\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5480",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Towards 5G Wireless Networks - A Physical Layer Perspective",title:"Towards 5G Wireless Networks",subtitle:"A Physical Layer Perspective",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book intends to provide highlights of the current research topics in the field of 5G and to offer a snapshot of the recent advances and major issues faced today by the researchers in the 5G physical layer perspective. Various aspects of 5G system is deeply discussed (in three parts and ten chapters) with emphasis on its physical layer. Each chapter provides a comprehensive survey of the subject area and ends with a rich list of references to provide an in-depth coverage of the application at hand.",isbn:"978-953-51-2834-2",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2833-5",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4139-6",doi:"10.5772/63098",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"towards-5g-wireless-networks-a-physical-layer-perspective",numberOfPages:244,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"da8d6b0a60a9c1ad989e111fde79785c",bookSignature:"Hossein Khaleghi Bizaki",publishedDate:"December 14th 2016",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5480.jpg",numberOfDownloads:37984,numberOfWosCitations:59,numberOfCrossrefCitations:43,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:8,numberOfDimensionsCitations:61,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:7,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:163,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 11th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 2nd 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 6th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 4th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 18th 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"21746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Khaleghi Bizaki",slug:"hossein-khaleghi-bizaki",fullName:"Hossein Khaleghi Bizaki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/21746/images/1616_n.jpg",biography:"H. Khaleghi Bizaki received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering, Tehran, Iran, in 1998 and 2001, respectively. He received his PhD degree in Electrical Engineering, Communication system, about “precoding and Blind/Semi-Blind Estimation in MIMO Fading Channels” from Iran University of Science & Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran, in 2008. Dr. Bizaki is author or co-author of more than 20 publications. His research interests include Information Theory, Coding Theory, Wireless Communication, MIMO Systems, Space Time Processing, and other topics on Communication System and Signal Processing.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"761",title:"Wireless Communication Network",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-engineering-wireless-communication-network"}],chapters:[{id:"52817",title:"Analysis of Candidate Waveforms for 5G Cellular Systems",doi:"10.5772/66051",slug:"analysis-of-candidate-waveforms-for-5g-cellular-systems",totalDownloads:4488,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Choice of a suitable waveform is a key factor in the design of 5G physical layer. New waveform/s must be capable of supporting a greater density of users, higher data throughput and should provide more efficient utilization of available spectrum to support 5G vision of “everything everywhere and always connected” with “perception of infinite capacity”. Although orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has been adopted as the transmission waveform in wired and wireless systems for years, it has several limitations that make it unsuitable for use in future 5G air interface. In this chapter, we investigate and analyse alternative waveforms that are promising candidate solutions to address the challenges of diverse applications and scenarios in 5G.",signatures:"Ayesha Ijaz, Lei Zhang, Pei Xiao and Rahim Tafazolli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52817",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52817",authors:[{id:"189754",title:"Dr.",name:"Pei",surname:"Xiao",slug:"pei-xiao",fullName:"Pei Xiao"},{id:"189921",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayesha",surname:"Ijaz",slug:"ayesha-ijaz",fullName:"Ayesha Ijaz"},{id:"189928",title:"Dr.",name:"Lei",surname:"Zhang",slug:"lei-zhang",fullName:"Lei Zhang"},{id:"190297",title:"Prof.",name:"Rahim",surname:"Tafazolli",slug:"rahim-tafazolli",fullName:"Rahim Tafazolli"}],corrections:null},{id:"52919",title:"Waveform Design Considerations for 5G Wireless Networks",doi:"10.5772/66050",slug:"waveform-design-considerations-for-5g-wireless-networks",totalDownloads:3409,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we first introduce new requirements of 5G wireless network and its differences from past generations. The question “Why do we need new waveforms?” is answered in these respects. In the following sections, time‐frequency (TF) lattice structure, pulse shaping, and multicarrier schemes are discussed in detail. TF lattice structures give information about TF localization of the pulse shape of employed filters. The structures are examined for multicarrier, single‐carrier, time‐division, and frequency‐division multiplexing schemes, comparatively. Dispersion on time and frequency response of these filters may cause interference among symbols and carriers. Thus, effects of different pulse shapes, their corresponding transceiver structures, and trade‐offs are given. Finally, performance evaluations of the selected waveform structures for 5G wireless communication systems are discussed.",signatures:"Evren Çatak and Lütfiye Durak‐Ata",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52919",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52919",authors:[{id:"19414",title:"Prof.",name:"Lutfiye",surname:"Durak-Ata",slug:"lutfiye-durak-ata",fullName:"Lutfiye