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1. Introduction
The utilization of renewable resources in the field of polymer synthesis has gained a great deal of attention due to the growing public concerns for the environmental concerns and the sustainable development [1, 2]. Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) is the bio-based product from the epoxidation of soybean oil with hydrogen peroxide and either acetic or formic acid obtained by converting the double bonds into epoxy groups, which is non-toxic and of higher chemical reactivity [3]. It is mainly used as a green plasticizer for many plastics currently [4]. Meanwhile it has also attracted an increasing attention as a green epoxy resin utilizing the reactive epoxy groups into both the monomer synthesis and the polymer preparation due to its low cost, little toxicity, and large production, which imply its great potential in industrial process [5].
ESO can be converted by different kinds of reactions with co-monomers and/or initiators [6]. Permanent network that comes from the directing cross-linking of ESO and hardeners endows ESO with great stability, superior mechanical properties and satisfying chemical resistance, which make the products competitive among a variety of materials. In addition, the chemical modification of ESO has gained more and more attention in recent years. Introducing hydroxyl groups to make polyols for polyurethanes synthesis is one of the most important chemical modification methods [7]. Acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) obtained by ring opening esterification between acrylic acid and ESO is of high reactivity for thermal and UV initiated polymerization [8, 9]. This chapter reviews the applications of ESO and its derivatives for the preparation of a series of bio-based polymeric materials.
2. Direct cross-linking
2.1 Amine hardeners
Functional amines are widely used as curing agents for generating epoxy resin. For ESO, a series of amines used as curing agents are listed in Table 1 and the reaction scheme between ESO and amine is shown in Figure 1. Most of the researchers focused on the investigation of the cross-linking process of partially bio-based polymers because of the unsatisfying properties of fully bio-based ones. Three main methods can be applied to improve the properties of ESO-based thermosets, which are using commercial curing agents, adding commercial epoxy resins to ESO, and adding other materials to make composites [10, 11, 12].
The curing process between ESO and amine curing agent [17].
The curing processes of ESO or the mixture of ESO and commercial epoxy resin have been investigated, and some of these systems have been made into composites through adding fibers [10, 11, 12, 14], clay [16, 18] and other reinforcement [19]. Viscoelastic properties, mechanical properties and many other analyses have been studied to evaluate their applicability to be used in industry. The partially bio-based polymers show great potential to replace fully petroleum-based polymers in many areas according to the testing results. Glass-transition (Tg) and viscoelastic properties of amine-cured ESO can be enhanced by increasing the amount of triethylenetetramine (TETA) or triethylene glycol diamine (TGD). TETA endows the polymer with similar viscoelastic properties to a commercial rubber and a higher Tg than TGD does [13]. In this respect, the biopolymers made from ESO and amines have great potential to replace some synthetic rubbers or plastics [13, 14]. Besides, the quasi-static and dynamic compressive properties of the cured products based on ESO and amines and the corresponding composites reinforced by clay have also been investigated to develop compressive one-dimensional stress-strain material models [15, 16]. Solid freeform fabrication method has been applied to the preparation of ESO-based composites and proved to be a suitable method for this kind of curing system [10, 11, 12]. ESO/TETA/clay composites show controllable biodegradability, low cost, good thermal and mechanical properties, and these properties indicates that the composites may work as alternative to petroleum-based polymers in the field of insulation materials and coating materials [18]. For clay-reinforced composites based on commercial epoxy resin the addition of ESO can enhance the impact strengths [22]. More interestingly, the product from ESO and TETA can be made into an ion-exchange resin through hydrolysis [17]. Usually, epoxy groups in the internal of the long aliphatic chain exhibits much poorer reactivity than those terminal epoxy groups. Due to this fact, the reported curing processes of ESO usually needs higher temperature and longer time than commercial petroleum-based epoxy resin, such as bisphenol A epoxy resin. However, the combination of the hardener, dicyandiamide (DICY), and the accelerator, carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), can make the gelation of ESO occur within 13 min at 190°C [20]. Moreover, the gelation of the mixture of ESO and DGEBA is achieved with the aid of DICY and CDI within 3 min at 160°C [20].
Fully or high bio-based polymers are also attractive to researchers owing to people’s strong attention to environment concerns. A series of fully bio-based elastomers have been synthesized through the ring-opening reaction between ESO and a bio-based amine hardener, decamethylene diamine, and they can be cross-linked by further reaction with another bio-based anhydride hardener, succinic anhydride [21]. These fully bio-based elastomers have great potential to replace some petroleum-based rubbers in engineering because of their good damping property, low water absorption and weak degradability in phosphate buffer solution [21].
2.2 Anhydride and acid hardeners
Anhydrides, which are less toxic than amines, are another kind of mainly-used hardeners (Table 2). The structure of anhydride-cured ESO is shown in Figure 2.
Anhydride and acid for curing ESO and ESO composites.
Figure 2.
The curing process between ESO and dicarboxylic acids or anhydrides [23].
