synthesis of secondary metabolite [21]. Secondly the effects might be based on the similarities between the prevalent natural herbivores of plants and the nervous systems of humans. Therefore, the phytochemicals whose synthesis has been retained by a process of natural selection and on the basis of their ability to interact with the CNS of herbivorous or symbiotic insects will also interact with the human CNS system via the same mechanisms [22]. Some of the significance of secondary metabolites involve general protective roles (such as antioxidant, ultra violet (UV) light-absorbing, free radical-scavenging and antiproliferative agents) and preservation the plant against microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. More intricate actions involve dictating or modifying the plant’s relationship with more complex organisms [23, 24, 25]. This is achieved primarily by their role of feeding deterrence, consequently, many phytochemicals are bitter and/or toxic to potential herbivores, with this toxicity often extending to direct interactions with the herbivore’s central and peripheral nervous systems [26] identified extracts and constituents from 85 individual medicinal plants that have potential efficacy for treating psychiatric disorder. Accordingly, secondary metabolites often act as agonists or antagonists of neurotransmitter systems [25, 27] or form structural analogs of endogenous hormones [28].
Secondary metabolites can be subdivided into many distinct groups base on their chemical structure and synthetic pathways, furthermore, these groups can be broadly categorized in terms of the nature of their ecological roles and also their eventual effects and comparative toxicity in the consuming animal. The phytochemicals are herewith, discussed base on the chemical nature of their alleged active components. The largest and most widespread of phytochemical groups are the alkaloids, phenolic compounds and terpenes.
4.1 Alkaloids
Alkaloids are a structurally diverse group of over 12,000 cyclic nitrogen-containing compounds that are found in over 20% of plant species [29]. The use of alkaloids for medicinal purposes dates as far back as the Stone Age [20].
The alkaloids are known to be the common poisons, neurotoxins, and traditional psychedelics for example atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine, from Atropa Belladonna plant and social drugs such as ephedrine, nicotine, opiates, cocaine, and caffeine widely consumed for recreational purposes [30]. Despite their posoinous nature, this group of chemicals also found application in the treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease, because of their cholinesterase inhibiting effects e.g. riverstigmine, huperzine, physostigmine, and huperzine [31].
Gentianine is a major alkaloid extracted from Swertia chirata Linn (Gentianaceae), it was reported to possess antipsychotic activity in experimental animals by antagonizing amphetamine induced stereotypy [32]. 11-demethoxyreserpiline, 10- demethoxyreserpiline, α-yohimbine and reserpiline are alkaloids isolated from the leaves of Rauwolfia tetraphylla and are found to possess atypical antipsychotic-like actions [33]. alstonine an indole alkaloid isolated from Picralima nitida Alstonine was found to possess antipsychotic properties [34, 35].
4.2 Phenolic compounds
Phenolic compounds are universally found across the plant kingdom, with approximately 10,000 structures identified to date. Phenolics are synthesized from precursors produced by the phenylpropanoid pathway with the exception of a few notable compounds. Structurally, they share at least one aromatic hydrocarbon ring with one or more hydroxyl groups attached [22].
Phenolic compounds comprise of simple low-molecular weight compounds, such as the coumarins, simple phenylpropanoids, and benzoic acid derivatives, to more complex structures such as flavanoids, tannins and stilbenes [22]. These compounds play an important role in CNS functioning by interacting directly with neurotransmitter systems. In in vivo models, phenolics enhance cognition through antagonistic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor binding, with resultant cholinergic upregulation and exert antidepressant effects via monoamine oxidase inhibition in the brain, sedative, anxiolytic and antipsychotic effects by binding to GABA receptors, [36, 37, 38]. Flavonoids are widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom. They are constituents of medicinal plants used as herbal medicines in traditional medical practice, and are now considered valuable therapeutic agents in modern medicines [39, 40]. Many studies have reported that flavones modulate neurotransmission through enhancement of GABA activity in the central nervous system; which led to the hypothesis that they could exert tranquilizing effects in behavioral hyperactivity such as schizophrenia [41, 42]. Undeniably, a number of evidences have implicated the role of altered GABAergic transmission in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia [43, 44]. Morin a flavonoid isolated from plants was found to exhibit antipsychotic effects [45].
4.2.1 Tannins
Tannins are a group of plant secondary metabolites that have the ability to tan or convert animal skin into leather. These compounds are classified as being water soluble phenolics with the ability to precipitate alkaloids, gelatins, and other proteins. High tannin concentrations are found in nearly every part of many plants, such as in the bark, wood, leaves, fruit, roots, plant galls, and seed. Tannins may exert their biological effects in two different ways: as unabsorbables, these are usually complex structures with binding properties which may produce local effects in the gastrointestinal tract (antioxidant, radical scavenging, antimicrobial, antiviral, antimutagenic, and antinutrient effects), or as absorbable, these are usually low molecular weight structures which are easily absorbed, and produce systemic effects in various organs [46]. Gallic acid, a gallotanin found in many plants was reported to demonstrate anti-schizophrenic activity primarily due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects [47]. A novel tannin composition effective in treating mental diseases such as acute or chronic schizophrenia, was isolated from Rhubarb (Rhe; Rhi zoma) a kind of crude drug known from the past and has been frequently used as a Japanese-Chinese medicine [48].
4.2.2 Saponins
Saponins are naturally occurring, but functionally and structurally diverse phytochemicals that are broadly distributed in plants. They are a complex and chemically varied group of compounds consisting of triterpenoid or steroidal glycones linked to oligosaccharide moieties. Although there is a scarce documentation on the antipsychotic potential of saponin, polygalasaponins, a saponin isolated from Polygalae tenuifolia was reported to possessed antipsychotic effects [49].
4.3 Terpenes
Terpenes are a diverse group of more than 30,000 lipid-soluble compounds. Their structure includes 1 or more 5-carbon isoprene units, Terpenoids are classified base on the number of isoprene units they contain; isoprene, which itself is synthesized and released by plants, comprises 1 unit and is classified as a hemiterpene; monoterpenes incorporate 2 isoprene units, sesquiterpenes incorporate 3 units, diterpenes comprise 4 units, sesterpenes include 5 units, triterpenes incorporate 6 units, and tetraterpenes 8 units [22]. Some of the recognized antipsychotic terpenoids are myrcene, beta-caryophyllene and limonene. However, these terpenoids do not only have antipsychotic properties but possess anti-depressant effects due to the suppression and activation of the cannabinoid receptor 2 [20].
5. Review of medicinal plants for psychosis
Many medicinal plants are in use both in developed and developing countries for the treatment of psychosis, some of these plants have been studied for their antipsychotic properties whereas most of these plants have no scientific backings for their efficacy. Literature search of the PUBMED and Sciencedirect journals have documented a number of plants studied for their antipsychotic properties in laboratory animals, however, most of the studies carried out are preliminary, and the need for further studies to isolate the active constituents, determine the mechanism of action and conduct clinical trials to verify their efficacy and safety is necessary. Table 1 gave a list of some of the reviewed antipsychotic plants, their constituents and probable mechanism of action.
