\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9894",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advanced Ceramic Materials",title:"Advanced Ceramic Materials",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book examines exciting advancements in the field of ceramics, including nanotechnology, clean energy, and tribology as well as fundamental concepts like defects and structure. It is a comprehensive discussion on how today’s ceramics are processed and used in many of today’s critical technologies. It discusses current techniques for synthesizing durable and cost-effective ceramic components with biocompatibility, complexity, and high precision. This book is a comprehensive reference for researchers, engineers, dental clinicians, biologists, academics, and students interested in ceramics.",isbn:"978-1-83881-212-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-204-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-213-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87703",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"advanced-ceramic-materials",numberOfPages:296,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"9adbe58d10d5ca2b61e9ff2b6b138f40",bookSignature:"Mohsen Mhadhbi",publishedDate:"May 5th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9894.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6489,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:16,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:27,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 29th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 5th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 4th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 23rd 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 21st 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"228366",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",middleName:null,surname:"Mhadhbi",slug:"mohsen-mhadhbi",fullName:"Mohsen Mhadhbi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/228366/images/system/228366.png",biography:"Dr. Mohsen Mhadhbi obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Sfax, Tunisia. He is currently an Assistant Professor of Chemistry at the National Institute of Research and Physicochemical Analysis, Tunisia. His research interests include nanomaterials, energy, powder technology, ceramics, composites, modeling, and simulations. Dr. Mhadhbi has published works in national and international journals and books. He is a teacher in Materials Science and has supervised several researchers in this field. He is also a member of various scientific associations and an editorial board member and reviewer of many reputable scientific journals.",institutionString:"National Institute of Research and Physicochemical Analysis",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Tunis El Manar University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Tunisia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"155",title:"Ceramics",slug:"ceramics"}],chapters:[{id:"75967",title:"Recent Advances in Ceramic Materials for Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96890",slug:"recent-advances-in-ceramic-materials-for-dentistry",totalDownloads:815,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Dental ceramics constitute a heterogeneous group of materials with desirable optical and mechanical proprieties combined with chemical stability. They are inorganic non-metallic materials used in several applications. These materials are biocompatible to tissue, highly esthetic, with satisfying resistance to tensile and shear stress. Over the past years, several developments in new ceramic materials in dental restoration were achieved, including processing techniques and high mechanical properties. Thus, concepts on the structure and strengthening mechanisms of dental ceramic materials are also discussed. The dental practitioner requires best knowledge concerning indications, limitations, and correct use of started materials. The purpose of this book chapter is to overview advances in new ceramic materials and processes, which are used in dentistry. The properties of these materials are also discussed.",signatures:"Mohsen Mhadhbi, Faïçal Khlissa and Chaker Bouzidi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75967",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75967",authors:[{id:"228366",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",surname:"Mhadhbi",slug:"mohsen-mhadhbi",fullName:"Mohsen Mhadhbi"},{id:"324375",title:"Dr.",name:"Faïçal",surname:"Khlissa",slug:"faical-khlissa",fullName:"Faïçal Khlissa"},{id:"324535",title:"Dr.",name:"Chaker",surname:"Bouzidi",slug:"chaker-bouzidi",fullName:"Chaker Bouzidi"}],corrections:null},{id:"74215",title:"Ferroelectric Glass-Ceramic Systems for Energy Storage Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93855",slug:"ferroelectric-glass-ceramic-systems-for-energy-storage-applications",totalDownloads:542,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An overview of ferroelectric glass ceramics, some literature review and some of the important previous studies were focused in this chapter. Nanocrystalline glass–ceramics containing ferroelectric perovskite-structured phases have been included. All modified glasses having ferroelectric ceramics which prepared by different methods are discussed, that producing nanocrystalline glass–ceramics. Then particular tested to their use as dielectric energy storage materials. These materials exhibit promising dielectric properties, indicating good potential for high energy density capacitors as a result of their nanocrystalline microstructures. The results of the analysis are summarised in this chapter to provide an overview of the energy storage characteristics of the different materials produced during the study.",signatures:"Abdulkarim Ziedan Khalf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74215",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74215",authors:[{id:"323331",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulkarim",surname:"Khalf",slug:"abdulkarim-khalf",fullName:"Abdulkarim Khalf"}],corrections:null},{id:"74064",title:"From the Laser Plume to the Laser Ceramics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94464",slug:"from-the-laser-plume-to-the-laser-ceramics",totalDownloads:614,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The main stages of preparation of ceramic active elements of solid-state lasers are considered. The physical principles of laser synthesis of nanopowders are described. The features and processes taking place during compaction and compacts sintering are specified. Also we report on the investigation of characteristics of highly transparent ceramics on the basis of nanopowders synthesized in laser plume. It is shown that this approach enables to increase the “orange peel” formation threshold in the ceramics with strongly disordered crystalline structure. It opens the road to relatively simple synthesis technology from oxide materials and application of this ceramics as the gain media with oscillation efficiency higher than 50% and also leads to simplification of the synthesis technology of magnetoactive ceramics and to production of highly transparent YAG samples without the use of sintering heterovalent additives.",signatures:"Vladimir Osipov, Vyacheslav Platonov, Vladislav Shitov and Vladimir Solomonov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74064",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74064",authors:[{id:"97328",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Solomonov",slug:"vladimir-solomonov",fullName:"Vladimir Solomonov"},{id:"328400",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Osipov",slug:"vladimir-osipov",fullName:"Vladimir Osipov"},{id:"329374",title:"Dr.",name:"Vecheslav",surname:"Platonov",slug:"vecheslav-platonov",fullName:"Vecheslav Platonov"},{id:"329375",title:"MSc.",name:"Vladislav",surname:"Shitov",slug:"vladislav-shitov",fullName:"Vladislav