The investigation of green anhydride curing agents is one of the research priorities. Maleopimaric acid (MPA), which comes from rosin acid, has been used for ESO curing to obtain new polymeric thermosets with a high bio-based content [24, 25]. The total heat release is only 31.7 kJ/mol epoxy group. Compared with its petroleum-based analogues, MPA endows the polymer with larger breaking elongation, higher storage modulus and better thermal stability. Sebacic acid is another bio-based curing agent for ESO in lab. A fully bio-based composite with highly improved thermal and mechanical properties can be produced through interaction between sebacic-cured ESO and PLA [26, 27]. What’s more, sebacic acid-cured ESO can be applied in the field of superhydrophobic materials to make a sustainable and biodegradable superhydrophobic material [28, 29]. Other bio-based chemicals, such as terpene [30], vegetable oils [30, 31] and citric acid [32], are all the optional raw material for green curing agents. A terpene-based acid anhydride has been found to endow ESO with higher Tg, higher tensile strength and greater modulus than maleinated linseed oil and hexahydrophthalic anhydride do [30]. But maleinated linseed oil makes the thermoset easier to biodegrade [30]. Biodegradable and biocompatible elastomers, which may be competitive in the field of implantable materials, can be obtained by curing ESO and Epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) with phosphorylated castor oil [31]. Carboxylic acid functionalized MWCNTs are always used as the filler for fully bio-based ESO/citric acid system [32]. The produced composites with good mechanical properties and high bio-based content may be applied in the field of industry [32]. Physical tests of fully sustainable polymers obtained from curing ESO with different dicarboxylic acids show the decreases of Tg and elongation at break, and the increases of tensile strength and Young’s modulus with the increasing of chain-length of the curing agents [33]. In this respect, besides bio-based micromolecular chemicals, bio-based dicarboxyl-terminated polymers are also able to work as green curing agents for ESO to make fully bio-based polymers [23]. Polymer curing agents with long chain length can avoid the short, brittle and amorphous cross-link structures which may be the reason for the poor performance of ESO-based thermosets [23].
Like the situation occurring in amine-cured systems, anhydride-cured ESO with a high bio-based content usually cannot exhibit excellent properties as petroleum-based polymers do. In order to overcome this deficiency, ESO usually works together with some petroleum-based chemicals. For this kind of complicated reaction systems, many factors are worth investigations. We are going to discuss this kind of reaction systems in terms of the properties of epoxides, the addition of commercial curing agents, the influence of the catalysts and the incorporation of fillers.
The internal epoxy rings in ESO exhibits lower reactivity than terminal ones do and the epoxy equivalent weight of ESO is usually higher than commercial epoxy resins. The addition of ESO in the mixture of DGEBA and ESO results in the increase of peak exothermic temperature, and activation energy and the decrease of enthalpy of reaction [36, 48]. Tensile strength, modulus, fracture toughness, impact strength, storage modulus (E′) in the glassy state and Tg of the cured products decrease because of the addition of ESO [36, 41]. Besides, the thermal and mechanical properties of the cured products has a positive correlation with the epoxide content of ESO [35].
Aside from the alteration of epoxides, the properties of the cured products can be enhanced with the aid of commercial curing agents. Bio-based foams based on methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride (MTHPA)-cured ESO show similar mechanical properties to synthetic epoxy foams and the contents of ESO can be larger than 55 wt%, which indicates that this kind of green foams can be valuable alternative for commercial epoxy foams [34]. Polymers with anhydride groups [47] and dicarboxylic acids [49, 50, 51] are also able to work as curing agents for ESO. The carboxylic acid-terminated polyesters can work with ESO to produce green pressure-sensitive adhesives, which are environmentally friendly [50], thermal stable and with flame retardance [49]. In this kind of curing systems, the molecular weight of the polymer curing agents obviously have a great influence on the curing process and the physical properties of the cured bio-based products [51]. One of the remarkable advantages of bio-based polymers is their potential biodegradability. Lower crosslink density usually means higher biodegradability for ESO-based thermosets [40]. The cross-link density of the cured product reaches maximum at stoichiometric ratio between ESO and hardener [45].
Not only the properties of the main reactants, but the loading and type of the catalyst have a great influence on the on the curing process [38] final polymers [39]. The curing kinetics of ESO/methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA) system show a significantly autocatalytic characteristic and ESO with 1.5 phr (parts per hundreds of resin) of 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole (EMI) catalyst is a recommended composition for ESO/MHHPA system to be cured effectively at relative low temperature and short time [38].
ESO-based thermosets can also be used as good matrixes for organoclays [22, 35], organo-montmorillonite clay [37], proteins [46], regenerated cellulose [30] and other fillers. These works show that the thermal and mechanical properties of the composites can be improved significantly with the addition of different fillers.
2.3 Initiators for chain-growth polymerization
Besides adding curing agents, ESO can also be cross-linked only by initiators, as shown in Figure 3. Fluoroantimonic acid hexahydrate (HSbF6·6H2O) [6] and boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BF3·OEt2) [52, 53, 54] are commonly employed to initiate the ring-opening polymerization of ESO. As the special macromolecular structure and mechanical properties, the products have the potential to be made into hydrogels and applied in the areas of personal and health care [6, 53]. Besides, the cross-linked ESO initiated by BF3·OEt2 can be used to synthesize bio-based surfactants, which can help produce microbubbles effectively [54] and may take the place of petroleum-based detergents and surfactants [55].
Figure 3.
Chain-growth polymerization of ESO under initiators [52].
3. Introducing hydroxyl groups
Besides the curing, introducing hydroxyl groups is one of the most important chemical modification of ESO. Hydroxyl groups are functional groups that can be compatible with matrixes through hydrogen bonding or can be able to covalently bond with matrixes using some active chemicals [56].
