\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6278",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Pelvic Floor Disorders",title:"Pelvic Floor Disorders",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Pelvic floor disorders, which include urinary and fecal incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse, are highly prevalent conditions in women. In the United States alone, this affects almost 25% of women. These disorders often affect women's daily life activities, their sexual function, their ability to exercise, and their social and psychological life. Pelvic floor disorders are usually diagnosed clinically, but in complicated cases, pelvic imaging and electromyographic studies may be required. This book attempts to discuss the pathophysiology of pelvic floor disorders, its treatment by the use of a new synthetic material, and treatment for recurrent POP. Although there are many books available on this topic, it includes some of the original research work and surgical innovation. We would like to acknowledge all the authors for their hard work in completing this book.",isbn:"978-1-78923-245-5",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-244-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-375-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.69095",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"pelvic-floor-disorders",numberOfPages:82,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"e53630ad8f02658c6ca31163f9d68193",bookSignature:"Raheela M. Rizvi",publishedDate:"June 6th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6278.jpg",numberOfDownloads:7296,numberOfWosCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:9,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:23,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 19th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 10th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 1st 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 4th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 5th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"185970",title:"Dr.",name:"Raheela",middleName:"Mohsin",surname:"Rizvi",slug:"raheela-rizvi",fullName:"Raheela Rizvi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185970/images/5330_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Raheela Mohsin Rizvi is a gynecologist at Aga Khan University Hospital. Her education includes: diploma in medical education by Department of Education Development, Aga Khan University Karachi, Pakistan – 2011 and clinical fellowship in Urogynecology and Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery at West Mead Hospital Sydney University, Australia – 2002-2003. Her certification: FCPS (CPSP) in Obstetrics and Gynecology – 1997, MCPS (CPSP) in Obstetrics and Gynecology – 1992, M.B.B.S. (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery) Rawalpindi Medical College / Punjab University, Pakistan – 1981 – 1986.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Aga Khan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1071",title:"Urogynecology",slug:"urogynecology"}],chapters:[{id:"61142",title:"Introductory Chapter: Pelvic Floor Disorders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77302",slug:"introductory-chapter-pelvic-floor-disorders",totalDownloads:936,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Raheela M. Rizvi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61142",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61142",authors:[{id:"185970",title:"Dr.",name:"Raheela",surname:"Rizvi",slug:"raheela-rizvi",fullName:"Raheela Rizvi"}],corrections:null},{id:"60935",title:"Pathophysiology of Pelvic Organ Prolapse",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76629",slug:"pathophysiology-of-pelvic-organ-prolapse",totalDownloads:1861,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Pelvic organ support is provided by interaction between the pelvic floor muscle, ligaments and its connective tissues. Failure of anatomical support may result in pelvic organ prolapse. Therefore in managing anterior, posterior, or apical compartments prolapse, conceptual understanding of pelvic floor anatomy is essential for the surgeons. To appropriately treat these entities, comprehension of the various theories of the pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse is of paramount importance. DeLancey has described vaginal connective tissue support of the pelvis at three levels that has helped us to understand various clinical manifestations of pelvic organ support dysfunction. Pelvic floor disorder is frequently associated with etiological risk factors which include aging, parity, obesity, connective tissue disorder, increased intra-abdominal pressure and hysterectomy. A better understanding of pathophysiology of muscular, collagen, and neuronal components of the pelvic organs and their support would provide an insight of site specific defects and its prevention.",signatures:"Lubna Razzak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60935",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60935",authors:[{id:"212077",title:"Dr.",name:"Lubna",surname:"Razzak",slug:"lubna-razzak",fullName:"Lubna Razzak"}],corrections:null},{id:"61308",title:"Effects of Posture and Gravity on Pelvic Organ Prolapse",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77040",slug:"effects-of-posture-and-gravity-on-pelvic-organ-prolapse",totalDownloads:1312,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Female pelvic floor dysfunction occurs when the integrity of the pelvic floor muscles is compromised and impacts the position and function of the pelvic organs. Physicians use international guidelines to evaluate and treat women for POP taking into account that posture and gravity impact pelvic organ position, and degree of prolapse. Our clinical focuses on the description of surface anatomy. This examination alone is insufficient. Although imaging is recommended, the modalities currently available are recognized