List of pesticides analyzed in honey and beeswax samples. DL: Detection Limit; QL: Quantification Limit.
\\n\\n
Dr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\\n\\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\\n\\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\\n\\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\\n\\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\\n\\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\\n\\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Preparation of Space Experiments edited by international leading expert Dr. Vladimir Pletser, Director of Space Training Operations at Blue Abyss is the 5,000th Open Access book published by IntechOpen and our milestone publication!
\n\n"This book presents some of the current trends in space microgravity research. The eleven chapters introduce various facets of space research in physical sciences, human physiology and technology developed using the microgravity environment not only to improve our fundamental understanding in these domains but also to adapt this new knowledge for application on earth." says the editor. Listen what else Dr. Pletser has to say...
\n\n\n\nDr. Pletser’s experience includes 30 years of working with the European Space Agency as a Senior Physicist/Engineer and coordinating their parabolic flight campaigns, and he is the Guinness World Record holder for the most number of aircraft flown (12) in parabolas, personally logging more than 7,300 parabolas.
\n\nSeeing the 5,000th book published makes us at the same time proud, happy, humble, and grateful. This is a great opportunity to stop and celebrate what we have done so far, but is also an opportunity to engage even more, grow, and succeed. It wouldn't be possible to get here without the synergy of team members’ hard work and authors and editors who devote time and their expertise into Open Access book publishing with us.
\n\nOver these years, we have gone from pioneering the scientific Open Access book publishing field to being the world’s largest Open Access book publisher. Nonetheless, our vision has remained the same: to meet the challenges of making relevant knowledge available to the worldwide community under the Open Access model.
\n\nWe are excited about the present, and we look forward to sharing many more successes in the future.
\n\nThank you all for being part of the journey. 5,000 times thank you!
\n\nNow with 5,000 titles available Open Access, which one will you read next?
\n\nRead, share and download for free: https://www.intechopen.com/books
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5113",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Augmented Reality",title:"Augmented Reality",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) tools and techniques supply virtual environments that have key characteristics in common with our physical environment. 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\r\n\tNowadays, the agricultural sector is facing concomitant challenges of rising productivity to feed the growing global population and increasing the input use efficiency, while reducing the environmental impact on the ecosystems and human health. For the last couple of decades, several technological innovations have been proposed to enhance the sustainability of agricultural production systems through a significant reduction of synthetic agrochemicals like pesticides and fertilizers. A promising and environmentally friendly innovation would be the use of natural plant biostimulants (PBs) that enhance plant growth and development. PBs are specified on the basis of agricultural function claims, and include diverse bioactive natural substances:
\r\n\r\n\t1. Humic and fulvic acids
\r\n\t2. Animal and vegetal protein hydrolysates
\r\n\t3. Macroalgae seaweeds extracts
\r\n\t4. Beneficial microorganisms, etc.
\r\n\tThe elucidation of the agricultural function (i.e. improving nutrient use efficiency, quality, and tolerance to abiotic stresses) and action mechanisms of PBs will permit to develop a second generation of PBs where synergies and complementary mechanisms can be functionally designed to feed the future.
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Methods",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102541",slug:"determination-of-pesticides-residues-in-bee-products-an-overview-of-the-current-analytical-methods",body:'Honey has been described as a natural sweet mixture produced by honeybees from the nectar of flowers or from living parts of plants. Bees combine this mixture with substances of their own, and then it is deposited, dehydrated, and stored in the honeycomb for further uses [1]. Honey is the most characterized bee product due to its nutritional value as a natural. Honey is composed of several carbohydrates, mainly fructose and glucose (85–95% of total sugars). Glucose has a lower degree of solubility than fructose. The ratio of glucose to fructose determines the liquid state of a given honey. Other types of sugar are present due to the union of two or more molecules of fructose or glucose as polysaccharides. Additionally, certain substances are available in honey, such as organic acids, amino acids, proteins, enzymes, lipids, flavonoids, and vitamins that are responsible for its biological properties including antioxidant or antibiotic activities [2].
Additionally, certain substances are available in honey, such as organic acids, amino acids, proteins, enzymes, lipids, flavonoids, and vitamins that are responsible for its biological properties including antioxidant or antibiotic activities [3, 4].
Melissopalynological analysis is used to establish whether a honey is unifloral or not. Unifloral honey has a higher market price because at least 45% of the pollen grains in its solids are from the same plant species. Therefore, the quality of a honey depends on the presence and concentration level of specific compounds and the botanical origin classification [5].
Honey can obtain the characteristics of plants whose pollen grains and nectar have been taken by bees. Thus, the biological properties are related to the plant species and its attributes [6]. Antioxidant activity is one of the observed biological properties of honey. The presence of enzymatic antioxidants (glucose oxidase, catalase) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and phenolic acids) have been detected in many honeys [7, 8]. Several studies have looked to establish some relationship between phenolic compounds and the antioxidant properties of honey. An analysis of the phenolic compounds profile of unifloral Rhododendron honey produced in Turkey demonstrated that increased antioxidant activity was related to higher concentrations of those molecules. The same effect was observed for the antibacterial capabilities of honey samples [9, 10].