Shitov"}],corrections:null},{id:"73127",title:"The Investigation on the Fabrication and Characterization of the Multicomponent Ceramics Based on PZT and the Relaxor PZN-PMnN Ferroelectric Materials",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93534",slug:"the-investigation-on-the-fabrication-and-characterization-of-the-multicomponent-ceramics-based-on-pz",totalDownloads:502,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents the investigation of fabrication and the physical properties of the Pb(Zr1−xTix)O3-Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-Pb(Mn1/3Nb2/3)O3 multicomponent ceramics. The multicomponent yPb(Zr1−xTix)O3-(0.925 − y)Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.075Pb(Mn1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PZT-PZN-PMnN) ceramics were synthesized by conventional solid-state reaction method (MO) combined with the B-site oxide mixing technique (BO). Research results show that the electrical properties of PZT-PZN-PMnN ceramics are optimal at a PZT content of 0.8 mol and Zr/Ti ratio of 48/52. At these contents, the ceramics have the following optimal properties: electromechanical coupling factor, kp = 0.62 and kt = 0.51; piezoelectric constant (d31) of 130 pC/N; mechanical quality factor (Qm) of 1112; dielectric loss (tan δ) of 0.005; high remanent polarization (Pr) of 30.4 μC.cm−2; and low coercive field (EC) of 6.2 kV.cm−1. Investigation of the domain structure of the two ferroelectric phases (tetragonal and rhombohedral) in the ZnO-doped PZT-PZN-PMnN with compositions at near the morphotropic phase boundary is described as follows: the 90 and 180° domains exist in the tetragonal phase, while the 71, 109, and 90° domains are located in the rhombohedral phase, and the widths of these domains were about 100 nm. Besides, the ceramics exhibited excellent temperature stability, which makes them a promising material for high-intensity ultrasound applications.",signatures:"Le Dai Vuong, Vo Thanh Tung and Phan Dinh Gio",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73127",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73127",authors:[{id:"241214",title:"Dr.",name:"Le",surname:"Dai Vuong",slug:"le-dai-vuong",fullName:"Le Dai Vuong"},{id:"326085",title:"Prof.",name:"Vo",surname:"Thanh Tung",slug:"vo-thanh-tung",fullName:"Vo Thanh Tung"}],corrections:null},{id:"73186",title:"Self-Healing of Concrete through Ceramic Nanocontainers Loaded with Corrosion Inhibitors and Microorganisms",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93514",slug:"self-healing-of-concrete-through-ceramic-nanocontainers-loaded-with-corrosion-inhibitors-and-microor",totalDownloads:412,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Self-healing was considered for repairing of destruction of reinforced concrete on bridges, houses, etc., that comes from corrosion of reinforcement metals as well as cracking in cement. The work was accomplished at producing and assessing through incorporate ceramic nanocontainers loaded with microorganisms. We produced various types of organic and inorganic nanocontainers that were incorporated into the cement that can act as carriers for the transport of bacteria. The microorganisms used in the work are Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Precipitation of CaCO3 was observed by both bacteria. As microspheres do not affect the submersion of the mineral by the microorganism, additional studies were carried out to assess the interaction between transmission microsystems and bacterium. The mechanism of self-healing of building materials in this work was based on CaCO3 precipitation, through the ureolytic action of bacteria. When a crack appears in the cement, then the bacterium trapped in a nanocontainers is released and comes into contact with the water. In this way, the microorganism begins to metabolize and precipitate the mineral, in a way that eventually observes healing of the crack. CaCO3 microbial precipitation was based on the breakdown of urea (CO (NH2)2) into CO32− and NH3. Due to the high pK value of the NH3/NH4+ system (pKa = 9.2), the breakdown reaction led to an increase in pH, favoring the release of carbonated ions (CO32−), and in an environment rich in calcium ions (Ca2+), CaCO3 precipitation took place.",signatures:"George Kordas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73186",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73186",authors:[{id:"306484",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Kordas",slug:"george-kordas",fullName:"George Kordas"}],corrections:null},{id:"73538",title:"New Bismuth Sodium Titanate Based Ceramics and Their Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93921",slug:"new-bismuth-sodium-titanate-based-ceramics-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:555,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Ferroelectric materials are widely investigated due to their excellent properties and versatile applications. At present, the dominant materials are lead-containing materials, such as Pb (Zr,Ti)O3 solid solutions. However, the use of lead gives rise to environmental concerns, which is the driving force for the development of alternative lead-free ferroelectric materials. (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-based ceramics are considered to be one of the most promising lead-free materials to replace lead-containing ferroelectric ceramics due to their excellent ferroelectric properties, relaxation characteristics, and high Curie point. After decades of efforts, great progress has been made in the phase structure characterization and properties improvement of BNT based ceramics. However, most of the studies on BNT system mainly focuses on its piezoelectric properties and application of piezoelectric sensors and strain actuators, little attention is paid to its ferroelectric properties and related applications. In this chapter, new BNT-based ceramics via composition modification and special focuses on the ferroelectric properties, phase transition behaviors under external fields and related applications, such as application in energy storage, pulsed power supply and pyroelectric detection were proposed.",signatures:"Hengchang Nie, Genshui Wang and Xianlin Dong",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73538",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73538",authors:[{id:"324929",title:"Dr.",name:"Hengchang",surname:"Nie",slug:"hengchang-nie",fullName:"Hengchang Nie"},{id:"332042",title:"Dr.",name:"Genshui",surname:"Wang",slug:"genshui-wang",fullName:"Genshui Wang"},{id:"332043",title:"Dr.",name:"Xianlin",surname:"Dong",slug:"xianlin-dong",fullName:"Xianlin Dong"}],corrections:null},{id:"74295",title:"Investigation of Structural, Magnetic and Electrical Properties of Chromium Substituted Nickel Ceramic Nanopowders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94941",slug:"investigation-of-structural-magnetic-and-electrical-properties-of-chromium-substituted-nickel-cerami",totalDownloads:322,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nano-ceramic of NiCrxFe2-xO4 (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) ferrites were synthesized by citrate-gel auto combustion method. The structural parameter such as lattice parameter, X-ray density, bulk density and porosity variations with Cr doping were studied. The average crystallite size is in the range 8.5–10.5 nm. The surface morphology and elemental analysis was studied with SEM (EDAX) spectrum and the structural information analyzed with FTIR spectra. Magnetic properties were discussed with Cr3+ion concentration. Electrical parameters like dc resistivity and drift mobility were reported with function of temperature and dopent concentration from room temperature to well beyond Curie temperature and explained with hopping mechanism between Fe2+↔Fe3+ ions. The activation energies in ferri and para magnetic regions were investigated. Dielectric parameters like dielectric