Countries with high cereal production.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
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The world top seven (7) most important cereal includes maize, wheat, rice, barley, sorghum, oats, and rye. Globally, world production of cereals grain varies from maize (1, 116.34), wheat (764.49), rice (495.78), barley (156.41), sorghum (57.97), oat (22.83) to rye (12.17) million metric tons, and these accounts for over 60% of the world food consumption [1]. Over the years, research has shown that consumers of food products are more concerns about diet and diseases relationship rather than satisfying abdominal emptiness [2, 3]. Cereal grains contain an array of nutritional and bioactive compounds such as dietary fiber, protein, carbohydrate, vitamins, minerals, β-glucan, lignans, phytosterol, phenolics among others [4]. These compounds have been shown to exhibits a positive effect on diseases management and improved healthy living.
Epidemiological studies have shown that constant intake of cereal grains rich in dietary fiber protects the human body from cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and diabetes [5, 6, 7]. Likewise, studies conducted in the United States shows that consumer of cereal whole grains are at 20–40% reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases compared with non-consumer across all age group [8, 9, 10]. Jensen et al. [11] reported on a 14 years’ research over 42, 850 male subjects aged between 40 and less than 80 years. They concluded that consumption of cereals wholegrains is attributed subjects’ healthier lifestyle compared with other non-consumer subjects’. Therefore, this review focus on the dietary constituent, processing and applications of cereal grains as a vehicle for improved healthy living.
Cereals grains generally have been ofadvantage to humanity for decades [12]. Rice, wheat, and maize are the three major cereal crops in China (Table 1), and they play a key role in global cereal production (Table 2). China, with 565,754 hectares cropped by far the largest cereal areas in the world, followed by the USA which accounted for 328,474 hectares while other countries have cereal areas between 228,844 hectares (Canada) and 130,882 hectares (Kazakhstan) for India [14]. Cereal production in 2017 increased to about 2977.0 million tons, with China having over 617 million tons [15], which contributed to more than 40% of the global cereal production, while a sharp decline was observed in 2018, 2019 and 2020 as shown in Figure 1. The sharp decline observed was due to the reduced yield prospects for maize in the United States of America (USA) and in Ukraine, meager rains that reduced yield expectations in Argentina, Brazil and Kazakhstan, which in turn affected the increase made to the production in the Russian Federation [16]. While rice production worsened in Bangladesh and Viet Nam due to the weather. Moving forward, the FAO has projectedthat the global average of cereal yields to increase by 1.1% per year (slower than the 1.9% seen in the previous decade), driven by advances in biotechnology, structural changes towards larger farms, and improved cultivation practices.
Countries | Metric tons in millions | World percentage | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | 2019 | 2020 | ||
610.04 | 613.7 | 669.49 | 20.75 | |
259.6 | 263.14 | 273.5 | 10.53 | |
130.8 | 109.12 | 126 | 4.4 | |
226.34 | 242.07 | 246.63 | 3.96 |
Countries with high cereal production.
Source: FAOSTAT [13], Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Cereal | Metric tons in millions | Country with the highest production (FAO, 2018) |
---|---|---|
1116.3 | United States | |
764.49 | China | |
495.78 | China | |
156.41 | Russia | |
57.97 | United States | |
22.83 | Russia | |
12.17 | Germany |
Global production of cereal grains.
Source: FAOSTAT [13], Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Global production changes.
Cereals belong to the grass family, Gramineae. They are edible grains or seeds grown in several countries of the world. Some typical examples include oats, rye, maize, sorghum, barley and millet. Rice and wheat account for over 50% of the world’s cereal production.
Cereals are a major and important aspect of the diets of the populace of both the developing and developed countries worldwide. Even with the food diversity prevalent in our present now, cereals remain an important contributor to the dietary pattern. Cereals are known to be a good source of food nutrients such as protein, carbohydrate, as well as having a range of micronutrients such as vitamins E, vitamins B, zinc, magnesium and iron.
Breakfast cereals and white bread are typical examples of fortified cereal products which are vital nutritional food products for children and adults, although there is the need to reduce the sodium levels of this processed foods product. Lignans and other types of bioactive compounds, which can improve health, have been reported in cereals and there are on-going researches on identifying other bioactive substances in underutilized cereals, their importance and bioavailability. Most studies have associated the health benefits accrued to cereal grains to its fiber contents, micronutrients, bioactive and resistant starch content. Several cereal products are usually fortified with a range of B complex vitamins, vitamin C, vitamin D, iron, vitamin E, zinc and beta-carotene [17]. The regular consumption of cereals, most especially whole grains have been deduced as having a role in halting the development of chronic diseases such as diabetics, colorectal cancer and coronary heart diseases though the precise mechanism is not yet fully understood. Whole pseudo-cereal grains such as quinoa, amaranth, and buckwheat are rich in bioactive compounds like vitamins, trace element, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and fatty acids with knownabilities to prevent the onset of many degenerative diseases [18].