The identification of phenolic compounds includes many extraction techniques that permit the isolation of the phenolic fraction from the rest of the honey’s components. Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) procedures are recommended for cleaning the samples, followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) or Capillary Electrophoresis, CE [11]. Those techniques have been used to determine the chemical profiles of natural products from extracts obtained from complex organic matrices such as honey. Despite its high resolving power, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) may present some limitations for the separation of molecules belonging to the same family, even when proper sample cleaning is performed to achieve better results. In the same way, capillary electrophoresis and the related technique, electrokinetic chromatography (EKC), in zone format (CZE) allow for the analysis of ionic and neutral compounds on the same column. The great advantage of this methodology is the amount of sample needed for each analysis; it requires only a few nanoliters of extract with a solvent waste of 1 mL–2 mL per assay [12]. Several research studies have focused on the identification of phenolic compounds in bee products. Samples of commercial propolis were studied using CE, and 15 polyphenols were separated with a buffer of sodium tetraborate 30 mM, pH 9.0, and under an applied voltage of 15 kV. Borate buffers form complexes with orthodihydroxyl groups on the flavonoid skeleton and facilitate separation. In the same study, three different extracts were produced (ethanolic, aqueous-ethanolic, and aqueous-glycolic extracts) to compare the levels of available analytes in each one. After this procedure, it was possible to establish a reproducible fingerprint of the polyphenolic profiles, the pattern of which depended on the nature of the extraction solvent [13].
By the way, the determination of the antioxidant capability of honey requires UV–Vis determinations. For instance, the colorimetric assays for the general quantification of phenolics is done by Folin–Ciocalteu reaction; assessment of radical scavenging using the reduction reaction of the radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) is a very helpful method for this aim [3]; the assessment of antioxidant activity using the ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay (FRAP) [14, 15] and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) [16] has been frequently used.
In 2020, according to figures obtained from Agricultural and Livestock Service of Chile, there are 8777 beekeepers who manage 1.241,504 beehives distributed throughout the country [17]. In that sense, 1991 tons were exported, and most of the honey was sent to European markets, with Germany being the main buyer, followed by Belgium. Also, China and the United Arab Emirates have also emerged as important buyers of Chilean honey. Chilean bee products have interesting biological properties that improve their natural potential as an attractive exportable nutritional food. Chemical characterization is necessary for certifying their natural attributes. Furthermore, chemical content analysis enables the fulfillment of international regulations for healthy and safe foods because those markets are very strict in terms of the food safety issues. Several studies on the potential properties of native unifloral honey have been conducted. The Ulmo Honey (Eucryphia cordifolia) demonstrated the greatest antibacterial power among the selected Chilean unifloral honey samples. The main identified compounds are gallic, caffeic, coumaric, and chlorogenic acids [18, 19].
The presence of undesirable compounds in honey occurs when beehives or plants are exposed to pollutants caused by human activities; in this case, the final composition of honey is modified, and the effectiveness of its biological activity changes. Recently, it has been demonstrated that honey has a specific chemical profile of inorganic elements related to the place where it was produced [20]. This information enables the certification of the geographical origin of a honey [21]. Similarly, studies showed that the inorganic content is not dependent on the botanical origin, but rather on the composition of the soils and water in the areas surrounding beehives, and other environmental conditions play an important role in this case [10, 22]. Also, honeys that contained metals in their composition showed a decreased antioxidant activity compared with control samples [23]. The same trend was found in bee pollen samples obtained from the same beehives [24]. Furthermore, it was possible to observe that the chemical behavior of phenolic compounds was modified due to the presence of metals, based on analyses by capillary electrophoresis with diode array detector (CE-DAD) [12].
According to the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the current definition of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) includes codes, standards, and regulations that have been developed in recent years by the food industry and producers’ organizations but also governments and nongovernmental organizations, aiming to codify agricultural practices at farm level for a range of commodities. Their purpose varies from fulfillment of trade and government regulatory requirements (in particular with regard to food safety and quality), to more specific requirements of specialty or niche markets. The objective of these GAP codes, standards, and regulations includes, to a varying degree: ensuring safety and quality of produce in the food chain; capturing new market advantages by modifying supply chain governance; improving natural resources.
Currently, despite those findings, the standard methods for the measurement of those compounds still include an analysis by HPLC with mass spectrometry (MS). The efficiency of mass spectrometry and the optimization of chromatographic procedures have helped to decrease the experimental time for each analysis. Moreover, several antibiotics can be detected in just one chromatogram. This was the case in a study that was performed by selecting 11 honey samples from different botanical origins produced in Granada, Spain. After HPLC coupled to electrospray ionization (ESI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzer, the following antibiotics were quantified with an average of MRL from 0.05 to 0.76 μg Kg−1 and a run time of approximately 11 minutes: chlortetracycline, demeclocycline, doxycycline, methacycline, minocycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and rolitetracycline [25].
In several areas where agricultural activities occur, the possibility of finding pesticide-free areas has decreased. Because of this, an increase in the density of apiaries has been observed with the systematic appearance of bee diseases. The continuous exposure of bees to xenobiotics (agricultural pesticides and veterinary products) is responsible for the presence of these compounds in recycled waxes [26]. Although the information available is just related to reports from a limited group of countries, there is enough evidence that the presence of these compounds in the surrounding areas of beehives, as well as in the composition of products obtained from those apiaries, may have a long-term effect on the reproductive health of beekeepers, even farmer workers, or consumers. [27].