3.1 ESO-based polyols
Bio-based polyols with two or more hydroxyl groups can be synthesized from ESO by epoxy ring opening applying different approaches (see Figure 4). Ring opening reagents mainly include in mono-functional amines, alcohols (such as methanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or butanol), acids (such as acrylic acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, fatty acids, carboxylic acid, hexanoic acids, or octanoic acids), thioethers or ketones [57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64]. Lewis acid is known as a kind of useful initiator for the hydroxyl reaction with epoxides. ESO-based polyether polyols are capable to be prepared by Lewis acids catalyzing ring opening with propylene glycol [60]. After that, the ESO-based polyether polyols with higher molecular weight can be cured with phenolic, melamine and other conventional crosslinkers to give reasonable film properties [65]. Besides, ESO phosphate ester polyols have been synthesized by using super phosphoric acid phosphorylated ESO, which is able to be incorporated in bake coatings with excellent performance [62]. A series of methoxylated soybean oil polyols (MSOLs) have been prepared with different hydroxyl functionalities by the ring opening of ESO with methanol [66]. These polyols have been applied to synthesize the environmentally friendly vegetable-oil-based polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) with very promising properties. Thioglycolic acid (TGA) bearing thiol and carboxylic acid as two different functional groups, glycolic acid (GA) containing hydroxyl and carboxyl functionality and methyl ester of thioglycolic acid (TGAME) have been also used as ring opening agents of ESO to synthesize novel bio-based polyols [57, 67]. Using TGA and GA, the epoxy rings are opened by the carboxylic acid group, while the epoxy rings are opened by the thiol group primarily when using TGAME. In addition, polyols obtained by ring opening with TGA have higher molecular weight comparing to GA and TGAME. That is because some of the thiol groups of TGA initially remain intact and then are involved in ring opening of other epoxy groups resulting in chain coupling [57, 67].
Figure 4.
Epoxy ring opening reactions with various ring opening reagents [57].
There are some side reactions occurring during the ring-opening of ESO epoxide groups, and these side reactions often depend on reaction parameters [68, 69]. A substantial degree of oligomerization due to oxirane-oxirane, and oxirane-hydroxyl reaction will take place in the presence of phosphoric acid. It is possible to synthesize ESO-based polyols having varying hydroxyl content and phosphate-ester functionality by controlling the type and amount of polar solvent and phosphoric acid content [70]. Inter-esterification or intermolecular ether formation are also observed as side reactions, depending on the molar proportion of the hydrogen donor [68]. Different catalysts for the ring opening of the epoxide groups in ESO have been evaluated in many works. The most common catalysts are sulfuric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, perchloric acid, tetrafluoroboric acid (HBF4) and activated clays. HBF4 have been found to produce polyols with a higher OH content, and lower viscosity than other catalysts in the ring opening reaction of ESO with methanol [69]. And, triflic acid is a very effective catalyst for preparing ESO polyether polyols [60]. As alcohol concentration relative to ESO is reduced, higher molecular weight polyether polyols can be produced in a controlled way [60].
3.2 ESO-based polyurethanes
Currently, vegetable oils-based polyols are gradually replacing petroleum-based hydroxyl for preparing PUs, which are considered as sustainable and environmentally friendly polymers from biomass industry [5]. ESO based polyols can be co-polymerized with some commercial isocyanates, such as toluene di-isocyanate (TDI), methylene-4,49-diphenyldiisocyanate (MDI) or others, to obtain bio-based PUs with useful properties, including enhanced hydrolytic and thermal stability, as shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Synthesis of soybean-oil-based PUs [66].
The structure-property relationships between ESO based polyols and PUs have been extensively investigated. Several factors have important influences on the properties of the PUs, such as chemical structure of the segment, chemical composition, hydroxyl group position, hydroxyl values of polyols and cross-linking densities of the PUs networks [71]. The structure and properties of PUs prepared from halogenated as well as non-halogenated soybean polyols with commercial isocyanates have been studied which shows that brominated polyols and their corresponding PUs have the highest densities and Tg while their thermal stabilities are lowest. Chlorinated polyols have comparable glass transition and strength to brominated polyols, somewhat higher than the methoxy-containing and hydrogenated polyols [69]. Besides, the NCO/OH mole ratios also show effects on the properties of the PUs networks that the cross-linking densities, Tg, and tensile strengths deteriorate as the NCO/OH ratios decrease and glassy polymers can be produced when the NCO/OH ratio is between 0.8 and 1.05 [72]. The studies on polyurethane resins from a blend of glycerol and polyol show that the increasing of Tg caused by the incorporation of glycerol into soy polyols obviously enhances the rigidity of PUs [73]. The polyurethanes elastomers synthesized from ESO based polyols obtained by ring opening with Ricinoleic acid (RA) and sebacic acid with citric acid as the cross-linker display biocompatibility and biodegradability and are very suitable for bone tissue engineering [74].
Furthermore, ESO is able to be effectively converted to carbonated soybean oil (CSBO) containing five-membered cyclic carbonates by reacting with carbon dioxide in the presence of tetra-butylammonium bromide at 110°C in high yield [75]. Then, CSBO can easily react with diamines to give the corresponding non-isocyanate polyurethane networks(NIPUs), and the thermal and mechanical properties of NIPUs can be well adjusted and controlled by changing the CSBO/amine ratio [76].
4. Acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO)
4.1 Synthesis of AESO
AESO is commercially-manufactured derivative of ESO and has been extensively used in coatings, resins and composites. The acid-catalyzed synthesis process of AESO is shown in Figure 6. The acid catalyst promotes the formation of an oxonium ion, which can be stabilized by local epoxide group. And the ring-opening reaction happened between acrylic acid and the oxonium ion. Inhibitor is needed in this reaction to prevent polymerization of vinyl groups. The acrylation reaction has a first-order dependence on the concentration of epoxy groups, but the rate constant increases with the decreasing of epoxides per fatty acid due to steric hindrance and the stabilization effect of local epoxide group on oxonium groups [77].