to have flaws. MRI is performed in the supine position regardless the effect of posture and gravity on POP. A literature search was performed using databases, searching MEDLINE and PubMed using the key terms ultrasound, MRI, and CT. We describe use of a new protocol and advanced technique to evaluate the changes of POP in different positions using open MRI (MRO). POP patients underwent MRO imaging of the pelvic floor using a 0.5 T MRO scanner. The extent of displacement of prolapsed organs was determined using validated reference lines drawn on the mid-sagittal images. Manual segmentation and surface modeling were used to construct the 3D models. MRO offers new levels of anatomic detail; 3D sequences based on 2D images are an additional refinement.",signatures:"Marwa Abdulaziz, Lynn Stothers and Andrew Macnab",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61308",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61308",authors:[{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab"},{id:"183155",title:"Dr.",name:"Lynn",surname:"Stothers",slug:"lynn-stothers",fullName:"Lynn Stothers"},{id:"209987",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Marwa",surname:"Abdulaziz",slug:"marwa-abdulaziz",fullName:"Marwa Abdulaziz"}],corrections:null},{id:"60744",title:"Synthetic Materials Used in the Surgical Treatment of Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Problems of Currently Used Material and Designing the Ideal Material",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76671",slug:"synthetic-materials-used-in-the-surgical-treatment-of-pelvic-organ-prolapse-problems-of-currently-us",totalDownloads:1376,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Synthetic materials have long been used to provide structural support when surgically repairing pelvic organ prolapse (POP). The most widely used synthetic material is a mesh made of polypropylene (PPL). The use of mesh is intended to improve cure rates and prevent recurrences after POP surgery – however as more mesh materials have been implanted, it has become apparent that serious complications can occur in up to 30% of women, particularly when the mesh is implanted transvaginally. Over the years many different mesh kits have been marketed and used in the treatment of POP however polypropylene mesh was never designed or tested for use in pelvic floor. Instead it was approved for clinical use based on its biocompatibility and success in abdominal hernia repairs. It is now known that PPL meshes are neither compliant with the mechanical forces in the pelvic floor nor do they integrate well into paravaginal tissues. Better materials developed specifically for use in pelvic floor are urgently needed. The aim of this chapter is to define the requirements of an ideal mesh in terms of its material properties and to summarize the ongoing research on developing the next generation pelvic floor repair materials.",signatures:"Naşide Mangir, Christopher R. Chapple and Sheila MacNeil",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60744",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60744",authors:[{id:"192804",title:"M.D.",name:"Naşide",surname:"Mangır",slug:"naside-mangir",fullName:"Naşide Mangır"},{id:"212217",title:"Prof.",name:"Christopher",surname:"Chapple",slug:"christopher-chapple",fullName:"Christopher Chapple"},{id:"212218",title:"Prof.",name:"Sheila",surname:"MacNeil",slug:"sheila-macneil",fullName:"Sheila MacNeil"}],corrections:null},{id:"61034",title:"Recurrent Pelvic Organ Prolapse",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76669",slug:"recurrent-pelvic-organ-prolapse",totalDownloads:1813,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The treatment of recurrent pelvic organ prolapse is challenging. The pelvic floor symptom needs to be treated, a high quality of life has to be ensured and complications have to be minimized. There is a wide range of surgical options that may be used. The surgeon should be able to discuss and offer native tissue procedures for prolapse. In addition, for the clinically challenging situations of recurrent prolapse, mesh augmented procedures may need to be discussed with the patient. A thorough knowledge of mesh and graft options, as well as knowledge of prolapse recurrence and adverse events rate, can help guide clinicians in counseling their patients effectively. Ultimately, this will allow surgeons to choose a personalized treatment option that best align with a woman’s lifestyle and treatment goals. In this chapter the anatomical concepts of supports of vagina are elaborated. The pelvic diaphragm, lateral attachment of vagina to arcus tendineus fascia pelvis, intrinsic and extrinsic sphincter control mechanisms are elaborated. The surgical techniques of suspending the vaginal vault with autologous tissue and synthetic mesh are discussed. Finally, the role of minimally invasive surgery of pelvic floor is discussed as an integral part of management of recurrent vaginal prolapse.",signatures:"Nidhi Sharma and Sudakshina Chakrabarti",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61034",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61034",authors:[{id:"220214",title:"Prof.",name:"Nidhi",surname:"Sharma",slug:"nidhi-sharma",fullName:"Nidhi Sharma"},{id:"224544",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudakshina",surname:"Chakrabarti",slug:"sudakshina-chakrabarti",fullName:"Sudakshina Chakrabarti"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"684",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Basic Concepts and Current Research Trends",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1f5625375189846e4fa04200c135afcc",slug:"endometriosis-basic-concepts-and-current-research-trends",bookSignature:"Koel Chaudhury and Baidyanath Chakravarty",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/684.