Notation of the synthesis system.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2326",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Cellulose - Fundamental Aspects",title:"Cellulose",subtitle:"Fundamental Aspects",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Cellulose is destined to play a major role in the emerging bioeconomy. 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Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"33329",title:"Prof.",name:"guifu",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"guifu Ding",slug:"guifu-ding",email:"gfding@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:{name:"Shanghai Jiao Tong University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"244624",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Congchun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Congchun Zhang",slug:"congchun-zhang",email:"zhcc@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255541",title:"Mr.",name:"Jianze",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jianze Huang",slug:"jianze-huang",email:"huangjz420@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255547",title:"Mr.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Chunsheng Yang",slug:"chunsheng-yang",email:"csyang@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"62285",slug:"textured-bst-thin-film-on-silicon-substrate-preparation-and-its-applications-for-high-frequency-tuna",signatures:"Congchun Zhang, Jianze Huang, Chunsheng Yang and Guifu Ding",dateSubmitted:"February 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"June 3rd 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"January 3rd 2019",book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"33329",title:"Prof.",name:"guifu",middleName:null,surname:"Ding",fullName:"guifu Ding",slug:"guifu-ding",email:"gfding@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:{name:"Shanghai Jiao Tong University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"244624",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Congchun",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Congchun Zhang",slug:"congchun-zhang",email:"zhcc@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255541",title:"Mr.",name:"Jianze",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Jianze Huang",slug:"jianze-huang",email:"huangjz420@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null},{id:"255547",title:"Mr.",name:"Chunsheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Chunsheng Yang",slug:"chunsheng-yang",email:"csyang@sjtu.edu.cn",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7253",title:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Coatings and Thin-Film Technologies",slug:"coatings-and-thin-film-technologies",publishedDate:"January 3rd 2019",bookSignature:"Jaime Andres Perez-Taborda and Alba G. Avila Bernal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7253.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"193020",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime Andres",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Taborda",slug:"jaime-andres-perez-taborda",fullName:"Jaime Andres Perez Taborda"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11528",leadTitle:null,title:"Maintenance Management - Current Challenges, New Developments, and Future Directions",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"\r\n\tIn an industrial scenario, improper maintenance (or its lack) has several implications that can lead to unexpected breakdowns, losses at industrial production, or catastrophic consequences. In general, a fault affects only one component; however, it spreads to other components as the fault evolves. Moreover, considering cost reduction and production efficiency, developing an effective maintenance program has gained more attention, and several tools have been implemented to support and encourage best practices. In this sense, advanced data acquisition and processing methods have been developed to allow effective machine condition monitoring and early fault detection and identification, avoiding unexpected breakdowns and even catastrophic failures, especially for critical systems. Whenever possible, condition monitoring should be done non-invasively and without interrupting machine operation.
\r\n\r\n\t
\r\n\tOver the years, the concept of maintenance became more comprehensive, reducing fault occurrence and increasing industrial system availability. Besides, reliability, safety, and criticality requirements were associated with the system or equipment under analysis. Maintenance strategies or schemes can be classified as corrective (run-to-break), preventive (time-based), and predictive (condition-based maintenance). Corrective maintenance is only performed after an occurrence of a fault. Therefore, it involves unexpected breakdowns, high costs, changes in the production chain, and it could lead to catastrophic events. Preventive maintenance and interventions occur based on a scheduled maintenance plan or the equipment's mean time between failures. Although it is more effective than corrective maintenance, unexpected failure may still occur by preventing most failures. Additionally, the process cost is still high, especially the costs associated with labor, inventory, and unnecessary replacement of equipment or components.
\r\n\tOn the other hand, predictive maintenance analyses the equipment condition so that a possible fault can still be identified at an early stage. Predictive maintenance aims to identify a machine anomaly so that it does not result in a fault. Such maintenance involves advanced monitoring, processing, and signal analysis techniques, which are generally performed non-invasively and, in many cases, in real-time. In the case of machines or processes, these techniques can be developed based on vibration, temperature, acoustic emission, or electrical current signal monitoring. It should be noted that monitoring such signals or parameters to verify the operating condition is called condition monitoring. Condition monitoring aims to observe the machine's current operational condition and predict its future condition, keeping it under a systematic analysis during its remaining life. In this sense, a fault condition can be detected and identified from systematic machine condition monitoring. A diagnosis procedure can be established, whereby properly investigating the fault symptoms and prognosis.
\r\n\t
\r\n\tThis book will aim to merge all these ideas in a single volume, aggregate new maintenance experiences, apply new techniques and approaches, and report field experiences to establish new maintenance processes and management paradigms.
