\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8283",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Innovations in Higher Education - Cases on Transforming and Advancing Practice",title:"Innovations in Higher Education",subtitle:"Cases on Transforming and Advancing Practice",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Higher education contributes to the development of countries and their competitiveness in a global marketplace. However, to remain relevant and meet the demands of an ever-changing world, institutions and their operations must progress in unison with the changing world in which they function. Innovation can play a critical role in transforming and advancing practice and therein address socio-economic, organizational, operational and social challenges. The complexity and scope of higher education opens up the possibilities and potential for innovations to transpire in diverse settings and contexts. This book is a collection of easy-to-follow, vignette-based innovations that have transformed or advanced practice and in doing so contributed to ensuring the relevance and value of higher education in a continuously changing world.",isbn:"978-1-83881-047-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-048-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-044-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78409",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"innovations-in-higher-education-cases-on-transforming-and-advancing-practice",numberOfPages:172,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"9c8b8a6fe8578fbf2398932ce8c1b717",bookSignature:"Dominique Parrish and Joanne Joyce-McCoach",publishedDate:"June 24th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8283.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8093,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:10,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 21st 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 11th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 10th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 29th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 28th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"197795",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Dominique",middleName:null,surname:"Parrish",slug:"dominique-parrish",fullName:"Dominique Parrish",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197795/images/system/197795.jpeg",biography:"Professor Parrish is Pro Vice-Chancellor Learning and Teaching\nat Macquarie University, Australia. In this role, Professor Parrish has responsibility for the institutional digital strategy, initiatives in employability and Work Integrated Learning, institutional infrastructure associated with learning spaces, academic\nstaff capability and support of student-focused teaching. Prior\nto this role, Professor Parrish was Associate Dean (Education)\nin the Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health at the University of Wollongong,\nshe ran her own consultancy business for 6 years, and was the marketing manager\nfor a professional sporting team. Professor Parrish has managed and led numerous sector, institutional and faculty learning and teaching initiatives and she is\ncurrently president of Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary\nEducation (ASCILITE).",institutionString:"Macquarie University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Macquarie University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"258929",title:"Dr.",name:"Joanne",middleName:null,surname:"Joyce-McCoach",slug:"joanne-joyce-mccoach",fullName:"Joanne Joyce-McCoach",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258929/images/system/258929.jpg",biography:"Dr. Joyce-McCoach is Academic Program Director and Acting\nInternational Director in the School of Nursing and Midwifery\nin the College of Science, Health and Engineering at La Trobe\nUniversity, Australia. Dr. Joyce-McCoach has held numerous positions across a number of tertiary institutions. She is a proficient\nclinical nurse, with extensive experience and responsibilities in\nadministration and practice and comprehensive knowledge in\nthe areas of primary health, community, and general nursing. Dr. Joyce-McCoach\nis extremely experienced in the development of challenging and engaging learning\nenvironments in which students become lifelong scholars and learners and the facilitation of student-centred learning in a productive and supportive environment.\nHer experience in Australia and internationally has developed her appreciation of\nglobal university education issues.",institutionString:"LaTrobe University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"La Trobe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1316",title:"Higher Education",slug:"higher-education"}],chapters:[{id:"64108",title:"Transformative Teaching of Engineering in Sub-Saharan Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81608",slug:"transformative-teaching-of-engineering-in-sub-saharan-africa",totalDownloads:1022,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter advocates transformative teaching in later stages of sub-Saharan Africa’s engineering students’ study periods. The teaching is meant to help them discover their potential in direct solution of the region’s engineering problems. Student attention can be drawn to many of these problems through transformative teaching. Two illustrative case studies are presented. They demonstrate how students at one South African University of Technology were enabled to address common, authentic and ‘real world’ problems in the course of their learning. A review of theory of teaching modes is given first, with more focus on transformative teaching. The cases follow. The first case seeds a maintenance and continuous improvement culture among successive student cohorts, eventually producing an evolved new product ready for the market in a period of about 5 years. The second case uses multi-level, multi-national students, deploying multi-sourced funds and working at multi-premises in difficult campus study circumstances, to develop completely new products that are field-tested at two sites about 6000 km apart. Benefits, limitations and challenges of the teaching and how to navigate the latter, are given. Following its substantial benefits and the ways to overcome its challenges, transformative teaching is recommended to all engineering academics in the region.",signatures:"Kant Kanyarusoke",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64108",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64108",authors:[{id:"260500",title:"Dr.",name:"Kant",surname:"Kanyarusoke",slug:"kant-kanyarusoke",fullName:"Kant Kanyarusoke"}],corrections:null},{id:"65373",title:"Interdisciplinary Engagement in Higher Education: Opportunities Explored",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84209",slug:"interdisciplinary-engagement-in-higher-education-opportunities-explored",totalDownloads:811,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"There are increasing pressures on universities to make their graduates ready for life and work, in addition to ensuring technical and professional competence. This chapter discusses the implications of supporting such an approach for higher education in a