Figure 6.
Mechanism of AESO synthesis [78].
4.2 Thermal initiation of AESO
Through reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, AESO can be made into a hyper-branched bio-based polymer without macro-gelation [8, 79]. The conversion of vinyl is usually over 50%, which indicates that it is possible for multifunctional renewable feed stocks to be made into bio-based thermoplastics polymers at a high conversion without gelation [8].
Most of the researches focused on the cross-linking reaction of AESO through free radical polymerization. Like the ESO, the cross-linked homopolymers from AESO also have the shortage that the polymers exhibit poor mechanical properties [80]. One of the common methods used to enhance its mechanical properties is adding reinforcements to make polymer composites. There are many polar groups in the structure of AESO, including C〓O, ▬OH and epoxy groups. These polar groups provide the possibility for the formation of hydrogen bonds between AESO and fillers [80]. Thermoplastic polyurethane [81], microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) [80] and cellulose fiber [82] are the common reinforcements worth investigation for poly(acrylated epoxidized soybean oil)(PAESO). The interaction between PAESO and polyurethane can be enhanced by the formation of hydrogen bonds between hydrophilic functional groups from both of the two components which give rise to the result of improving the toughness and increasing the elongation of PAESO [81]. As a green filler, microcrystalline cellulose will increase the density, hardness, flexural strength and modulus of the material without decreasing the bio-based content [80]. Cellulose-reinforced PAESO can also be successfully made into bio-based foams with enhanced mechanical properties, which shows the great potential to replace petroleum-based foams [82].
Another common way to adjust the properties of AESO-based materials is the incorporation of co-monomers. Styrene [83, 84, 85, 86], N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP) [64, 87], 3-isopropenyldimethylbenzyl isocyanate (TMI) [88], isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM) [88], 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate [89], divinylbenzene [86, 89] and unsaturated polyester [90, 91, 92, 93, 94] are widely used as co-monomers for AESO. The diblock copolymers based on AESO and styrene are able to work as an additive for asphalt to modify the rheological performance so that the corresponding stiffness, elasticity and rutting resistance of the asphalt can be substantially improved [83]. The copolymer based on AESO and styrene can also be reinforced by natural fibers [84] and denim [85] to obtain bio-based composites for structural applications, such as roof structure and safety helmets. Due to the toxicity of styrene, styrene-free polymers become more attractive recently. NVP is an alternative to styrene in the synthesis of copolymer based on AESO, and the corresponding hemp fibers (HFs) composites exhibit superior static and dynamic mechanical properties [64]. As both AESO and HFs contains ▬OH groups in their structures, the addition of isophorone diisocyanate, whose isocyanate groups can react with ▬OH groups, to the AESO/HFs/NVP system can improve the properties by working as both a cross-linker and a coupling agent [87]. Accordingly, TMI and IEM bringing both C〓C double bonds and isocyanate groups into the reaction systems may also be good co-monomers for AESO/HFs system. Besides the free radical polymerization of vinyl groups, the reactions between isocyanate groups and the ▬OH groups of AESO and HFs also occurred at the same time in this bio-based polymer composite systems [88]. Consequently, the crosslinking density and interfacial reaction between reinforcement and the matrix can be improved significantly, leading to the enhancement of storage modulus, Tg and water resistance. As a nonvolatile and nonhazardous chemical, AESO is a suitable replacement for styrene in unsaturated polyester (UPE) resin to obtain hybrid polymer networks [90, 91, 92, 93, 94]. The UPE with unsaturated sites works as the co-monomer for AESO, and the final products usually exhibit comparable properties to correspondingly styrene-based products. The combination of a variety of co-monomers may provide AESO based copolymers with more possibilities. The thermosets based on the combination of AESO, styrene and divinylbenzene can be the potential replacements for commercial electronic materials [86]. The combination of AESO, 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate and divinylbenzene is able to make into the matrix for bacterial cellulose nanocomposite foams and the properties of the composites can be tailored by adjusting the compositions [89].
Although petroleum-based co-monomers can bring excellent properties, the decrease of the bio-based content is still not expected. Functional bio-based co-monomers are desired in consequence. Isosorbide can be used to synthesize a bio-based co-monomer for AESO through the reaction with methacrylate anhydride [95]. The product, isosorbide-methacrylate (IM), which has stiff structure, endows the bio-based networks with ideal thermal and mechanical properties. Similarly, rosin is also a bio-based raw material with a rigid molecular structure. Its derivative, N-dehydroabietic acrylamide (DHA-AM), can enhance the storage modulus, Tg, thermal stability, tensile strength and hydrophobicity of AESO/DHA-AM thermosets [96]. Methacrylated lauric acid (MLAU) is another bio-based reactive diluent for AESO. The mixture exhibits a suitable viscosity for liquid molding techniques to get AESO based thermoset specimens with low densities and Tg around room temperature [97].