The use of pesticides in agriculture is allowed under strict regulations, but nowadays there is enough evidence about the negative effects of those products over bee health. In that way, the presence of pesticides in the honey content may be detected owing to direct contamination from beekeeping practices or by indirect contamination from environmental sources [28]. Since the mid-1990s, several beekeepers from different parts of United States and Europe reported high colony losses caused by a phenomenon known as Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) [29]. One of the key factors of this disorder has been the use of neonicotinoids, a class of neurotoxic pesticides. Some studies have showed its effects by killing bees after expositions of these compounds, and there
Among the methods used for the detection and identification of both insecticides and pesticides, the most useful technique is HPLC with mass spectrometry [34]. As previously indicated for pesticides, the critical step in those determinations is related to the pretreatments of samples before chromatographic analysis. One alternative methodology was developed for 13 pesticides detected in 40 samples of honeys from Poland. In this case, all the samples were subjected to liquid–liquid extraction process on a diatomaceous earth support. The main difficulty in this methodology was the matrix effects over the percentages of recoveries of pesticides (63–117%), when the samples were fortified for assessing the success of this extraction process [35]. At the present time, the analyses include the QuEChERS method followed by dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE). This is simple sample preparation technique recommended for pesticides detection in a wide variety of food and agricultural products. Several studies have achieved satisfactory results in the determination of a long list of pesticides belonging to different classes such as organophosphates, triazoles, carbamates, dicarboximides, dinitroanilines, and neonicotinoids in honeybee bodies, honey, and bee pollen. The advantage of QuEChERS is the improvement of precision of measurements and percentages of recovery of pesticides after analysis without a matrix effect of samples affecting the reliability of results. This permits better sensitivity and lower detection limits for each pesticide [36, 37, 38].
The group of compounds corresponding to agronomic pesticides and veterinary products is wide and growing day by day. Despite this, there is a consensus on the analytical methods available for their detection and quantification. Table 1 presents a list of susceptible compounds that can be identified in bee products with their main methodologies for their extraction, detection, and/or quantification (adapted from [39]).
N° | Pesticide | DL | QL | Extraction method | Chromatography method | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ng g−1 | ng g−1 | SPE | QuEChERS | LC–MS/MS | GC–MS | ||
1 | 2,4 D | 0.05 | 0.1 | √ | √ | ||
2 | ABAMECTIN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
3 | ACEPHATE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
4 | ACEQUINOCYL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
5 | ACETAMIPRID | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
6 | ACETOCHLOR | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
7 | ACRINATHRIN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
8 | ALACHLOR | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
9 | ALDICARB | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
10 | ALDICARB SULFONE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
11 | ALDICARB SULFOXIDO | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
12 | ALDRIN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
13 | AMINOMETHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
14 | AMITRAZ | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
15 | ATRAZINE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
16 | AZADIRACHTIN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
17 | AZINPHOS ETHYL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
18 | AZINPHOS METHYL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
19 | AZOXYSTROBIN | 0.05 | 0.1 | √ | √ | ||
20 | BAC C10 BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
21 | BAC C12 BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
22 | BAC C14 BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
23 | BENALAXYL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
24 | BENOMYL/CARBENDAZIM | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
25 | BENTAZON | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
26 | BHC ALPHA | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
27 | BHC BETA | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
28 | BHC DELTA | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
29 | BIFENAZATE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
30 | BIFENTHRIN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
31 | BITERTANOL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
32 | BOSCALID | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
33 | BRODIFACOUM | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
34 | BROMACIL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
35 | BROMADIOLONE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
36 | BROMOPHOS ETHYL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
37 | BROMOPHOS METHYL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
38 | BROMOPROPYLATE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
39 | BUPROFEZIN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
40 | CADUSAFOS | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
41 | CAPTAFOL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
42 | CAPTAN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
43 | CARBARYL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
44 | CARBENDAZIM | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
45 | CARBOFURAN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
46 | CARBOPHENOTHION | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
47 | CARTAP HCL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
48 | CHLOFENTEZINE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
49 | CHLORANTRANILIPROLE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
50 | CHLORDANE CIS | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
51 | CHLORDANE TRANS | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
52 | CHLORDENE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
53 | CHLORFENAPYR | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
54 | CHLORFENSON | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
55 | CHLORFENVINPHOS | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
56 | CHLOROBENZILATE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
57 | CHLOROTHALONIL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
58 | CHLORPYRIFOS ETHYL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
59 | CHLORPYRIFOS METHYL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
60 | CYHEXATIN/AZOCICLOTIN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
61 | CLETODIM (EYZ) | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
62 | CLOTHIANIDIN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
63 | COUMAPHOS | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
64 | CYANAZINE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
65 | CYFLUTHRIN (**) | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
66 | CYFLUTHRIN BETA | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
67 | CYHALOTHRIN GAMMA | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
68 | CYHALOTHRIN L | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
69 | CYPERMETHRIN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
70 | CYPROCONAZOLE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
71 | CYPRODINIL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
72 | CYROMAZINE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
73 | DDAC - DIDECYLDIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
74 | DDD op | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
75 | DDD pp | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
76 | DDE op | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
77 | DDE pp | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
78 | DDT op | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
79 | DDT pp | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
80 | DELTAMETHRIN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
81 | DEMETON-S | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
82 | DIAZINON | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
83 | DICHLOBENIL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
84 | DICHLOFLUANID | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
85 | DICHLORVOS | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
86 | DICLORAN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
87 | DICOFOL op (**) | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
88 | DICROTOPHOS (**) | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
89 | DIELDRIN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
90 | DIFENOCONAZOLE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
91 | DIFLUBENZURON | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
92 | DIMETHENAMID | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
93 | DIMETHOATE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
94 | DIMETHOMORF | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
95 | DIPHENYLAMINE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
96 | DISULFOTON | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
97 | DODINE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
98 | EMAMECTIN BENZOATE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
99 | ENDOSULFAN I | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
100 | ENDOSULFAN II | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
101 | ENDOSULFAN SULFATE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
102 | ENDRIN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
103 | EPTC | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
104 | ESFENVALERATE/FENVALERATE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
105 | ETHION | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