university in Australia where the university was treated as an urban living lab, supporting student engagement for a course innovated to cover three different disciplines. Urban living labs are a form of collaborative partnership particularly in urban areas to support sustainability outcomes. The innovation presented here was in using a green building on campus, bringing students from different disciplines, to study this green building, thereby also partnering with industry. The key question driving the research was whether academic-industry partnerships may be used to understand the performance of green buildings on an urban campus. The anchor course was in construction management and the other disciplines were business and computer science. Twenty three students undertook study of predetermined spaces of a green building on campus. The results show that as a pilot study, this project was successful, with good engagement of students, teaching and non-teaching staff from the university and industry. However, it was more difficult to convert the pilot to mainstream teaching and learning.",signatures:"Usha Iyer-Raniga",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65373",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65373",authors:[{id:"262440",title:"Prof.",name:"Usha",surname:"Iyer-Raniga",slug:"usha-iyer-raniga",fullName:"Usha Iyer-Raniga"}],corrections:null},{id:"70084",title:"The Social Intrapreneurship, Innovating in the Competences Delivered to Students: Case Engineering Students of the University of La Serena, Chile",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84734",slug:"the-social-intrapreneurship-innovating-in-the-competences-delivered-to-students-case-engineering-stu",totalDownloads:408,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"It is important to connect the concepts of innovation and development with the incoming entrance of sociological phenomena, in such a way that an integrating education is allowed, where the role of university education becomes a key element, where innovation in the competences delivered to the undergraduate students it becomes a challenge, which is approached from the perspective provided by the strategies that allow students to wake up the social intrapreneurship.",signatures:"Segundo Ricardo Cabana Villca",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70084",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70084",authors:[{id:"260297",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Ricardo",surname:"Cabana",slug:"ricardo-cabana",fullName:"Ricardo Cabana"}],corrections:null},{id:"63117",title:"A Responsive Higher Education Curriculum: Change and Disruptive Innovation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80443",slug:"a-responsive-higher-education-curriculum-change-and-disruptive-innovation",totalDownloads:1679,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This case illustrates how a large, regional university redesigned its program review, curriculum proposal, and curriculum approval processes to maintain currency and viability and meet regional educational needs. The chapter analyzes the problem, process, and outcomes of the changes, and discusses implications for broader contexts. It introduces the concept of disruptive innovation, discusses innovation and change within higher education, provides context for the institution highlighted in the case study, and outlines the initiatives. It then reviews the innovations from a change process model perspective and considers the implications of the case analysis. The chapter concludes with thoughts on the extent of change needed in higher education to keep pace with a continually-evolving global environment.",signatures:"Maureen Snow Andrade",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63117",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63117",authors:[{id:"96902",title:"Dr.",name:"Maureen",surname:"Snow Andrade",slug:"maureen-snow-andrade",fullName:"Maureen Snow Andrade"}],corrections:null},{id:"63826",title:"Learning Innovations for Identifying and Developing Talent for University",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81380",slug:"learning-innovations-for-identifying-and-developing-talent-for-university",totalDownloads:893,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"As a response to global and local imperatives for organizational, operational, and social change facing education today, learning innovations developed by Curtin University’s Learning Futures team offer examples of new technology-enhanced learning experiences used to identify and develop talent for university. The innovations presented are helping to reset school-university relationships to a focus on direct, scalable, and personalized digital learning services, delivered via interactive technologies that utilize game-based and team-based learning approaches. Two frameworks are proposed: one for collecting and evaluating evidence of a future ready learner and one for situating technology innovations across five domains of higher education learning and teaching. The case study indicates that new educational technology innovations can support an expansion of the university’s mission, as well as its academic, research, and service-based strategic actions, by enabling a continuum of potential entry points for learners of all ages, accessible anywhere at any time.",signatures:"Mel Henry, David C. Gibson, Charles Flodin and Dirk Ifenthaler",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63826",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63826",authors:[{id:"261658",title:"Dr.",name:"David C.",surname:"Gibson",slug:"david-c.-gibson",fullName:"David C. Gibson"}],corrections:null},{id:"65101",title:"Planning for Improvement: Leadership Development among University Administrators",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83452",slug:"planning-for-improvement-leadership-development-among-university-administrators",totalDownloads:860,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Information on the professional development of university administrators is relatively sparse, yet effective leadership and management are essential to sustaining high quality environments for faculty, staff, and students. This chapter discusses the use of professional development plans and multi-source feedback among higher education administrators. Results from a large national study of university deans and department chairs are presented and practical strategies for improving leadership development and fostering positive organizational change are illustrated through case examples. Given the high cost of failed leadership, greater attention to the preparation, support, and evaluation of individuals serving in administrative leadership roles is likely to provide dividends to all involved.",signatures:"Tracy L. Morris and Joseph S. Laipple",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65101",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65101",authors:[{id:"261901",title:"Dr.",name:"Tracy",surname:"Morris",slug:"tracy-morris",fullName:"Tracy Morris"},{id:"270751",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Laipple",slug:"joseph-laipple",fullName:"Joseph Laipple"}],corrections:null},{id:"64542",title:"Talent Management as a Core Source of Innovation and Social