4.3 UV curing of AESO
AESO has been widely applied in the UV curing systems for their lower volatility and relatively higher reactivity of C〓C bonds which are able to conduct free-radical polymerization in the presence of functional initiator. In general, residual internal stress in the UV-curing coating film often leads to poor adhesion with substrate. AESO can be used to synthesize cured films with reduced internal stress and its flexible triglyceride structure can improve adhesion [9]. UV-curable materials based on AESO have been found many applications like coatings, adhesives and composite materials [98]. As petroleum-based fiber composites often swell after water absorption resulting in deterioration of mechanical properties, the dried distillers grains (DDGS)-flax mat coated with AESO polymerized by UV light with the initiation of irgacure 819 shows improved water resistance property [99]. Besides, AESO-based UV-cured PUDs with higher functionality can be used in textiles printing. Different content of AESO based UV-curable PUDs pigment prints adhesive have been successfully synthesized with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), poly(caprolactone glycol) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and all UV-curing films have excellent thermal stability [98]. With the increasing of AESO content, the color strength of printed fabrics can be enhanced correspondingly. Conversely, the increasing of UV radiation time shows positive impact on the color fastness [100]. UV-curable, AESO-based organic shape-stabilized phase change materials also can be obtained by UV technique with enhanced thermal performance, decreased melting and freezing temperature, which verify the promising application of UV-curable material for thermal energy storage [100].
However, the existing of soft long aliphatic chains usually results in low mechanical or thermal properties and some rigid compounds are often added as the co-monomers to improve the performances of AESO-based UV-curable materials. Acrylate acid is one of the most common-used petroleum-based rigid compounds. The performances of AESO-based UV curable coating materials by using petroleum-based hyper-branched acrylates (HBAs) as co-photo-polymerization monomer, using acrylated sucrose (AS) as tougheners and using tetra-hydrofurfural acrylate (THFA) as reactive diluents show the increased coating hardness, adhesion, modulus, solvent resistance and glass transition temperature [101]. Nowadays, many researchers are devoted to exploit bio-based co-monomers to develop high bio-based content UV-curable coatings. Monomer acrylated betulin (AB) synthesized from botulin [102], unsaturated monomer (named IG) synthesized from itaconic acid and glycidyl methacrylate [103], monomers (named EM2G and EM3G) synthesized from eugenol via a thiol-ene reaction and epoxide ring-opening reaction [104] have been all evaluated to be successfully used with AESO matrix polymer and have great potential to improve the properties of UV curable coating. Coating films containing AB from 5 to 10 wt% contents have better modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, abrasion resistance and hardness, higher Tg and lower strain at break value, while the transmittance of the cured films is reduced with increasing AB loading, especially for wavelengths below 650 nm. In comparison, the polycyclic structure of betulin imposes a more rigid structure on AESO matrix polymer to enhance the applied performance [102]. In the presence of irgacure 184 as initiator, a series of UV-cured coatings without any solvent can be successfully prepared with IG (EM2G or EM3G) and AESO, and EM2G and EM3G show higher reactivity when copolymerized with AESO. The introduction of IG, EM2G and EM3G in the UV-curing system results in significantly improved mechanical and thermal properties as well as coating performances such as hardness, flexibility, adhesion, solvent resistance [103, 104].
5. ESO-based polymer composites
ESO is initially used as a plasticizer in industry for poly(vinyl chloride) chlorinated (PVC) rubber, and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) emulsions to improve stability and flexibility [105, 106], and ESO is also considered to be potential nontoxic biocompatible plasticizers for poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and polylactic acid (PLA) when combined with other plasticizers [107, 108, 109]. Moreover, it is an interesting trend to prepare composites of ESO or its homo-polymers with other materials because of their special properties. A double network composites with ESO and a di-hydrocoumarin derived network can been synthesized with toughening effect, which make the ESO-based polymer possible to be applied in the fields of coatings and films [110]. The composites of cross-linked ESO and acrylic monolith [111] or poly(lactic acid) [112] apparently exhibit much larger Young’s modulus and tensile strength than ESO homo-polymer and can work as shape memory materials, which makes ESO a potential component for manufacture of intelligent polymer materials.
Interestingly, the long chain alkane fatty acid residues in ESO can give the composites hydrophobicity, so cross-linked ESO can also work as a water-resistant film for paper that the obtained composites may be competitive in the field of packaging considering their good properties [113]. An efficient method has been reported for the formation of cellulose-based materials grafting with poly epoxidized soybean oil (PESO) with controllable hydrophobic properties [114] 1–2. A kind of PESO coated paper composites with good water-resistant property have been obtained via in situ polymerization of ESO on the surface of the paper cellulose fibers [113].
6. Conclusions
This chapter summarizes the most recent advances in the application of ESO and its derivatives for preparation of bio-based polymeric materials. The multiple reactive epoxy groups from triglycerides of unsaturated fatty acids imply its great potential in the bio-based polymer preparation fields with controllable biodegradability, thermal and mechanical properties. ESO can crosslink directly with variety curing agents to form permanent network, or to introducing reactive function groups by chemical modifications. Two most important modifications are introducing hydroxyl groups and esterification to produce acrylates. Based on these, varieties of new polymeric materials have been prepared recently from ESO and derivatives that exhibit industrially viable thermos-physical and mechanical properties and thus may find many possible applications. It is believed that ESO based compounds will gain continuously strong interest and allow new developments both in academic and industrial points of view.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant no. 2016YFB0302701), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 21676083), the Shanghai Rising-Star Program (Grant no. 16QB140130), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, and the 111 Project (B08021).
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.