constant, dielectric loss and ac conductivity were investigated variation with frequency and composition.",signatures:"Rapolu Sridhar, D. Ravinder, J. Laxman Naik, K. Vijaya Kumar, N. Maramu and S. Katlakunta",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74295",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74295",authors:[{id:"289636",title:"Prof.",name:"Ravinder",surname:"Dachepalli",slug:"ravinder-dachepalli",fullName:"Ravinder Dachepalli"},{id:"346605",title:"Dr.",name:"Nyathani",surname:"Maramu",slug:"nyathani-maramu",fullName:"Nyathani Maramu"},{id:"346606",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadhana",surname:"Katlakunta",slug:"sadhana-katlakunta",fullName:"Sadhana Katlakunta"}],corrections:null},{id:"74406",title:"The Effect of Ceramic Wastes on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Eco-Friendly Flowable Sand Concrete",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95041",slug:"the-effect-of-ceramic-wastes-on-physical-and-mechanical-properties-of-eco-friendly-flowable-sand-con",totalDownloads:378,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This work aims to study the valorization and recycling of ceramic wastes (wall tiles) as a fine aggregate instead of sand in the manufacturing of flowable sand concrete (FSC). For this, the sand is substituted with the ceramic wastes at different dosages (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% by volume of the sand). The influence of the ceramic wastes addition on the physical (workability, density) and mechanical (compressive, flexural and elastic modulus) properties of FSC was studied. The results show that the use of ceramic waste as partial replacement of sand contributes to reduce the workability, bulk density and improves the mechanical strengths of FSC according to the use of 25% of wall tiles waste.",signatures:"Mohamed Guendouz, Djamila Boukhelkhal, Alexandra Bourdot, Oussama Babachikh and Amine Hamadouche",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74406",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74406",authors:[{id:"323550",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",surname:"Guendouz",slug:"mohamed-guendouz",fullName:"Mohamed Guendouz"},{id:"326866",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandra",surname:"Bourdot",slug:"alexandra-bourdot",fullName:"Alexandra Bourdot"},{id:"326867",title:"Dr.",name:"Djamila",surname:"Boukhelkhal",slug:"djamila-boukhelkhal",fullName:"Djamila Boukhelkhal"},{id:"338169",title:"Mr.",name:"Oussama",surname:"Babachikh",slug:"oussama-babachikh",fullName:"Oussama Babachikh"},{id:"338170",title:"Mr.",name:"Amine",surname:"Hamadouche",slug:"amine-hamadouche",fullName:"Amine Hamadouche"}],corrections:null},{id:"73232",title:"Ceramics Coated Metallic Materials: Methods, Properties and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93814",slug:"ceramics-coated-metallic-materials-methods-properties-and-applications",totalDownloads:720,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Surface coating can allow the bulk materials to remain unchanged, while the surface functionality is engineered to afford a more wanted characteristic. Ceramic coatings are considered as ideal coatings on metal which can significantly improve the surface properties of metal materials including anti-fouling, self-cleaning, corrosion resistance, wear resistance, oil/water separation and biocompatibility. Furthermore, various techniques have been utilized to fabricate a range of different ceramic coatings with more desirable properties on metal materials, which make the materials widely used in service environment. This chapter focus will be on the types, fabrication methods, surface properties and applications of ceramics coated metal materials.",signatures:"Dongmian Zang and Xiaowei Xun",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73232",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73232",authors:[{id:"324466",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaowei",surname:"Xun",slug:"xiaowei-xun",fullName:"Xiaowei Xun"},{id:"325574",title:"Dr.",name:"Dongmian",surname:"Zang",slug:"dongmian-zang",fullName:"Dongmian Zang"}],corrections:null},{id:"73977",title:"Nanostructured Multilayer Composite Coatings for Cutting Tools",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94363",slug:"nanostructured-multilayer-composite-coatings-for-cutting-tools",totalDownloads:435,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chapter deals with the specific features concerning the application of wear-resistant coatings to improve the performance properties of ceramic cutting tools. The paper discusses the theoretical background associated with the specific operation conditions and wear of ceramic cutting tools and influencing the choice of the compositions and structures of wear-resistant coatings. The studies were focused on the application of the Ti-(Ti,Al)N-(Zr,Nb,Ti,Al)N multilayer composite coating with a nanostructured wear-resistant layer, as well as the (Cr,Al,Si)N–(DLC–Si)–DLC–(DLC–Si) and (Cr,Al,Si)N–DLC composite coatings in order to improve the cutting properties of ceramic tools. The chapter presents the results of the comparative cutting tests for the tools with the coatings under study, uncoated tools, and tools with the Ti-(Ti,Al)N commercial coating. The wear mechanisms typical for ceramic cutting tools with coatings of various compositions have been investigated.",signatures:"Sergey Grigoriev, Alexey Vereschaka, Marina Volosova, Caterina Sotova, Nikolay Sitnikov, Filipp Milovich and Nikolay Andreev",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73977",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73977",authors:[{id:"196459",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexey",surname:"Vereschaka",slug:"alexey-vereschaka",fullName:"Alexey Vereschaka"},{id:"207607",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",surname:"Sitnikov",slug:"nikolay-sitnikov",fullName:"Nikolay Sitnikov"},{id:"264336",title:"Dr.",name:"Catherine",surname:"Sotova",slug:"catherine-sotova",fullName:"Catherine Sotova"},{id:"329434",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Grigoriev",slug:"sergey-grigoriev",fullName:"Sergey Grigoriev"},{id:"329437",title:"Dr.",name:"Filipp",surname:"Milovich",slug:"filipp-milovich",fullName:"Filipp Milovich"},{id:"329438",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",surname:"Andreev",slug:"nikolay-andreev",fullName:"Nikolay Andreev"},{id:"330235",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",surname:"Volosova",slug:"marina-volosova",fullName:"Marina Volosova"}],corrections:null},{id:"74485",title:"Three-Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous-Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Ceramics for Drug Delivery Capacity and Evaluation of Drug Release",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95290",slug:"three-dimensionally-ordered-macroporous-mesoporous-bioactive-glass-ceramics-for-drug-delivery-capaci",totalDownloads:447,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Bioactive glass ceramics (BGCs) have been used in orthopedic and dentistry due to having better osteoconductive and osteostimulative properties. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the drug release properties of two different BGCs; 45S5 and S53P4. The BGCs were composed with four phases of SiO2 – CaO – Na2O – P2O5 system, synthesized by sol–gel method using dual templates; a block-copolymer as mesoporous templates and polymer colloidal crystals as macroporous templates, called three-dimensionally ordered macroporous-mesoporous bioactive glass ceramics (3DOM-MBGCs). In vitro bioactivity test performed by soaking the 3DOM-MBGCs in simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37°C. The results indicated that, the 45S5 have the ability to grow hydroxyapatite-like layer on the surfaces faster than S53P4. Gentamicin drug was used to examine in vitro drug release properties in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). The amount of drug release was quantified through UV/Vis spectroscopy by using o-phthaldialdehyde reagent. S53P4 showed high drug loading content. The outcome of drug release in PBS showed that both S53P4 and 45S5 exhibited a slowly continuous gentamicin release. The resultant drug release profiles were fitted to the Peppas-Korsmeyer model to establish the predominant drug release mechanisms, which revealed that the kinetics of drug release from the glasses mostly dominated by Fickian diffusion mechanism.",signatures:"Reedwan Bin Zafar Auniq, Namon Hirun and Upsorn Boonyang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74485",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74485",authors:[{id:"328197",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Upsorn",surname:"Boonyang",slug:"upsorn-boonyang",fullName:"Upsorn Boonyang"},{id:"338371",title:"Dr.",name:"Namon",surname:"Hirun",slug:"namon-hirun",fullName:"Namon Hirun"},{id:"338373",title:"Mrs.",name:"Reedwan",surname:"Bin-Zafar Auniq",slug:"reedwan-bin-zafar-auniq",fullName:"Reedwan Bin-Zafar Auniq"}],corrections:null},{id:"75213",title:"Challenges in Rietveld Refinement and Structure Visualization in Ceramics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96065",slug:"challenges-in-rietveld-refinement-and-structure-visualization-in-ceramics",totalDownloads:747,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The most common and basic characterization in the field of material science is the almighty X-ray diffraction (XRD). In every institute, every research report and every manuscript, concerning material properties, the X-ray diffraction pattern is essentially found. Although the basis of these works relies on the fact that X-ray diffraction pattern was found to be matching with some structure in a database, the in depth significance of the various characteristic diffraction manifestations of various physical characters are rarely discussed. Most of the researchers (especially beginners) are either not aware of the prowess of X-ray based characterizations, or have not been introduced to it properly or may be sometimes they are not interested in its results at all. The decreased interest (later) in the results from such studies might be for not being productive enough for time spending or non-effectiveness in justifying the motivation of the work. The former two are more related to the availability and accessibility of study material for the development of core concepts. Most of the institutes always do not have access to the span-wide scientific literature and the researchers joining these institutions are partly affected. In this context the effective open-access and free availability of intech-open, it is prudent to at least attempt to accumulate, assimilated and aggregate the concepts related to X-ray diffraction in a single package. 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Heston and Sujoy Ray",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9566.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"65082",title:"Cross Talk among Phytohormone Signal and Carbohydrate Metabolism Involving Regenerable Calli Induction under Osmotic Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83556",slug:"cross-talk-among-phytohormone-signal-and-carbohydrate-metabolism-involving-regenerable-calli-inducti",body:'Totipotency in plant cells allow them to differentiate and regenerate from one single cell into whole plants under conditioned culture [1]. Many factors, i.e., cultivars, carbon sources, phytohormones, and osmotic stress, affect the cell totipotency (Figure 1). So far, the regeneration cultures have been successfully established in many plant species including rice, but molecular mechanisms behind this scene are still lots of mist [2, 3, 4]. In rice, pluripotent calli were usually induced from seeds or immature embryos cultured on MS medium containing 2,4-D. These calli derived from various cultivars can be classified into two different cell types, nonregenerable callus (NRC) and highly regenerable callus (HRC). After transferred to regeneration medium, HRC can rapidly process shoot organogenesis, but NRC will still retain callus amplification or adventitious root formation [5]. There have been many protocols developed to optimize the induction frequency of NRC, but the shoot regeneration ability still varies among cultivars [6, 7, 8].
Factors affecting shoot regeneration in rice.
Previous studies had identified that added osmotic agents like sorbitol or mannitol in callus induction medium can stimulate HRC formation instead of NRC, thus promoting the shoot formation frequency [5, 7, 9, 10, 11]. It is still unclear why appropriate osmotic stress during callus induction can promote shoot organogenesis frequency, but there were lots of studies indicating that osmotic stress can stimulate endogenous phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation which is also proven to have the function of promoting somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis when it used as an exogenous plant growth regulator in callus culture [11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. ABA is widely recognized as a negative plant hormone which mainly functions on stress responses and seed dormancy, but when it is treated in low concentration, ABA could become a positive regulator on root elongation [16]. Although the molecular mechanisms behind this phenomenon are not yet clarified, apparently, ABA has its role in the developmental process.
Other phytohormones, auxin and cytokinin, are also reported to play critical roles in embryogenic callus induction and shoot development [8, 17, 18]. In plants, auxin is considered as a positive growth regulator, which contributes to cell differentiation [19]. High levels of auxin are usually found in shoot and root apical meristems where plants organize their developmental patterns, and so does in HRC [20, 21]. Many studies mentioned that adding different levels of exogenous auxin during callus culture may cause different organogenesis, like low levels of auxin may induce root organ formation while high levels of 2,4-D sustain callus induction [22, 23, 24]. Cross talk among auxin and ABA mostly focused on root development or abiotic stress responses [25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30]. Our previous studies had identified that both endogenous auxin and ABA levels were higher in HRC than in NRC and then quickly decreased after transferred to regeneration medium [5, 8]. The interaction and signaling pathway between these two phytohormones to shoot organogenesis are further discussed.
Undoubtedly, shoot regeneration is a very complicated process, which is modulated by networks among phytohormones and their downstream metabolic changes in plant cells [31, 32]. In our previous studies, we reported that HRC contained higher levels of glucose, sucrose, and starch, accomplished with higher mRNA transcription levels of cell-wall bound-invertase 1 (CIN1) and SUTs genes [8, 33]. Also, we found that these changes on carbohydrate metabolisms can also be found in osmotic and ABA treated calli, suggesting the possibility of regulation mechanisms on HRC formation [5, 11].
Combined with our findings and previous studies, we proposed a hypothesis for HRC induction in rice callus culture. Osmotic stress may initiate a signal to regulate endogenous auxin to interact with ABA and then stimulate soluble sugars accumulate in callus to trigger embryonic callus formation for shoot regeneration [11].
Phytohormones are considered one of the major important factors that control cell fate in callus cultures. Different types and concentrations of auxin treatment may induce different tissue differentiations. Besides, ABA is also considered to play roles in somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis. In this section, we will discuss the functions of auxin and ABA in regenerable callus induction.