Development in Higher Education",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81377",slug:"talent-management-as-a-core-source-of-innovation-and-social-development-in-higher-education",totalDownloads:1318,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In the new millennium, talent management (TM) has become more important and has received attention from institutions that seek a foundation on the map institutions of excellence. Higher education institutions are represented by their possession of highly qualified employees who are able to show initiative, creativity and excellence in performance. Those individuals are the core resources of innovation and social development. It is apparent that there is a great competition among institutions in this modern technology era, driving an increase in knowledgeable employees along with vast market changes. Consequently, academic institutions have started to rethink their procedures and policies to achieve better attraction, development and retention of those employees. Therefore, this chapter aims to improve the theoretical and pragmatic comprehension of TM as an essential source of innovative and educational development. Through pragmatic use of elements of previous research approaches combined with a comprehensive qualitative study, this study concludes that higher education institutions are aware of innovation sources that are currently used in managing talent in their divisions and faculties. These were talent attraction, talent development, and talent retention. Both empirical research represented by the case study in the higher education sector and previous research confirm that the best practices of TM are considered as attraction, development and retention of talent.",signatures:"Atheer Abdullah Mohammed, Abdul Hafeez-Baig and Raj Gururajan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64542",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64542",authors:[{id:"260495",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Atheer Abdullah",surname:"Mohammed",slug:"atheer-abdullah-mohammed",fullName:"Atheer Abdullah Mohammed"},{id:"260498",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdul Hafeez",surname:"Baig",slug:"abdul-hafeez-baig",fullName:"Abdul Hafeez Baig"},{id:"260499",title:"Prof.",name:"Raj",surname:"Gururajan",slug:"raj-gururajan",fullName:"Raj Gururajan"}],corrections:null},{id:"64745",title:"An Integrated Model for Invigorating Innovation and Entrepreneurship in Higher Education",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82502",slug:"an-integrated-model-for-invigorating-innovation-and-entrepreneurship-in-higher-education",totalDownloads:1106,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The growth trajectories of innovation and entrepreneurship within higher education have largely followed discrete paths such that each developed independent of the other. The structural locations of innovation and entrepreneurship within higher education institutions have a lot to do with this strategic discrepancy. In some cases, entrepreneurship is mostly located within business schools and its focus is on teaching students’ business basics and entrepreneurship basics, while innovation is located within any of the variants of university innovation hubs and technology transfer units. Innovation is also used as a buffer to shield real change and transformation in higher education especially in reference to innovative teaching, innovative education and so on, which, in essence, can best be described as improvements rather than innovation. It is also important to note that one of the critical plinths of entrepreneurship—creativity—has generally been marginalised in the core activities of higher education. While entrepreneurship has, over the course of more than three decades, gained legitimacy traction within higher education, innovation has fairly been on the margins of core university strategies but is becoming increasingly pertinent in higher education albeit in ways requiring critical reflection. However, creativity remains largely on the margins of core higher education activities, and its explicit teaching has not yet gained strong academic legitimacy. It is not clear why creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship have assumed discrete growth paths within higher education when there is such a palpable mutual reinforcement amongst these concepts. In this chapter, I report on the study I conducted in purposively selected Scandinavian and South African universities, which was aimed at: (1) better understanding how innovation and entrepreneurship are nurtured and developed in these institutions as well as the role of creativity in all these endeavours (2) identifying the key drivers of this nascent interest in innovation and entrepreneurship within higher education and why creativity remains on the margins even when the academic legitimacy of innovation and entrepreneurship increases (3) developing a more integrated model that could better coordinate the differentiated activities of not only innovation and entrepreneurship units but also those of faculties so that there is greater mutual reinforcement and shared responsibilities that could optimise the social impact of higher education academic activities and those of innovation and entrepreneurship units. Five Scandinavian universities and three South African universities were selected, and fifteen Directors of innovation hubs and entrepreneurship centres were interviewed. While there are overlaps amongst faculty activities, innovation hubs and entrepreneurship centres, these overlaps are informal and poorly coordinated, which vitiates their total impact on society.",signatures:"Teboho Pitso",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64745",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64745",authors:[{id:"259594",title:"Dr.",name:"Teboho",surname:"Pitso",slug:"teboho-pitso",fullName:"Teboho Pitso"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1990",title:"International Perspectives of Distance Learning in Higher Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e9f445b89a42e6221004f529ac247127",slug:"international-perspectives-of-distance-learning-in-higher-education",bookSignature:"Joi L. Moore and Angela D. 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Awwad and Hamed Majdooa Algarni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9203.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"42763",title:"Prof.",name:"Ashis Kumar",surname:"Samanta",slug:"ashis-kumar-samanta",fullName:"Ashis Kumar Samanta"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"76300",title:"Nanomaterials Characterisation through Magnetic Field Dependent AFM",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97249",slug:"nanomaterials-characterisation-through-magnetic-field-dependent-afm",body:'Magnetic force microscopy [1] is a technique developed more than thirty years ago that is derived from atomic force microscopy [2]. It exploits an AFM tip that is coated with a magnetic material, and therefore acquires a magnetic moment. The tip becomes sensitive to the magnetic force gradient acting between the surface of a magnetic sample and the tip itself [3, 4], and allows the microscope to build local magnetisation maps at scales well below the micrometer [5].