\r\n\t
Chemical engineering processes are frequently composed of multiple complex phenomena. These systems can be represented by a set of several equations, such as
In the chemical process industries, ammonia is one of the most widely manufactured inorganic compounds [3]. The majority of ammonia produced commercially is consumed in fertilizers, with the rest going into plastics, synthetic fibers and resins, pharmaceuticals, explosives, papers, and refrigeration [4]. As a result, modeling and optimization of ammonia synthesis process have received a significant attention from both the academia and industry. Ammonia is produced predominantly from the combination of elements such as nitrogen and hydrogen in a catalytic process using a promoted iron catalyst firstly established by Haber and Bosch as the reaction [4]:
The reaction is reversible and exothermic, releasing a significant amount of heat. In order to achieve a high conversion, the heat of the reaction should be removed. Therefore, the process is typically carried out in an autothermal synthesis reactor, in which the heat of reaction is utilized to preheat the feed gas and ensure the suitable temperature inside. The production of ammonia depends on several factors such as the reactor length, the operating pressure, temperature of the feed and reacted gas, the flow rate, and composition of the gas mixture. The optimization problem of the process is to maximize the economic return. Many studies discussing the modeling, simulation, and optimization of an autothermal ammonia synthesis reactor can be found in literature. Some of them can be mentioned here as in Babu et al. [5], Babu and Angira [6], Carvalho et al. [7], Edgar et al. [8], Ksasy et al. [9], Murase et al. [10], Upreti and Deb [11], Yusup et al. [12]. However, the model discussed in the studies of Edgar et al. [8], Murase et al. [10] has some minor errors and has been corrected in Upreti and Deb [11]. Moreover, the studies primarily focus on optimizing reactor length for a specific reactor top temperature, usually 694 K [6, 7, 12], or for a limited set of temperatures [9, 11]. However, as reported in some studies [11, 12], the economic return is determined by the top temperature and also the reactor length (the temperature of feed gas entering to the reaction zone). As a result, rather than a single variable problem of reactor length, the optimization problem should be viewed as a multivariable problem.
In the study [13], both the reactor length and the reactor top temperature are considered in the design variables for maximizing the profit return of the process. In order to solve the multivariate optimization problem, the cyclic coordinate search technique was employed. This method alters the value of one decision variable at a time, and for each coordinate direction, the golden section search was utilized to solve the single variable optimum problem. However, this traditional searching approach is prone to get caught in local optima. Therefore, the genetic algorithm has higher chance to obtain the global optimum profit of the process.
The system discussed here is an autothermal synthesis reactor, which is described in [10] and contains the correction of the objective function reported in [6, 11]. The feed gas contains 21.75 mole% nitrogen, 65.25 mole% hydrogen, 5.0 mole% ammonia, 4.0 mole% methane, and 4.0 mole% argon. In an autothermal reactor, the feed gas mixture enters from the bottom of the reactor, flows upward, enters the catalyst zone from the top, and moves downward. In the catalyst zone, the reaction takes place at around 500°C and 200 atm of pressure. The heat generated by the reaction is utilized to preheat the feed gas mixture in counter current flow. Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of an autothermal ammonia synthesis reactor. The considered factors affecting the synthesis process are the temperature of feed gas at the entrance of the reaction zone (top temperature) and the reactor length. The goal of the optimal design is to determine the conditions that will give the highest economic return from the reactor operation.
Schematic diagram of an autothermal ammonia reactor [
The return of the process, which is calculated from the value of the product gas (heating value and ammonia value), subtract the cost of feed gas (as a source of heat only) and minus the amortization of reactor capital expenses, is the objective function for maximization (
in which,
The heat balance for the feed gas and the reacting gas and the mass balance for the nitrogen flow along the catalyst zone, respectively, give the mathematical model for the system:
in which
The differential equations are valid in the interval [0,
The notations
Other notations of the system are summarized in Table 1.
Notation | |
---|---|
Heat capacity of the feed gas | |
Heat capacity of the reacting gas | |
Catalyst activity | |
Δ | Heat of reaction |
Mass flow of component designed by subscript | |
Reaction rate constant | |
Partial pressure of component designated by subscript | |
Universal gas constant | |
Surface area of catalyst tubes per unit length of reactor | |
Cross-sectional area of catalyst zone | |
Overall heat transfer coefficient | |
Total mass transfer flow rate |
Notation of the synthesis system.