Auxin is known to play a major role in cell elongation, growth tropisms, and cell fate determination [34]. The main endogenous auxin compound is indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which could be synthesized via a tryptophan-dependent or -independent pathway [35]. After being synthesized in apical meristems, auxin will be transported to the other tissues through its transporter, PIN-formed proteins (PIN), and AUXIN1/LIKE-AUX1 (AUX/LAX) proteins to deliver the hormonal signal for downstream auxin responses [17, 36]. The distribution of auxin in plants is polarity which means that it is not equally expressed in the whole plant but specifically concentrated in some tissues or limited to cells [36]. Due to this property, scientists are able to monitor the patterns of auxin gradient during plant development [37]. Form the literature, the positions of maximum auxin accumulation were the place processing organ initiation. Therefore, auxin is usually found to have maximum levels in apical meristems or in the developing tissues [38]. During embryogenesis, the expression pattern of PINs dynamically changes within the developmental stages. For example, PIN1 is expressed without polarity until 16-cell stage, but later in 32-cell stage, it will express specifically in the basal part of provascular cells to direct auxin flow to hypophysis. After dividing into transition and early heart embryo stages, the expression of PIN1 will shift to the flank of the apical part, thus accumulating auxin in the edge of apical domain to shape the embryo [39, 40]. Similar developmental patterns can be found during shoot apical meristem (SAM) establishment, where auxin is highly concentrated in leaf primordia and the central region of SAM [18, 41].
In callus, the signal of auxin is mainly located in the central region near callus induction medium. Later, the signal will shift to the surface layer and start SAM establishment for shoot differentiation after transfer into regeneration medium [42]. However, this organogenesis process is blocked when the activity of auxin transporters is inhibited, and so does in auxin sensor
ABA is usually considered to play negative roles in plant growth [26, 46]. Except the function of seed dormancy regulation and stress responses, ABA is also reported to have function on root and shoot development [46, 47]. Although there were some genes participating in ABA signaling, which were also reported to involve in the shoot regeneration process, there is still no clarity about the molecular function of endogenous ABA on the shoot organogenesis process [14, 15]. However, some studies, including our previous works, found that ABA was highly accumulated in HRC, but not in NRC [5]. Furthermore, the expression profiles of ABA biosynthesis genes were also upregulated, which match with our results [48].
On the other hand, ABA is reported to stimulate dehydration responses during embryo maturation stages [49]. From the publications, we observed that HRC has less water content and smaller callus size, which is similar to the dehydration phenotype. Thus, it is possible that ABA shared similar regulation mechanisms with embryo maturation during shoot regeneration. Despite the loss of water in HRC, it also showed higher content of soluble sugars [8, 11]. It is already known that high content of sugar may enhance osmotic stress and then stimulate endogenous ABA biosynthesis to ABA responses [33], but the underlying mechanisms to shoot differentiation is still unclarified.
In cells, osmotic stress could originate from water-deficiency or high salt which caused an imbalance between plastids and apoplast [50]. To achieve tolerant to osmotic stress condition, cells will modulate the content’s osmotic adjustments like sugars, potassium ions, or proline to balance its osmotic pressure to environments to avoid collapse. Phytohormone ABA is reported to accumulate under osmotic stress to modulate anion channel
Not only ABA, auxin is also regulated by osmotic stress. In rice, the endogenous levels of auxin are reported to be suppressed under osmotic stress [50, 51]. However, a closer look at the expression levels of different auxin biosynthesis-related genes and the distributions of auxin showed various patterns in the whole plants in different stages, some of them even inconsistent with the overall patterns, suggesting that auxin may function differently among tissues under osmotic stress. As for the patterns of
Exogenous carbohydrates are used either as energy sources or osmotic agents in tissue culture. So far, many articles have revealed that different carbon sources may lead to different callus induction abilities [7, 55, 56], but rarely discussed about the carbohydrate metabolisms and signaling pathways in callus cultures. Sucrose is widely used as a main carbon source as well as osmotic agent in rice tissue culture [57, 58]. During the tissue culture, sucrose will be taken up and hydrolyzed into glucose and fructose by CINs, or be transported into cells by SUTs for further application [59]. CINs were already reported to involve in early seeding establishments and grain fillings, and so do the SUTs [60, 61].
According to our studies, HRC induced by osmotic stress seemed to obtain higher contents of glucose, sucrose, and starch than NRC, which also reflected in the higher dry weights [33, 56, 62]. We analyzed the expression patterns of
Plants are known to accumulate starch granules specifically in the columella cells [63, 64]. Although the function of these starch granules is mostly reported in root gravity, they could also be markers to point out the stem cell niche, since these starch granules may disappear in the plants with stem cell defect [64]. Our studies also found the accumulation of starch granules in peripheral regions in HRC [62]. High concentration of sorbitol or mannitol will enlarge the distribution of starch granules. It may link to the increase of the shoot organogenesis area [5]. However, the physiological functions and mechanisms of starch accumulation still remained, requiring further studies.
Moreover, the accumulation and metabolism of soluble sugars and starch can be induced by AnA treatment (anthranilic acid and ABA supplemented into the medium together) to replace osmotic stress treatment. High levels of endogenous IAA and ABA at the same time are necessary during HRC induction. Both of them need to decreased suddenly in few days are also an important criteria for further shoot regeneration [5]. To link these metabolic changes with phytohormone regulations, we also introduced auxin transport inhibitor TIBA during callus induction and found that it will inhibit carbohydrate accumulation and result in low shoot regeneration frequency. However, ABA signals seemed to be promoted under TIBA treatment [8, 11]. It is still not clear whether exceeding ABA signals will turn into negative regulator on HRC induction, but these results still indicate that there must be interactions among auxin, ABA, and carbohydrate metabolisms on HRC formation.
Inducing regenerate tissues from pluripotent cells is a fascinating event. So far, botanists have already shown that they were able to get regeneration plants from callus in many plant species [49, 65, 66, 67]. However, why and how plants achieve this process is still unknown, especially in molecular levels. Here, we propose a hypothesis among phytohormone, osmotic stress, and carbohydrate metabolisms on HRC induction based on current knowledge and our findings (Figure 2). According to our model, levels of endogenous IAA upregulated by osmotic stress treatment can promote sugar uptake via CIN and SUT, which result in carbohydrate accumulation during callus induction stages. Similar to auxin, endogenous ABA level is also enhanced under osmotic stress, thus modulating starch accumulation during formation of HRC by downregulating α-amylase activity. Our studies indicated that exogenous auxin or ABA treatment alone is not sufficient for embryonic or organogenic callus formation, which only increased the plant regeneration rate for 35 and 5%, separately [5]. However, when we combine both ABA and anthranilic acid treatment together, the regeneration frequency can be promoted to 80% similar to osmotic stress treatment, suggesting that there must be some interaction between these two phytohormones. The roles of accumulated carbohydrates in HRC could be used as osmotic agents for further metabolism changes or be consumed as an energy source in later regeneration stages. In conclusion, the culture system of shoot regeneration in rice callus is a two-step process. Our studies suggested that induction of highly regenerable callus is more important than different kinds of treatment during the shoot regeneration stage. Besides, osmotic stress triggers a serial of change of endogenous hormone metabolism, sensing, and signal transduction, which leads to increase of sucrose uptake and starch accumulation and provides sufficient carbon source for further shoot regeneration.