In the course of the years, MFM has proven to be an extremely powerful technique to study a variety of magnetic systems, including patterned media [6, 7], cellular automata [8], individual magnetic nanostructures [9], or phase separations in magnetic materials at the nanoscale [10]. While its most straightforward application is the imaging of magnetic domains configurations at the sample magnetic remanence, several attempts have been made to adapt MFM to the study of the magnetisation reversal processes induced by an applied magnetic field [11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. These approaches opened new ways of exploiting the powerful MFM technique to the study of time-evolving magnetic domains configurations, whose changes are triggered by variations in an applied magnetic field, letting MFM characterisations expand toward the typical domain of magneto-optic microscopy, although with a much higher space resolution [16] but also with much slower time scales.
In this chapter, we will summarise a magnetic field-dependent MFM approach that is based on the single-point technique [5]. We will show how this advanced AFM application can be exploited to investigate magnetic field-induced magnetisation reversal processes at the nanoscale on different sets of magnetic materials, and we will show that the basic principles of this technique are sufficiently general to allow many different experiment designs for the study e.g. of hysteresis loops, local magnetic anisotropies, magnetostriction.
Magnetic force microscopy is an application derived from atomic force microscopy, that belongs to the family of the so-called “2nd pass” techniques. Their name derives from the fact that the microscope scans each line two times (usually back and forth each time): in the first scan, or pass 1, the AFM operates in intermittent contact mode and acquires the morphology of the sample along the scanned profile; in the second scan, or pass 2, the AFM operates in “lift mode”, i.e. the cantilever is kept in oscillation but in non-contact mode, by lifting the scan height at a certain constant level above the sample surface (usually a few tens of nanometers). In this way, the short-range interactions typical of the Lennard-Jones-type potential become negligible, and long-range interactions such as the elctrostatic or magnetostatic ones can be investigated, provided that the microscope tip is coated by a suitable material. In the case of the MFM technique, the tip must be coated with a magnetic material, whose magnetisation must also lie along a known (and constant) direction (usually along the tip axis, perpendicular to the sample plane). When interacting with the sample surface, in pass 2, the MFM tip senses the second derivative of the
As this interaction happens through
a domain wall (either Bloch or Néel) is located underneath the tip, with the rest of the magnetisation lying in the sample plane;
the sample is characterised by a perpendicular anisotropy;
the sample is characterised by an in-plane magnetic anisotropy, but it is patterned in such a way that the magnetisation vector is not parallel to some of the patterns sides.
In general, therefore, a MFM detects a magnetic domains configuration when surface magnetic charges or poles appear under the tip, either because the magnetisation is tilted off the sample plane, or because geometrical constraints force the magnetisation to develop free poles along some directions (e.g. obtained by lithography or patterning).
Normally, such a MFM is limited to the investigation of the magnetic domains configuration of samples at their magnetic remanence. Whatever their remanent state, this must have been obtained by submitting the sample to a magnetic field history by exploiting some other technique, and cannot be modified during the MFM investigations.
These constraints can be at least partly lifted if the microscope is equipped with a means of generating a magnetic field (i.e. an electromagnet or a coil), either in the sample plane, or perpendicular to it. The microscope should be adequately designed for this application, as it must not contain magnetic elements in the head and in the scanner, which could be damaged by the application of an external magnetic field, and which would probably induce unacceptable drifts in the operation of the microscope or artefacts in the acquisition of the images. With the possibility to apply a magnetic field during image acquisitions, the MFM becomes a tool for characterising samples not only at their magnetic remanence, but also at specific field values which are of interest to the experimenter.
An example of such an application is given in Figure 1, where square dots of Fe
MFM images (pass 2, phase channel) as a function of the applied magnetic field of Fe
While powerful, this approach is limited to only a few images at different applied fields, because of time constraints or magnetic tip wear-out.
The magnetic field-dependent MFM technique discussed in Section 2 presents the undoubted advantage that the magnetic domain configuration of the studied sample can be obtained with as much detail as desired for any applied magnetic field value. In this way, even complex magnetic structures can be studied along their evolution with the magnetic field, in a way similar to what magneto-optics systems offer, but with a much improved space resolution, typical of AFM-based techniques. However, this advantage holds for a big part only in principle. In fact, it is difficult if not impossible to acquire the large number of MFM images required to study magnetisation processes with high magnetic field resolution. A first constraint comes from the time required to acquire each image, which is often of several minutes or even a few tens of minutes, that makes the capture of hundreds or even thousands of images impractical. A second constraint is due to the fact that even a well-tuned AFM in intermittent-contact mode (as is normally operated an AFM when performing magnetic characterisations) slightly wears out the tip in the course of time. Normally, only a few tens of images can be obtained with a single tip, even by optimally operating the microscope, before artefacts start to appear and the tip performance degrades (including the magnetic performance, due to the progressive damage or detachment of the magnetic coating). While replacing the tip is technically feasible, scanning exactly the same field of view after the tip replacement may not be easy for certain samples, and the obtained image quality would probably depend on the tip, as its shape, sharpness, and magnetic coating characteristics fluctuate among specimens even of the same batch. Therefore, while in principle a thorough field-dependent investigation of a magnetic sample is feasible with a conventional MFM, it is often impractical or even impossible due to the constraints discussed above.