Cereals are been processed in different ways due to their specific characteristics and purpose. Their processing comprises an important part of the food production chain, but it is a complex procedure. The most common cereal processes include dry milling (wheat and rye), pearling (rice, oat, and barley), wet milling (corn and wheat), and malting (barley, corn, and wheat) [19]. However, certain general principles applied to most of them. Cereals undergo several processing stages between harvest, storage and consumption. Processing methods of cereal grains can be divided into two different methods, primary and secondary processing method. Primary processing includes cleaning and grading, hulling, milling and drying while the secondary process is the storage of the cereal grains for further processing.
The first stage in cleaning is threshing, i.e. the removal of grains from the rest of the plant. It involves four different operations: Separating the grain from the panicle; sorting the grain from the straw; graded according to size; winnowing the chaff from the grain. Before cereal processing, the grains should be dried to 10–15% moisture before storage to avoid spoilage of the cereal grains.
Grains have an unpalatable huskthat needs to be removed before processing. There are different kinds of de-hulling machines designed for this purpose, depending on the type of cereal grains.
This can be achieved using any of these cereal grains mill; Plate mill, hammer mill and roller mill. The type of mill to be used depends on the cereal grains. Roller mills are majorly used industrially due to its high cost and maintenance while hammer mill and plate mill can be used at home and all business scale level.
Before storage, the cereals grains should be dried to 10–15% moisture to avoid spoilage of the cereal grains.
Dried grains are stored in much quantity until required for processing. The grains should be inspected regularly for signs of spoilage and the moisture content tested. If the grain has picked up moisture, it should be re-dried.
Cereal grains products are a staple in the diets of many cultures around the world forming the basic and essential supply of nutrients to humans as well as animals. Nutrients provided by cereal grain products include carbohydrate (as an energy source), minerals such as magnesium, phosphorus and zinc, proteins, vitamins, especially the B Vitamins (niacin, riboflavin, and thiamine) and fiber. Cereal grain products are extensive and are derived using indigenous as well as technologically enhanced procedures [20]. Cereal grains products include a wide range of products which are made out of grains such as quinoa, maize, rice, sorghum, rye, barley, millet and oats.
Majorly, rice is consumed in cooked form. In addition to rice being eaten in the cooked form, lots of products and by-products are available as a consequence of its prevalent functional properties and less sensitivity to allergens. A major product from rice is rice flour, which is gluten-free and is used to make rice noodles, rice crackers, dumplings, bread, rice paper, breakfast cereals, pancakes, baby foods, cakes, waffles and wrappers for egg rolls. Other products include rice milk, puffed rice, rice starch, bran oil, vinegar and alcoholic beverages comprising rice beer and wine [20]. By-products from rice include rice bran, rice husk as well as rice straw which serves as feed for animals [21].
Extruded and flat rice are noodles made out of rice flour that has been wet milled. They are consumed alongside soups and dishes. In Thailand, Japan and Chinese, it is called” senmee”, “harusame” and “mi fen” respectively.
Dumpling is a ball of dough that is wrapped around a filling. Several methods are used in its preparation, including baking, frying, steaming, boiling or simmering and are found in a lot of world cuisines. In Asia, sweet dumplings and cakes from rice flour are readily available to buy in stores and stalls. Rice cake is a sticky, dense meal that is well known in parts of East Asia.
Rice beer is a major beverage produced from rice. It is produced by first boiling rice and then inoculating with some amount of yeast and the resulting mixture fermented for a few days. Sake (rice wine) is also a Japanese alcoholic beverage made from rice [22].
Rice starch is employed as a thickener in sauces, desserts as well as baby foods. Sweet syrup can also be made using rice starch.
A good replacement for other cereal flour containing gluten is rice bread, which is consumed as an alternative source for people that are allergic to other types of flour.