106 | ETHOPROFOS | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
107 | ETOFENPROX | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
108 | FENAMIPHOS | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
109 | FENARIMOL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
110 | FENAZAQUIN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
111 | FENBUCONAZOLE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
112 | FENCLORPHOS | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
113 | FENHEXAMID | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
114 | FENITROTHION | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
115 | FENOXYCARB | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
116 | FENPROPATHRIN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
117 | FENPROPIMORF | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
118 | FENPYROXIMATE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
119 | FENTHION | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
120 | FERBAM | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
121 | FIPRONIL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
122 | FLOCOUMAFEN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
123 | FLUAZINAM | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
124 | FLUDIOXINIL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
125 | FLUFENOXURON (**) | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
126 | FLUMETRALIN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
127 | FLUQUINCONAZOLE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
128 | FLUSILAZOLE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
129 | FLUTRIAFOL (**) | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
130 | FLUTOLANIL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
131 | FLUVALINATE (**) | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
132 | FOLPET | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
133 | FONOFOS | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
134 | FORCHLORFENURON | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
135 | FORMETANATE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
136 | FORMOTHION (**) | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
137 | GLUFOSINATE AMONNIUM | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
138 | GLYPHOSATE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
139 | HALOXIFOP METHYL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
140 | HEPTACHLOR | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
141 | HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
142 | HEPTENOPHOS | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
143 | HEXACHLOROBENZENE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
144 | HEXACONAZOLE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
145 | HEXAZINONE (**) | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
146 | HEXYTIAZOX | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
147 | IMAZALIL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
148 | IMIDACLOPRID | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
149 | INDOXACARB | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
150 | IPRODIONE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
151 | ISOFENPHOS | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
152 | KRESOXIM METHYL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
153 | LENACIL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
154 | LINDANE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
155 | LINURON | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
156 | LUFENURON | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
157 | MALATHION | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
158 | MANDIPROPAMID | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
159 | METALAXYL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
160 | METAMITRON | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
161 | METAFLUMIZOLE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
162 | METHAMIDOPHOS | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
163 | METHIDATHION | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
164 | METHIOCARB | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
165 | METHOXYCHLOR | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
166 | METHOXYFENOZIDE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
167 | METOLACHLOR | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
168 | METOMYL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
169 | METRAFENONA | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
170 | METRIBUZIN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
171 | MEVINPHOS | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
172 | MIREX | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
173 | MONOCROTOPHOS | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
174 | MYCLOBUTANIL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
175 | NAPROPAMIDE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
176 | NOVALURON | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
177 | NUARIMOL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
178 | OMETHOATE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
179 | OXADIAZON | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
180 | OXAMYL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
181 | OXYFLUORFEN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
182 | PACLOBUTRAZOL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
183 | PARATHION ETHYL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
184 | PARATHION METHYL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
185 | PENCONAZOLE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | √ | |
186 | PENDIMETHALIN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
187 | PERMETHRIN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
188 | PHORATE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
189 | PHOSALONE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
190 | PHOSMET | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | √ | |
191 | PHOSPHAMIDON | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
192 | PIRAZOPHOS | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
193 | PIRIMETHANIL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | √ | |
194 | PIRIMICARB | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
195 | PIRIMIPHOS ETHYL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
196 | PIRIMIPHOS METHYL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
197 | PROCHLORAZ | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | √ | |
198 | PROCYMIDONE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
199 | PROFENOFOS | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
200 | PROPAMOCARB | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | √ | |
201 | PROPARGITE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
202 | PROPICONAZOLE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
203 | PROPOXUR | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
204 | PROPYZAMIDE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
205 | PROTIOCONAZOLE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
206 | PYMETROZIN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
207 | PYRACLOSTROBIN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
208 | PYRIDABEN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
209 | PYRIPROXYFEN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
210 | QUINALPHOS | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
211 | QUINOMETHIONATE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
212 | QUINOXIFENO | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
213 | QUINTOZENE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
214 | ROTENONE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
215 | SIMAZINE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
216 | SPINETORAM | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
217 | SPINOSAD | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
218 | SPIRODICLOFEN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
219 | SPIROTETRAMAT | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
220 | SULFUR (S8) | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
221 | TEBUCONAZOLE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | √ | |
222 | TEBUFENOZIDE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
223 | TEFLUTHRIN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
224 | TERBACIL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
225 | TETRACONAZOLE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
226 | TETRADIFON | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
227 | THIABENDAZOLE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
228 | THIACLOPRID | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
229 | THIAMETHOXAM | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
230 | THIDIAZURON (**) | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
231 | THIOCYCLAM HYDROGEN OXALATE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
232 | THIOPHANATE METHYL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
233 | TOLCLOFOS METHYL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
234 | TOLYLFLUANID | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
235 | TOXAPHENE (**) | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
236 | TRIADIMEFON | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
237 | TRIADIMENOL | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
238 | TRIAZOPHOS | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
239 | TRICHLORFON (**) | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
240 | TRIFLOXYSTROBIN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
241 | TRIFLUMIZOLE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
242 | TRIFLUMORON | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
243 | TRIFLURALIN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
244 | TRIFORINE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
245 | UNICONAZOLE | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
246 | VAMIDOTHION | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ | ||
247 | VINCLOZOLIN | 0.005 | 0.01 | √ | √ |
List of pesticides analyzed in honey and beeswax samples. DL: Detection Limit; QL: Quantification Limit.