To overcome these limitations, a different approach has been exploited [5, 17, 18], consisting in condensing the information on the magnetisation processes as a function of a sufficiently resolved magnetic field in just a single image. The difference between a MFM operating in “normal scanning mode” (a conventionally operating MFM) and one operating in “dynamic scanning mode” is schematically represented in Figure 2.
Operation principle of an MFM in “normal” (upper panel) and “dynamic” (lower panel) scanning modes. Green rectangle: sample. Magenta square or line: area or line scanned by the MFM. The
A MFM in “normal scanning mode” works by scanning a portion of the sample by moving the tip relative to the sample along a direction conventionally called
A MFM in “dynamic scanning mode” works by disabling the slow scan axis. In this way, the field of view of the microscope is no longer a surface area, but just a single profile (Figure 2, bottom panel), since once the profile acquisition along the fast scan axis is complete the slow scan axis is not moved. However, as in the “normal scanning mode”, the MFM image still consists of several hundreds or thousands of lines, although all along the same profile. If the geometrical
A “dynamic scanning mode” MFM requires a few additional hardware than a conventional MFM. Above all, its controller must give access to a way to know when the microscope has finished acquiring a line. Depending on how this information is obtained, a suitable hardware and/or software combination must be developed to ensure that the applied magnetic field variations are properly synchronised with the scan line change. For example [17, 18], a TTL level could be output by the AFM controller signalling each EOL, and used to trigger the magnetic field step through a suitably programmed current generator or ramp generator. If the AFM controller provides external input channels, the voltage reading e.g. of a gaussmeter could be fed to the controller, therefore directly linking each scanned line with the corresponding magnetic field value. In this way, the obtained 2-D image contains along the
This operation mode is sometimes called “dynamic”, as opposed to the “normal” or “static” operation mode of MFM systems. In “normal scanning mode”, the MFM acquires a single image under a static (constant) applied field, whereas in “dynamic scanning mode” the applied field varies with time (although it is constant during the acquisition of each line). The term “dynamic”, therefore, does not imply that a frequency-dependent characterisation is performed, and, in this context, should be used consciously.
A representative application of the “dynamic” operation mode is the measurement of local hysteresis loops of magnetic patterned micro- and nano-structures [17]. An example of a typical measurement is shown in Figure 3 for a Fe
Example of data acquisition in “dynamic scanning mode” for the measurement of a local hysteresis loop on a Fe
In order to build a local hysteresis loop from the acquired data, vertical sections must be extracted from the data reported in Figure 3, as described in Figure 4. From the magnetic response channel (Figure 3(b)), the phase values along the two dashed yellow lines are taken and their difference
Construction of a local hysteresis loop from the data of
Local hysteresis loops obtained with this technique are not meant to be interpreted as the magnetic hysteresis loops measured e.g. with magnetometers, whose vertical axis is a magnetic moment or a magnetisation. Local hysteresis loops as those shown in Figure 4(c) do not plot a magnetisation as a function of the applied magnetic field, but a quantity that describes how the magnetisation is arranged in a specific portion of the sample, as a function of the applied magnetic field. In the case of the Fe
The “dynamic scanning mode” operation of the MFM allows a great versatility, and is not limited to the field-dependent characterisations of patterned structures, such as the squares discussed so far. An example of an alternative application of the same method is shown in Figure 5, where a continuous thin film of Fe
Hysteresis loop and corresponding selected MFM images (acquired in “normal scanning mode”) of the stripe domains of a Fe
The “dynamic scanning mode” turns out to be particularly powerful to investigate this specific process [20]. Provided that the fast scan axis is set perpendicular to the stripes orientation, and therefore the applied field direction orthogonal to it, an image such as that shown in Figure 6 can be obtained, detailing the evolution of the stripes domain configuration of the sample as a function of the applied field, for the same loop branch along which a few MFM images in “normal scanning mode” where discussed in Figure 5. The versatility of the “dynamic scanning mode” appears one more time evident: as the sample domain configuration is constituted by long, parallel stripes, the information obtained by acquiring full MFM images in “normal scanning mode” is somewhat redundant, a single profile being able to summarise a whole image. In fact, the single profile provides at the same time the magnetic contrast between the bright and dark stripes, and their number. But in “dynamic scanning mode” a single MFM image consists of the same profile acquired several hundreds of times (as compared to 12 images available in “normal scanning mode” in Figure 5), therefore giving with a significant magnetic field resolution the evolution of the dense stripe domain configuration. In particular, not only the magnetic contrast can be seen to gradually fade out, but the abrupt discontinuities in the stripes in Figure 6 are a clear indication that at those applied field values bifurcations have appeared in the vicinity of the scanned profile, giving rise to an offset of the stripes position along the profile and possibly to a variation in their number.