\n',keywords:"epoxidized soybean oil, cross-linking reaction, acrylated epoxidized soybean oil, polyols, polyurethanes, bio-based polymer",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/64421.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/64421.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64421",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64421",totalDownloads:2139,totalViews:757,totalCrossrefCites:4,dateSubmitted:"April 8th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 17th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 16th 2018",datePublished:"February 20th 2019",dateFinished:"November 16th 2018",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) is the oxidation product of soybean oil with hydrogen peroxide and either acetic or formic acid obtained by converting the double bonds into epoxy groups, which is non-toxic and of higher chemical reactivity. ESO is mainly used as a green plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride, while the reactive epoxy groups imply its great potential in both the monomer synthesis and the polymer preparation fields. Functional polymers are obtained by different kinds of reactions of the ESO with co-monomers and/or initiators shown in this chapter. The emphasis is on ESO based epoxy cross-linked polymers which recently gained strong interest and allowed new developments especially from both an academic point of view and an industrial point of view. It is believed that new ring-opening reagents may facilitate the synthesis of good structural ESO based materials.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/64421",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/64421",signatures:"Qiuyu Tang, Yahua Chen, Huizhi Gao, Qian Li, Zhenhao Xi, Ling Zhao,\nChong Peng and Lanpeng Li",book:{id:"7552",type:"book",title:"Soybean",subtitle:"Biomass, Yield and Productivity",fullTitle:"Soybean - Biomass, Yield and Productivity",slug:"soybean-biomass-yield-and-productivity",publishedDate:"February 20th 2019",bookSignature:"Minobu Kasai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7552.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78985-374-2",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-373-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-041-6",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"29226",title:"Dr.",name:"Minobu",middleName:null,surname:"Kasai",slug:"minobu-kasai",fullName:"Minobu Kasai"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"253553",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhenhao",middleName:null,surname:"Xi",fullName:"Zhenhao Xi",slug:"zhenhao-xi",email:"zhhxi@ecust.edu.cn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"East China University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"253556",title:"Prof.",name:"Ling",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",fullName:"Ling Zhao",slug:"ling-zhao",email:"zhaoling@ecust.edu.cn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"253557",title:"Dr.",name:"Yahua",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Yahua Chen",slug:"yahua-chen",email:"yahua_c@yeah.net",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"253558",title:"MSc.",name:"Qiuyu",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",fullName:"Qiuyu Tang",slug:"qiuyu-tang",email:"qiuyu.tang@foxmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"253559",title:"Dr.",name:"Lanpeng",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Lanpeng Li",slug:"lanpeng-li",email:"lilanpeng.fshy@sinopec.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"253560",title:"Dr.",name:"Chong",middleName:null,surname:"Peng",fullName:"Chong Peng",slug:"chong-peng",email:"pengchong.fshy@sinopec.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"253562",title:"MSc.",name:"Huizhi",middleName:null,surname:"Gao",fullName:"Huizhi Gao",slug:"huizhi-gao",email:"gaohuizhi1994@qq.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"264590",title:"MSc.",name:"Qian",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Qian Li",slug:"qian-li",email:"lijianan07@163.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Direct cross-linking",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Amine hardeners",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Anhydride and acid hardeners",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Initiators for chain-growth polymerization",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"3. Introducing hydroxyl groups",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.1 ESO-based polyols",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.2 ESO-based polyurethanes",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9",title:"4. Acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO)",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.1 Synthesis of AESO",level:"2"},{id:"sec_10_2",title:"4.2 Thermal initiation of AESO",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"4.3 UV curing of AESO",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13",title:"5. ESO-based polymer composites",level:"1"},{id:"sec_14",title:"6. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Miao S, Wang P, Su Z, Zhang S. 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Replacement of styrene with acrylated epoxidized soybean oil in an unsaturated polyester resin from propylene glycol, isophthalic acid, and maleic anhydride. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2016;133:43052. DOI: 10.1002/app.43052'},{id:"B93",body:'Wu Y, Li K. Replacement of styrene with acrylated epoxidized soybean oil in an unsaturated polyester resin from propylene glycol and maleic anhydride. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2017;134:45056. DOI: 10.1002/app.45056'},{id:"B94",body:'Wu Y, Li K. Acrylated epoxidized soybean oil as a styrene replacement in a dicyclopentadiene-modified unsaturated polyester resin. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2018;135:46212. DOI: 10.1002/app.46212'},{id:"B95",body:'Liu W, Xie T, Qiu R. Biobased thermosets prepared from rigid isosorbide and flexible soybean oil derivatives. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering. 2017;5:774-783. DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02117'},{id:"B96",body:'Yang Y, Shen M, Huang X, Zhang H, Shang S, Song J. Synthesis and performance of a thermosetting resin: Acrylated epoxidized soybean oil curing with a rosin-based acrylamide. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2017;134:44545. DOI: 10.1002/app.44545'},{id:"B97",body:'Senoz E, Stanzione Iii JF, Reno KH, Wool RP, Miller MEN. Pyrolyzed chicken feather fibers for biobased composite reinforcement. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2013;128:983-989. DOI: 10.1002/app.38163'},{id:"B98",body:'Li C, Xiao H, Wang X, Zhao T. Development of green waterborne UV-curable vegetable oil-based urethane acrylate pigment prints adhesive: Preparation and application. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018;180:272-279. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.193'},{id:"B99",body:'Liu Z, Tisserat BH. Coating applications to natural fiber composites to improve their physical, surface and water absorption characters. Industrial Crops and Products. 