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"83747",title:"Prof.",name:"Koel",surname:"Chaudhury",slug:"koel-chaudhury",fullName:"Koel Chaudhury"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1900",title:"In Vitro Fertilization",subtitle:"Innovative Clinical and Laboratory Aspects",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"212b5ed00828501488c8d7025d84a188",slug:"in-vitro-fertilization-innovative-clinical-and-laboratory-aspects",bookSignature:"Shevach Friedler",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1900.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111647",title:"Prof.",name:"Shevach",surname:"Friedler",slug:"shevach-friedler",fullName:"Shevach Friedler"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"707",title:"Hysterectomy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"219d88512350b2e1d01cfd8faf81aa9c",slug:"hysterectomy",bookSignature:"Ayman Al-Hendy and Mohamed Sabry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/707.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"54087",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayman",surname:"Al-Hendy",slug:"ayman-al-hendy",fullName:"Ayman Al-Hendy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5728",title:"Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f4232ee2dc701c710f42172d09afdc8f",slug:"colposcopy-and-cervical-pathology",bookSignature:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5728.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"120109",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajamanickam",surname:"Rajkumar",slug:"rajamanickam-rajkumar",fullName:"Rajamanickam Rajkumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4641",title:"Approaches to Hysterectomy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a2a63bba8f7b17c10aff3d6d59ea0d08",slug:"approaches-to-hysterectomy",bookSignature:"Zouhair O. 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While survival rate has increased, the prevalence of major various morbidities in those children including cardiovascular and other comorbidities remains high [1, 2]. During adolescence, high-risk behaviors include substance abuse and non-adherence peak [3]. Adult clinics are facing an increased number of adolescents and young adults with serious morbidities who either get transitioned or are referred to establish care. This can be challenging to both adult care facilities and the adolescents themselves. Unlike in the adult setting where the patient is expected to be the sole advocate for their care and is expected to comprehend robust instructions, and make their own medical decision, in the pediatric setting patients are under the care of their family or guardians who make the medical decision and take the responsibility for all aspects of the patient’s care. The patient and their families are usually very well known to the pediatric provider who in many instances has been taking care of the patient since birth. In addition, the pediatric providers’ patient load is much less than that of adult providers. Transition of care to the adult setting can be detrimental, particularly to the patient with kidney transplant. Studies suggest an increased risk of graft loss after transitioning to adult care, mainly due to non-adherence [4, 5]. Non-adherence stems from increased risk behavior in the adolescent and the accompanying lack of ability to assess, or even believe in the consequences of risky behaviors. Other challenges of transition of care include lapses in medical insurance. Lack of continuity of care may have negative economic consequences due to increase in cost such as when treating graft rejection or when having to start dialysis after graft loss. In one Canadian study that analyzed the benefits of a transfer clinic, attendance at a single kidney transplant transfer clinic was associated with improved adherence and renal function the year following transfer to adult care [6]. Another study indicated improved allograft and patient survival post-transfer of care in addition to improved health care cost [7].
The concept of transition began to develop in the 1990s and is defined as the “purposeful, planned movement of adolescents and young adults with chronic physical and medical conditions from child-centered to adult-oriented heath care system” [8]. A consensus policy statement on health care transition approved by the boards of the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Academy of Family Physicians, and the American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine defined the goal of transition “as is to maximize lifelong functioning and potential through the provision of high quality, developmentally appropriate heath care services that continue uninterrupted as the individual moves from adolescence to adulthood” [9, 10].
Transition is an organized process that facilitates transition preparation and integration into adult-centered health care. It focuses on the adolescent patient with the goal of educating, empowering, and promoting autonomy and independence in the patient so they can manage their own health care needs and effectively use health care services, whereas “Transfer” is the event of leaving pediatric care to adult care facilities, preferably happening at the end of a successful transition.
For the transition process to be successful, it has to take into account the patient’s developmental status and the cultural beliefs of the family. The transition plan should be individualized to each patient and family.
Adolescents go through physical, social, emotional, cognitive, and moral developmental changes. Adolescence is a period of separation from parents, identity formation, and autonomy. Adolescents transit from concrete to abstract thinking. There are multiple and complex factors including genetic and environmental factors that play a role in the expression of the individual’s biology and behavior [11]. Environmental factors include family, school, and peers. Cultural factors also define the norm. All those interactive factors result in variation in the adolescent development making it challenging to determine what is “normal” and difficult to define when it starts and when it ends [12].