MFM image acquired in “dynamic scanning mode” of the same sample shown in
As it is the case for the hysteresis loops measured in “dynamic scanning mode” on the Fe
The possibility to apply a magnetic field to the AFM, combined with the “dynamic scanning mode”, actually opens new possibilities, not limited to the investigation of magnetic domains configuration evolution or to the measurement of local hysteresis loops. As an example, Figure 7 schematically illustrates how the “dynamic scanning mode” can be exploited to measure the magnetostrictive properties of thin films [22]. In this application, the studied material is not the sample scanned by the tip, as in conventional AFM characterisations. Instead, it is the coating applied to a soft AFM cantilever (blue layer in Figure 7), that is brought in contact with a flat surface (green rectangle), while keeping equal to zero the field of view (0 nm scan size along both fast and slow scan axes). In practice, the AFM tip touches the flat surface and does not move while “scanning”. When a magnetic field is applied, the magnetostrictive coating on the bottom side of the cantilever extends, and the cantilever bends upward (Figure 7(b)). This configuration, however, is out-of-equilibrium, as the AFM feedback loop will quicly react by retracting the piezo scanner (the orange block in Figure 7) to compensate for the apparent height variation of the sample. The adhesion forces between the tip and the flat surface ensure that the cantilever will follow the piezo scanner retracting, and will restore its initial flat configuration. The vertical retraction of the piezo scanner gives a measurement of the vertical deflection of the cantilever due to the elongation of the magnetostrictive layer on its bottom surface. In this experiment, the “dynamic scanning mode” operates exactly as discussed before, by synchronising the magnetic field changes with the EOL signal of the AFM controller. In fact, even if the scan size of the tip is equal to zero, the AFM still operates by acquiring an image where, simply, all collected data points (along each line, and for all lines) belong to the same position on the flat surface. As each line is acquired under a different applied field, different cantilever deflection values are obtained, which can be combined to reproduce a deflection
Schematic representation of the operation principle of the magnetostriction measurement setup exploiting an AFM. (a) Flat cantilever in contact with a flat surface (green rectangle) with zero applied magnetic field. (b) Under an applied field
An example is provided in Figure 8 for a Fe
(a) Cantilever deflection as a function of the applied magnetic field (blue symbols, axis and legend), compared with the magnetic hysteresis loop (red symbols, axis and legend) for a Fe
The application briefly discussed in Figures 7 and 8 provides a hint to the versatility of the AFM “dynamic scanning mode”, that is in principle much more general than discussed in this chapter. In fact, the technique has only a few very general requirements:
the material to be studied must have a property that can be investigated through an AFM (e.g. its magnetisation or its magnetostriction);
this property must change through an externally controlled input quantity (e.g. a magnetic field);
the externally controlled input quantity must be set fast enough to be compatible with the typical line trace times of the AFM being used; therefore, input quantities with a long inertia (e.g. a temperature) might be less convenient for these applications, whereas faster ones (e.g. electric or magnetic fields) are more appropriate;
there must be a software or hardware arrangement enabling the control of the external input quantity triggered by the EOL signal of the AFM controller;
there must be a way to feed the AFM controller with an analog signal proportional with the value of the externally controlled input quantity (e.g. a gaussmeter), so that its value for each line can be associated with the other channels acquired by the microscope during the “dynamic scanning”.
These general requirements allow the design of complex and custom experiments, exploiting the versatility of an AFM, at the nanoscale, of which the study of local hysteresis loops, magnetic field evolution of domains in patterned media, and magnetostrictive response of thin films are just a few examples.
A magnetic field-dependent MFM, derived from the single-point technique, has been illustrated in its operating principles, showing a few examples of characterisations where the evolution of the magnetic domain configuration of a sample is studied as a function of the applied magnetic field. Using the same technique, local hysteresis loops have been investigated on patterned Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
The Authors would like to thank Dr. Matteo Cialone and Dr. Wilhelm Hüttenes for helping with the magnetostriction measurements.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
AFM | Atomic force microscope /microscopy |
EOL | End of line |
MFM | Magnetic force microscope/microscopy |
TTL | Transistor-to-transistor logic |
VSM | Vibrating sample magnetometer/magnetometry |
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Here, we present the general concept and the classification of biosensors, their advantages and drawbacks, the main strategies in electrochemical biosensor technology and the materials used in electrochemical sensors, such as electrodes and supporting substrates, materials for improved sensitivity and selectivity, materials for bioreceptor immobilization, and biological recognition elements. Various nanomaterials, such as carbon-based materials (carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon nanoparticles), inorganic and organic nanoparticles (magnetic and metal nanoparticles, nanosized clays), conductive and insulating polymers (nanosized and nanostructured polymers, molecularly imprinted polymers), and hybrid materials, etc., have been successfully applied for the enhancement of the electroanalytical performance of biosensors and for the immobilization of biorecognition elements. Among these, due to their unique physiochemical features, carbon-based materials, such as carbon nanotubes and graphenes, have received special attention in recent years, and examples of surface functionalization using various types of nanoparticles are presented. The future trends in sensor research activities and areas of development that are expected to have an impact in biosensor performance, like immobilization techniques, nanotechnology, miniaturization and multisensor array determinations, are also