2018;112:196-199. DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.12.002'},{id:"B100",body:'Baturk E, Kahraman MV. 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DOI: 10.1002/app.44810'},{id:"B108",body:'Darie-Ni RN, Vasile C, Irimia A, Lipa R, Rp M. Evaluation of some eco-friendly plasticizers for PLA films processing. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2016;133:43223. DOI: 10.1002/app.43223'},{id:"B109",body:'Xing C, Matuana LM. Epoxidized soybean oil-plasticized poly(lactic acid) films performance as impacted by storage. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2016;133:43201. DOI: 10.1002/app.43201'},{id:"B110",body:'Li C, Sung J, Sun XS. Network from Dihydrocoumarin via solvent-free metal-mediated pathway: A potential structure for substantial toughness improvement of epoxidized plant oil materials. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering. 2016;4:1231-1239. DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b01283'},{id:"B111",body:'Tsujimoto T, Ohta E, Uyama H. Plant oil-based shape memory polymer using acrylic monolith. Express Polymer Letters. 2015;9:757-763. DOI: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2015.71'},{id:"B112",body:'Tsujimoto T, Uyama H. Full biobased polymeric material from plant oil and poly(lactic acid) with a shape memory property. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering. 2014;2:2057-2062. DOI: 10.1021/sc500310s'},{id:"B113",body:'Miao S, Liu K, Wang P, Su Z, Zhang S. Preparation and characterization of epoxidized soybean oil-based paper composite as potential water-resistant materials. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2015;132. DOI: 10.1002/app.41575'},{id:"B114",body:'Huang X, Wang A, Xu X, Liu H, Shang S. Enhancement of hydrophobic properties of cellulose fibers via grafting with polymeric epoxidized soybean oil. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering. 2017;5:1619-1627. DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02359'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Qiuyu Tang",address:null,affiliation:'
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, China
Dalian Research Institute of Petroleum and Petrochemicals, SINOPEC, China
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UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
Wellcome Trust (Funding available only to Wellcome-funded researchers/grantees)
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After establishing SLA as pertaining to the high-resolution but also high-cost spectrum of the 3D printing technologies, different classifications of SLA processes are presented. Laser-based SLA and digital light processing (DLP), as well as their specialized techniques such as two-photon polymerization (TPP) or continuous liquid interface production (CLIP) are discussed and analyzed for their advantages and shortcomings. Prerequisites of SLA resins and the most common resin compositions are discussed. Furthermore, printable materials and their applications are briefly reviewed, and insight into commercially available SLA systems is given. Finally, an outlook highlighting challenges within the SLA process and propositions to resolve these are offered.",book:{id:"7249",slug:"3d-printing",title:"3D Printing",fullTitle:"3D Printing"},signatures:"Christina Schmidleithner and Deepak M. 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To facilitate tissue regeneration, scaffolds need to be designed to provide a suitable environment for cell growth, which generally depends on the selection of materials and geometrical features such as internal structures and pore size distribution. The mechanical property match with the original tissue to be repaired is also critical. In this chapter, the specific request of materials and structure for tissue engineering is briefly reviewed, and then an overview of the recent research in 3D printing technologies for tissue engineering will be provided, together with a discussion of possible future directions in this area.",book:{id:"7249",slug:"3d-printing",title:"3D Printing",fullTitle:"3D Printing"},signatures:"Jingyu Liu and Cheng Yan",authors:[{id:"139494",title:"Prof.",name:"Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",slug:"cheng-yan",fullName:"Cheng Yan"},{id:"246713",title:"MSc.",name:"Jingyu",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"jingyu-liu",fullName:"Jingyu Liu"}]},{id:"29365",doi:"10.5772/37195",title:"Basics on Radar Cross Section Reduction Measurements of Simple and Complex Targets Using Microwave Absorbers",slug:"basics-on-radar-cross-section-reduction-measurements-of-simple-and-complex-targets-using-microwave-a",totalDownloads:12500,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"1942",slug:"applied-measurement-systems",title:"Applied Measurement Systems",fullTitle:"Applied Measurement Systems"},signatures:"Marcelo A. S. Miacci and Mirabel C. Rezende",authors:[{id:"111727",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcelo",middleName:"A. S.",surname:"Miacci",slug:"marcelo-miacci",fullName:"Marcelo Miacci"},{id:"112158",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirabel",middleName:null,surname:"Rezende",slug:"mirabel-rezende",fullName:"Mirabel Rezende"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"72725",title:"Communication Subsystems for Satellite Design",slug:"communication-subsystems-for-satellite-design",totalDownloads:1302,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The objective of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive end-to-end overview of existing communication subsystems residing on both the satellite bus and payloads. These subsystems include command and mission data handling, telemetry and tracking, and the antenna payloads for both command, telemetry and mission data. The function of each subsystem and the relationships to the others will be described in detail. In addition, the recent application of software defined radio (SDR) to advanced satellite communication system design will be looked at with applications to satellite development, and the impacts on how SDR will affect future satellite missions are briefly discussed.",book:{id:"7030",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",title:"Satellite Systems",fullTitle:"Satellite Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis"},signatures:"Hung H. Nguyen and Peter S. Nguyen",authors:[{id:"316857",title:"Dr.",name:"Hung H.",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"hung-h.-nguyen",fullName:"Hung H. Nguyen"},{id:"316861",title:"Mr.",name:"Peter S.",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"peter-s.