Durak-Ata"},{id:"189749",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Evren",surname:"Çatak",slug:"evren-catak",fullName:"Evren Çatak"}],corrections:null},{id:"52893",title:"Spectral Efficiency Analysis of Filter Bank Multi‐Carrier (FBMC)‐ Based 5G Networks with Estimated Channel State Information (CSI)",doi:"10.5772/66057",slug:"spectral-efficiency-analysis-of-filter-bank-multi-carrier-fbmc-based-5g-networks-with-estimated-chan",totalDownloads:3151,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Filter bank multi‐carrier (FBMC) modulation, as a potential candidate for physical data communication in the fifth generation (5G) wireless networks, has been widely investigated. This chapter focuses on the spectral efficiency analysis of FBMC‐based cognitive radio (CR) systems, and spectral efficiency comparison is conducted with another three types of multi‐carrier modulations: orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM), and universal‐filtered multi‐carrier (UFMC). In order to well evaluate and compare the spectral efficiency, we propose two resource allocation (RA) algorithms for single‐cell and two‐cell CR systems, respectively. In the single‐cell system, the RA algorithm is divided into two sequential steps, which incorporate subcarrier assignment and power allocation. In the two‐cell system, a noncooperative game is formulated and the multiple access channel (MAC) technique assists to solve the RA problem. The channel state information (CSI) between CR users and licensed users cannot be precisely known in practice, and thus, an estimated CSI is considered by defining a prescribed outage probability of licensed systems. Numerical results show that FBMC can achieve the highest channel capacity compared with another three waveforms.",signatures:"Haijian Zhang, Hengwei Lv and Pandong Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52893",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52893",authors:[{id:"188778",title:"Prof.",name:"Haijian",surname:"Zhang",slug:"haijian-zhang",fullName:"Haijian Zhang"},{id:"195140",title:"MSc.",name:"Hengwei",surname:"Lv",slug:"hengwei-lv",fullName:"Hengwei Lv"},{id:"195141",title:"MSc.",name:"Pandong",surname:"Li",slug:"pandong-li",fullName:"Pandong Li"}],corrections:null},{id:"52822",title:"Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for 5G Networks",doi:"10.5772/66048",slug:"non-orthogonal-multiple-access-noma-for-5g-networks",totalDownloads:14719,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:35,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we explore the concept of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) scheme for the future radio access for 5G. We first provide the fundamentals of the technique for both downlink and uplink channels and then discuss optimizing the network capacity under fairness constraints. We further discuss the impacts of imperfect receivers on the performance of NOMA networks. Finally, we discuss the spectral efficiency (SE) of the networks that employ NOMA with its relations with energy efficiency (EE). We demonstrate that the networks with NOMA outperform other multiple access schemes in terms of sum capacity, EE and SE.",signatures:"Refik Caglar Kizilirmak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52822",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52822",authors:[{id:"188668",title:"Dr.",name:"Refik Caglar",surname:"Kizilirmak",slug:"refik-caglar-kizilirmak",fullName:"Refik Caglar Kizilirmak"}],corrections:null},{id:"53333",title:"Physical-Layer Transmission Cooperative Strategies for Heterogeneous Networks",doi:"10.5772/66053",slug:"physical-layer-transmission-cooperative-strategies-for-heterogeneous-networks",totalDownloads:1940,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The deployment of small cells within the boundaries of a macro-cell is considered to be an effective solution to cope with the current trend of higher data rates and improved system capacity. In the current heterogeneous configuration with the mass deployment of small cells, it is preferred that these two cell types coexist over the same spectrum, because acquiring additional spectrum licenses for small cells is difficult and expensive. However, the coexistence leads to cross-tier/inter-system interference. In this context, this contribution investigates interference alignment (IA) methods in order to mitigate the interference of macro-cell base station towards the small cell user terminals. More specifically, we design a diversity-oriented interference alignment scheme with space-frequency block codes (SFBC). The main motivation for joint interference alignment with SFBC is to allow the coexistence of two systems under minor inter-system information exchange. The small cells just need to know what space-frequency block code is used by the macro-cell system and no inter-system channels need to be exchanged, contrarily to other schemes recently proposed. Numerical results show that the proposed method achieves a performance close to the case where full-cooperation between the tiers is allowed.",signatures:"Syed Saqlain Ali, Daniel Castanheira, Adão Silva and Atílio Gameiro",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53333",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53333",authors:[{id:"5130",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Castanheira",slug:"daniel-castanheira",fullName:"Daniel Castanheira"},{id:"30839",title:"Prof.",name:"Adão",surname:"Silva",slug:"adao-silva",fullName:"Adão Silva"},{id:"38908",title:"Prof.",name:"Atilio",surname:"Gameiro",slug:"atilio-gameiro",fullName:"Atilio Gameiro"},{id:"188913",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Saqlain",surname:"Ali",slug:"syed-saqlain-ali",fullName:"Syed Saqlain Ali"}],corrections:null},{id:"52936",title:"Achievable Energy Efficiency and Spectral Efficiency of Large‐ Scale Distributed Antenna