The identification and detection of pesticides in the final content of honey and beeswax could be useful for beekeepers for understanding one of the potential causes of bee death. In that term, this is helpful for making improvements in the regulations for beekeeping directed to take care and preserve bees and the production of honey.
Phenolic compounds are the main molecules involved in the biological activity of honey. These compounds and its biochemical properties may be affected due to the presences of residues such as pesticides. Likewise, a specific survey applied to beekeepers to obtain production data (tons per year, detection of decreased bee population, and presence of diseases such as nosema disease and varroa mite infestation) is useful for understanding the real impact of pesticides exposure for bees.
In that way, values for biological and or physicochemical activities, production data, and detection of pesticide joined to georeferentiation of selected study sites will allow us to build a map per region describing appropriate zones for apiculture development. Finally, it shall enhance the chances of beekeepers for increasing their production by protecting bees’ health.
Funding by ANID—PAI/Inserción sector productivo, 1era conv. 2019, Grant number I7819010001.This section of your manuscript may also include funding information.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
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\\n\\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
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Lemamy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6813.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182568",title:"Dr.",name:"Guy-Joseph",middleName:null,surname:"Lemamy",slug:"guy-joseph-lemamy",fullName:"Guy-Joseph Lemamy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:15,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"60895",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76558",title:"An Overview of Cancer Treatment Modalities",slug:"an-overview-of-cancer-treatment-modalities",totalDownloads:3069,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:59,abstract:"Cancer is a global issue majorly affecting developing countries. According to a survey, 63% of deaths due to cancer are reported from developing countries. There are different conventional treatment modalities that are available to treat and manage cancer. However, new cancer treatment options are being explored continuously as over 60% of all current experimental trials worldwide are focusing on tumor cure. The success of treatment depends upon the type of cancer, locality of tumor, and its stage of progression. Surgery, radiation-based surgical knives, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are some of the traditional and most widely used treatment options. Some of the modern modalities include hormone-based therapy, anti-angiogenic modalities, stem cell therapies, and dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. This chapter discusses different traditional and novel treatment modalities to combat different types of cancer.",book:{id:"6313",slug:"neoplasm",title:"Neoplasm",fullTitle:"Neoplasm"},signatures:"Zaigham Abbas and Sakina Rehman",authors:[{id:"214546",title:"Dr.",name:"Zaigham",middleName:null,surname:"Abbas",slug:"zaigham-abbas",fullName:"Zaigham Abbas"}]},{id:"64178",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81517",title:"Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a Model Organism",slug:"zebrafish-em-danio-rerio-em-as-a-model-organism",totalDownloads:2802,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"Animals as model organisms, the silent sentinels, stand watch over the environmental health of the world. These are non-human animal species which can be used to understand specific biological processes and to obtain informations which can provide an insight into working of other organisms. Among the model organisms, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is one of the best leading models to study developmental biology, cancer, toxicology, drug discovery, and molecular genetics. In addition, the zebrafish is increasingly used as a genetic model organism for aquaculture species and in toxicogenomics and also to generate zebrafish disease models for application in human biomedicines. This tiny fish is a versatile model organism for many fields of research because of its easy maintenance, breeding, and transparent body during early development.",book:{id:"7054",slug:"current-trends-in-cancer-management",title:"Current Trends in Cancer Management",fullTitle:"Current Trends in Cancer Management"},signatures:"Farmanur Rahman Khan and Saleh Sulaiman Alhewairini",authors:[{id:"221847",title:"Dr.",name:"Saleh",middleName:null,surname:"Alhewairini",slug:"saleh-alhewairini",fullName:"Saleh Alhewairini"},{id:"258210",title:"Dr.",name:"Farmanur Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"farmanur-rahman-khan",fullName:"Farmanur Rahman Khan"}]},{id:"61662",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78271",title:"The Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) as a Prognostic and Predictive Biomarker: Molecular Insights into HER2 Activation and Diagnostic Implications",slug:"the-human-epidermal-growth-factor-receptor-2-her2-as-a-prognostic-and-predictive-biomarker-molecular",totalDownloads:1725,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor protein. HER2 gene amplification and receptor overexpression, which occur in 15–20% of breast cancer patients, are important markers for poor prognosis. Moreover, HER2-positive status is considered a predictive marker of response to HER2 inhibitors including trastuzumab and lapatinib. Therefore, reliable HER2 determination is essential to determine the eligibility of breast cancer patients to targeted anti-HER2 therapies. In this chapter, we aim to illustrate important aspects of the HER2 receptor as well as the molecular consequences of its aberrant constitutive activation in breast cancer. In addition, we will present the methods that can be used for the evaluation of HER2 status at different levels (protein, RNA, and DNA level) in clinical practice.",book:{id:"6813",slug:"cancer-prognosis",title:"Cancer Prognosis",fullTitle:"Cancer Prognosis"},signatures:"Daniela Furrer, Claudie Paquet, Simon Jacob and Caroline