The variables are subjected to the following physical constraints, as is typical in industries [10]:
The length of the reactor and the top temperature are chosen as the design variables. The remaining variables (
The optimal design problem is summarized as follows:
The system of ordinary differential Eqs. (3), (4), and (5) with initial conditions (11) was solved by Runge–Kutta fourth-order method. The system is well defined when the top temperature (
The range of the design variables is
In barrier or penalty methods, the objective function will receive an undesired value when one of the constraints is violated. Therefore, the solution will be kept in the feasible region. The objective function has been modified as
Figure 2 shows the fitness values as a function of generation. As can be observed, the fitness function value achieved the highest after roughly 20 generations and then stayed unchanged. After 100 generations, it was obtained that the reactor length should be 6.772 m, and the top temperature should be 707.09 K. The process produces a profit of 5.018× 106 $ per year. The other parameters of the process are summarized in Table 3 and compared with the findings of a cyclic coordinate search [13]. The profit value is slightly higher than those reported in the literature, which focused solely on reactor length optimization. From the results, the temperature at the entrance of the catalyst zone should be slightly higher, and that the reactor length should also be slightly longer than previously reported.
Fitness value versus generations.
Variables | Interval | Cyclic coordinate [13] | Genetic algorithm |
---|---|---|---|
[0,10] | 6.724 | 6.772 | |
[600,800] | 700.27 | 707.09 | |
[400,800] | 400.00 | 401.09 | |
629.94 | 631.12 | ||
[0,3220] | 490.68 | 490.68 | |
5.018 | 5.018 |
Maximization results.
The behavior of permeate flux has a significant impact on the performance of cross-flow ultrafiltration. Many factors cause flux declination, such as solution properties, membrane properties, and operation conditions. The majority of current research has centered on increasing membrane performance in terms of permeability and selectivity [14, 15]. Just a few studies have paid attention to the configuration and operation of the membrane module [16].
Various factors determine the decision of membrane module geometry for a given application, including fabrication method, power consumption, and fouling potential [17]. Manufacturers frequently recommend the membrane module design from the fabrication standpoint [17]. There is virtually no evidence that their approach prioritizes the energy efficiency. Currently, with a growing in energy concern and a falling in membrane cost, the membrane module design should place a higher attention on energy efficiency. As a result, it is necessary to propose a module design methodology that takes into account the energy factor.
Furthermore, membrane operating conditions are usually decided by user experience, a handbook, or a manual from the membrane supplier. However, the permeate flux equation governing the performance of the membrane system varies greatly between different situations. In this aspect, for any specific application, a general methodology for the design and operation conditions should be studied.
In cross-flow ultrafiltration of protein solution, Nguyen et al. [18] proposed a simple combined model, which simultaneously considers pore blockage and cake filtration, to describe the flux declination. Then, in the study [19], the correlation between the steady-state permeate flux and operation parameters was reported. From the steady-state operation equation, optimal design and operation conditions for each particular application could be established.
However, just a few reports on the optimization of membrane processes and cost estimation have been published, or the cost estimation is too general. For example, Wiley et al. [17] optimized the membrane module configurations for brackish water desalination. However, the operation mode is single-pass and only the membrane cost and energy cost were taken into account. Sethi and Wiesner [20] developed the cost model for the removal of natural organic matter, but the study has not conducted the optimization. In membrane technology, the feed and bleed operation mode, which combines the batch and the single-pass configurations, is commonly utilized for continuous full-scale filtration [21, 22]. Therefore, the optimization of a membrane module operated in feed and bleed mode for protein ultrafiltration is considered. The membrane geometry dimensions and operating conditions are design variables in the problem. The system is represented by a set of ordinary differential equations. The objective function is the annual cost, which consists of various types of capital investments and an operating expense. The capital investments are classified into several categories, which are individually correlated to plant scale, particularly the membrane area. The operating expense is the power consumption.
The configuration of filtration system is continuous feed and bleed, which is shown schematically in Figure 3. The notations are summarized in Table 4. There are two main pumps in this operation: the feed pump provides the necessary trans-membrane pressure, while the recirculation pump maintains the cross-flow rate through the modules. The concentrate is continually withdrawn from the system at a flow rate (
Schematic configuration of feed-and-bleed mode membrane system.
Notation | Name and units |
---|---|
Feed flow rate [m3/hr] | |
Retentate (concentrate) flow rate [m3/hr] | |
Recirculation flow rate [m3/hr] | |
Flow rate in membrane module [m3/hr] | |
Permeation flow rate [m3/hr] | |
Pressure at outlet of feed pump [kPa] | |
Pressure at the inlet of membrane module [kPa] | |
Pressure at the inlet of membrane module [kPa] | |
Energy consumed by the feed pump [kW] | |
Energy consumed by the recirculation pump [kW] | |
Initial concentration of protein solution [m3/m3] | |
Inlet concentration of protein solution [m3/m3] | |
Final concentration of protein solution [m3/m3] | |
Concentration of protein in permeate flux [m3/m3] | |
Fluid flow velocity [m/s] | |
Fluid density [kg/m3] | |
Fluid viscosity [kg/(m·s)] | |
Width, height, length, hydraulic diameter of the membrane module |
Summary of system configuration notations.