Plant name
Parts used
Constituents and effects
Probable mechanism of action
Author
Albizia zygia (DC.) J.F. Macbr. (Leguminosae)
Roots
The root extract of Albizia zygia is used to manage mental disorders in African traditional medicine. Some of the phytochemical constituents are flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and saponins. The extract exhibited an antipsychotic-like activity in mice with potential to alleviate positive, negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.
The possible mechanism of action of Albizia zygia may be related to enhancement of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors located on inhibitory GABAergic neurons.
The essential oil was extracted from the leaves of Alpinia zerumbet, the major constituents are 1,8-cineole and terpinen4-ol which may be responsible for the antipsychotic effects observed from the plant.
The possible mechanism of action might be due to antioxidant effects as well as enhancing NMDA neurotransmission.
Alstonia scholaris is used widely in the treatment of anxiety, depression and other mental illnesses. The plant was found to possess antipsychotic effects.
Mechanism of action may be attributed to dopamine antagonism in the frontal cortical regions of the brain.
Triterpenoid, saponins, and bacosides are considered to be the major constituents in the plant. Bacopa monniera has been reported to possess antipsychotic, anxiolytic and other medicinal properties.
The antipsychotic properties may be related to its normalization of dopamine and serotonergic neurotransmission and reduction of acetylcholinesterase activity.
Brassica oleracea possess excellent phytoconstituents such as flavonoids and polyphenols and is widely used as dietary supplements. It has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and was found to possess antipsychotic properties.
Brassica oleracea increase GABA levels resulting in the control of dopaminergic neurotransmission which may be its possible mechanism of action.
Cannabidiol one of the major constituent of Cannabis sativa leaves possesses atypical antipsychotic-like properties in humans and laboratory animals.
The possible mechanism of C. sativa may be due to enhancement of NMDA receptors located on inhibitory GABAergic neurons in the limbic and subcortical brain regions.
Crassocephalum bauchiense is a medicinal herb effective in the cases of cerebral deficit, anxiety, epilepsy, cerebral malaria, neuropathic pain, and behavioral disturbances in mentally retarded children. The plant contains alkaloid that was found to possess promising antipsychotic properties.
The antipsychotic properties are possibly mediated via the GABAergic neurotransmission as well as blockade of dopamine D-2 receptors
alkaloids, saponins and tannins were found to be some of the major constituents of Crinum giganteum, the plant is used traditionally for various medicinal purposes including psychiatric illnesses. The extract of C. giganteum was found to possess antipsychotic effects in laboratory animals
The possible mechanism of action of Crinum giganteum may be limited to dopamine D1 antagonism.
The major constituent in Desmodium adscendens is alkaloid, it is a medicinal herb with several uses including psychosis. The extract was found to possess antipsychotic effects against apomorphine induced climbing and stereotypic behavior.
The possible mechanism of action may be due to dopamine receptor antagonism
Embelin was isolated from Embelia ribes and found to be responsible for the antipsychotic effect of the plant. Embelin reversed apomorphine induced stereotypic behavior, confirming its antipsychotic potential.
Embelin action may be due dopamine antagonism and decreased level of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline as well as antioxidant effects.
Guiera senegalensis is rich in tannin and known to possess varying medicinal effects. The extracts attenuated amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior in mice suggesting that the plant possess antipsychotic properties that can be useful as a safe alternative.
The effect of the extract amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior in mice suggest anti-dopaminergic actions on the limbic system
Lonchocarpus cyanescens (Schumach and Thonn.) Benth. (Fabaceae)
Leaves
Lonchocarpus cyanescens is reputed for its used in traditional medicine for the treatment of Psychosis. Studies have shown that Lonchocarpus cyanescens contains various active principles such as quercetin, kaempferol, loncocarpin, and rhamnetin which may be responsible for its antipsychotic activity. Lonchocarpus cyanescens was found to possess antipsychotic properties.
The probable mechanism of action of Lonchocarpus cyanescens might be due to antidopaminergic effects.
Triterpenes has been identified in Maytenus obtufisolia, it is known that terpenes have pharmacological actions on animal behavior. Findings revealed the antipsychotic effects of M. obtufisolia
The probable mechanism of action of Maytenus obtufisolia might be via a central dopaminergic action
scopoletin, rutin and quercetin are the major constituents of Morinda citrifolia. The plant has so many Uses for CNS disorders. The fruit juice was found to possess antipsychotic properties.
The probable mechanism of antipsychotic effect of M. citrifolia extract is attributed to antidopaminergic activity.
Saponins are present in abundance in the extract and might contribute in part for the observed CNS effects. The extract demonstrated antipsychotic effects by attenuating apomorphine induced stereotypic behavior
The effect of the extract against apomorphine is suggestive of possible interference with central dopaminergic neurotransmission.
Newbouldia laevis is a medicinal plant used in the treatment of various ailments. The plant contains alkaloids and saponins which might be responsible for its neuroleptic effects. The extract of N. laevis was found to possess antipsychotic effects.
The probable mechanism of action might be due to dopamine D1 and D2 antagonism.
Ocimum sanctum have been reported for their pharmacological actions including anti-oxidant, anti-stress, and anticonvulsant. The plant contains flavonoids, essential oil, Caffeic acid and vitamins. Ocimum sanctum leaves possesses anti-psychotic like property.
The Probable mechanism of action include antioxidant action and enhancement of NMDA neurotransmission as well as neuroprotection.
The plant’s major compound is ginseng which is known to possess numerous pharmacological effects. Panax quinquefolium extract was effective against negative and cognitive dysfunctions induced by ketamine
The antipsychotic properties may be related to its normalization of dopamine and serotonergic neurotransmission and reduction of acetylcholinesterase activity.
Picralima nitida Stampf Th. et H.Dur. (Apocynaceae)
Fruits
alstonine an indole alkaloid isolated from Picralima nitida a plant commonly used by traditional psychiatrist as part of the treatment of psychosis. Alstonine was found to possess antipsychotic properties experimental profile comparable with that of clozapine and is compatible with the alleged effects in mental patients.
Alstonine indirectly modulates DA receptors, specifically by modulating DA uptake, it also decreases glutamate uptake in acute hippocampal slices. Alstonine also increases serotonergic transmission and increases intraneuronal dopamine catabolism.
Piper guineense is a medicinal plant used in the Southern States of Nigeria to treat fever, mental disorders and febrile convulsions. β-sesquiphellandren is an essential oil isolated from the plant and was found to possess antipsychotic effects.
The antipsychotic activity may be mediated through augmentation of GABA at the GABAA–benzodiazepine receptor complex pathway, or inhibition of dopamine neurotransmission at dopamine D1/D2 receptors
Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow has been prescribed for hundreds of years to treat psychotic illnesses in Korean traditional medicine. Studies have found polygasaponin to be the major constituent responsible for its antipsychotic effect.
polygalasaponin molecular mechanism of action is dopamine (D2) and serotonin (5HT2) receptor antagonism
Rauwolfia tetraphylla L. (Syn. R. canescens/R. heterophylla/ R. hirsuta; (Apocynaceae)
Leaves
11-demethoxyreserpiline, 10- demethoxyreserpiline, α-yohimbine and reserpiline are alkaloids isolated from the leaves of Rauwolfia tetraphylla and are found to possess atypical antipsychotic-like actions
The mechanism of action of the plant is due to the blockade of dopamine (D2) and serotonin (5HT2) receptor.