Whole wheat flour has none of its constituents (bran, endosperm and germ) removed. The Middle East and Southern Europeans commonly consume decorticated and pounded type of wheat. Pounded wheat is usually considered to possess a higher nutritional value at the same time having better retention of nutrients present in the aleurone layer in addition to its germ. Artificial or natural dehydration is usually carried on decorticated wheat grains [23]. Whole wheat lowers the possible adverse outcome of metabolic syndrome. Consumption of whole wheat has also been reported to support beneficial bodyweight [24]. It has a favourable nutrient profile as effective sources of magnesium, dietary fibre, pantothenic acid, copper and manganese. However, whole wheat is considered as one of the major causes of allergies in foods [25].
The flour that is gotten when wheat (endosperm only) is ground into finer particles is called wheat flour. Depending on the gluten value, they are classified as weak/soft flour or hard/strong. Weak/soft denotes flour with low gluten value, while hard/strong flour denotes flour with high gluten value. Bread flour, cake flour and all-purpose flour are majorly the types of wheat flour consumed. Others include self-rising flour, pastry flour, gluten flour, durum flour and fortified flour. In most homes across the world, wheat flour is the most significant ingredient used in baking. It forms the framework of the majority of commercially available baked goods and pasta [26].
A by-product that is employed in the production of semolina, another form of pasta, durum bread and American noodles is durum flour which is gotten from durum wheat. Durum wheat falls under the category of hard wheat.
Semolina is gotten from durum wheat that has been coarsely ground. Pasta with high protein value and are of great importance including spaghetti in addition to macaroni are made from semolina.
In most African countries, noodles made from wheat dominate about 30–40% of the cereal-based diet [27]. White noodles coated with salt are generally consumed in Japan White noodles coated with salt are generally consumed in Japan [27]. Noodles from wheat are produced from soft or hard wheat flour. It can also be produced from wheat flour that is intermediate between soft and hard wheat flour.
Spaghetti is a type of pasta made in the shape of long thin strings while macaroni is pasta usually in the form of short tubes.
Sorghum grains are utilized by lots of food industries for the production of flour, starch and alcohols which results in many by-products. By-products obtained from sorghum grains include sorghum wine, sorghum gluten meal, sorghum germ meal, sorghum distillers dried grains and solubles, sorghum brewers’ grains, malted sorghum sprouts and sorghum bran [28]. Sorghum is also consumed in fermented forms. Fermented forms of sorghum include Injera, Nasha, Ting, Asida, Kisra, HumulurKhamir [29]. Sorghum wine is a by-product obtained from the fermentation of indigenous sorghum liquor. It is known as kaoliang in China.
Millet is usually dehulled and made to pass through several treatments before consumption to enhance their edibility and sensory attributes Millet is usually dehulled and made to pass through several treatments before consumption to enhance their edibility and sensory attributes [30]. The small nature of millet has relegated its use to products that are solely flour-based because of the difficulty in decortication. Several treatments for millet grains have however observed to improve its decortication [31]. Alcoholic beverages, distilled liquors and different types of meals are prepared from millet. Candied puffs called Awaokoshi in Japan are made from millet. In some parts of the world, sorghum flour is mixed with millet flour to produce a type of flatbread usually rolled by hand. Millet porridge is an indigenous meal eaten in China, Russia and Germany. A Vietnam snack is known as banh-da-ke also comprises of millet as a major ingredient.
Flour, flakes, grits, starch, malt and beverages are commercial products gotten from barley grain. Animals are mostly fed with whole grains of barley. Food products from barley are rich sources of minerals, fiber, proteins and B Vitamins. Pearled barley or pot is made by removing the outer layers of barley grain by the process of abrasion. Porridge and filing for pies are made from pearl or pot barley. They also serve as an alternative to potatoes, pasta, in addition to rice. Barley flour is used to produce bread, noodles, cakes, flatbreads, cookies and extruded snacks [32]. Sweeteners and binders are made from barley starch. Barley starch is also used besides with barley malt to produce beer. The primary use of barley is in the production of malt used in brewing, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages. Bakeries and distilling industries also utilize barley malt [33].
Several cereal grains product has been developed and used in the prevention and management of diseases which includes diabetes, hypertension, inflammation and stroke.
Human populace exposed to a series of health complications due to urbanization and industrialization. Synthetic drugs used in the management of these health challenges are linked with side effects, thereby instigating the application of plants in disease management. Cereal grains are food crops with immeasurable nutritional and functional benefits. Regular consumption could enhance better dietary lifestyle and healthy living. Nevertheless, the development of varieties of novel cereal grain food products, encapsulation, and application of cereal grain bioactive compounds in nanotechnology will further reduce menace caused by a widespread of diseases on human populace.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
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\n\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
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