The material balance for total mass and protein give:
The viscosity and density of protein solution correlate to its concentration [23]:
in which,
The permeate flux through the membrane is [19].
in which
The equation for permeate flux can be rewritten as:
or in terms of shear rate
The flow rate/velocity drop and channel length change are calculated from the total mass balance and component balance within the control volume
The pressure loss is estimated by the Darcy-Weisbach Equation [24, 25].
in which
The set of ordinary equations that describes the membrane module system was established as follows [26].
in the range of concentration [
The system of the ordinary equations can be solved numerically by Runge–Kutta fourth-order method [27] to obtain the flow rate, the length, and the pressure. From that, the two important factors determining the total cost, membrane area, and total energy were calculated:
In this equation,
Δ
The operating cost consists of power consumption of the pumps and membrane replacement. The annual energy expense of the pumps is calculated as
The membrane replacement cost is calculated as
where
The membrane price is usually about 200 $/m2 ([9]), and membrane life is 12–18 months. Therefore, the membrane replacement cost per year is roughly estimated as 200 $/m2/year for the interest of
It is widely observed that capital costs are correlated to the size in the power-law form [30]:
In order to achieve higher accuracy, rather than simply predicting the whole capital cost of the membrane plant to capacity, Sethi and Wiesner [20] divided the capital investment into several major categories, which was correlated to the size independently. The major categories include pumps and other manufactured equipment.
Pump capital cost
The pumps capital cost can be estimated as (Perry et al. [31]):
in which.
The cost index,
The pump size (
Capital cost of other equipment
In membrane application, the membrane area is the key parameter, which determines the plant capacity [34]. Thus, the membrane area is chosen as the basic for the estimation of various components in the capital costs.
Non-membrane equipment and facilities, excluding the pumps, were grouped into four main categories: (1) pipes and valves; (2) instruments and controls; (3) tanks and frames; and (4) miscellaneous. The capital cost of each is correlated to the membrane area as follows (Sethi and Wiesner [20])
Pipes and valves
Instruments and controls
Tanks and frames
Miscellaneous
Annual capital cost
The capital cost can be annualized using the amortization factor as
For the plant design year of 20 years and the interest rate 8%, the amortization factor will be about 0.1.
In the problem, some variables, called input variables, are fixed due to the requirement of the design. In membrane design, these are feed flow
The design variables were: channel geometry (width × length × height), the inlet pressure (
The objective function is the sum of capital cost and operating cost, which were annualized:
The pressure at the outlet point should be positive. This constraint is satisfied by assigning a high value to the objective function if the outlet pressure is negative.
The decision variables are frequently limited on a finite range
in which
The system parameters and variables are summarized in Table 5.
Parameters | Value |
---|---|
Feed flow rate (m3/hr) | 0.02–200 |
Inlet pressure (kPa) | 200–1000 |
Recirculation flow rate (m3/hr) | 0–50 |
Initial solid fraction (m3/m3) | 0.1 |
Final solid fraction (m3/m3) | 0.4 |
Plant design year (year) | 20 |
Interest rate (%) | 8 |
Energy price ($/kWh) | 0.08 |
Efficiency of pumps (%) | 70 |
Operating temperature (°C) | 25 |
Module height (mm) | 0–100 |
Module width (m) | 0–30 |
System parameters and variables.
The parameters of GA such as population size, crossover probability, mutation probability values were set to be, 100, 1.0, and 0.30, respectively. The selection was based on roulette wheel with elitism, which means the most fit individual is guaranteed a place in the next generation. The number of generations was assigned to be 500. Because the problem is to minimize the cost, the fitness function was defined as:
For the demonstration of this method, optimum designs of several feed flow rates have been carried out. The lower limit of the membrane width is 0.1 m, the lower limit for the module height is 0.5 mm. The designs are shown in Table 6.
Feed [m3/hr] | Pressure [kPa] | Recirculation [m3/hr] | width [m] | height [mm] | total cost [$/yr] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.02 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 523 | 2.8 | 0.1 | 5.0 | 1.29 × 103 |
0.2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 1000 | 4.9 | 0.1 | 8.9 | 4.30 × 103 |
2 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 1000 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 6.9 | 1.18 × 104 |
20 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 987 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 5.0 | 5.60 × 104 |
200 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 1000 | 0.8 | 11.1 | 5.0 | 3.65 × 105 |
Optimum designs of membrane module.
Figure 4 presents the optimum total cost per unit of feed flow. The cost per unit of feed flow decreases with an increase in plant capacity. It reflects the economies of scale.
The behavior of cost per unit flow rate design in optimum condition with plant capacity.