Working hypothesis of highly regenerable callus induction under osmotic stress treatment in rice.
The authors would like to thank Professor Li-Fei Liu, Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, to establish the high efficiency of the shoot regeneration system by osmotic stress treatment in rice callus culture. We would like to thank the Council of Agriculture, Taiwan, ROC, for providing the funding to finish this study.
The authors have no conflict of interest.
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\\n\\nFor more information on this policy please contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-03-20
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar work in progress are openly shared online between members of the scientific community. It has become common to announce one’s own research on a personal website or a blog to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are, indeed, published in the sense that they are made publicly available. However, this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\n\nThe significance of Peer Review cannot be overstated when it comes to defining, in our terms, what constitutes a published scientific work. Peer Review is widely considered to be the cornerstone of modern publishing processes and the key value-adding contribution to a scholarly manuscript that a publisher can make.
\n\nOther than the issue of originality, research misconduct is another major issue that all publishers have to address. IntechOpen’s Retraction & Correction Policy and various publication ethics guidelines identify both redundant publication and (self)plagiarism to fall within the definition of research misconduct, thus constituting grounds for rejection or the issue of a Retraction if the work has already been published.
\n\nIn order to facilitate the tracking of a manuscript’s publishing history and its development from its earliest draft to the manuscript submitted, we encourage Authors to disclose any instances of a manuscript’s prior publication, whether it be through a conference presentation, a newspaper article, a working paper publicly available in a repository or a blog post.
\n\nA note to the Academic Editor containing detailed information about a submitted manuscript’s previous public availability is the preferred means of reporting prior publication. This helps us determine if there are any earlier versions of a manuscript that should be disclosed to our readers or if any of those earlier versions should be cited and listed in a manuscript’s references.
\n\nSome basic information about the editorial treatment of different varieties of prior publication is laid out below:
\n\n1. CONFERENCE PAPERS & PRESENTATIONS
\n\nGiven that conference papers and presentations generally pass through some sort of peer or editorial review, we consider them to be published in the accepted scholarly sense, particularly if they are published as a part of conference proceedings.
\n\nAll submitted manuscripts originating from a previously published conference paper must contain at least 50% of new original content to be accepted for review and considered for publication.
\n\nAuthors are required to report any links their manuscript might have with their earlier conference papers and presentations in a note to the Academic Editor, as well as in the manuscript itself. Additionally, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the publisher of their conference paper if copyright transfer occurred during the publishing process. Failure to do so may prevent Us from publishing an otherwise worthy work.
\n\n2. NEWSPAPER & MAGAZINE ARTICLES
\n\nNewspaper and magazine articles usually do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense. Articles appearing in newspapers and magazines rarely possess the depth and structure characteristic of scholarly articles.
\n\nSubmitted manuscripts stemming from a previous newspaper or magazine article will be accepted for review and considered for publication. However, Authors are strongly advised to report any such publication in an accompanying note to the External Editor.
\n\nAs with the conference papers and presentations, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the newspaper or magazine that published the work, and indicate that they have done so in a note to the External Editor.
\n\n3. GREY LITERATURE
\n\nWhite papers, working papers, technical reports and all other forms of papers which fall within the scope of the ‘Luxembourg definition’ of grey literature do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense.
\n\nAlthough such papers are regularly made publicly available via personal websites and institutional repositories, their general purpose is to gather comments and feedback from Authors’ colleagues in order to further improve a manuscript intended for future publication.
\n\nWhen submitting their work, Authors are required to disclose the existence of any publicly available earlier drafts in a note to the Academic Editor. In cases where earlier drafts of the submitted version of the manuscript are publicly available, any overlap between the versions will generally not be considered an instance of self-plagiarism.
\n\n4. SOCIAL MEDIA, BLOG & MESSAGE BOARD POSTINGS
\n\nWe feel that social media, blogs and message boards are generally used with the same intention as grey literature, to formulate ideas for a manuscript and gather early feedback from like-minded researchers in order to improve a particular piece of work before submitting it for publication. Therefore, we do not consider such internet postings to be publication in the scholarly sense.
\n\nNevertheless, Authors are encouraged to disclose the existence of any internet postings in which they outline and describe their research or posted passages of their manuscripts in a note to the Academic Editor. Please note that we will not strictly enforce this request in the same way that we would instructions we consider to be part of our conditions of acceptance for publication. We understand that it may be difficult to keep track of all one’s internet postings in which the researcher´s current work might be mentioned.
\n\nIn cases where there is any overlap between the Author´s submitted manuscript and related internet postings, we will generally not consider it to be an instance of self-plagiarism. This also holds true for any co-Author as well.