The extracts of R. rosea are used in traditional medicine for various conditions related to nervous system function. Studies has shown that the extract has beneficial antipsychotic properties.
The probable antipsychotic mechanism of R. rosea is due to reversal of prepulse inhibition deficits in laboratory rodents.
Saururus cernuus has been used in folk medicine as a sedative and to treat other illnesses. Manassantin A. a neolignoid isolated from Saururus cernuus was found to demonstrate neuroleptic activity
The antipsychotic effect of Saururus cernuus may be due to weak antagonism of dopamine receptors.
Securinega virosa has been described as “cure all” in Africa traditional medicine because of its use widely in the treatment of many illnesses. The plant contains saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins, and was found to possess antipsycotic activity
The probable mechanism of action may be due to dopamine D1 and D2 antagonism.
Spinacia oleracea is reported to have beneficial effect against several neurodegenerative disorders. Phytoconstituents such as ascorbic acid, apigenin, astragalin, caffeic, lutein, β-carotene, ferulic acid, kampeferol, rutin, querecetin were isolated from the plant. The seed extract of Spinacia oleracea showed antipsychotic activity.
Spinacia oleracea’s protective effect in schizophrenia may be associated with its regulating effect on dopamine, GABA, acetylcholinesterase, glutathione, malondialdehyde levels
Spondias mombin is a medicinal plant widely use in the treatment of various ailments including mental illness. The extract contains tannins, flavonoids and saponins as its major constituents. S. mombin possess typical antipsychotic-like effects.
The antipsychotic mechanism of S. mombin may be due to dopaminergic receptor antagonism.
Gentianine is a major alkaloid isolated from Swertia chirata and was found to possess antipsychotic properties by antagonizing amphetamine induced stereotypy.
It probable mechanism of action might be due to dopamine antagonism.
The extract of the whole plant has demonstrated anticonvulsant, sedative, in vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties as well as antinociceptive properties in acute and neuropathic pain. Synedrella nodiflora also possess antipsychotic properties.
The probably mechanism of the antipsychotic properties of Synedrella nodiflora might be due to central dopamine receptor antagonism.
The plant contains Flavonoids, saponins and tannins in abundance which may be responsible in part for the observed activities. T. macroptera has been used traditionally for the treatment of hallucinations, and has also being found to possess antipsychotic properties in the ketamine-induced psychosis model.
T. macroptera possible mechanism of action may be due to enhancement of NMDA receptors located on inhibitory GABAergic neurons in the limbic and subcortical brain regions and also its antioxidant properties.
Viscum album is claimed in traditional medical practice, to be useful in the treatment of psychosis and insomnia. Some of the major constituents of the extract are flavonoids and tannins. V. album was found to possess antipsychotic properties.
The mechanism of action of Viscum album maybe due to dopamine antagonism.
Some medicinal plants, their constituents, effects and probable mechanisms of action.
6. Efficacy of natural plants in the treatment of psychosis
Many medicinal plants studied for psychosis were found to have efficacy against the positive, negative and cognitive deficit of schizophrenia in laboratory animals, without the disturbing adverse effects seen with conventional antipsychotic drugs. Even those that are thought to act on the dopamine receptors had minimal or no cataleptic tendencies. The tendency for these plants to ameliorate the negative symptoms in schizophrenia, and in some cases also improve psychotic symptoms, may be owing to the ability of most plants to generally exert anti-inflammatory effects [71] and given that inflammation is a risk factor in most neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia [72]. Oxidative stress is also a major factor in psychosis, plants contain diverse constituents which exhibit antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects useful in ameliorating psychotic symptoms [67].
Large number of schizophrenic patients fail to respond adequately to the initial antipsychotic drug treatment necessitating the addition of natural antipsychotic plants to their treatment regimen. As recently reviewed by Hoenders et al. [73] the inclusion of traditional medicine or Ayurvedic herbs to antipsychotics, generally improve the psychopathology of the disease, however, more studies are needed to conclusively support this finding.
7. Molecular mechanisms of antipsychotic action of medicinal plants
Many medicinal plants have been studied for their antipsychotic properties and several mechanisms of action have been proposed for their actions. A number of these plants were believed to act in a similar manner as orthodox medicines but in most cases without the disturbing adverse effects. Table 1 gave a summary of the probable antipsychotic mechanism of action of the medicinal plants. Various animal models are used to investigate the antipsychotic properties of medicinal plants, some of these models help to determine whether these plants have typical or atypical antipsychotic like effects.
Dopaminergic deregulation, hypofunction of NMDA receptors and GABAergic activity, diminished cholinergic firing, neuroinflammation and increased oxidative stress has been demonstrated to play a pathophysiological role in schizophrenia [67].
The dopamine and amphetamine animal models are basically used to study the typical antipsychotic effects of drugs, their action are similar to the conventional antipsychotics such as haloperidol, chlorpromazine, fluphenazine and thioridazine. The stereotypic behavior observed in animals following the administration of apomorphine a dopaminergic agonist, are attributed to stimulation of D1 and D2 receptors [74, 75]. Mesolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways play key roles in the mediation of locomotor activity and stereotyped behavior. Animal models used for assessing antipsychotic drugs are established on the neurochemical hypothesis of schizophrenia, which involve largely the neurotransmitters dopamine and glutamate [76]. The antagonism of dopamine D2 receptors in the mesolimbic-mesocortical system is thought to be the basis of the therapeutic actions of the antipsychotic drugs, especially those active against hallucinations and delusions [77]. The dopamine-based models usually employ apomorphine, a direct agonist, or amphetamine, a drug that increases the release of this neurotransmitter and blocks its re-uptake.
The term atypical refers to the reduced propensity of the of an agent to cause undesirable motor side effects, but it is also used to describe agents with a different pharmacological profile from the typical antipsychotics; several of these newer antipsychotics improve the negative as well as the positive symptoms [78]. The atypical antipsychotics are categorized base on their pharmacological properties. These include serotonin–dopamine antagonists, multi-acting receptor- Targeted antipsychotics, and dopamine partial agonists. [79]. Examples include clozapine, quetiapine, risperidone, amisulpride, sertindole, zotepine and aripiprazole. The dopamine dysregulation with hyperfunction of the mesolimbic dopamine system was the original tenet theory underlying the basis of schizophrenia [80] and the earliest animal models were established on the basis of pharmacological manipulation in an endeavor to simulate this feature [81], which respond to agents that affect primarily the dopaminergic system, but does not demonstrate the negative or cognitive symptoms seen in schizophrenia [82]. In contrast, a widely used animal model of schizophrenia involves the acute or repeated administration of sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine [83]. In rodents, N-methyl-Daspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) blockade induces hyperactivity, stereotypy, deficits in prepulse inhibition [84], social interaction and memory (Becker and Grecksch [85]), which models the positive, negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, respectively [9]. Furthermore, studies have revealed that reactive oxygen species have a significant role in the pathogenesis of many illnesses, particularly neurological and psychiatric illnesses. [86] Oxidative stress may be a common pathogenic mechanism underlying many major psychiatric disorders as the brain is relatively susceptible to oxidative damage [87]. Previous study confirmed that oxidative stress damage occurs in patients with schizophrenia and one possible therapeutic solution is to use antioxidants [88]. Reports from some of the medicinal plants studied that delineate some of the animal models used and their molecular mechanism of action are highlighted.