In general, adolescence is divided into three stages: early adolescence (11–14) years of age, middle adolescence (15–17) years, and late adolescence 18–21 years. Early adolescence is characterized by marked physical changes and concrete thinking where the adolescent will know the right from the wrong. In early adolescence, the adolescent is focused on peer acceptance, which renders the adolescence to be susceptible to peer pressure, whereas during late adolescence, self-ID and autonomy solidify [13]. One of the main psychological developments in adolescence is the development of self-image. Accepting self-image and feeling normal are crucial and are linked to the sense of belonging and acceptance. Chronic illness can have a tremendous toll on self-image. Feeling different from peers may lead to high-risk and rebellious behavior such as non-adherence with medications, difficulties in relationships, depression, poor academic performance, and substance abuse. Reassurance and acceptance from the family and care givers are crucial. The care givers and family should be keen in providing this, and should encourage the adolescent, and compliment them on their achievement and their good behavior to increase their self-esteem and sense of belonging. The physician should use open-ended questions to gain insight into the adolescent’s understanding of health, adherence, high-risk behaviors, and self-esteem. Assessment of high-risk behavior in AYA with chronic kidney disease and renal failure where substance use is prevalent is an essential component of the transition process [14].
During adolescence, ongoing brain development takes place and parallels the cognitive development. Structural brain images show significant increases in the white matter that continues into early twenties. The process of myelination occurs in a caudal to rostral (back to front) matter. Prefrontal areas mature last. The prefrontal area is involved in cognitive control, regulation of emotions and decision making, and weighing risks and benefits is one of the last areas to mature [15].
Brain images and neurocognitive studies showed that children with CKD and end stage-renal disease (ESRD) have brain abnormalities and neuro-cognitive deficits despite the advances in management of CKD [16]. Several systematic reviews examined neuroimaging and described the neurological complications in patients with CKD in adults [17–19]. One systematic review of structural and functional neuroimaging findings in children and adults included 43 studies, 13 of which were on children described clear trends. Those fundings include cerebral atrophy, brain vascular and white matter abnormalities, cerebral and cortical infarction, and similarities in regional cerebral blood flow between patients with CKD and those with affective disorders [20].
In a study from Helsinki University Central hospital, the neurophysical profile of 45 children with kidney transplant was assessed and compared to a control group of matched for age, sex, and maternal education. They concluded that children with kidney transplant exhibited impairment in receptive language and visuospatial functions and in recognizing emotional states [21].
In addition to all the above challenges, pediatric patients with CKD, dialysis, and transplant miss a lot of school days due to the demand of their chronic illness.
Physicians and transition champions should take all the aforesaid patient challenges into consideration. Transition should be developmentally appropriate and individualized to each patient and family and should consider the cultural expectations and norms for each patient and family.
The goal of transition of the adolescents is to continue to receive high quality and uninterrupted care as they transit to adults. This can only take place if the AYA are well prepared for that. They should have good understanding of their illness and have the skills to manage their own medical condition and general health independently. They also should have medical insurance coverage to allow them to be followed in adult facilities.
Based on the On TRAC Model principles, transition is best managed by the existing subspeciality team who are familiar with the patient’s condition and know patient and family well, and in whom the family and patients have established trust. Transitioning can be integrated into the patient’s follow-up visits [19]. So pediatric care providers should take the lead on transitioning their patients.
During transition, preparing the adolescent with the goal to acquire the right skills and knowledge takes place. Collaboration and communication with the adult care providers are an integral part of the transition process and should take place one year prior to the patient’s transfer.
Transition is a gradual process that should start in early adolescence and continue to be carried out till the patient is ready for transfer. The concept should be introduced to the family in early adolescent years (12–14) where the transition policy is shared with the patient and family. A clear plan should be developed for each patient and should be agreed upon by the family and the care givers. Since multiple aspects of the adolescent care should be addressed, a multidisciplinary team should be involved in the transition process including the care provider, nurse, social worker, and dietician, and when possible, a pharmacist and a psychologist. Collaboration with gynecologists and urologist to offer contraception and urology care facilitates providing comprehensive medical needs to the adolescent. From the multidisciplinary team, a designated transition person should be identified. In the consensus statement by the International Society of Nephrology (ISN) and the International Pediatric Nephrology Association (IPNA), it is stated that it is essential to identify a champion in both the adult and pediatric clinics to coordinate and educate on transitional issues. In their statement, they published the essential components of transition [22]. The identified champion should have special interest in organizing and leading the transition process. In addition, transition should include parents, other family members, and boyfriends/girlfriends.