Systems",doi:"10.5772/66049",slug:"achievable-energy-efficiency-and-spectral-efficiency-of-large-scale-distributed-antenna-systems",totalDownloads:1956,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the large‐scale distributed antenna system (LS‐DAS), a large number of antenna elements are densely deployed in a distributed way over the coverage area, and all the signals are gathered at the cloud processor (CP) via dedicated fiber links for globally joint processing. Intuitively, the LS‐DAS can inherit the advantage of both large‐scale multiple‐input‐multiple‐output (MIMO) and network densification; thus, it offers enormous gains in terms of both energy efficiency (EE) and spectral efficiency (SE). However, as the number of distributed antenna elements (DAEs) increases, the overhead for acquiring the channel state information (CSI) will increase accordingly. Without perfect CSI at the CP, which is the majority situation in practical applications due to limited overhead, the claimed gain of LS‐DAS cannot be achieved. To solve this problem, this chapter considers a more practical case with only the long‐term CSI including the path loss and shadowing known at the CP. As the long‐term channel fading usually varies much more slowly than the short‐term part, the system overhead can be easily controlled under this framework. Then, the EE‐oriented and SE‐oriented power allocation problems are formulated and solved by fractional programming (FP) and geometric programming (GP) theories, respectively. It is observed that the performance gain with only long‐term CSI is still noticeable and, more importantly, it can be achieved with a practical system cost.",signatures:"Wei Feng, Ning Ge and Jianhua Lu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52936",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52936",authors:[{id:"11528",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Feng",slug:"wei-feng",fullName:"Wei Feng"},{id:"191379",title:"Prof.",name:"Ning",surname:"Ge",slug:"ning-ge",fullName:"Ning Ge"},{id:"195085",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianhua",surname:"Lu",slug:"jianhua-lu",fullName:"Jianhua Lu"}],corrections:null},{id:"52922",title:"Energy Efficiency for 5G Multi-Tier Cellular Networks",doi:"10.5772/66052",slug:"energy-efficiency-for-5g-multi-tier-cellular-networks",totalDownloads:2192,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The heterogeneous cellular network (HCN) is most significant as a key technology for future fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks. The heterogeneous network consists of randomly macrocell base stations (MBSs) overlaid with femtocell base stations (FBSs). Stochastic geometry has been shown to be a very powerful tool to model, analyze, and design networks with random topologies such as wireless ad hoc, sensor networks, and multi-tier cellular networks. HCNs can be energy-efficiently designed by deploying various BSs belonging to different networks, which has drawn significant attention to one of the technologies for future 5G wireless networks. In this chapter, we propose switching off/on systems enabling the BSs in the cellular networks to efficiently consume the power by introducing active/sleep modes, which is able to reduce the interference and power consumption in the MBSs and FBSs on an individual basis as well as improve the energy efficiency of the cellular networks. We formulate the minimization of the power consumption for the MBSs and FBSs as well as an optimization problem to maximize the energy efficiency subject to throughput outage constraints, which can be solved by the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions according to the femto tier BS density. We also formulate and compare the coverage probability and the energy efficiency in HCN scenarios with and without coordinated multi-point (CoMP) to avoid coverage holes.",signatures:"Md. Hashem Ali Khan and Moon Ho Lee",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52922",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52922",authors:[{id:"171897",title:"Prof.",name:"Moon Ho",surname:"Lee",slug:"moon-ho-lee",fullName:"Moon Ho Lee"},{id:"190233",title:"Dr.",name:"Md. Hashem Ali",surname:"Khan",slug:"md.-hashem-ali-khan",fullName:"Md. Hashem Ali Khan"}],corrections:null},{id:"53332",title:"Beamforming in Wireless Networks",doi:"10.5772/66399",slug:"beamforming-in-wireless-networks",totalDownloads:2152,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter is about the beamforming approach in wireless 5G networks, which involves communication between multiple source-destination pairs. The relays can be multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and/or distributed single-input single-output (SISO), and full channel state information of source-relays and relay-destinations are assumed to be available. Our design consists of a two-step amplify-and-forward (AF) protocol. The first step includes signal transmission from the sources to the relays, and the second step contains transmitting a version of the linear precoded signal to the destinations. Beamforming is investigated only in relay nodes to reduce end user’s hardware complexity. Accordingly, the optimization problem is defined to find the relay beamforming coefficients that minimize the total relay transmit power by keeping the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of all destinations above a certain threshold value. It is shown that this optimization problem is a non-convex, and can be solved efficiently.",signatures:"Mohammad-Hossein Golbon-Haghighi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53332",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53332",authors:[{id:"190600",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Mohammad-Hossein",surname:"Golbon-Haghighi",slug:"mohammad-hossein-golbon-haghighi",fullName:"Mohammad-Hossein Golbon-Haghighi"}],corrections:null},{id:"52937",title:"Superallocation and