7.1 Morinda citrifolia Linn (Rubiaceae)
Morinda citrifolia (noni) is an evergreen tree that grows in open coastline areas at sea level and in forest regions. Four doses (1, 3, 5, 10 g/kg) of the fruit extract of noni were administered prior to apomorphine/ amphetamine administration and observed for climbing behavior and stereotypy. The extract significantly decreased the apomorphine-induced cage climbing behavior and climbing time in mice in a dose dependent manner. Demonstrating the antidopaminergic effect of the plant. The plant was found to be rich in rutin and scopoletin which might have played a role in the antipsychotic mechanism [60].
7.2 Securinega virosa (Roxb ex. Willd) Baill
Securinega virosa is a medicinal plant commonly used in Africa in the management of epilepsy and other mental illnesses. The antipsychotic prospect of the residual aqueous fraction of the plant was assessed by means of the apomorphine induced stereotypic climbing behavior model and the swim induced grooming model, all in mice. The effect of the fraction on haloperidol-induced catalepsy was also assessed. The fraction inhibited the grooming behavior and attenuated the climbing behavior of the mice. These action of S. virosa extract was associated to its involvement with the dopamine D1 receptor. Therefore, the study confirmed the antipsychotic potential of S. virosa in traditional medicine [66]. The observed effects were ascribed to the presence of alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid and tannin in the leaves.
7.3 Picralima nitida Stampf Th. et H. Dur.
Picralima nitida is the only species of the genus Picralima and it is related to Hunteria and Pleiocarpa. it belongs to the apocynaceae family. P. nitida has widely varied applications in West Africa folk medicine. The indole alkaloid alstonine was identified as the major component of the fruit rind of P. nitida, a plant-based treatment administered to psychotic patients in Nigeria [34]. Alstonine was given prior to apomorphine/ amphetamine administration and observed for climbing behavior and stereotypy, the effect of the alkaloid on haloperidol-induced catalepsy was also assessed [89]. Further studies of alstonine showed a clear antipsychotic profile in rodents, closer to atypical than to typical antipsychotics. Apparently, apomorphine induced stereotypy and amphetamine-induced lethality were significantly reduced by alstonine, suggesting a decrease in mesolimbic dopamine, alstonine reversed haloperidol-induced catalepsy, indicating that nigrostriatal dopamine transmission is not lessened [89]. Alstonine was found to reduce negative symptoms, through a mechanism involving 5HT2A,C receptors, and reverses interaction deficits induced by MK801 [90]. Further studies by Linck et al. [35] indicated that alstonine indirectly modified DA receptors, precisely by modifying DA uptake. This unique mechanism for DA transmission modulation backs the antipsychotic-like effects of alstonine and is attuned with its behavioral profile in mice and apparent effects in patients. These findings may signify an innovation in the antipsychotic development field [35].
7.4 Panax quinquefolium Linn
Panax quinquefolium is a native plant of North America, but is now cultivated widely and used in many countries. The plant contains dammarane type ginsenosides as the major biologically active constituents particularly Rb1, Rd. and Re ginsenoside saponins [91] which are responsible for most of its bioactive properties. A graded dose study with P. quinquefolium revealed differential effects against the ketamine induced hyperactivity in the Digiscan animal activity monitor, and blocked ketamine induced memory impairment in the passive avoidance paradigm. In the chronic studies, P. quinquefolium attenuated the ketamine-enhanced immobility in the forced swim test and did not produce extra-pyramidal side effects in bar test and wood block test of catalepsy. These behavioral effects were compared with standard drugs haloperidol and clozapine. P. quinquefolium was also found to reduced DA and 5-HT content after prolonged treatment. Furthermore, P. quinquefolium extract reduced acetylcholinesterase activity and nitrate levels, conversely it increased glutamate levels in hippocampus. Ultimately, the study revealed that P. quinquefolium possess antipsychotic like properties, which may be beneficial in predominant negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia [9].
7.5 Spinacia oleracea Linn
Spinacia oleracea commonly known as spinach is endowed with a number of medicinal properties [92]. Ethnopharmacological studies proposed that Spinacia oleracea seeds have promising antioxidant, neuroprotective, anti-epileptic, anti-alzheimer and anti-inflammatory effects [93, 94, 95]. The study evaluated the protective effects of Spinacia oleracea seed extract in an experimental model of ketamine-induced schizophrenia in mice. Ketamine was used to induce stereotyped psychotic symptoms in mice. Behavioral studies (locomotor activity, stereotypy, immobility duration and memory retention) were carried out followed by biochemical, neurochemical and cellular alterations in the brain. Chronic treatment with Spinacia oleracea seed extract significantly attenuated stereotyped behavioral symptoms in mice. Biochemical estimations revealed that the extract reduced lipid peroxidation and restored total brain proteins. Likewise, Spinacia oleracea remarkably reduced dopamine levels, acetylcholinesterase activity & inflammatory surge serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and increased the levels of GABA and reduced glutathione in mice. The results of the study indicated that the extract could ameliorate ketamine-induced psychotic symptoms in mice, signifying a protective effect in the treatment of schizophrenia. Moreover, its protective effect in schizophrenia may be associated with its regulating effect on dopamine, GABA, acetylcholinesterase enzymes, glutathione and malondialdehyde levels [67].
7.6 Terminalia macroptera Linn
Terminalia macroptera Guill. & Perr. (Combretaceae) is a medicinal plant used commonly in Africa. Ethnomedicinal report from Mali mentions the decoction of leaves of T. macroptera in treatment of epilepsy [96], and anxiolytic effects of T. macroptera has also been reported by [97]. The study was carried out to investigate the antipsychotic effects of T. macroptera in an experimental model of ketamine-induced psychosis in mice. Ketamine and apomorphine were used to induce stereotyped psychotic behavioral symptoms in mice. Behavioral studies (stereotype behavior, locomotor activity, immobility duration and memory retention) were carried out to investigate the protective effect of the ethyl acetate fraction of T. macroptera on ketamine-induced psychotic symptoms, repeated treatment with the ethyl acetate fraction for 7 consecutive days significantly attenuated stereotyped behavioral symptoms, immobility duration and memory deficit in mice. The study revealed that T. macroptera could ameliorate psychotic symptoms indicating protective effects in psychosis. Agent that ameliorate ketamine induced psychotic symptoms are generally thought to act in a similar manner as atypical antipsychotics [12].