-nguyen",fullName:"Peter S. Nguyen"}]},{id:"61731",title:"3D Printing of Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering",slug:"3d-printing-of-scaffolds-for-tissue-engineering",totalDownloads:2670,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"Three-dimensional (3D) printing has demonstrated its great potential in producing functional scaffolds for biomedical applications. To facilitate tissue regeneration, scaffolds need to be designed to provide a suitable environment for cell growth, which generally depends on the selection of materials and geometrical features such as internal structures and pore size distribution. The mechanical property match with the original tissue to be repaired is also critical. In this chapter, the specific request of materials and structure for tissue engineering is briefly reviewed, and then an overview of the recent research in 3D printing technologies for tissue engineering will be provided, together with a discussion of possible future directions in this area.",book:{id:"7249",slug:"3d-printing",title:"3D Printing",fullTitle:"3D Printing"},signatures:"Jingyu Liu and Cheng Yan",authors:[{id:"139494",title:"Prof.",name:"Cheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",slug:"cheng-yan",fullName:"Cheng Yan"},{id:"246713",title:"MSc.",name:"Jingyu",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"jingyu-liu",fullName:"Jingyu Liu"}]},{id:"63539",title:"The Evolution of 3D Printing in AEC: From Experimental to Consolidated Techniques",slug:"the-evolution-of-3d-printing-in-aec-from-experimental-to-consolidated-techniques",totalDownloads:1722,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"The chapter leads the reader through the historical development of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques until the most recent developments. A tentative taxonomy is added to the historical perspective, in order to better understand the main lines of development and the potential cross-fertilization opportunities. Some case studies are analyzed in order to provide a clearer picture of the practical applications of AM in architecture engineering and construction (AEC), with a particular attention to the use of AM for final products rather than just prototypes. Eventually, some thoughts are shared as to the impact of AM on AEC beyond the mere cost-effectiveness and well into the potential change of paradigms in how architecture can be thought of and further developed embracing the new world of opportunities brought by AM.",book:{id:"7249",slug:"3d-printing",title:"3D Printing",fullTitle:"3D Printing"},signatures:"Ingrid Paoletti and Lorenzo Ceccon",authors:[{id:"246398",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ingrid",middleName:null,surname:"Paoletti",slug:"ingrid-paoletti",fullName:"Ingrid Paoletti"},{id:"261886",title:"MSc.",name:"Lorenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Ceccon",slug:"lorenzo-ceccon",fullName:"Lorenzo Ceccon"}]},{id:"61889",title:"Stereolithography",slug:"stereolithography",totalDownloads:2780,totalCrossrefCites:25,totalDimensionsCites:44,abstract:"The stereolithography (SLA) process and its methods are introduced in this chapter. After establishing SLA as pertaining to the high-resolution but also high-cost spectrum of the 3D printing technologies, different classifications of SLA processes are presented. Laser-based SLA and digital light processing (DLP), as well as their specialized techniques such as two-photon polymerization (TPP) or continuous liquid interface production (CLIP) are discussed and analyzed for their advantages and shortcomings. Prerequisites of SLA resins and the most common resin compositions are discussed. Furthermore, printable materials and their applications are briefly reviewed, and insight into commercially available SLA systems is given. Finally, an outlook highlighting challenges within the SLA process and propositions to resolve these are offered.",book:{id:"7249",slug:"3d-printing",title:"3D Printing",fullTitle:"3D Printing"},signatures:"Christina Schmidleithner and Deepak M. Kalaskar",authors:[{id:"247897",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepak",middleName:null,surname:"Kalaskar",slug:"deepak-kalaskar",fullName:"Deepak Kalaskar"}]},{id:"75110",title:"Compression of High-Resolution Satellite Images Using Optical Image Processing",slug:"compression-of-high-resolution-satellite-images-using-optical-image-processing",totalDownloads:508,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter presents a novel method for compressing satellite imagery using phase grating to facilitate the optimization of storage space and bandwidth in satellite communication. In this research work, each Satellite image is first modulated with high grating frequency in a fixed orientation. Due to this modulation, three spots (spectrum) have been generated. From these three spots, by applying Inverse Fourier Transform in any one band, we can recover the image. Out of these three spots, one is center spectrum spot and other spots represent two sidebands. Care should be taken during the spot selection is to avoid aliasing effect. At the receiving end, to recover image we use only one spectrum. We have proved that size of the extracted image is less than the original image. In this way, compression of satellite image has been performed. To measure quality of the output images, PSNR value has been calculated and compared this value with previous techniques. As high-resolution satellite image contains a lot of information, therefore to get detail information from extracted image, compression ratio should be as minimum as possible.",book:{id:"7030",slug:"satellite-systems-design-modeling-simulation-and-analysis",title:"Satellite Systems",fullTitle:"Satellite Systems - Design, Modeling, Simulation and Analysis"},signatures:"Anirban Patra, Arijit Saha, Debasish Chakraborty and Kallol Bhattacharya",authors:[{id:"307075",title:"Dr.",name:"Debasish",middleName:null,surname:"Chakraborty",slug:"debasish-chakraborty",fullName:"Debasish Chakraborty"},{id:"319415",title:"Mr.",name:"Anirban",middleName:null,surname:"Patra",slug:"anirban-patra",fullName:"Anirban Patra"},{id:"320110",title:"Dr.",name:"Arijit",middleName:null,surname:"Saha",slug:"arijit-saha",fullName:"Arijit Saha"},{id:"320111",title:"Dr.",name:"Kallol",middleName:null,surname:"Bhattacharya",slug:"kallol-bhattacharya",fullName:"Kallol Bhattacharya"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"285",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],testimonialsList:[]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:49,paginationItems:[{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science and Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013. She relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the National Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to October 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is currently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology – Kandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI) Ambassador to Sri Lanka.",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. 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He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. 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Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. 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Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11401,editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. 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