Cluster‐Based Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in 5G Cognitive Radio Network",doi:"10.5772/66047",slug:"superallocation-and-cluster-based-cooperative-spectrum-sensing-in-5g-cognitive-radio-network",totalDownloads:2084,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Consequently, the research and development for the 5G systems have already been started. This chapter presents an overview of potential system network architecture and highlights a superallocation technique that could be employed in the 5G cognitive radio network (CRN). A superallocation scheme is proposed to enhance the sensing detection performance by rescheduling the sensing and reporting time slots in the 5G cognitive radio network with a cluster‐based cooperative spectrum sensing (CCSS). In the 4G CCSS scheme, first, all secondary users (SUs) detect the primary user (PU) signal during a rigid sensing time slot to check the availability of the spectrum band. Second, during the SU reporting time slot, the sensing results from the SUs are reported to the corresponding cluster heads (CHs). Finally, during CH reporting time slots, the CHs forward their hard decision to a fusion center (FC) through the common control channels for the global decision. However, the reporting time slots for the SUs and CHs do not contribute to the detection performance. In this chapter, a superallocation scheme that merges the reporting time slots of SUs and CHs by rescheduling the reporting time slots as a nonfixed sensing time slot for SUs to detect the PU signal promptly and more accurately is proposed. In this regard, SUs in each cluster can obtain a nonfixed sensing time slot depending on their reporting time slot order. The effectiveness of the proposed chapter that can achieve better detection performance under –28 to –10 dB environments and thus reduce reporting overhead is shown through simulations.",signatures:"Md Sipon Miah, Md Mahbubur Rahman and Heejung Yu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52937",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52937",authors:[{id:"189976",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Sipon",surname:"Miah",slug:"md-sipon-miah",fullName:"Md Sipon Miah"},{id:"189978",title:"Dr.",name:"Heejung",surname:"Yu",slug:"heejung-yu",fullName:"Heejung Yu"},{id:"194759",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Md Mahbubur",surname:"Rahman",slug:"dr.-md-mahbubur-rahman",fullName:"Dr. Md Mahbubur Rahman"}],corrections:null},{id:"53156",title:"Selective Control Information Detection in 5G Frame Transmissions",doi:"10.5772/66256",slug:"selective-control-information-detection-in-5g-frame-transmissions",totalDownloads:1893,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Control signalling information within wireless communication systems facilitates efficient management of limited wireless resources, plays a key role in improving system performance of 5G systems. This chapter focuses detection of one particular form of control information, namely, selective control information (SCI). Maximum-likelihood (ML) is one of the conventional SCI detection techniques. Unfortunately, it requires channel estimation, which introduces some implementation constraints and practical challenges. This chapter uses generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) to evaluate and demonstrate the detection performance of a new form of SCI detection that uses a time-domain correlation (TDC) technique. Unlike the ML scheme, the TDC technique is a form of blind detection that has the capability to improve detection performance with no need for channel estimation. In comparison with the ML based receiver, results show that the TDC technique achieves improved detection performance. In addition, the detection performance of the TDC technique is improved with GFDM receivers that use the minimum mean square error (MMSE) scheme compared with the zero-forcing (ZF) technique. It is also shown that the use of a raised cosine (RC) shaped GFDM transmit filter improves detection performance comparison with filters that employ root raised cosine (RRC) pulse shape.",signatures:"Saheed A. Adegbite and Brian G. 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The pandemic of COVID-19 has affected human life in general. Many prevention actions are used to prevent the virus from the spread, including maintaining social distance and wearing a facemask. To ensure the safety of people, robots are used for controlling the COVID-19 patient bed using the Arduino robot [1]. It is designed to make less contact with patients so reduced the chance of infection. The Coronavirus spreads via the saliva droplets or nose liquid when the sick person is coughing or sneezing [2]. Due to the high rate of infection, mobile robots can be an alternative solution to reduce contact with patients [2]. Robots for support service is one of the solutions for maintaining society awareness toward the virus spread. The mobile robot’s utility during the pandemic might vary, such as delivery service, population awareness, and disinfection facilities [2]. This chapter aims to provide new robot insight through deep learning vision and haptic that can augment the robot’s response toward their environment.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and robotics are valuable resources for helping the patient treatment, doctors, nurses, and other front-line staff. Intelligent robots can perform good service for a particular task when it is planned and designed better [3, 4]. However, due to the high cost and complexity of the technology, not all country affords to adapt this approach [2]. Furthermore, another researcher tried to utilize a nursing robot for patient monitoring and medicine consumption according to the medication schedule. The other robot known as Lio-A is a robot with a multi-functional arm that has the capability of human-robot interaction and personal care assistant (Figures 1 and 2) [5].