7.7 Crassocephalum bauchiense (Hutch.) Milne-Redh
Crassocephalum bauchiense is a medicinal plant with diverse medicinal uses. The leaves decoction of C. bauchiense is effective in the treatment of epilepsy, cerebral malaria, cerebral deficit, anxiety and behavioral disturbances in mentally retarded children. Likewise, an aqueous extract of the whole plant is useful in the treatment of insomnia, psychosis and other central nervous system disorders, [98, 99]. The antipsychotic effects of C. bauchiense extracts were evaluated using the apomorphine animal model of psychosis. The ability of the leaves extracts of C. bauchiense to modify the duration of akinesia was observed in the catalepsy test. Furthermore, gamma-aminobutyric acid concentrations in the brain of treated mice were also estimated. The aqueous extract and the alkaloid fraction of C. bauchiense attenuated the apomorphine-induced stereotypy and fighting, and had significant fall of the body temperature. In biochemical experiments, the concentration of the inhibitory amino acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, was significantly increased in the brain of animals treated with the aqueous extract of C. bauchiense. The results revealed that the antipsychotic and sedative properties of C. bauchiense are possibly mediated via the blockade of dopamine D-2 receptors and GABAergic activation [54].
7.8 Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt. et Smith
Alpinia zerumbet has important physiological and pharmacological functions, such as antioxidative [100], anticancer [101], anti-inflammatory [102], and antianxiety [103]. In phytotherapy, A. zerumbet is used to treat neuropsychiatric symptoms such as depression, stress and anxiety, but it is only recently that the central nervous system (CNS) effects of the essential oil from the plant leaves have been studied [10]. The essential oil of A. zerumbet (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg i.p.) was administered once to mice to evaluate antipsychotic activity assessed by ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion, hypnotic activity induced by sodium pentobarbital, antioxidant effects (determination of lipid peroxidation and GSH levels), as well as variations in nitric oxide levels (determination of nitrite content). The result revealed that the extract at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg prevented ketamine hyperlocomotion, and at a dose of 200 mg/kg decreased sleep latency, while all doses increased sleeping time. The in-vitro antioxidant capacity of the oil caused a reduction in lipid peroxidation and increase in glutathione levels. The extract also prevented the decrease in nitrite content caused by oxidative stress. The findings indicate antipsychotic and antioxidant effects of the essential oil of A. zerumbet that may have promising efficacy for the treatment of schizophrenia [10].
7.9 Albizia zygia (DC.) J.F. Macbr. (Leguminosae)
Albizia zygia is one such plant with numerous medicinal uses. A decoction of the roots is used for the treatment of insanity [104]. Several compounds including two novel oleanane-type saponins, zygiaosides A and B, were lately isolated from the roots of A. zygia [105].
A. zygia effects were assessed against apomorphine-induced cage climbing, ketamine induced hyperlocomotion, −enhanced immobility, −impaired social interaction as well as novel object recognition. The propensity of the extract to induce catalepsy and to attenuate haloperidol-induced catalepsy were also investigated. Findings revealed that A. zygia extract significantly attenuated apomorphine-induced climbing behavior as well as ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion, immobility and object recognition deficits. Furthermore, the extract had no cataleptic effect. The root extract of A. zygia therefore exhibited antipsychotic-like activity in mice with potential to alleviate positive, negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia [51].
8. Conclusions
Plants have been the mainstay for the treatment of diseases all over the world before the development of conventional medicines. The interest in the therapeutic uses of plants have been revived due to obvious reasons such as their safety, availability, and affordability as well as their efficacy. Research on medicinal plant have provided evidences for their use, and further studies in order to isolate the active constituents and also to test them in clinical studies is important for the development of new pharmacotherapies for psychosis.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge all sources, and are grateful to the authors/editors of all the articles, journals, and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"Medicinal plants, Molecular mechanisms, Psychosis, Secondary metabolites, Antipsychotics",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/78790.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/78790.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78790",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78790",totalDownloads:147,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"May 13th 2021",dateReviewed:"August 31st 2021",datePrePublished:"November 11th 2021",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"September 28th 2021",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Substantial number of studies has been conducted to find alternatives or treatments for psychosis. Psychosis represents a variety of mental disorders characterized by the presence of delusions, hallucinations and grossly disorganized thinking in a clear sensorium. Psychosis is burdensome and difficult to treat given the inability of the typical and atypical antipsychotics to adequately manage it, accompanied by numerous disturbing adverse effects. Therefore, many with chronic mental health problems justifiably feel disappointed by the apparent ineffectiveness of conventional treatment and naturally search for a more holistic approach to treatment and alternative medicines having less or no side-effects. Plants are rich in secondary metabolites which have the ability to interact with the Central nervous system (CNS) to produce effects that can be beneficial for the management of psychosis, these phytochemicals are believed to have minimal adverse effects. A review of some of the medicinal plants used as antipsychotics, indicated that many medicinal plants possess antipsychotic effects that can improve the treatment of psychosis. Apparently, further studies are necessary in order to isolate the active constituents, ascertain their molecular mechanisms and safety, and also to test them in clinical studies for the development of new pharmacotherapies for psychosis.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/78790",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/78790",signatures:"Sunday Oritsetimenyin Otimenyin and Lydia Doosuur Ior",book:{id:"11042",type:"book",title:"Complementary Therapies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Complementary Therapies",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mario Bernardo-Filho, Redha Taiar, Danúbia Da Cunha De Sá-Caputo and Dr. Adérito Seixas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11042.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-012-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-011-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-013-6",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"157376",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Bernardo-Filho",slug:"mario-bernardo-filho",fullName:"Mario Bernardo-Filho"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Management of psychosis",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Review of relevant pathophysiology",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Secondary metabolites in medicinal plants for psychosis",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"4.1 Alkaloids",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"4.2 Phenolic compounds",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_3",title:"4.2.1 Tannins",level:"3"},{id:"sec_6_3",title:"4.2.2 Saponins",level:"3"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"4.3 Terpenes",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10",title:"5. Review of medicinal plants for psychosis",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11",title:"6. Efficacy of natural plants in the treatment of psychosis",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"7. Molecular mechanisms of antipsychotic action of medicinal plants",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"7.1 Morinda citrifolia Linn (Rubiaceae)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"7.2 Securinega virosa (Roxb ex. Willd) Baill",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14_2",title:"7.3 Picralima nitida Stampf Th. et H. Dur.",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"7.4 Panax quinquefolium Linn",level:"2"},{id:"sec_16_2",title:"7.5 Spinacia oleracea Linn",level:"2"},{id:"sec_17_2",title:"7.6 Terminalia macroptera Linn",level:"2"},{id:"sec_18_2",title:"7.7 Crassocephalum bauchiense (Hutch.) Milne-Redh",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19_2",title:"7.8 Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt. et Smith",level:"2"},{id:"sec_20_2",title:"7.9 Albizia zygia (DC.) J.F. Macbr. (Leguminosae)",level:"2"},{id:"sec_22",title:"8. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_23",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_26",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Bhugra D (2005) The global prevalence of schizophrenia. PLoS Med 2:e151 quiz e175'},{id:"B2",body:'Reus VI. Mental disorders. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, editors. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. McGraw-Hill, New York. 2008.'},{id:"B3",body:'Lieberman JA. 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UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