The results also suggest that the membrane module dimensions and operation condition will change greatly depending on the process requirements, such as the required feed capacity. It is challenging to predict the direction. It might be concluded that the permeate flux also greatly affects the geometric design and operation strategy in membrane separation processes. It is difficult to find a general rule for the design, for each specific system, the correlation between the permeate flux and operating conditions and membrane geometry should be investigated.
Fuel cells that are highly effective and green technology for converting chemical energy stored in fuel to useable power are currently regarded as one of the most promising approaches for future energy requirements [35]. The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has demonstrated an exceptional integration of advantages, such as high efficiency, fuel flexibility, wide contamination acceptance, and low pollution [36, 37]. Modeling and simulation are valuable tools for determining the impact of various design factors and operating conditions on cell performance, as well as for improving fuel cells [38, 39, 40]. Plenty of models have been reported to add to the understanding of fuel cells. Modeling approaches can be categorized into two types: theoretical and empirical one [39, 41, 42]. In the theoretical approach, the spatial dimensions of the models range from simple 0 (0-D) [43, 44] and 1 (1-D) [42, 45, 46, 47], to more complicated 2 (2-D) [48, 49, 50, 51] and 3 (3-D) [52, 53, 54], all with various characteristics and directed at different objectives. The mathematical models, which are based on conservation principles, require a lot of data on parameters and properties of fuel cell, as well as complicated equations and time-consuming calculation.
Empirical or data-driven approach may be more feasible for fuel cell users since the behavior can be quickly and simply deduced without a comprehensive understanding of the internal components, just based on the experimental data [39, 41]. Least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) [55], Hammerstein model [56, 57] are examples of these approaches. In this approach, artificial neural network (ANN) shows several advantages, including high nonlinearity, rapid computation, a low degree of error in matching experimental data. Using ANNs to model SOFCs appears to be a very promising method.
In this section, an ANN was used to model the performance of the BSCF/GDC-based cathode SOFC. The cell voltage was predicted from cathode sintering temperature, cell operating temperature, and cell current. Several network architectures were examined to find the best structure, and the network was trained using back-propagation methods. The data for training, validation, and testing were taken from our study [58]. The genetic algorithm and the developed ANN were then used to find the best conditions for achieving maximum power.
Artificial neural networks (ANNs), which were analogous to biological nervous systems, consist of interconnected nodes known as neurons to receive and transfer data [59]. The most basic form, feed-forward architecture, is made up of an input layer, one hidden layers, and an output layer. The input and output layers have the same number of neurons as the number of inputs and outputs in the system to be modeled. Weighted connections connect each neuron to every other neuron in the next layer. In any layer except the input, the weighted sum of data from the previous layer is the input of a neuron. The neuron then activates the data using a function and transfers the response to all neurons in the next layer. The size of the hidden layers is a significant factor that affects the estimation precision because it can make the network become insufficient or overfitting [60]. The number of neurons in hidden layer is generally determined through trials. Figure 5 illustrates a 3–5-1 feed forward artificial neural network with operating temperature, sintering temperature, and current as inputs.
Artificial neural network (3–5-1) structure.
The activation function employed in this model is the logistic sigmoid
The input data (
in which xmax and xmin are the bounded interval of the experimental data.
To assess the performance of ANN, the mean squared error (MSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) are usually used [61].
Various factors affect the performance of fuel cells such as cathode and anode structure, electrolyte material and thickness, cell temperature, inlet and outlet gas compositions. Two important factors, cathode sintered temperature and cell operating temperature, were considered in this model. The sintered temperature is from 1000–1050°C, whereas the operating temperature ranges from 625–700°C. The sintered temperature affects the structure of the obtained cathode as reported in [58]. The explanation of the range for the investigated parameters can be found in [62].
An ANN with one input layer, one hidden layer, and one single output layer was proposed. Current density, sintered temperature of the cathode, and cell operating temperature are the inputs. Back-propagation algorithm [63] was used to train the network. The maximum number of iteration and minimum performance gradient were set to 400 and 10−5, respectively, to stop the training. The proper network structure is determined through a series of trial tests. The data were split into three subsets at random: training, validation, and test, each containing 70, 20, 10% of the total samples, respectively. The validation and test sets are necessary for evaluating the validation and power of the networks.
The parameters of the neural network were saved and utilized in the next stage to optimize the power density using genetic algorithms.
The objective function is the power density of the fuel cell
where
The design variables and their corresponding ranges are summarized as follows:
sintered temperature of the cathode, [1000–1050] (°C).
operating temperature of the cell, [625–700] (°C).
electric current of the cell, [0–1500] (mA.cm−2)
The parameters of GA as population size, mutation probability values were set to be 100 and 0.10, respectively. The survival of the individuals was decided by roulette wheel with elitism. The number of generations was 500.