Robot consultation [
Lio-A robot for a personal assistant [
The Lio-A robot has a visual and audio sensor for receiving the command, while laser and ultrasound for navigation and surrounding monitoring. It also has a mechanical sensor for handling the task given to them. Lio-A has the capability for autonomous action by having automatic navigation and recharging [5]. The other researcher also uses robots and realistic virtual reality to enhance interaction between humans and machines. The interaction can be in a gaming-based system, Brain-computer interface, or 3D simulation [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. Virtual navigation using augmented reality or sensors is also helpful for the robot to achieve the desired direction according to the path that set up for them [15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28]. Machine learning algorithms, such as reinforcement learning also involve managing the crowd behavior of pedestrians, so it will be beneficial for robotic navigation later [29, 30, 31, 32, 33]. In addition, the Kinect camera with its capability for gesture tracking is also beneficial for medical applications along with robotics for helping COVID-19 patients, doctors, and nurses [34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41].
The visual perception of the robot can be enhanced through a special camera, such as a Kinect depth camera, that can provide a depth image stream as input. This image will be useful for the navigation of the robot due to its capability of providing a 3D image of the object.
There is three main hardware that involved during experiments:
Wheel robot using Arduino board Uno3, refer to Figure 3.
Kinect camera attached to the robot body.
Laptop for processing.
System setup.
The Kinect camera will stream the object in front of the robot and send it to the pc, once pc received the image. It will be continued by processing the image whether the image is one of its goals or obstacles. If obstacle then the robot needs to avoid the object, while if it is a goal, the robot needs to grasp the object using the gripper, a detailed methodology is shown in Figure 4.
System methodology.
The initial testing using the Kinect camera is tracking the user skeleton. It can track the user’s movement, especially hand gestures that can be interpreted as command control. The tracked skeleton is shown as a fragmented line that is imposed on the human body, as shown in Figure 5. The parts of the body, such as the arm, body, and head skeleton, are tracked in real time. Later this body part will be used as reference control to manipulate the robot.
Skeleton tracking.
Figure 6 shows how the depth image stream of the object streamed into pc for further process. While the depth image with a recognized person is shown in Figure 7.
Depth image stream.
Person recognition.
The process of person recognition with pre-train model is quite interesting; the robot can recognize the person by receiving the information from the main process inside the PC. The haptic device is used for helping the robot on avoiding obstacle by sending the vibration as an alert signal. So, the robot can turn left or right to avoid the obstacle. We did several experiments with robotic movement, as shown in Figure 8.
Robot movement tracks.
Visual and haptic enhancement of robotic perception is very important for the success rate of the robot task. In this chapter, we present a combination of haptic with the vision to enhance the robot navigation during performing the delivery task to the user. Robot delivery is one of the essential keys during the pandemic of COVID-19 to avoid direct contact between humans. As the initial experiment has been shown in the previous section, the deviation of angle is quite low and the success rate of arriving at the destination is also quite high around 76%. Future work can be enhanced by improving the success rate by monitoring the robot track closely.
This work was supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah Saudi Arabia. The authors, therefore, gratefully acknowledge the DSR technical and financial support.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:50,paginationItems:[{id:"81927",title:"Purinergic System in Immune Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104485",signatures:"Yerly Magnolia Useche Salvador",slug:"purinergic-system-in-immune-response",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. 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