The transition team should have an agreed upon transition policy that the transition team is familiar with and should be shared with the patient and family at the start of the transition process.
After introducing the concept to the patient and family, the transition process should start by assessment of transition readiness. It is best to use existing and validated transition check lists such as the TRAQ [23] and STARx Questionnaire [24]. The readiness assessment questionnaire should be comprehensive and should have questions that can assess patient’s understanding of their illness, knowledge of their medications, assessment of adherence and consequences of non-adherence to mediations, and in dialysis patients, consequences on non-adherence to dialysis. For children over the age of 12 years, it should include assessment of high-risk behaviors such as alcohol and drug use, smoking, sexuality, reproductive health, educational/vocational needs, their understanding of health maintenance, support system, understanding of the health care system, knowledge about diet, emergency handling, readiness for independence and self-reliance, and health insurance coverage. This will serve as a starting point for the patient and the family. The information given about transition should be given in a gradual manner appropriate to the developmental stage and intellectual ability of the patient [22].
Ongoing evaluation and tracking of transition readiness is an important component of the transition process as it identifies deficiencies and allows for tailoring the plan to each individual’s needs during the transition process [25, 26]. An individualized jointly developed goals and action plan with the youth should be documented and shared with each patient at the end of each assessment. Tracking the transition progress of each patient requires the use of individual flow sheets or registry to facilitate tracking and ease follow-up on progress. During transition, and in late adolescence, the adolescent and young adult, and while getting on going education, are coached and given the opportunity to practice supervised self-reliance such as scheduling and attending visits on their own, refilling their medications, and communicating their concerns with the health care provider and making decisions.
At least 1 year prior to transfer, communication with the adult clinic should start. During this year, insurance issues should be sorted out and the patient should be provided with a written medical summary. The patient should have an appointment with an identified adult care provider who has previous knowledge of the patient’s arrival and condition, and the clinic should be expecting and ready to receive a young adult.
The adult clinic receiving the young adult they should have a transition plan. A transition point person should identify the young adults in clinic, receive them, and introduce them to the adult care facility and the multi-disciplinary team. The adult clinic should also communicate with the pediatric providers acknowledging receiving the patient and the transfer package.
While it is agreed on that the timing to initiate transition planning is early adolescence, the time of transfer and integration into adult care varies. Some pediatric programs follow the adolescent and the young adult till 21 years, while others transfer at 18 years. Regardless of patient age, transfer should not take place during crisis or if the patient’s condition is unstable.
There are different transitioning models for the last year. One model is to have a dedicated joint transition clinic between pediatric and adult programs the year preceding the transfer. A joint clinic allows the transitioning adolescent to meet with the adult provider and opens the door for open communication between the pediatric and adult teams. Use of a dedicated transfer/transition clinic in adolescents and young adult kidney transplant patients has been shown to be associated with improved adherence and renal function in the year following transfer [6], and with better patient satisfaction and the lower changes in medication and care [27].
The dedicated transfer clinic can be located either in the pediatric or in the adult care center.
The other model of transitioning the year preceding the transfer particularly if it is not possible for the patient to attend the joint transfer/transition clinic such as when the patient is transferring care to a private provider is to give the transitioning patient the opportunity to see the adult provider while still being followed by the pediatric team. The patient can have alternate visits between the two providers or can be seen several times in the adult care clinic before transferring care.
A very useful online tool for transition can be found on “gottransition.org
Transition plan: Develop a written and agree upon transition policy and plan.
Tracking and monitoring:
Use individual flow sheets and registry and when possible, use electronic health records to track the youth’s transition progress with the six core elements
Transition readiness:
Assess self-care needs and offer education on identified needs, and develop the plan jointly with the youth and parent/care giver document regularly in a plan of care.
Transition planning:
Develop a health care transition plan with a medical summary for each patient.
Transfer of care:
In this step, transfer to adult care practice takes place. Transfer should only happen when the patient’s condition is stable. Here, the pediatric provider should prepare a letter with the transfer package and send them to adult practice, confirm the date of the first adult provider appointment, and complete transfer package, including final transition readiness assessment, plan of care with transition goals and pending action, medical summary, and emergency care plan. The pediatric provider should confirm receipt of the transfer package and should remain responsible for the patient’s care until the young adult is seen by the adult care provider.