examined.",book:{id:"4624",slug:"biosensors-micro-and-nanoscale-applications",title:"Biosensors",fullTitle:"Biosensors - Micro and Nanoscale Applications"},signatures:"Robert Săndulescu, Mihaela Tertiş, Cecilia Cristea and Ede Bodoki",authors:[{id:"28983",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:"Valentin",surname:"Sandulescu",slug:"robert-sandulescu",fullName:"Robert Sandulescu"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"72990",title:"Nanoprecipitation: Applications for Entrapping Active Molecules of Interest in Pharmaceutics",slug:"nanoprecipitation-applications-for-entrapping-active-molecules-of-interest-in-pharmaceutics",totalDownloads:835,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Nanoprecipitation technique, also named solvent injection, spontaneous emulsification, solvent displacement, solvent diffusion, interfacial deposition, mixing-induced nanoprecipitation, or flash nanoprecipitation, is recognized as a useful and versatile strategy for trapping active molecules on the submicron and nanoscale levels. Thus, these particles could be intended among others, for developing innovative pharmaceutical products bearing advantages as controlled drug release, target therapeutic performance, or improved stability and organoleptic properties. On this basis, this chapter offers readers a comprehensive revision of the state of the art in research on carriers to be used for pharmaceutical applications and developed by the nanoprecipitation method. In this sense, the starting materials, the particle characteristics, and the in vitro and in vivo performances of the most representative of these carriers, i.e., polymer, lipid, and hybrid particles have been analyzed in a comparative way searching for a general view of the obtained behaviors.",book:{id:"10116",slug:"nano-and-microencapsulation-techniques-and-applications",title:"Nano- and Microencapsulation",fullTitle:"Nano- and Microencapsulation - Techniques and Applications"},signatures:"Oscar Iván Martínez-Muñoz, Luis Fernando Ospina-Giraldo and Claudia Elizabeth Mora-Huertas",authors:[{id:"320030",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudia Elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"Mora Huertas",slug:"claudia-elizabeth-mora-huertas",fullName:"Claudia Elizabeth Mora Huertas"},{id:"326041",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Ospina Giraldo",slug:"luis-fernando-ospina-giraldo",fullName:"Luis Fernando Ospina Giraldo"},{id:"326042",title:"Mr.",name:"Oscar Iván",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez Muñoz",slug:"oscar-ivan-martinez-munoz",fullName:"Oscar Iván Martínez Muñoz"}]},{id:"71786",title:"Microemulsion Formulation of Botanical Oils as an Efficient Tool to Provide Sustainable Agricultural Pest Management",slug:"microemulsion-formulation-of-botanical-oils-as-an-efficient-tool-to-provide-sustainable-agricultural",totalDownloads:853,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Microemulsion formulation is among the most suitable carrier for the delivery of bioactive and, therefore, has excellent potential for industrial applications. The microemulsion system is thermodynamically and kinetically stable. Due to the smaller droplet size of the microemulsion system, the bioactive covers a larger surface of the target pest. Botanicals and essential oils, in particular, are green options to control various soil and seed-borne pathogens. Each oil contains several bioactive constituents that practically avoid microbe-resistance against it. Nevertheless, to improve the handling and shelf-life of botanicals, microemulsion formulation is the best option available. The current chapter provides the insight of a microemulsion system and explores the possibility of botanical oil-based biopesticides for a sustainable agro-ecosystem. We believe that botanical oil microemulsion could be a better alternative to synthetic pesticides and opens a new corridor for the promotion of the greener way of plant protection in India and across the globe.",book:{id:"10116",slug:"nano-and-microencapsulation-techniques-and-applications",title:"Nano- and Microencapsulation",fullTitle:"Nano- and Microencapsulation - Techniques and Applications"},signatures:"Abhishek Sharma, Saurabh Dubey and Nusrat Iqbal",authors:[{id:"314853",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhishek",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"abhishek-sharma",fullName:"Abhishek Sharma"},{id:"315502",title:"Dr.",name:"Saurabh",middleName:null,surname:"Dubey",slug:"saurabh-dubey",fullName:"Saurabh Dubey"},{id:"317856",title:"Ms.",name:"Nusrat",middleName:null,surname:"Iqbal",slug:"nusrat-iqbal",fullName:"Nusrat Iqbal"}]},{id:"48359",title:"Immunosensors",slug:"immunosensors",totalDownloads:3056,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"Immunosensors are solid-state devices in which the immunochemical reaction is coupled to a transducer. They form one of the most important classes of affinity biosensors based on the specific recognition of antigens by antibodies to form a stable complex, in a similar way to immunoassay. Depending on the type of transducer there are four types of immunosensor: electrochemical, optical, microgravimetric and thermometric. The most commonly used bioelements for the development of electrochemical immunosensors are antibodies (Ab), followed by aptamers (Apt) and, in the last five years, microRNA (miRNA). In order to perform an early diagnosis, a method that is able to measure peptides and proteins directly in a sample, without any sample pre-treatment or any separation, is preferred. This direct detection can be performed with methods making use of the specific interaction of proteins with Ab, Apt and miRNA. The recent developments made in the immunosensor field, regarding the incorporation of nanomaterials for increased sensitivity, multiplexing or microfluidic-based devices, may have potential for promising use in industry and clinical analysis. Some examples of assays for several commercially available biomarkers will be presented. The main application fields, beside biomedical analysis, are drug abuse control, food analysis and environmental analysis.",book:{id:"4624",slug:"biosensors-micro-and-nanoscale-applications",title:"Biosensors",fullTitle:"Biosensors - Micro and Nanoscale Applications"},signatures:"Cecilia Cristea, Anca Florea, Mihaela Tertiș and Robert Săndulescu",authors:[{id:"28983",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:"Valentin",surname:"Sandulescu",slug:"robert-sandulescu",fullName:"Robert Sandulescu"}]},{id:"48575",title:"Impedimetric Sensors for Bacteria Detection",slug:"impedimetric-sensors-for-bacteria-detection",totalDownloads:3645,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:20,abstract:"The