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Emdad Haque and M. Salim Uddin",authors:[{id:"163390",title:"Dr.",name:"C. Emdad",middleName:null,surname:"Haque",slug:"c.-emdad-haque",fullName:"C. Emdad Haque"},{id:"168399",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohammed S",middleName:null,surname:"Uddin",slug:"mohammed-s-uddin",fullName:"Mohammed S Uddin"}]},{id:"60027",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74964",title:"Corporate Governance in Downturn Times: Detection and Alert – The New Italian Insolvency and Crisis Code",slug:"corporate-governance-in-downturn-times-detection-and-alert-the-new-italian-insolvency-and-crisis-cod",totalDownloads:1190,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"In its life cycle, an enterprise may experience periods of crisis. If the crisis is monitored promptly and appropriate measures are taken, not only may the enterprise continue to operate but it may also be able to seize opportunities for growth. The Italian legislator is introducing a procedure aimed at supporting companies to detect the very first warning signs of a crisis. The supervisory board of auditors, the audit firm, and certain qualified creditors will have the right and duty to start the early warning procedure (“allerta”). The board of statutory auditors (Collegio Sindacale) plays a fundamental role: its ex-ante supervisory and control activities over management allow it to effectively play an important role as main recipient of any crisis warning signs. The new regulatory framework lays down certain indicators and critical thresholds, which may trigger the alert process. Initially, the Delegated Legislation (Bill No.3671-bis) sets forth certain specific financial indicators. The new bill (Crisis and Insolvency Code) on the contrary refers to a more complex and sector-specific system of indicators. The findings of an empirical research conducted by analysing a sample of more than 600 enterprises and testing the discriminating capacity of the indicators initially considered are presented herein.",book:{id:"6620",slug:"crisis-management-theory-and-practice",title:"Crisis Management",fullTitle:"Crisis Management - Theory and Practice"},signatures:"Patrizia Riva, Alessandro Danovi, Maurizio Comoli and Ambra\nGarelli",authors:[{id:"230543",title:"Prof.",name:"Patrizia",middleName:null,surname:"Riva",slug:"patrizia-riva",fullName:"Patrizia Riva"},{id:"245409",title:"Prof.",name:"Alessandro",middleName:null,surname:"Danovi",slug:"alessandro-danovi",fullName:"Alessandro Danovi"},{id:"245410",title:"Prof.",name:"Maurizio",middleName:null,surname:"comoli",slug:"maurizio-comoli",fullName:"Maurizio comoli"},{id:"245411",title:"Dr.",name:"Ambra",middleName:null,surname:"Garelli",slug:"ambra-garelli",fullName:"Ambra Garelli"}]},{id:"44228",doi:"10.5772/55273",title:"The Implications of Post Disaster Recovery for Affordable Housing",slug:"the-implications-of-post-disaster-recovery-for-affordable-housing",totalDownloads:2134,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"3054",slug:"approaches-to-disaster-management-examining-the-implications-of-hazards-emergencies-and-disasters",title:"Approaches to Disaster Management",fullTitle:"Approaches to Disaster Management - Examining the Implications of Hazards, Emergencies and Disasters"},signatures:"Jacqueline McIntosh",authors:[{id:"162973",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"McIntosh",slug:"jacqueline-mcintosh",fullName:"Jacqueline McIntosh"}]},{id:"60813",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76198",title:"Crisis Management: A Historical and Conceptual Approach for a Better Understanding of Today’s Crises",slug:"crisis-management-a-historical-and-conceptual-approach-for-a-better-understanding-of-today-s-crises",totalDownloads:4613,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"We argue that the basic and contemporary concepts related to crisis management, especially in the communication field, share some similarities with what was practiced in ancient civilizations such as the importance of direct contact between the leadership and the public. Other similarities include the accurate diagnosis of the real causes of the crisis, the forbiddance of the dissemination of false news and the reassurance of the public opinion that there is a solution to the crisis, a sound management decision, and a good plan for its implementation. We link the past time crises to the contemporary era, providing a comparison framework. The history of crisis tends to show us that the study of crisis management cannot be linked to a specific civilization or era, especially when humanity had witnessed multiple and complex environmental, political, economic, and military crisis. Moreover, some of the problems and complex issues in the modern era are rooted in history. Thus, many geopolitical crises nowadays are the result of old causes. The study of crisis management from an academic point of view should be a multifaceted analysis, including a historical, a cultural, and an anthropological one, which determines the course of evolution and consequences of the crisis.",book:{id:"6620",slug:"crisis-management-theory-and-practice",title:"Crisis Management",fullTitle:"Crisis Management - Theory and Practice"},signatures:"Khaled Zamoum and Tevhide Serra Gorpe",authors:[{id:"230918",title:"Prof.",name:"T. Serra",middleName:null,surname:"Gorpe",slug:"t.-serra-gorpe",fullName:"T. 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Other similarities include the accurate diagnosis of the real causes of the crisis, the forbiddance of the dissemination of false news and the reassurance of the public opinion that there is a solution to the crisis, a sound management decision, and a good plan for its implementation. We link the past time crises to the contemporary era, providing a comparison framework. The history of crisis tends to show us that the study of crisis management cannot be linked to a specific civilization or era, especially when humanity had witnessed multiple and complex environmental, political, economic, and military crisis. Moreover, some of the problems and complex issues in the modern era are rooted in history. Thus, many geopolitical crises nowadays are the result of old causes. The study of crisis management from an academic point of view should be a multifaceted analysis, including a historical, a cultural, and an anthropological one, which determines the course of evolution and consequences of the crisis.",book:{id:"6620",slug:"crisis-management-theory-and-practice",title:"Crisis Management",fullTitle:"Crisis Management - Theory and Practice"},signatures:"Khaled Zamoum and Tevhide Serra Gorpe",authors:[{id:"230918",title:"Prof.",name:"T. Serra",middleName:null,surname:"Gorpe",slug:"t.-serra-gorpe",fullName:"T. 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This chapter proffers understanding into flood disaster awareness, preparedness and management, mitigation and adaptation strategies. Most importantly, the chapter presents a review on the relevance of modern technological tools namely Geographic Information System, Remote Sensing, Internet of Things and Big Data, that are available to flood managers, in the creation of efficient early warnings and Flood decision support systems that elevates the resilience of societies to flood disasters.",book:{id:"7712",slug:"natural-hazards-impacts-adjustments-and-resilience",title:"Natural Hazards",fullTitle:"Natural Hazards - Impacts, Adjustments and Resilience"},signatures:"Frank Jerome Glago",authors:[{id:"325046",title:"M.A.",name:"Frank Jerome",middleName:null,surname:"Glago",slug:"frank-jerome-glago",fullName:"Frank Jerome Glago"}]},{id:"64604",title:"Evidence-Based Contingency Planning to Enhance Local Resilience to Flood Disasters",slug:"evidence-based-contingency-planning-to-enhance-local-resilience-to-flood-disasters",totalDownloads:1449,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 addresses the importance of “Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to ‘Build Back Better’ in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction” as the fourth priority action. One of the practical tools to achieve effective preparedness for flood disaster response is evidence-based contingency planning, which is based on scientific approaches such as flood simulation and quantitative risk assessment. This method, however, is not always feasible to disaster-prone areas in Asia due to the lack of data on natural and social conditions. This chapter proposes a method with six steps for local communities to conduct contingency planning by assuming the dynamic change of inundation using flood simulation, assessing flood risk with key indicators, deciding response strategies against the identified flood risk and developing a contingency plan beforehand. This method was first applied to one of the Asian flood-prone areas, Calumpit Municipality in the Pampanga River basin of the Philippines, to verify its effectiveness in areas where the availability of natural and socio-economic data is limited.",book:{id:"8375",slug:"recent-advances-in-flood-risk-management",title:"Recent Advances in Flood Risk Management",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Flood Risk Management"},signatures:"Miho Ohara, Naoko Nagumo, Badri Bhakta Shrestha and Hisaya Sawano",authors:[{id:"261112",title:"Dr.",name:"Miho",middleName:null,surname:"Ohara",slug:"miho-ohara",fullName:"Miho Ohara"},{id:"264405",title:"Dr.",name:"Badri",middleName:"Bhakta",surname:"Shrestha",slug:"badri-shrestha",fullName:"Badri Shrestha"},{id:"270525",title:"Mr.",name:"Hisaya",middleName:null,surname:"Sawano",slug:"hisaya-sawano",fullName:"Hisaya Sawano"},{id:"272127",title:"Dr.",name:"Naoko",middleName:null,surname:"Nagumo",slug:"naoko-nagumo",fullName:"Naoko Nagumo"}]},{id:"42656",title:"Conceptual Frameworks of Vulnerability Assessments for Natural Disasters Reduction",slug:"conceptual-frameworks-of-vulnerability-assessments-for-natural-disasters-reduction",totalDownloads:9941,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:75,abstract:null,book:{id:"3054",slug:"approaches-to-disaster-management-examining-the-implications-of-hazards-emergencies-and-disasters",title:"Approaches to Disaster Management",fullTitle:"Approaches to Disaster Management - Examining the Implications of Hazards, Emergencies and Disasters"},signatures:"Roxana L. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null,scope:"