Diorio",authors:null},{id:"67964",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87963",title:"Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases in Tumor Progression and Metastasis: Promoter or Protection?",slug:"protein-tyrosine-phosphatases-in-tumor-progression-and-metastasis-promoter-or-protection-",totalDownloads:946,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Reversible phosphorylation of proteins, executed by kinases and phosphatases, is the major posttranslational protein modification in eukaryotic cells, causing them to become activated or deactivated. This intracellular event represents a critical regulatory mechanism of several signaling pathways and can be related to a broad number of diseases, including cancer. Few decades ago, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) were considered as tumor suppressors. However, nowadays, accumulating evidence demonstrates that a misregulation of PTP activities plays a crucial and decisive role in cancer progression and metastasis. In this chapter, we will focus on the molecular aspects that support the crucial role of PTPs in cancer and in turn make them promising for prediction, monitoring, and rational appropriate therapy selection of individual patients.",book:{id:"8002",slug:"tumor-progression-and-metastasis",title:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis",fullTitle:"Tumor Progression and Metastasis"},signatures:"Carmen V. Ferreira-Halder, Stefano Piatto Clerici, Alessandra V. Sousa Faria, Patrícia Fernandes de Souza Oliveira, Helon Guimarães Cordeiro and Erica Akagi",authors:[{id:"61709",title:"Prof.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"carmen-ferreira",fullName:"Carmen Ferreira"},{id:"307647",title:"MSc.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Piatto Clerici",slug:"stefano-piatto-clerici",fullName:"Stefano Piatto Clerici"},{id:"307648",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Alessandra",middleName:"V. S.",surname:"Faria",slug:"alessandra-faria",fullName:"Alessandra Faria"},{id:"307649",title:"MSc.",name:"Patrícia",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",slug:"patricia-oliveira",fullName:"Patrícia Oliveira"},{id:"307650",title:"MSc.",name:"Helon",middleName:null,surname:"Cordeiro",slug:"helon-cordeiro",fullName:"Helon Cordeiro"},{id:"307651",title:"Dr.",name:"Erica",middleName:null,surname:"Akagi",slug:"erica-akagi",fullName:"Erica Akagi"}]},{id:"55760",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69397",title:"Exosomes and Their Role in Viral Infections",slug:"exosomes-and-their-role-in-viral-infections",totalDownloads:2396,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Exosomes are excretory nano-vesicles that are formed by the cell’s endocytic system and shed from the surface of almost all types of cells. These tiny extracellular vesicles, once thought to be “garbage bags for cells,” carry a wide variety of molecules of cellular origin, including proteins, lipids, and RNAs, that are selectively incorporated during the formation of exosomes. Exosomes are now known to play a central role in several important biological processes such as cellular communication, intercellular transfer of bioactive molecules, and immune modulation. Recent advances in the field have shown that a number of animal viruses can exploit the exosomal pathway by incorporating specific cellular or viral factors within exosomes, in order to modulate the cellular microenvironment and influence downstream processes such as host immunity and virus spread. In this chapter, we provide an overview of our current understanding of exosome biogenesis and how this normal physiological process is hijacked by some pathogenic viruses. Viral components that appear to be selectively incorporated into exosomes and the potential role of these exosomes in viral pathogenesis are discussed. Identifying viral signatures in exosomes and their mode of action is fundamental for any future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for viral infections.",book:{id:"5793",slug:"novel-implications-of-exosomes-in-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-cancer-and-infectious-diseases",title:"Novel Implications of Exosomes in Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer and Infectious Diseases",fullTitle:"Novel Implications of Exosomes in Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer and Infectious Diseases"},signatures:"Gulfaraz Khan, Waqar Ahmed and Pretty S. Philip",authors:[{id:"199889",title:"Prof.",name:"Gulfaraz",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"gulfaraz-khan",fullName:"Gulfaraz Khan"},{id:"201764",title:"Mr.",name:"Waqar",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"waqar-ahmed",fullName:"Waqar Ahmed"},{id:"201766",title:"Ms.",name:"Pretty",middleName:null,surname:"Philip",slug:"pretty-philip",fullName:"Pretty Philip"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"60895",title:"An Overview of Cancer Treatment Modalities",slug:"an-overview-of-cancer-treatment-modalities",totalDownloads:3068,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:59,abstract:"Cancer is a global issue majorly affecting developing countries. According to a survey, 63% of deaths due to cancer are reported from developing countries. There are different conventional treatment modalities that are available to treat and manage cancer. However, new cancer treatment options are being explored continuously as over 60% of all current experimental trials worldwide are focusing on tumor cure. The success of treatment depends upon the type of cancer, locality of tumor, and its stage of progression. Surgery, radiation-based surgical knives, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are some of the traditional and most widely used treatment options. Some of the modern modalities include hormone-based therapy, anti-angiogenic modalities, stem cell therapies, and dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. This chapter discusses different traditional and novel treatment modalities to combat different types of cancer.",book:{id:"6313",slug:"neoplasm",title:"Neoplasm",fullTitle:"Neoplasm"},signatures:"Zaigham Abbas and Sakina Rehman",authors:[{id:"214546",title:"Dr.",name:"Zaigham",middleName:null,surname:"Abbas",slug:"zaigham-abbas",fullName:"Zaigham Abbas"}]},{id:"64178",title:"Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a Model