Transfer completion:
The pediatric provider confirms that the transfer is complete and elicits feedback.
The process of transition requires a team effort, time, and dedication which makes it challenging to implement. In 2013, a survey of 15 European dialysis sites found suboptimal awareness of the ISN/IPA consensus statement guidelines [28]. In a survey of pediatric nephrologists across the United States where the response rate of nephrologist was 40%, 60/150, and the response rate of centers was 56%, 49/87 centers, it was found that the elements of transition were not widely followed [29]. For the question of having a transition clinic, only 23% of the responses were positive, and only 37% of the responses were positive for having a transition summary. Only 25% had a designated transition coordinator and involved adult care takers 1 year prior to transfer. The authors designed the “RISE” to transition protocol for renal transplant patients based on essential elements for a successful transition. The protocol has four competency areas including
In Europe, a survey on behalf of the European Society of Pediatric Nephrology (ESPN) working group “transplantation” on the management of transition and transfer to adult care in pediatric kidney transplant recipients that involved 39 centers from 24 countries accounting for 2500 children found that the IPNA and ISN guidelines were insufficiently implemented in Europe [30].
Transition from pediatric to adult care facilities in patients with CKD or patients who have received a kidney transplant remains an essential process to ensure access to care and promote outcomes. Pediatric nephrologists, with their multidisciplinary care team and a designated transition champion, lead this process that starts in the early adolescent period and ends with transfer of care. Transitioning requires the use of validated and comprehensive readiness assessment questionnaires, use of flow sheets, or the electronic health record for tracking and the collaboration and communication with the adult care providers. Transition results in improved patient satisfaction, and most studies showed improved outcomes and even cost effectiveness. Despite that, transition of care remains poorly implemented mainly due to poorly allocated time and resources. Pediatric nephrologists need to advocate for transitioning their patients.
Transition of care of adolescents and young adults (AYA) with chronic illness from pediatrics to adult care has been recognized as an essential part of the patient’s care. Transition is a process that starts in early adolescence and prepares the AYA to use the medical care system and take care of their own medical needs independently to ensure continuity of care and improve outcomes. This chapter focuses on transition of AYA with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney transplant recipients. It includes transition definition, relevant developmental aspects in adolescence and the impact of CKD on the adolescent development, the transition process, and the essential components of a successful transition.
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\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. 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She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. 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He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. 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She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\r\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\r\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Orthodontist, Assoc Prof in the Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"344229",title:"Dr.",name:"Sankeshan",middleName:null,surname:"Padayachee",slug:"sankeshan-padayachee",fullName:"Sankeshan Padayachee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"315727",title:"Ms.",name:"Kelebogile A.",middleName:null,surname:"Mothupi",slug:"kelebogile-a.-mothupi",fullName:"Kelebogile A. Mothupi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"337613",title:"Mrs.",name:"Tshakane",middleName:null,surname:"R.M.D. Ralephenya",slug:"tshakane-r.m.d.-ralephenya",fullName:"Tshakane R.M.D. Ralephenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"6",type:"subseries",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11402,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. 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He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188"},editorialBoard:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"188219",title:"Prof.",name:"Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Shahid",slug:"imran-shahid",fullName:"Imran Shahid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188219/images/system/188219.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Umm al-Qura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"214235",title:"Dr.",name:"Lynn",middleName:"S.",surname:"Zijenah",slug:"lynn-zijenah",fullName:"Lynn Zijenah",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEJGQA4/Profile_Picture_1636699126852",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zimbabwe",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"178641",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel Ikwaras",middleName:null,surname:"Okware",slug:"samuel-ikwaras-okware",fullName:"Samuel Ikwaras Okware",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178641/images/system/178641.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Uganda Christian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"82751",title:"Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Interaction in Central Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105738",signatures:"Liliya Kushnireva and Eduard Korkotian",slug:"mitochondria-endoplasmic-reticulum-interaction-in-central-neurons",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82716",title:"Advanced glycation end product induced endothelial dysfunction through ER stress: Unravelling the role of Paraoxonase 2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106018",signatures:"Ramya Ravi and Bharathidevi Subramaniam Rajesh",slug:"advanced-glycation-end-product-induced-endothelial-dysfunction-through-er-stress-unravelling-the-rol",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80954",title:"Ion Channels and Neurodegenerative Disease Aging Related",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103074",signatures:"Marika Cordaro, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola",slug:"ion-channels-and-neurodegenerative-disease-aging-related",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. 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