Figure 6 depicts the fitness values (maximum and mean) of the population versus generation. As indicated in the figure, after about 20 generations, the value of fitness function attained to a maximum value and then remained unchanged. After 100 generations, the maximum fuel cell power density of 451.64 mW/cm2 could be achieved at the sintered temperature of 1005°C, operating temperature of 668°C, and current density of 777 mA/cm2.
The fitness values versus generation.
The application of genetic algorithm in chemical engineering processes has been illustrated by three case studies. The results suggest that the optimum conditions of complex chemical problems can be easily obtained using genetic algorithm. The successes of genetic algorithm for the challenging problems reported herein, the development of many faster and flexible versions of GA, the improvement of computing ability all suggest the continually increasing impact of metaheuristic methods in chemical engineering systems.
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',metaTitle:"Editorial policies",metaDescription:"Editorial policies",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/editorial-policies",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
\\n\\n\\n\\nWith the purpose of protecting our Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of Open Access content, IntechOpen has developed an Attribution Policy for works published under Creative Commons licenses.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIntechOpen is committed to disseminating high-quality scientific research in a manner that exemplifies the best practice in scholarly publishing. IntechOpen is an official member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), which advocates the maintenance of the highest ethical standards for all parties involved in the act of publishing, including Authors, Academic Editors of the book, Peer Reviewers, the publisher and Societies, where applicable.
\\n\\nIn line with publication ethics practices recommended by COPE, ICMJE, and other similar organizations, IntechOpen's contributing Authors, Academic Editors, and Peer Reviewers are required to declare fully all possible conflicts of interest.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, the following requirements must be met:
\\n\\nAll scientific works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing. IntechOpen is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and all participating referees and Academic Editors are expected to review submitted scientific works in line with the COPE Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers where applicable.
\\n\\n\\n\\nThe Internet has changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing which is why we find it necessary to clearly indicate our stance on what we consider to be a published scientific work. A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar works in progress are shared openly online between members of the scientific community. It has become common practice for researchers to announce their work on a personal website or a blog in order to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are ‘published’ in the sense that they are made publicly available, but this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\\n\\n\\n\\nTo identify instances of fraud and misconduct during the publishing process, IntechOpen implements a robust policy governing such occurrences. In line with our general commitment to openness, and in order to maintain the highest scientific standards, we are committed to transparency about our editorial policy regarding retractions and corrections.
\\n\\n\\n\\nWhen faced with potential misconduct, IntechOpen accepts its responsibility to maintain the integrity of the academic record. For particularly complex cases, IntechOpen might ask for the assistance of formal industry bodies or seek advice from an appropriate team of advisors.
\\n\\nIntechOpen's advisors are professionals and scholars with broad knowledge and understanding of different aspects of the scientific publishing process: editorial, authorship, and reviewing roles; publication ethics, copyright, and general legal issues; as well as bibliographic and technical standards.
\\n\\nIn order to provide us with unbiased insights, without compromising the privacy of third parties, IntechOpen presents problematic cases to its advisors in an anonymized format.
\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes books in the English language. If you are interested in the translation of Book Chapters, please check IntechOpen's Translation Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIn line with the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing, you can access a more detailed description of IntechOpen's Advertising Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nAt IntechOpen we realize that exceptional circumstances can occur, resulting in a request for a refund. We will honor all justified requests in the specific instances outlined in our Refund Policy.
\\n\\n\\n\\nAll chapters will be published via IntechOpen's 'Online First' service meaning chapters will be published individually, immediately after review and before the entire book is ready for publication, allowing content to be shared, searched and cited straightaway, thereby generating early stage interest and momentum for your research
\\n\\nOnline First Chapters are considered published on the day they are posted and are citable from that date.
\\n\\nChapters will remain listed as Online First until the final versions of the books are published online. Following publication of the full monograph, Chapters will be redirected from the Online First version and will be available only through the final link of the official published page.
\\n\\nYou are invited to download, use, reproduce, make derivative works of, display, distribute and cite the Online First works. You can find "How to Cite and Reference" by following the link at the end of each online book chapter. Please be aware that it is possible that further editing and changes might be made before the final release of the book.
\\n\\nIf there are supplemental materials to the chapter, these will be published at the time the final book is published online.
\\n\\nReaders and Authors can notify us if they find any errors in the works published under Online First. All major errors will be accompanied by a separate correction notice, erratum or corrigendum (Retraction and Correction Policy.)
\\n\\nIntechOpen books are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter level.
\\n\\n\\n\\nIntechOpen publishes different types of publications.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
All published Book Chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. Monographs are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others. Our Copyright Policy aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. IntechOpen upholds a flexible Copyright Policy meaning that there is no copyright transfer to the publisher and Authors hold exclusive copyright to their work.