Organism",slug:"zebrafish-em-danio-rerio-em-as-a-model-organism",totalDownloads:2801,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"Animals as model organisms, the silent sentinels, stand watch over the environmental health of the world. These are non-human animal species which can be used to understand specific biological processes and to obtain informations which can provide an insight into working of other organisms. Among the model organisms, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) is one of the best leading models to study developmental biology, cancer, toxicology, drug discovery, and molecular genetics. In addition, the zebrafish is increasingly used as a genetic model organism for aquaculture species and in toxicogenomics and also to generate zebrafish disease models for application in human biomedicines. This tiny fish is a versatile model organism for many fields of research because of its easy maintenance, breeding, and transparent body during early development.",book:{id:"7054",slug:"current-trends-in-cancer-management",title:"Current Trends in Cancer Management",fullTitle:"Current Trends in Cancer Management"},signatures:"Farmanur Rahman Khan and Saleh Sulaiman Alhewairini",authors:[{id:"221847",title:"Dr.",name:"Saleh",middleName:null,surname:"Alhewairini",slug:"saleh-alhewairini",fullName:"Saleh Alhewairini"},{id:"258210",title:"Dr.",name:"Farmanur Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"farmanur-rahman-khan",fullName:"Farmanur Rahman Khan"}]},{id:"70898",title:"MicroRNA: A Signature for Cancer Diagnostics",slug:"microrna-a-signature-for-cancer-diagnostics",totalDownloads:975,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Various tools and techniques are being used for the diagnosis of cancer, but not a sole technique provides powerful result at the very early stages of cancer. This provides the need for type of tools which could detect cancer at early stages so that survival rate could be augmented. There are various diagnostic ways to identify cancer, but in each case, there are always circumstances to compromise on the sensitivity. In this framework, a new and more advanced approach of diagnosis for cancer is microRNA (miRNA). miRNAs are conserved regions among humans and animals, and their synthesis takes place in the nucleus and cytoplasm. There are several types of microRNAs that could be upregulated and downregulated in various cancers. A cancer cell could be identified by measurement of the expression pattern of miRNA. By examining the expression level for different types of cancers, miRNA can be used as biomarker for early detection of cancer in human beings.",book:{id:"9172",slug:"current-cancer-treatment",title:"Current Cancer Treatment",fullTitle:"Current Cancer Treatment"},signatures:"Ayesha Siddiqua, Sumaira Kousar, Amer Jamil, Riaz Tabassum, Tariq Mehmood and Nusrat Shafiq",authors:null},{id:"63685",title:"A Molecular Link between the Circadian Clock, DNA Damage Responses, and Oncogene Activation",slug:"a-molecular-link-between-the-circadian-clock-dna-damage-responses-and-oncogene-activation",totalDownloads:1405,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Circadian clocks enhance the efficiency and survival of living things by organizing their behavior and body functions. There has been a long history of research seeking a link between circadian clock and tumorigenesis. Studies of animal models and human tumor samples have revealed that the dysregulation of circadian clocks is an important endogenous factor causing mammalian cancer development. The core circadian clock regulators have been implicated in the control of both the cell cycle and DNA damage responses (DDR). Conversely, several intracellular signaling cascades that play important roles in regulation of the cell cycle and the DDR also contribute to circadian clock regulation. This review describes selected regulatory aspects of circadian clocks, providing evidence of a molecular link of the circadian clocks with cellular DDR.",book:{id:"7281",slug:"oncogenes-and-carcinogenesis",title:"Oncogenes and Carcinogenesis",fullTitle:"Oncogenes and Carcinogenesis"},signatures:"Yoshimi Okamoto-Uchida, Junko Izawa and Jun Hirayama",authors:[{id:"246364",title:"Prof.",name:"Jun",middleName:null,surname:"Hirayama",slug:"jun-hirayama",fullName:"Jun Hirayama"}]},{id:"67447",title:"Molecular Pathogenesis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma",slug:"molecular-pathogenesis-of-oral-squamous-cell-carcinoma",totalDownloads:3824,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Oral carcinogenesis is a molecular and histological multistage process featuring genetic and phenotypic molecular markers which involves enhanced function of several protooncogenes, oncogenes and/or the deactivation of tumor suppressor genes, resulting in the over activity of growth factors and its cell surface receptors, which could enhance messenger signaling intracellularly, and/or leads to the increased production of transcription factors. Alone oncogenes are not responsible for carcinogenesis, genes having tumor suppressor activity, leads to a phenotypic change in cell which is responsible for increased cell proliferation, loss of cellular cohesion, and the ability to infiltrate local tissue and spread to distant sites. Understanding the molecular interplay of both onco and tumor genes will allow more accurate diagnosis and assessment of prognosis, which might lead the way for novel approaches to treatment.",book:{id:"8211",slug:"squamous-cell-carcinoma-hallmark-and-treatment-modalities",title:"Squamous Cell Carcinoma",fullTitle:"Squamous Cell Carcinoma - Hallmark and Treatment Modalities"},signatures:"Anshi Jain",authors:[{id:"280692",title:"Dr.",name:"Anshi",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"anshi-jain",fullName:"Anshi Jain"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"428",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82682",title:"Soft Tissue Tumors: Molecular Pathology and Diagnosis",slug:"soft-tissue-tumors-molecular-pathology-and-diagnosis",totalDownloads:10,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104096",abstract:"Tumors of mesenchymal origin, also called soft tissue tumors, include tumor from muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, vessels and nerves, which are a group of heterogeneous neoplasms, and accounts for about 1% of all malignant tumors. They are uncommon tumors in routine practice, with