\r\n\tTransforming our World: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development endorsed by United Nations and 193 Member States, came into effect on Jan 1, 2016, to guide decision making and actions to the year 2030 and beyond. Central to this Agenda are 17 Goals, 169 associated targets and over 230 indicators that are reviewed annually. The vision envisaged in the implementation of the SDGs is centered on the five Ps: People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership. This call for renewed focused efforts ensure we have a safe and healthy planet for current and future generations.
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\r\n\tThis Series focuses on covering research and applied research involving the five Ps through the following topics:
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\r\n\t1. Sustainable Economy and Fair Society that relates to SDG 1 on No Poverty, SDG 2 on Zero Hunger, SDG 8 on Decent Work and Economic Growth, SDG 10 on Reduced Inequalities, SDG 12 on Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 17 Partnership for the Goals
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t2. Health and Wellbeing focusing on SDG 3 on Good Health and Wellbeing and SDG 6 on Clean Water and Sanitation
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t3. Inclusivity and Social Equality involving SDG 4 on Quality Education, SDG 5 on Gender Equality, and SDG 16 on Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t4. Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability comprising SDG 13 on Climate Action, SDG 14 on Life Below Water, and SDG 15 on Life on Land
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\t5. Urban Planning and Environmental Management embracing SDG 7 on Affordable Clean Energy, SDG 9 on Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 11 on Sustainable Cities and Communities.
\r\n
\r\n\t
\r\n
\r\n\tThe series also seeks to support the use of cross cutting SDGs, as many of the goals listed above, targets and indicators are all interconnected to impact our lives and the decisions we make on a daily basis, making them impossible to tie to a single topic.
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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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Moreover, in the field of machine learning, evolutionary computation has carved out a significant niche both in the generation of learning models and in the automatic design and optimization of hyperparameters in deep learning models. This collection aims to include quality volumes on various topics related to evolutionary algorithms and, alternatively, other metaheuristics of interest inspired by nature. For example, some of the issues of interest could be the following: Advances in evolutionary computation (Genetic algorithms, Genetic programming, Bio-inspired metaheuristics, Hybrid metaheuristics, Parallel ECs); Applications of evolutionary algorithms (Machine learning and Data Mining with EAs, Search-Based Software Engineering, Scheduling, and Planning Applications, Smart Transport Applications, Applications to Games, Image Analysis, Signal Processing and Pattern Recognition, Applications to Sustainability).",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",keywords:"Genetic Algorithms, Genetic Programming, Evolutionary Programming, Evolution Strategies, Hybrid Algorithms, Bioinspired Metaheuristics, Ant Colony Optimization, Evolutionary Learning, Hyperparameter Optimization"},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",scope:"The scope of machine learning and data mining is immense and is growing every day. It has become a massive part of our daily lives, making predictions based on experience, making this a fascinating area that solves problems that otherwise would not be possible or easy to solve. This topic aims to encompass algorithms that learn from experience (supervised and unsupervised), improve their performance over time and enable machines to make data-driven decisions. It is not limited to any particular applications, but contributions are encouraged from all disciplines.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",keywords:"Intelligent Systems, Machine Learning, Data Science, Data Mining, Artificial Intelligence"},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713",scope:"
\r\n\tScientists have long researched to understand the environment and man’s place in it. The search for this knowledge grows in importance as rapid increases in population and economic development intensify humans’ stresses on ecosystems. Fortunately, rapid increases in multiple scientific areas are advancing our understanding of environmental sciences. Breakthroughs in computing, molecular biology, ecology, and sustainability science are enhancing our ability to utilize environmental sciences to address real-world problems. \r\n\tThe four topics of this book series - Pollution; Environmental Resilience and Management; Ecosystems and Biodiversity; and Water Science - will address important areas of advancement in the environmental sciences. They will represent an excellent initial grouping of published works on these critical topics.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/25.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"April 13th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!1,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"197485",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Summers",fullName:"J. Kevin Summers",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197485/images/system/197485.jpg",biography:"J. Kevin Summers is a Senior Research Ecologist at the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Gulf Ecosystem Measurement and Modeling Division. He is currently working with colleagues in the Sustainable and Healthy Communities Program to develop an index of community resilience to natural hazards, an index of human well-being that can be linked to changes in the ecosystem, social and economic services, and a community sustainability tool for communities with populations under 40,000. He leads research efforts for indicator and indices development. Dr. Summers is a systems ecologist and began his career at the EPA in 1989 and has worked in various programs and capacities. This includes leading the National Coastal Assessment in collaboration with the Office of Water which culminated in the award-winning National Coastal Condition Report series (four volumes between 2001 and 2012), and which integrates water quality, sediment quality, habitat, and biological data to assess the ecosystem condition of the United States estuaries. He was acting National Program Director for Ecology for the EPA between 2004 and 2006. He has authored approximately 150 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, and reports and has received many awards for technical accomplishments from the EPA and from outside of the agency. Dr. Summers holds a BA in Zoology and Psychology, an MA in Ecology, and Ph.D. in Systems Ecology/Biology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Environmental Protection Agency",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"38",title:"Pollution",keywords:"Human activity, Pollutants, Reduced risks, Population growth, Waste disposal, Remediation, Clean environment",scope:"
\r\n\tPollution is caused by a wide variety of human activities and occurs in diverse forms, for example biological, chemical, et cetera. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
",annualVolume:11966,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/38.jpg",editor:{id:"110740",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismail M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",fullName:"Ismail M.M. Rahman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110740/images/2319_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"252368",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng-Chuan",middleName:null,surname:"Ong",fullName:"Meng-Chuan Ong",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRVotQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-20T12:04:28.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"63465",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Nageeb",middleName:null,surname:"Rashed",fullName:"Mohamed Nageeb Rashed",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63465/images/system/63465.gif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aswan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"187907",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Anne",fullName:"Olga Anne",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBE5QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-07T09:42:13.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Klaipeda State University of Applied Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}}]},{id:"39",title:"Environmental Resilience and Management",keywords:"Anthropic effects, Overexploitation, Biodiversity loss, Degradation, Inadequate Management, SDGs adequate practices",scope:"
\r\n\tThe environment is subject to severe anthropic effects. Among them are those associated with pollution, resource extraction and overexploitation, loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, disorderly land occupation and planning, and many others. These anthropic effects could potentially be caused by any inadequate management of the environment. However, ecosystems have a resilience that makes them react to disturbances which mitigate the negative effects. It is critical to understand how ecosystems, natural and anthropized, including urban environments, respond to actions that have a negative influence and how they are managed. It is also important to establish when the limits marked by the resilience and the breaking point are achieved and when no return is possible. The main focus for the chapters is to cover the subjects such as understanding how the environment resilience works, the mechanisms involved, and how to manage them in order to improve our interactions with the environment and promote the use of adequate management practices such as those outlined in the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.