\n\n\n\nWith the purpose of protecting our Authors' copyright and the transparent reuse of Open Access content, IntechOpen has developed an Attribution Policy for works published under Creative Commons licenses.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen is committed to disseminating high-quality scientific research in a manner that exemplifies the best practice in scholarly publishing. IntechOpen is an official member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), which advocates the maintenance of the highest ethical standards for all parties involved in the act of publishing, including Authors, Academic Editors of the book, Peer Reviewers, the publisher and Societies, where applicable.
\n\nIn line with publication ethics practices recommended by COPE, ICMJE, and other similar organizations, IntechOpen's contributing Authors, Academic Editors, and Peer Reviewers are required to declare fully all possible conflicts of interest.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, the following requirements must be met:
\n\nAll scientific works are subject to Peer Review prior to publishing. IntechOpen is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and all participating referees and Academic Editors are expected to review submitted scientific works in line with the COPE Ethical Guidelines for Peer Reviewers where applicable.
\n\n\n\nThe Internet has changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing which is why we find it necessary to clearly indicate our stance on what we consider to be a published scientific work. A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar works in progress are shared openly online between members of the scientific community. It has become common practice for researchers to announce their work on a personal website or a blog in order to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are ‘published’ in the sense that they are made publicly available, but this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\n\n\n\nTo identify instances of fraud and misconduct during the publishing process, IntechOpen implements a robust policy governing such occurrences. In line with our general commitment to openness, and in order to maintain the highest scientific standards, we are committed to transparency about our editorial policy regarding retractions and corrections.
\n\n\n\nWhen faced with potential misconduct, IntechOpen accepts its responsibility to maintain the integrity of the academic record. For particularly complex cases, IntechOpen might ask for the assistance of formal industry bodies or seek advice from an appropriate team of advisors.
\n\nIntechOpen's advisors are professionals and scholars with broad knowledge and understanding of different aspects of the scientific publishing process: editorial, authorship, and reviewing roles; publication ethics, copyright, and general legal issues; as well as bibliographic and technical standards.
\n\nIn order to provide us with unbiased insights, without compromising the privacy of third parties, IntechOpen presents problematic cases to its advisors in an anonymized format.
\n\nIntechOpen publishes books in the English language. If you are interested in the translation of Book Chapters, please check IntechOpen's Translation Policy.
\n\n\n\nIn line with the Principles of Transparency and Best Practice in Scholarly Publishing, you can access a more detailed description of IntechOpen's Advertising Policy.
\n\n\n\nAt IntechOpen we realize that exceptional circumstances can occur, resulting in a request for a refund. We will honor all justified requests in the specific instances outlined in our Refund Policy.
\n\n\n\nAll chapters will be published via IntechOpen's 'Online First' service meaning chapters will be published individually, immediately after review and before the entire book is ready for publication, allowing content to be shared, searched and cited straightaway, thereby generating early stage interest and momentum for your research
\n\nOnline First Chapters are considered published on the day they are posted and are citable from that date.
\n\nChapters will remain listed as Online First until the final versions of the books are published online. Following publication of the full monograph, Chapters will be redirected from the Online First version and will be available only through the final link of the official published page.
\n\nYou are invited to download, use, reproduce, make derivative works of, display, distribute and cite the Online First works. You can find "How to Cite and Reference" by following the link at the end of each online book chapter. Please be aware that it is possible that further editing and changes might be made before the final release of the book.
\n\nIf there are supplemental materials to the chapter, these will be published at the time the final book is published online.
\n\nReaders and Authors can notify us if they find any errors in the works published under Online First. All major errors will be accompanied by a separate correction notice, erratum or corrigendum (Retraction and Correction Policy.)
\n\nIntechOpen books are available online by accessing all published content on a chapter level.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen publishes different types of publications.