\n\nFor more information on this policy please contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-03-20
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Hobbelen and Martijn Wisse",authors:null},{id:"6206",doi:"10.5772/6696",title:"Guidance Laws for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles",slug:"guidance_laws_for_autonomous_underwater_vehicles",totalDownloads:6724,totalCrossrefCites:41,totalDimensionsCites:84,abstract:null,book:{id:"3700",slug:"underwater_vehicles",title:"Underwater Vehicles",fullTitle:"Underwater Vehicles"},signatures:"Morten Breivik and Thor I. Fossen",authors:null},{id:"379",doi:"10.5772/5015",title:"Robot Kinematics: Forward and Inverse Kinematics",slug:"robot_kinematics__forward_and_inverse_kinematics",totalDownloads:51776,totalCrossrefCites:63,totalDimensionsCites:82,abstract:null,book:{id:"6110",slug:"industrial_robotics_theory_modelling_and_control",title:"Industrial Robotics",fullTitle:"Industrial Robotics: Theory, Modelling and Control"},signatures:"Serdar Kucuk and Zafer Bingul",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"379",title:"Robot Kinematics: Forward and Inverse Kinematics",slug:"robot_kinematics__forward_and_inverse_kinematics",totalDownloads:51774,totalCrossrefCites:63,totalDimensionsCites:80,abstract:null,book:{id:"6110",slug:"industrial_robotics_theory_modelling_and_control",title:"Industrial Robotics",fullTitle:"Industrial Robotics: Theory, Modelling and Control"},signatures:"Serdar Kucuk and Zafer Bingul",authors:null},{id:"56737",title:"UAV for Landmine Detection Using SDR-Based GPR Technology",slug:"uav-for-landmine-detection-using-sdr-based-gpr-technology",totalDownloads:3443,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:17,abstract:"This chapter presents an approach for explosive-landmine detection on-board an autonomous aerial drone. The chapter describes the design, implementation and integration of a ground penetrating radar (GPR) using a software defined radio (SDR) platform into the aerial drone. The chapter?s goal is first to tackle in detail the development of a custom-designed lightweight GPR by approaching interplay between hardware and software radio on an SDR platform. The SDR-based GPR system results on a much lighter sensing device compared against the conventional GPR systems found in the literature and with the capability of re-configuration in real-time for different landmines and terrains, with the capability of detecting landmines under terrains with different dielectric characteristics. Secondly, the chapter introduce the integration of the SDR-based GPR into an autonomous drone by describing the mechanical integration, communication system, the graphical user interface (GUI) together with the landmine detection and geo-mapping. This chapter approach completely the hardware and software implementation topics of the on-board GPR system given first a comprehensive background of the software-defined radar technology and second presenting the main features of the Tx and Rx modules. Additional details are presented related with the mechanical and functional integration of the GPR into the UAV system.",book:{id:"5905",slug:"robots-operating-in-hazardous-environments",title:"Robots Operating in Hazardous Environments",fullTitle:"Robots Operating in Hazardous Environments"},signatures:"Manuel Ricardo Pérez Cerquera, Julian David Colorado Montaño\nand Iván Mondragón",authors:[{id:"177422",title:"Dr.",name:"Julian",middleName:null,surname:"Colorado",slug:"julian-colorado",fullName:"Julian Colorado"},{id:"197884",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Mondragon",slug:"ivan-mondragon",fullName:"Ivan Mondragon"},{id:"199958",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Perez",slug:"manuel-perez",fullName:"Manuel Perez"}]},{id:"15855",title:"Kinematics of AdeptThree Robot Arm",slug:"kinematics-of-adeptthree-robot-arm",totalDownloads:14668,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"152",slug:"robot-arms",title:"Robot Arms",fullTitle:"Robot Arms"},signatures:"Adelhard Beni Rehiara",authors:[{id:"29287",title:"Dr.",name:"Adelhard",middleName:"Beni",surname:"Rehiara",slug:"adelhard-rehiara",fullName:"Adelhard Rehiara"}]},{id:"62978",title:"Intelligent Robotic Perception Systems",slug:"intelligent-robotic-perception-systems",totalDownloads:2443,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Robotic perception is related to many applications in robotics where sensory data and artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) techniques are involved. Examples of such applications are object detection, environment representation, scene understanding, human/pedestrian detection, activity recognition, semantic place classification, object modeling, among others. Robotic perception, in the scope of this chapter, encompasses the ML algorithms and techniques that empower robots to learn from sensory data and, based on learned models, to react and take decisions accordingly. The recent developments in machine learning, namely deep-learning approaches, are evident and, consequently, robotic perception systems are evolving in a way that new applications and tasks are becoming a reality. Recent advances in human-robot interaction, complex robotic tasks, intelligent reasoning, and decision-making are, at some extent, the results of the notorious evolution and success of ML algorithms. This chapter will cover recent and emerging topics and use-cases related to intelligent perception systems in robotics.",book:{id:"7227",slug:"applications-of-mobile-robots",title:"Applications of Mobile Robots",fullTitle:"Applications of Mobile Robots"},signatures:"Cristiano Premebida, Rares Ambrus and Zoltan-Csaba Marton",authors:[{id:"203409",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Cristiano",middleName:null,surname:"Premebida",slug:"cristiano-premebida",fullName:"Cristiano Premebida"},{id:"254880",title:"Dr.",name:"Rares",middleName:null,surname:"Ambrus",slug:"rares-ambrus",fullName:"Rares Ambrus"},{id:"254881",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoltan-Csaba",middleName:null,surname:"Marton",slug:"zoltan-csaba-marton",fullName:"Zoltan-Csaba Marton"}]},{id:"67705",title:"Advanced UAVs Nonlinear Control Systems and Applications",slug:"advanced-uavs-nonlinear-control-systems-and-applications",totalDownloads:1971,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Recent development of different control systems for UAVs has caught the attention of academic and industry, due to the wide range of their applications such as in surveillance, delivery, work assistant, and photography. In addition, arms, grippers, or tethers could be installed to UAVs so that they can assist in constructing, transporting, and carrying payloads. In this book chapter, the control laws of the attitude and position of a quadcopter UAV have been derived basically utilizing three methods including backstepping, sliding mode control, and feedback linearization incorporated with LQI optimal controller. The main contribution of this book chapter would be concluded in the strategy of deriving the control laws of the translational positions of a quadcopter UAV. The control laws for trajectory tracking using the proposed strategies have been validated by simulation using MATLAB®/Simulink and experimental results obtained from a quadcopter test bench. Simulation results show a comparison between the performances of each of the proposed techniques depending on the nonlinear model of the quadcopter system under investigation; the trajectory tracking has been achieved properly for different types of trajectories, i.e., spiral trajectory, in the presence of unknown disturbances. Moreover, the practical results coincided with the results of the simulation results.",book:{id:"7792",slug:"unmanned-robotic-systems-and-applications",title:"Unmanned Robotic Systems and Applications",fullTitle:"Unmanned Robotic Systems and Applications"},signatures:"Abdulkader Joukhadar, Mohammad Alchehabi and Adnan Jejeh",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"22",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82223",title:"Biomechanical Design Principles Underpinning Anthropomorphic Manipulators",slug:"biomechanical-design-principles-underpinning-anthropomorphic-manipulators",totalDownloads:12,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105434",abstract:"The biomechanical design of an artificial anthropomorphic manipulator is the focus of many researchers in diverse fields. Current electromechanical artificial hands are either in the research stage, expensive, have patents, lack severely in function, and/or are driven by robotic/mechanical