",annualVolume:11967,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/39.jpg",editor:{id:"137040",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro-Pedreño",fullName:"Jose Navarro-Pedreño",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRAXrQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-03-09T15:50:19.jpg",institutionString:"Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Spain",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"177015",title:"Prof.",name:"Elke Jurandy",middleName:null,surname:"Bran Nogueira Cardoso",fullName:"Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira Cardoso",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGxzQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-25T08:32:33.jpg",institutionString:"Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil",institution:null},{id:"211260",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Ricart",fullName:"Sandra Ricart",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/211260/images/system/211260.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"40",title:"Ecosystems and Biodiversity",keywords:"Ecosystems, Biodiversity, Fauna, Taxonomy, Invasive species, Destruction of habitats, Overexploitation of natural resources, Pollution, Global warming, Conservation of natural spaces, Bioremediation",scope:"
\r\n\tIn general, the harsher the environmental conditions in an ecosystem, the lower the biodiversity. Changes in the environment caused by human activity accelerate the impoverishment of biodiversity.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity refers to “the variability of living organisms from any source, including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; it includes diversity within each species, between species, and that of ecosystems”.
\r\n
\r\n\tBiodiversity provides food security and constitutes a gene pool for biotechnology, especially in the field of agriculture and medicine, and promotes the development of ecotourism.
\r\n
\r\n\tCurrently, biologists admit that we are witnessing the first phases of the seventh mass extinction caused by human intervention. It is estimated that the current rate of extinction is between a hundred and a thousand times faster than it was when man first appeared. The disappearance of species is caused not only by an accelerated rate of extinction, but also by a decrease in the rate of emergence of new species as human activities degrade the natural environment. The conservation of biological diversity is "a common concern of humanity" and an integral part of the development process. Its objectives are “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits resulting from the use of genetic resources”.
\r\n
\r\n\tThe following are the main causes of biodiversity loss:
\r\n
\r\n\t• The destruction of natural habitats to expand urban and agricultural areas and to obtain timber, minerals and other natural resources.
\r\n
\r\n\t• The introduction of alien species into a habitat, whether intentionally or unintentionally which has an impact on the fauna and flora of the area, and as a result, they are reduced or become extinct.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Pollution from industrial and agricultural products, which devastate the fauna and flora, especially those in fresh water.
\r\n
\r\n\t• Global warming, which is seen as a threat to biological diversity, and will become increasingly important in the future.
",annualVolume:11968,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/40.jpg",editor:{id:"209149",title:"Prof.",name:"Salustiano",middleName:null,surname:"Mato",fullName:"Salustiano Mato",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLREQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:23:50.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:{id:"60498",title:"Prof.",name:"Josefina",middleName:null,surname:"Garrido",fullName:"Josefina Garrido",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRj1VQAS/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:06:51.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorThree:{id:"464288",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Ramil",fullName:"Francisco Ramil",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003RI7lHQAT/Profile_Picture_2022-03-31T10:15:35.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vigo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorialBoard:[{id:"220987",title:"Dr.",name:"António",middleName:"Onofre",surname:"Soares",fullName:"António Soares",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNtzQAG/Profile_Picture_1644499672340",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Azores",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},{id:"41",title:"Water Science",keywords:"Water, Water resources, Freshwater, Hydrological processes, Utilization, Protection",scope:"
\r\n\tWater is not only a crucial substance needed for biological life on Earth, but it is also a basic requirement for the existence and development of the human society. Owing to the importance of water to life on Earth, early researchers conducted numerous studies and analyses on the liquid form of water from the perspectives of chemistry, physics, earth science, and biology, and concluded that Earth is a "water polo". Water covers approximately 71% of Earth's surface. However, 97.2% of this water is seawater, 21.5% is icebergs and glaciers, and only 0.65% is freshwater that can be used directly by humans. As a result, the amount of water reserves available for human consumption is limited. The development, utilization, and protection of freshwater resources has become the focus of water science research for the continued improvement of human livelihoods and society.
\r\n
\r\n\tWater exists as solid, liquid, and gas within Earth’s atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Liquid water is used for a variety of purposes besides drinking, including power generation, ecology, landscaping, and shipping. Because water is involved in various environmental hydrological processes as well as numerous aspects of the economy and human society, the study of various phenomena in the hydrosphere, the laws governing their occurrence and development, the relationship between the hydrosphere and other spheres of Earth, and the relationship between water and social development, are all part of water science. Knowledge systems for water science are improving continuously. Water science has become a specialized field concerned with the identification of its physical, chemical, and biological properties. In addition, it reveals the laws of water distribution, movement, and circulation, and proposes methods and tools for water development, utilization, planning, management, and protection. Currently, the field of water science covers research related to topics such as hydrology, water resources and water environment. It also includes research on water related issues such as safety, engineering, economy, law, culture, information, and education.
",annualVolume:11969,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/41.jpg",editor:{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/349630/images/system/349630.jpg",institutionString:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"216491",title:"Dr.",name:"Charalampos",middleName:null,surname:"Skoulikaris",fullName:"Charalampos Skoulikaris",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRMsbQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-04-21T09:31:55.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"300124",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Shahady",fullName:"Thomas Shahady",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002kuIgmQAE/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:32:10.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lynchburg College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/24435",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"24435"},fullPath:"/chapters/24435",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()