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. 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It affects women in a higher proportion than men (3:1 cases). Several reports suggest a link between female sexual hormones (estrogens) and RA features. It’s been described that biological processes where basal estrogen levels are altered like in menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause modifies RA onset, flare, disease severity, and inflammation. Estrogens have a direct action upon the immune system though ERα and ERβ receptors, which have distinct affinity to estrogen concentrations and modifications and have effects upon RA in a dose and receptor dependent manner. The studies focused on dose dependent response at experimental settings reveal a wide (from 25 pg/L to several μg/L) and even contradictory spectrum of effects in patients and cells. This chapter summarizes the contributions and effects of estrogens in RA physiopathology, clinical features, and discusses the possible contributions of estrogen administration and concentration of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to improve the quality of life and reduce the symptoms of RA patients based on the knowledge of the biology of these hormones.",book:{id:"8860",slug:"rheumatoid-arthritis-other-perspectives-towards-a-better-practice",title:"Rheumatoid Arthritis",fullTitle:"Rheumatoid Arthritis - Other Perspectives towards a Better Practice"},signatures:"Maria Fernanda Romo-García, Martín Zapata-Zuñiga, José Antonio Enciso-Moreno and Julio Enrique Castañeda-Delgado",authors:[{id:"160037",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Enciso",slug:"jose-antonio-enciso",fullName:"Jose Antonio Enciso"},{id:"316650",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Julio E",middleName:null,surname:"Castañeda-Delgado",slug:"julio-e-castaneda-delgado",fullName:"Julio E Castañeda-Delgado"},{id:"327990",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Maria Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Romo-García",slug:"maria-fernanda-romo-garcia",fullName:"Maria Fernanda Romo-García"},{id:"327991",title:"Dr.",name:"Martín",middleName:null,surname:"Zapata-Zuñiga",slug:"martin-zapata-zuniga",fullName:"Martín Zapata-Zuñiga"}]},{id:"55298",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.68765",title:"Vascular Manifestations of Behçet’s Disease",slug:"vascular-manifestations-of-beh-et-s-disease",totalDownloads:1696,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Behçet’s disease (BD), a very morphologically diverse systemic disease, may involve the vascular system. The venous system is the most frequently attacked vessel system. The arterial system, when involved, increases the severity and morbidity of Behçet’s disease. Cardiac involvement, although rare, can be very subtle and in itself increases the mortality. Vasculitis is the hallmark pathology resulting in occlusion, aneurysms, or both. Vascular involvement may be very challenging in all phases of treatment beginning from diagnosis till recovery and remission.",book:{id:"5898",slug:"behcet-s-disease",title:"Behcet's Disease",fullTitle:"Behcet's Disease"},signatures:"Orhan Saim Demirtürk, Hüseyin Ali Tünel and Utku Alemdaroğlu",authors:[{id:"199021",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Orhan Saim",middleName:null,surname:"Demirtürk",slug:"orhan-saim-demirturk",fullName:"Orhan Saim Demirtürk"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"42989",title:"Treatment of ANCA-Negative Small Vessel Vasculitis",slug:"treatment-of-anca-negative-small-vessel-vasculitis",totalDownloads:2822,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"3319",slug:"updates-in-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-vasculitis",title:"Updates in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Vasculitis",fullTitle:"Updates in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Vasculitis"},signatures:"Christina G. Katsiari, Theodora Simopoulou and Lazaros I. Sakkas",authors:[{id:"49036",title:"Prof.",name:"Lazaros",middleName:null,surname:"Sakkas",slug:"lazaros-sakkas",fullName:"Lazaros Sakkas"}]},{id:"71618",title:"Self-Management in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis",slug:"self-management-in-patients-with-rheumatoid-arthritis",totalDownloads:940,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Despite the effective pharmacological management of the disease over the last two decades, many individuals with RA continue to have psychological distress, and this is associated with poor outcomes. Addressing psychological issues hand in hand with pharmacological treatment will help to maximize outcomes for people with RA. Self-management (SM) is of utmost importance for people with rheumatoid arthritis to minimize their complaints, reduce clinic visits, and reduce disability. Considering the continuous update on the guidelines for disease management, non-pharmacological management remains a poorly addressed need of importance. In this chapter, we will introduce the current and progress of self-management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.",book:{id:"8860",slug:"rheumatoid-arthritis-other-perspectives-towards-a-better-practice",title:"Rheumatoid Arthritis",fullTitle:"Rheumatoid Arthritis - Other Perspectives towards a Better Practice"},signatures:"Wen Luo, Xiuli Zhang and Kaijing Ren",authors:[{id:"313197",title:"B.A.",name:"Wen",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"wen-luo",fullName:"Wen Luo"},{id:"315667",title:"Dr.",name:"XiuLi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"xiuli-zhang",fullName:"XiuLi Zhang"},{id:"315668",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaijing",middleName:null,surname:"Ren",slug:"kaijing-ren",fullName:"Kaijing Ren"}]},{id:"72458",title:"Introductory Chapter: Rheumatoid Arthritis - Overview of Current Facts and Strategies",slug:"introductory-chapter-rheumatoid-arthritis-overview-of-current-facts-and-strategies",totalDownloads:659,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"8860",slug:"rheumatoid-arthritis-other-perspectives-towards-a-better-practice",title:"Rheumatoid Arthritis",fullTitle:"Rheumatoid Arthritis - Other Perspectives towards a Better Practice"},signatures:"Reem H.A. 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The usual course of the disease is characterized by recurrent inflammatory periods. Recurrent inflammatory attacks may result in irreversible damage and significant visual loss. Early and effective treatment is required to prevent ocular morbidity. 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