complex tumorigenesis. Due to the recent advance in molecular pathology, we got a major achievement in the understanding of these tumors at the gene level, which makes the diagnosis and prognosis of this type of tumor more accurate and comfortable. This chapter will cover some molecular pathology and diagnosis of soft tissue and bone tumors.",book:{id:"11316",title:"Advances in Soft Tissue Tumors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11316.jpg"},signatures:"Frank Y. Shan, Huanwen Wu, Dingrong Zhong, Di Ai, Riyam Zreik and Jason H. Huang"},{id:"82354",title:"Introductory Chapter: Soft Tissue Tumors of the Eye",slug:"introductory-chapter-soft-tissue-tumors-of-the-eye",totalDownloads:9,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105735",abstract:null,book:{id:"11316",title:"Advances in Soft Tissue Tumors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11316.jpg"},signatures:"Gloria Yum and Hilal Arnouk"},{id:"82233",title:"Effect of Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Prostate Cancer (Review)",slug:"effect-of-metabolic-syndrome-in-patients-with-prostate-cancer-review",totalDownloads:10,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105357",abstract:'The human prostate gland is an endocrine organ in which dysregulation of various hormonal factors plays a key role in the development of non-tissue transformation and leads to the formation of prostate cancer. Existing epidemiological data confirm the role of the components of the metabolic syndrome, namely obesity, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and hyperinsulinemia, in the development and/or progression of prostate cancer. Although the exact mechanisms underlying the relationship between metabolic syndrome and prostate cancer remain largely unknown, it has been shown that various \\"in vitro\\" and animal experiments with models of the metabolic syndrome contribute to survival, mitogenesis, metastasis, and treatment resistance pathways through various adaptive reactions, such as intracellular steroidogenesis and lipogenesis. Although the exact biopathophysiological mechanisms between metabolic syndrome and prostate cancer have yet to be studied, drugs that target specific components of the metabolic syndrome have also provided evidence for the relationship between metabolic syndrome, its components, and prostate cancer. The appearance of “in vitro” results and molecular genetic research data will bring us closer to using this knowledge to determine specific ways of cancer-specific survival and improve treatment outcomes in patients with this disease.',book:{id:"11316",title:"Advances in Soft Tissue Tumors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11316.jpg"},signatures:"Maxim N. Peshkov, Galina P. Peshkova and Igor V. Reshetov"},{id:"82080",title:"The Clinical Usefulness of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers: Current and Future Directions",slug:"the-clinical-usefulness-of-prostate-cancer-biomarkers-current-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:16,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103172",abstract:"Worldwide, prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading cause of morbidity and cancer-related mortality in men. The pathogenesis of PCa is complex and involves abnormal genetic changes, abrogation of cell growth with heterogeneous progression and predictive subgroups. In the last two decades there have been the exploration and development of molecular and genetic biomarkers for PCa due to limitations of traditional serum biomarkers such as prostate specific antigen (PSA) in screening and diagnosis. These biomarkers could possibly differentiate between PCa and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients, and healthy controls as well as assist with prognosis, risk stratification and clinical decision-making. Such molecular biomarkers include serum (PHI and 4K score), urine (PCA3 and SelectMDx), and tumor tissue (Oncoytype DX, Decipher and Prolarix). microRNAs (miRNAs) deregulation where there is increased or decreased expression levels, constitute prospective non-invasive molecular biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of PCa. There are also other emerging molecular biomarkers such as exosomal miRNAs and proteins that are in various stages of development and clinical research. This review is intended to provide a wide-ranging appraisal of the literature on current and emerging PCa biomarkers with robust evidence to afford their application in clinical research and by extension routine clinical practice.",book:{id:"10661",title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg"},signatures:"Donovan McGrowder, Lennox Anderson-Jackson, Lowell Dilworth, Shada Mohansingh, Melisa Anderson Cross, Sophia Bryan, Fabian Miller, Cameil Wilson-Clarke, Chukwuemeka Nwokocha, Ruby Alexander-Lindo and Shelly McFarlane"},{id:"81809",title:"Imaging of Benign Soft-Tissue Tumors",slug:"imaging-of-benign-soft-tissue-tumors",totalDownloads:17,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104320",abstract:"Soft-tissue tumors account for less than 4% of all tumors in adult patients and 7–10% of all tumors in pediatric age group. The majority of these tumors are benign in nature (more than 99%). Different imaging modalities play a significant role in the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of these tumors. In this chapter, we will try to cover the imaging appearances of different benign soft-tissue tumors and to demonstrate the differentiation features. In addition, we will demonstrate a systematic approach for the characterization of soft-tissue masses based on different imaging appearances.",book:{id:"11316",title:"Advances in Soft Tissue Tumors",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11316.jpg"},signatures:"Ahmed D. Abdulwahab"},{id:"80160",title:"Soft-Tissue Tumors of the Head and Neck Region",slug:"soft-tissue-tumors-of-the-head-and-neck-region",totalDownloads:25,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102026",abstract:"Fibroblastic and myofibroblastic neoplasms in the head and neck region are a rare group of tumors ranging from benign lesions to malignant lesions. Due to the difficult anatomy of the head and neck region, even neoplasms without metastatic potential can pose significant therapeutic challenges in this region. 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