application of electrochemical biosensors based on impedance detection has grown during the past years due to their high sensitivity and rapid response, making this technique extremely useful to detect biological interactions with biosensor platforms. This chapter is focused on the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for bacterial detection in two ways. On one hand, bacteria presence may be determined by the detection of metabolites produced by bacterial growth involving the media conductivity changes. On the other hand, faster and more selective bacterial detection may be achieved by the immobilization of bacteria on a sensor surface using biorecognition elements (antibodies, antimicrobial peptides, aptamers, etc.) and registering changes produced in the charge transfer resistance (faradic process) or interfacial impedance (nonfaradic process). Here we discuss different types of impedimetric biosensors for microbiological applications, making stress on their most important parameters, such as detection limits, detection times, selectivity, and sensitivity. The aim of the paper was to give a critical review of recent publications in the field and mark the future trends.",book:{id:"4624",slug:"biosensors-micro-and-nanoscale-applications",title:"Biosensors",fullTitle:"Biosensors - Micro and Nanoscale Applications"},signatures:"Sergi Brosel-Oliu, Naroa Uria, Natalia Abramova and Andrey Bratov",authors:[{id:"174122",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",middleName:null,surname:"Bratov",slug:"andrey-bratov",fullName:"Andrey Bratov"},{id:"175939",title:"MSc.",name:"Sergi",middleName:null,surname:"Brosel-Oliu",slug:"sergi-brosel-oliu",fullName:"Sergi Brosel-Oliu"},{id:"175940",title:"Dr.",name:"Naroa",middleName:null,surname:"Uria",slug:"naroa-uria",fullName:"Naroa Uria"},{id:"175941",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",middleName:null,surname:"Abramova",slug:"natalia-abramova",fullName:"Natalia Abramova"}]},{id:"58296",title:"Recent Advances in Bioimaging for Cancer Research",slug:"recent-advances-in-bioimaging-for-cancer-research",totalDownloads:1420,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Molecular imaging techniques as well as nanoparticle applicable to molecular imaging are being explored to improve the cancer detection accuracy, which help to manage efficiently at the early stage. Among the various imaging technologies, optical imaging is a highly sensitive detection technique that allows direct observation of specific molecular events, biological pathways, and disease processes in real time through imaging probes that emit light in a range of wavelengths. Recently, nanoparticles have provided significant progresses that can be simultaneously used for cancer diagnosis and therapy (cancer theranostics). Theranostics aims to provide “image-guided cancer therapy,” by integrating therapeutic and imaging agents in a single platform. In addition, molecular imaging techniques facilitate “image-guided surgery” enabling maximization of tumor excision and minimization of side effects. The optical signals generated by fluorescence nanoparticles offer the possibility to distinguish tumor sites and normal tissues during surgery by real-time guidance, thereby increasing the long-term patient survival. These techniques will considerably contribute to reducing cancer recurrence and developing more effective cures. In this chapter, we will introduce diverse research on nanomaterials-based optical imaging for effective cancer therapy.",book:{id:"6398",slug:"state-of-the-art-in-nano-bioimaging",title:"State of the Art in Nano-bioimaging",fullTitle:"State of the Art in Nano-bioimaging"},signatures:"Jae-Woo Lim, Seong Uk Son and Eun-Kyung Lim",authors:[{id:"217456",title:"Dr.",name:"Eun-Kyung",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"eun-kyung-lim",fullName:"Eun-Kyung Lim"},{id:"226257",title:"Mr.",name:"Jae-Woo",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"jae-woo-lim",fullName:"Jae-Woo Lim"},{id:"226259",title:"Mr.",name:"Seong Uk",middleName:null,surname:"Son",slug:"seong-uk-son",fullName:"Seong Uk Son"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"205",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:287,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:10,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",middleName:null,surname:"Mellouk",slug:"abdelhamid-mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13633/images/1567_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Paris 12 Val de Marne University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"109268",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Ataby",slug:"ali-al-ataby",fullName:"Ali Al-Ataby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109268/images/7410_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Liverpool",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"3807",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmelo",middleName:"Jose Albanez",surname:"Bastos-Filho",slug:"carmelo-bastos-filho",fullName:"Carmelo Bastos-Filho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/3807/images/624_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Pernambuco",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"38850",title:"Dr.",name:"Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Gorrostieta Hurtado",slug:"efren-gorrostieta-hurtado",fullName:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/38850/images/system/38850.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"239041",title:"Prof.",name:"Yang",middleName:null,surname:"Yi",slug:"yang-yi",fullName:"Yang Yi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/239041/images/system/239041.jpeg",institutionString:"Virginia Tech",institution:{name:"Virginia Tech",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"13818",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",slug:"asim-bhatti",fullName:"Asim Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13818/images/system/13818.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Deakin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"151889",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao Luis Garcia",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",slug:"joao-luis-garcia-rosa",fullName:"Joao Luis Garcia Rosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/151889/images/4861_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:"J. 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Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. 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