principles, which tend to ignore the biological requirements of such designs. In response to the challenges addressed above this chapter discusses the potential of current technology and methods used in design to bridge the chasm that exists between robot manipulators and the human hand. This chapter elucidates artificial anthropomorphic manipulator design by outlining biomechanical concepts that contribute to the function, esthetics and performance of artificial manipulators. This chapter addresses joint stabilization, tendon structures and tendon excursion in artificial anthropomorphic manipulators.",book:{id:"11455",title:"Recent Advances in Robot Manipulators",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11455.jpg"},signatures:"Mahonri William Owen and Chikit Au"},{id:"82056",title:"Learning Robotic Ultrasound Skills from Human Demonstrations",slug:"learning-robotic-ultrasound-skills-from-human-demonstrations",totalDownloads:14,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105069",abstract:"Robotic ultrasound system plays a vital role in assisting or even replacing sonographers in some cases. However, modeling and learning ultrasound skills from professional sonographers are still challenging tasks that hinder the development of ultrasound systems’ autonomy. To solve these problems, we propose a learning-based framework to acquire ultrasound scanning skills from human demonstrations1. First, ultrasound scanning skills are encapsulated into a high-dimensional multi-modal model, which takes ultrasound images, probe pose, and contact force into account. The model’s parameters can be learned from clinical ultrasound data demonstrated by professional sonographers. Second, the target function of autonomous ultrasound examinations is proposed, which can be solved roughly by the sampling-based strategy. The sonographers’ ultrasound skills can be represented by approximating the limit of the target function. Finally, the robustness of the proposed framework is validated with the experiments on ground-true data from sonographers.",book:{id:"10823",title:"Cognitive Robotics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10823.jpg"},signatures:"Miao Li and Xutian Deng"},{id:"82057",title:"An Episodic-Procedural Semantic Memory Model for Continuous Topological Sensorimotor Map Building",slug:"an-episodic-procedural-semantic-memory-model-for-continuous-topological-sensorimotor-map-building",totalDownloads:8,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104818",abstract:"For humans to understand the world around them, learning and memory are two cognitive processes of the human brain that are deeply connected. Memory allows information to retain and forms an experiences reservoir. Computational models replicating those memory attributes can lead to the practical use of robots in everyday human living environments. However, constantly acquiring environmental information in real-world, dynamic environments has remained a challenge for many years. This article proposes an episodic-procedure semantic memory model to continuously generate topological sensorimotor maps for robot navigation. The proposed model consists of two memory networks: i) episodic-procedural memory network (EPMN) and ii) semantic memory network (SMN). The EPMN comprises an Incremental Recurrent Kernel Machines (I-RKM) that clusters incoming input vectors as nodes and learns the activation patterns of the nodes for spatiotemporal encoding. The SMN then takes neuronal activity trajectories from the EPMN and task-relevant signals to update the SMN and produce more compact representations of episodic experience. Thus, both memory networks prevent catastrophic forgetting by constantly generating nodes when the network meets new inputs or updating node weights when the incoming input is similar to previously learned knowledge. In addition, idle or outlier nodes will be removed to preserve memory space.",book:{id:"10823",title:"Cognitive Robotics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10823.jpg"},signatures:"Wei Hong Chin, Naoyuki Kubota and Chu Kiong Loo"},{id:"81922",title:"Skill Acquisition for Resource-Constrained Mobile Robots through Continuous Exploration",slug:"skill-acquisition-for-resource-constrained-mobile-robots-through-continuous-exploration",totalDownloads:18,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104996",abstract:"We present a cognitive mobile robot that acquires knowledge, and autonomously learns higher-level abstract capabilities based on play instincts, inspired by human behavior. To this end, we (i) model skills, (ii) model the robot’s sensor and actuator space based on elementary physical properties, and (iii) propose algorithms inspired by humans’ play instincts that allow the robot to autonomously learn the skills based on its sensor and actuator capabilities. We model general knowledge in the form of competencies (skills) of the mobile robot based on kinematic properties using physical quantities. Thus, by design, our approach has the potential to cover very generic application domains. To connect desired skills to the primitive capabilities of the robot’s sensors and actuators, it playfully explores the effects of its actions on its sensory input, thus autonomously learning relations and dependencies and eventually the desired skill. KnowRob is used for knowledge representation and reasoning, and the robot’s operation is based on ROS. In the experiments, we use a millirobot, sized 2 cm2, equipped with two wheels, motion, and distance sensors. We show that our cognitive mobile robot can successfully and autonomously learn elementary motion skills based on a playful exploration of its wheels and sensors.",book:{id:"10823",title:"Cognitive Robotics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10823.jpg"},signatures:"Markus D. Kobelrausch and Axel Jantsch"},{id:"81693",title:"The Neo-Mechanistic Model of Human Cognitive Computation and Its Major Challenges",slug:"the-neo-mechanistic-model-of-human-cognitive-computation-and-its-major-challenges",totalDownloads:13,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104995",abstract:"The neo-mechanistic theory of human cognition is currently one of the most accepted major theories in fields, such as cognitive science and cognitive neuroscience. This proposal offers an account of human cognitive computation, and it has been considered by its proponents as revolutionary and capable of integrating research concerning human cognition with new evidence provided by fields of biology and neuroscience. However, some complex cognitive capacities still present a challenge for explanations constructed by using this theoretical structure. In this chapter, I make a presentation of some of the central tenets of this framework and show in what dimensions it helps our understanding of human cognition concerning aspects of capacities, such as visual perception and memory consolidation. My central goal, however, is to show that to understand and explain some particular human cognitive capacities, such as self-consciousness and some conscious informal reasoning and decision making, the framework shows substantial limitations. I conclude the chapter by suggesting that to fully understand human cognition we will need much more than what the neo-mechanistic framework is actually able to provide.",book:{id:"10823",title:"Cognitive Robotics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10823.jpg"},signatures:"Diego Azevedo Leite"},{id:"81719",title:"Service Robots in Healthcare Settings",slug:"service-robots-in-healthcare-settings",totalDownloads:21,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104640",abstract:"Robots will play a part in all aspects of healthcare. The presence of service robots in healthcare demands special attention, whether it is in the automation of menial labour, prescription distribution, or offering comfort. In this chapter, we examine the several applications of healthcare-oriented robots in the acute, ambulatory and at-home settings. We discuss the role of robotics in reducing environmental dangers, as well as at the patient’s bedside and in the operating room, in the acute setting. We examine how robotics can protect and scale up healthcare services in the ambulatory setting. Finally, in the at-home scenario, we look at how robots can be employed for both rural/remote healthcare delivery and home-based care. In addition to assessing the current state of robotics at the interface of healthcare delivery, we describe critical problems for the future where such technology will be ubiquitous. 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